passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/symbolic/integration/integral.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+"""
+Symbolic Integration
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009 Golam Mortuza Hossain <gmhossain@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 Burcin Erocal <burcin@erocal.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************`
+from sage.structure.element import Expression
+from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+from sage.symbolic.function import BuiltinFunction
+
+##################################################################
+#  Table of available integration routines
+##################################################################
+
+import sage.symbolic.integration.external as external
+
+# Add new integration routines to the dictionary below. This will make them
+# accessible with the 'algorithm' keyword parameter of top level integrate().
+available_integrators = {}
+available_integrators['maxima'] = external.maxima_integrator
+available_integrators['sympy'] = external.sympy_integrator
+available_integrators['mathematica_free'] = external.mma_free_integrator
+available_integrators['fricas'] = external.fricas_integrator
+available_integrators['giac'] = external.libgiac_integrator
+available_integrators['libgiac'] = external.libgiac_integrator
+
+######################################################
+#
+# Class implementing symbolic integration
+#
+######################################################
+
+
+class IndefiniteIntegral(BuiltinFunction):
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Class to represent an indefinite integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import indefinite_integral
+            sage: indefinite_integral(log(x), x) #indirect doctest
+            x*log(x) - x
+            sage: indefinite_integral(x^2, x)
+            1/3*x^3
+            sage: indefinite_integral(4*x*log(x), x)
+            2*x^2*log(x) - x^2
+            sage: indefinite_integral(exp(x), 2*x)
+            2*e^x
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check for :issue:`28913`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+            sage: Ex = (1-2*x^(1/3))^(3/4)/x
+            sage: integrate(Ex, x, algorithm='giac')  # long time
+            4*(-2*x^(1/3) + 1)^(3/4) + 6*arctan((-2*x^(1/3) + 1)^(1/4)) - 3*log(abs((-2*x^(1/3) + 1)^(1/4) + 1)) + 3*log(abs((-2*x^(1/3) + 1)^(1/4) - 1))
+
+        Check for :issue:`29833`::
+
+            sage: (x,a,b)=var('x a b')
+            sage: assume(b > 0)
+            sage: f = (exp((x-a)/b) + 1)**(-1)
+            sage: (f*f).integrate(x, algorithm='mathematica_free') # optional -- internet
+            -b*log(e^(a/b) + e^(x/b)) + x + b/(e^(-(a - x)/b) + 1)
+
+        After :issue:`25119` we can integrate the following function,
+        although giac and sympy give different-looking answers::
+
+            sage: result = integrate(sqrt(x^2)/x,x)
+            ...
+            sage: result in [x*sgn(x), sqrt(x^2)]
+            True
+        """
+        # The automatic evaluation routine will try these integrators
+        # in the given order. This is an attribute of the class instead of
+        # a global variable in this module to enable customization by
+        # creating a subclasses which define a different set of integrators
+        #
+        # The libgiac integrator may immediately return a symbolic
+        # (unevaluated) answer if libgiac is unavailable. This essentially
+        # causes it to be skipped.
+        self.integrators = [external.maxima_integrator,
+                            external.libgiac_integrator,
+                            external.sympy_integrator]
+
+        BuiltinFunction.__init__(self, "integrate", nargs=2, conversions={'sympy': 'Integral',
+                                                                          'giac': 'integrate'})
+
+    def _eval_(self, f, x):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import indefinite_integral
+            sage: indefinite_integral(exp(x), x) # indirect doctest
+            e^x
+            sage: indefinite_integral(exp(x), x^2)
+            2*(x - 1)*e^x
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`28842` is fixed::
+
+            sage: integrate(1/(x^4 + x^3 + 1), x)
+            integrate(1/(x^4 + x^3 + 1), x)
+
+        Check that :issue:`32002` is fixed. This needs giac since only
+        giac can integrate it in any case::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+            sage: result = integral(2*min_symbolic(x,2*x),x)
+            ...
+            sage: result
+            -1/2*x^2*sgn(x) + 3/2*x^2
+        """
+        # Check for x
+        if not (isinstance(x, Expression) and x.is_symbol()):
+            if len(x.variables()) == 1:
+                nx = x.variables()[0]
+                f = f * x.diff(nx)
+                x = nx
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        # we try all listed integration algorithms
+        A = None
+        for integrator in self.integrators:
+            try:
+                A = integrator(f, x)
+            except (NotImplementedError, TypeError,
+                    AttributeError, RuntimeError):
+                pass
+            except ValueError:
+                # maxima is telling us something
+                raise
+            else:
+                if not hasattr(A, 'operator'):
+                    return A
+                else:
+                    uneval = integral(SR.wild(0), x, hold=True)
+                    if not A.has(uneval):
+                        return A
+        return A
+
+    def _tderivative_(self, f, x, diff_param=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import indefinite_integral
+            sage: f = function('f'); a,b=var('a,b')
+            sage: h = indefinite_integral(f(x), x)
+            sage: h.diff(x) # indirect doctest
+            f(x)
+            sage: h.diff(a)
+            0
+        """
+        if x.has(diff_param):
+            return f * x.derivative(diff_param)
+        else:
+            return f.derivative(diff_param).integral(x)
+
+    def _print_latex_(self, f, x):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import indefinite_integral
+            sage: print_latex = indefinite_integral._print_latex_
+            sage: var('x,a,b')
+            (x, a, b)
+            sage: f = function('f')
+            sage: print_latex(f(x),x)
+            '\\int f\\left(x\\right)\\,{d x}'
+            sage: latex(integrate(tan(x)/x, x))
+            \int \frac{\tan\left(x\right)}{x}\,{d x}
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        if not (isinstance(x, Expression) and x.is_symbol()):
+            dx_str = "{d \\left(%s\\right)}" % latex(x)
+        else:
+            dx_str = "{d %s}" % latex(x)
+
+        return "\\int %s\\,%s" % (latex(f), dx_str)
+
+
+indefinite_integral = IndefiniteIntegral()
+
+
+class DefiniteIntegral(BuiltinFunction):
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        The symbolic function representing a definite integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import definite_integral
+            sage: definite_integral(sin(x),x,0,pi)
+            2
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check for :issue:`32354`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+            sage: ex = 1/max_symbolic(x, 1)**2
+            sage: integral(ex, x, 0, 2, algorithm='giac')
+            3/2
+            sage: result = integral(1/max_symbolic(x, 1)**2, x, 0, oo, algorithm='giac')
+            ...
+            sage: result
+            2
+        """
+        # The automatic evaluation routine will try these integrators
+        # in the given order. This is an attribute of the class instead of
+        # a global variable in this module to enable customization by
+        # creating a subclasses which define a different set of integrators
+        self.integrators = [external.maxima_integrator,
+                            external.libgiac_integrator,
+                            external.sympy_integrator]
+
+        BuiltinFunction.__init__(self, "integrate", nargs=4, conversions={'sympy': 'Integral',
+                                                                          'giac': 'integrate'})
+
+    def _eval_(self, f, x, a, b):
+        """
+        Return the results of symbolic evaluation of the integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import definite_integral
+            sage: definite_integral(exp(x),x,0,1) # indirect doctest
+            e - 1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`32002` is fixed::
+
+            sage: result = integral(2*min_symbolic(x,2*x),x,-1,1)
+            ...
+            sage: result
+            -1
+        """
+        # Check for x
+        if not (isinstance(x, Expression) and x.is_symbol()):
+            if len(x.variables()) == 1:
+                nx = x.variables()[0]
+                f = f * x.diff(nx)
+                x = nx
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        args = (f, x, a, b)
+
+        # we try all listed integration algorithms
+        A = None
+        for integrator in self.integrators:
+            try:
+                A = integrator(*args)
+            except (NotImplementedError, TypeError,
+                    AttributeError, RuntimeError):
+                pass
+            except ValueError:
+                # maxima is telling us something
+                raise
+            else:
+                if not hasattr(A, 'operator'):
+                    return A
+                else:
+                    uneval = integral(SR.wild(0), x, a, b, hold=True)
+                    if not A.has(uneval):
+                        return A
+        return A
+
+    def _evalf_(self, f, x, a, b, parent=None, algorithm=None):
+        """
+        Return a numerical approximation of the integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import definite_integral
+            sage: f = sin(x)*log(x)/x^2
+            sage: h = definite_integral(f, x, 1, 2, hold=True); h
+            integrate(log(x)*sin(x)/x^2, x, 1, 2)
+            sage: h.n() # indirect doctest
+            0.14839875208053...
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check if :issue:`3863` is fixed::
+
+            sage: integrate(x^2.7 * e^(-2.4*x), x, 0, 3).n()
+            0.154572952320790
+        """
+        from sage.calculus.integration import numerical_integral
+        # The gsl routine returns a tuple, which also contains the error.
+        # We only return the result.
+        return numerical_integral(f, a, b)[0]
+
+    def _tderivative_(self, f, x, a, b, diff_param=None):
+        """
+        Return the derivative of symbolic integration.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import definite_integral
+            sage: f = function('f'); a,b=var('a,b')
+            sage: h = definite_integral(f(x), x,a,b)
+            ...
+            sage: h.diff(x) # indirect doctest
+            0
+            sage: h.diff(a)
+            -f(a)
+            sage: h.diff(b)
+            f(b)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check for :issue:`28656`::
+
+            sage: t = var("t")
+            sage: f = function("f")
+            sage: F(x) = integrate(f(t),t,0,x)
+            sage: F(x).diff(x)
+            f(x)
+        """
+        if not x.has(diff_param):
+            # integration variable != differentiation variable
+            ans = definite_integral(f.diff(diff_param), x, a, b)
+        else:
+            ans = SR.zero()
+        if hasattr(b, 'diff'):
+            ans += f.subs(x == b) * b.diff(diff_param)
+        if hasattr(a, 'diff'):
+            ans -= f.subs(x == a) * a.diff(diff_param)
+        return ans
+
+    def _print_latex_(self, f, x, a, b):
+        r"""
+        Convert this integral to LaTeX notation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import definite_integral
+            sage: print_latex = definite_integral._print_latex_
+            sage: var('x,a,b')
+            (x, a, b)
+            sage: f = function('f')
+            sage: print_latex(f(x),x,0,1)
+            '\\int_{0}^{1} f\\left(x\\right)\\,{d x}'
+            sage: latex(integrate(tan(x)/x, x, 0, 1))
+            \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\tan\left(x\right)}{x}\,{d x}
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        if not (isinstance(x, Expression) and x.is_symbol()):
+            dx_str = "{d \\left(%s\\right)}" % latex(x)
+        else:
+            dx_str = "{d %s}" % latex(x)
+        return "\\int_{%s}^{%s} %s\\,%s" % (latex(a), latex(b),
+                                            latex(f), dx_str)
+
+    def _sympy_(self, f, x, a, b):
+        """
+        Convert this integral to the equivalent SymPy object.
+
+        The resulting SymPy integral can be evaluated using ``doit()``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: integral(x, x, 0, 1, hold=True)._sympy_()                             # needs sympy
+            Integral(x, (x, 0, 1))
+            sage: _.doit()                                                              # needs sympy
+            1/2
+        """
+        from sympy.integrals import Integral
+        return Integral(f, (x, a, b))
+
+
+definite_integral = DefiniteIntegral()
+
+
+def _normalize_integral_input(f, v, a=None, b=None):
+    r"""
+    Validate and return variable and endpoints for an integral.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- an expression to integrate
+
+    - ``v`` -- a variable of integration or a triple
+
+    - ``a`` -- (optional) the left endpoint of integration
+
+    - ``b`` -- (optional) the right endpoint of integration
+
+    It is also possible to pass the last three parameters in ``v`` as a triple.
+
+    If the input contains endpoints, both endpoints must be given.
+
+    OUTPUT: a tuple of ``f``, ``v``, ``a``, and ``b``
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.symbolic.integration.integral import \
+        ....:     _normalize_integral_input
+        sage: _normalize_integral_input(x^2, x, 0, 3)
+        (x^2, x, 0, 3)
+        sage: _normalize_integral_input(x^2, [x, 0, 3], None, None)
+        (x^2, x, 0, 3)
+        sage: _normalize_integral_input(x^2, [x], None, None)
+        (x^2, x, None, None)
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: _normalize_integral_input(x^2, [0, 3], None, None)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: invalid input [0, 3] - please use variable,
+        with or without two endpoints
+        sage: _normalize_integral_input(x^2, x, 0, None)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: only one endpoint was given!
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)) and a is None and b is None:
+        if len(v) == 1:  # bare variable in a tuple
+            v = v[0]
+        elif len(v) == 3:  # variable and two endpoints
+            v, a, b = v
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("invalid input %s - please use variable, "
+                            "with or without two endpoints" % repr(v))
+
+    if (a is None) ^ (b is None):
+        raise TypeError('only one endpoint was given!')
+
+    return f, v, a, b
+
+
+def integrate(expression, v=None, a=None, b=None, algorithm=None, hold=False):
+    r"""
+    Return the indefinite integral with respect to the variable
+    `v`, ignoring the constant of integration. Or, if endpoints
+    `a` and `b` are specified, returns the definite
+    integral over the interval `[a, b]`.
+
+    If ``self`` has only one variable, then it returns the
+    integral with respect to that variable.
+
+    If definite integration fails, it could be still possible to
+    evaluate the definite integral using indefinite integration with
+    the Newton - Leibniz theorem (however, the user has to ensure that the
+    indefinite integral is continuous on the compact interval `[a,b]` and
+    this theorem can be applied).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``v`` -- a variable or variable name; this can also be a tuple of
+      the variable (optional) and endpoints (i.e., ``(x,0,1)`` or ``(0,1)``)
+
+    - ``a`` -- (optional) lower endpoint of definite integral
+
+    - ``b`` -- (optional) upper endpoint of definite integral
+
+    - ``algorithm`` -- (default: ``'maxima'``, ``'libgiac'`` and ``'sympy'``) one of
+
+      - ``'maxima'`` -- use maxima
+
+      - ``'sympy'`` -- use sympy (also in Sage)
+
+      - ``'mathematica_free'`` -- use http://integrals.wolfram.com/
+
+      - ``'fricas'`` -- use FriCAS (the optional fricas spkg has to be installed)
+
+      - ``'giac'`` -- use libgiac
+
+      - ``'libgiac'`` -- use libgiac (alias for ``'giac'``)
+
+    To prevent automatic evaluation, use the ``hold`` argument.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        To integrate a polynomial over a polytope, use the optional
+        ``latte_int`` package
+        :meth:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.integrate`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: h = sin(x)/(cos(x))^2
+        sage: h.integral(x)
+        1/cos(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f = x^2/(x+1)^3
+        sage: f.integral(x)
+        1/2*(4*x + 3)/(x^2 + 2*x + 1) + log(x + 1)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f = x*cos(x^2)
+        sage: f.integral(x, 0, sqrt(pi))
+        0
+        sage: f.integral(x, a=-pi, b=pi)
+        0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f(x) = sin(x)
+        sage: f.integral(x, 0, pi/2)
+        1
+
+    The variable is required, but the endpoints are optional::
+
+        sage: y = var('y')
+        sage: integral(sin(x), x)
+        -cos(x)
+        sage: integral(sin(x), y)
+        y*sin(x)
+        sage: integral(sin(x), x, pi, 2*pi)
+        -2
+        sage: integral(sin(x), y, pi, 2*pi)
+        pi*sin(x)
+        sage: integral(sin(x), (x, pi, 2*pi))
+        -2
+        sage: integral(sin(x), (y, pi, 2*pi))
+        pi*sin(x)
+
+    Using the ``hold`` parameter it is possible to prevent automatic
+    evaluation, which can then be evaluated via :meth:`simplify`::
+
+        sage: integral(x^2, x, 0, 3)
+        9
+        sage: a = integral(x^2, x, 0, 3, hold=True) ; a
+        integrate(x^2, x, 0, 3)
+        sage: a.simplify()
+        9
+
+    Constraints are sometimes needed::
+
+        sage: var('x, n')
+        (x, n)
+        sage: integral(x^n,x)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Computation failed since Maxima requested additional
+        constraints; using the 'assume' command before evaluation
+        *may* help (example of legal syntax is 'assume(n>0)', see `assume?`
+        for more details)
+        Is n equal to -1?
+        sage: assume(n > 0)
+        sage: integral(x^n,x)
+        x^(n + 1)/(n + 1)
+        sage: forget()
+
+    Usually the constraints are of sign, but others are possible::
+
+        sage: assume(n==-1)
+        sage: integral(x^n,x)
+        log(x)
+
+    Note that an exception is raised when a definite integral is
+    divergent::
+
+        sage: forget() # always remember to forget assumptions you no longer need
+        sage: integrate(1/x^3,(x,0,1))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Integral is divergent.
+        sage: integrate(1/x^3,x,-1,3)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Integral is divergent.
+
+    But Sage can calculate the convergent improper integral of
+    this function::
+
+        sage: integrate(1/x^3,x,1,infinity)
+        1/2
+
+    The examples in the Maxima documentation::
+
+        sage: var('x, y, z, b')
+        (x, y, z, b)
+        sage: integral(sin(x)^3, x)
+        1/3*cos(x)^3 - cos(x)
+        sage: integral(x/sqrt(b^2-x^2), b)
+        x*log(2*b + 2*sqrt(b^2 - x^2))
+        sage: integral(x/sqrt(b^2-x^2), x)
+        -sqrt(b^2 - x^2)
+        sage: integral(cos(x)^2 * exp(x), x, 0, pi)
+        3/5*e^pi - 3/5
+        sage: integral(x^2 * exp(-x^2), x, -oo, oo)
+        1/2*sqrt(pi)
+
+    We integrate the same function in both Mathematica and Sage (via
+    Maxima)::
+
+        sage: _ = var('x, y, z')
+        sage: f = sin(x^2) + y^z
+        sage: g = mathematica(f)                            # optional - mathematica
+        sage: print(g)                                      # optional - mathematica
+                  z        2
+                 y  + Sin[x ]
+        sage: print(g.Integrate(x))                         # optional - mathematica
+                    z        Pi                2
+                 x y  + Sqrt[--] FresnelS[Sqrt[--] x]
+                             2                 Pi
+        sage: print(f.integral(x))
+        x*y^z + 1/16*sqrt(pi)*((I + 1)*sqrt(2)*erf((1/2*I + 1/2)*sqrt(2)*x)
+                                + (I - 1)*sqrt(2)*erf((1/2*I - 1/2)*sqrt(2)*x)
+                                - (I - 1)*sqrt(2)*erf(sqrt(-I)*x)
+                                + (I + 1)*sqrt(2)*erf((-1)^(1/4)*x))
+
+    Alternatively, just use algorithm='mathematica_free' to integrate via Mathematica
+    over the internet (does NOT require a Mathematica license!)::
+
+        sage: _ = var('x, y, z')  # optional - internet
+        sage: f = sin(x^2) + y^z   # optional - internet
+        sage: f.integrate(x, algorithm='mathematica_free')   # optional - internet
+        x*y^z + sqrt(1/2)*sqrt(pi)*fresnel_sin(sqrt(2)*x/sqrt(pi))
+
+    We can also use Sympy::
+
+        sage: integrate(x*sin(log(x)), x)
+        -1/5*x^2*(cos(log(x)) - 2*sin(log(x)))
+        sage: integrate(x*sin(log(x)), x, algorithm='sympy')                            # needs sympy
+        -1/5*x^2*cos(log(x)) + 2/5*x^2*sin(log(x))
+        sage: _ = var('y, z')
+        sage: (x^y - z).integrate(y)
+        -y*z + x^y/log(x)
+        sage: (x^y - z).integrate(y, algorithm='sympy')                                 # needs sympy
+        -y*z + cases(((log(x) != 0, x^y/log(x)), (1, y)))
+
+    We integrate the above function in Maple now::
+
+        sage: g = maple(f); g.sort()         # optional - maple
+        y^z+sin(x^2)
+        sage: g.integrate(x).sort()          # optional - maple
+        x*y^z+1/2*2^(1/2)*Pi^(1/2)*FresnelS(2^(1/2)/Pi^(1/2)*x)
+
+    We next integrate a function with no closed form integral. Notice
+    that the answer comes back as an expression that contains an
+    integral itself. ::
+
+        sage: A = integral(1/ ((x-4) * (x^4+x+1)), x); A
+        integrate(1/((x^4 + x + 1)*(x - 4)), x)
+
+    Sometimes, in this situation, using the algorithm "maxima"
+    gives instead a partially integrated answer::
+
+        sage: integral(1/(x**7-1),x,algorithm='maxima')
+        -1/7*integrate((x^5 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^3 + 4*x^2 + 5*x + 6)/(x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1), x) + 1/7*log(x - 1)
+
+    We now show that floats are not converted to rationals
+    automatically since we by default have keepfloat: true in maxima.
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: integral(e^(-x^2),(x, 0, 0.1))
+        0.05623145800914245*sqrt(pi)
+
+    An example of an integral that fricas can integrate::
+
+        sage: f(x) = sqrt(x+sqrt(1+x^2))/x
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x, algorithm='fricas')      # optional - fricas
+        2*sqrt(x + sqrt(x^2 + 1)) - 2*arctan(sqrt(x + sqrt(x^2 + 1)))
+         - log(sqrt(x + sqrt(x^2 + 1)) + 1) + log(sqrt(x + sqrt(x^2 + 1)) - 1)
+
+    where the default integrator obtains another answer::
+
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x)  # long time
+        1/8*sqrt(x)*gamma(1/4)*gamma(-1/4)^2*hypergeometric((-1/4, -1/4, 1/4),
+                                                            (1/2, 3/4),
+                                                            -1/x^2)/(pi*gamma(3/4))
+
+    The following definite integral is not found by maxima::
+
+        sage: f(x) = (x^4 - 3*x^2 + 6) / (x^6 - 5*x^4 + 5*x^2 + 4)
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x, 1, 2, algorithm='maxima')  # long time
+        integrate((x^4 - 3*x^2 + 6)/(x^6 - 5*x^4 + 5*x^2 + 4), x, 1, 2)
+
+    but is nevertheless computed::
+
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x, 1, 2)  # long time
+        -1/2*pi + arctan(8) + arctan(5) + arctan(2) + arctan(1/2)
+
+    Both fricas and sympy give the correct result::
+
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x, 1, 2, algorithm='fricas')  # optional - fricas
+        -1/2*pi + arctan(8) + arctan(5) + arctan(2) + arctan(1/2)
+        sage: integrate(f(x), x, 1, 2, algorithm='sympy')                               # needs sympy
+        -1/2*pi + arctan(8) + arctan(5) + arctan(2) + arctan(1/2)
+
+    Using Giac to integrate the absolute value of a trigonometric
+    expression. If Giac is installed, this will be attempted
+    automatically in the event that Maxima is unable to integrate the
+    expression::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+        sage: result = integrate(abs(cos(x)), x, 0, 2*pi, algorithm='giac')
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        4
+        sage: result = integrate(abs(cos(x)), x, 0, 2*pi)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        4
+
+    ALIASES: integral() and integrate() are the same.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Here is an example where we have to use assume::
+
+        sage: a,b = var('a,b')
+        sage: integrate(1/(x^3 *(a+b*x)^(1/3)), x)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Computation failed since Maxima requested additional
+        constraints; using the 'assume' command before evaluation
+        *may* help (example of legal syntax is 'assume(a>0)', see `assume?`
+        for more details)
+        Is a positive or negative?
+
+    So we just assume that `a>0` and the integral works::
+
+        sage: assume(a>0)
+        sage: integrate(1/(x^3 *(a+b*x)^(1/3)), x)
+        2/9*sqrt(3)*b^2*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*(b*x + a)^(1/3) + a^(1/3))/a^(1/3))/a^(7/3)
+         - 1/9*b^2*log((b*x + a)^(2/3) + (b*x + a)^(1/3)*a^(1/3) + a^(2/3))/a^(7/3)
+         + 2/9*b^2*log((b*x + a)^(1/3) - a^(1/3))/a^(7/3) + 1/6*(4*(b*x + a)^(5/3)*b^2
+         - 7*(b*x + a)^(2/3)*a*b^2)/((b*x + a)^2*a^2 - 2*(b*x + a)*a^3 + a^4)
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    The following integral was broken prior to Maxima 5.15.0 -
+    see :issue:`3013`::
+
+        sage: integrate(sin(x)*cos(10*x)*log(x), x)
+        -1/198*(9*cos(11*x) - 11*cos(9*x))*log(x) + 1/44*Ei(11*I*x) - 1/36*Ei(9*I*x) - 1/36*Ei(-9*I*x) + 1/44*Ei(-11*I*x)
+
+    It is no longer possible to use certain functions without an
+    explicit variable.  Instead, evaluate the function at a variable,
+    and then take the integral::
+
+        sage: integrate(sin)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: unable to convert sin to a symbolic expression
+
+        sage: integrate(sin(x), x)
+        -cos(x)
+        sage: integrate(sin(x), x, 0, 1)
+        -cos(1) + 1
+
+    Check if :issue:`780` is fixed::
+
+        sage: _ = var('x,y')
+        sage: f = log(x^2+y^2)
+        sage: res = integral(f,x,1414/10^7, 1); res
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Computation failed since Maxima requested additional constraints; using the 'assume' command before evaluation *may* help ...
+        Is ... positive, negative or zero?
+        sage: assume(y>1)
+        sage: res = integral(f,x,1414/10^7, 1); res
+        -2*y*arctan(707/5000000/y) + 2*y*arctan(1/y) + log(y^2 + 1) - 707/5000000*log(y^2 + 499849/25000000000000) - 4999293/2500000
+        sage: nres = numerical_integral(f.subs(y=2), 0.0001414, 1.); nres
+        (1.4638323264144..., 1.6251803529759...e-14)
+        sage: res.subs(y=2).n()
+        1.46383232641443
+        sage: nres = numerical_integral(f.subs(y=.5), 0.0001414, 1.); nres
+        (-0.669511708872807, 7.768678110854711e-15)
+        sage: res.subs(y=.5).n()
+        -0.669511708872807
+
+    Check if :issue:`6816` is fixed::
+
+        sage: var('t,theta')
+        (t, theta)
+        sage: integrate(t*cos(-theta*t),t,0,pi)
+        (pi*theta*sin(pi*theta) + cos(pi*theta))/theta^2 - 1/theta^2
+        sage: integrate(t*cos(-theta*t),(t,0,pi))
+        (pi*theta*sin(pi*theta) + cos(pi*theta))/theta^2 - 1/theta^2
+        sage: integrate(t*cos(-theta*t),t)
+        (t*theta*sin(t*theta) + cos(t*theta))/theta^2
+        sage: integrate(x^2,(x)) # this worked before
+        1/3*x^3
+        sage: integrate(x^2,(x,)) # this didn't
+        1/3*x^3
+        sage: integrate(x^2,(x,1,2))
+        7/3
+        sage: integrate(x^2,(x,1,2,3))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: invalid input (x, 1, 2, 3) - please use variable, with or without two endpoints
+
+    Note that this used to be the test, but it is actually divergent
+    (Maxima currently asks for assumptions on theta)::
+
+        sage: integrate(t*cos(-theta*t),(t,-oo,oo))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Computation failed since Maxima requested additional constraints;...
+
+    Check if :issue:`6189` is fixed::
+
+        sage: n = N; n
+        <function numerical_approx at ...>
+        sage: F(x) = 1/sqrt(2*pi*1^2)*exp(-1/(2*1^2)*(x-0)^2)
+        sage: G(x) = 1/sqrt(2*pi*n(1)^2)*exp(-1/(2*n(1)^2)*(x-n(0))^2)
+        sage: integrate( (F(x)-F(x))^2, x, -infinity, infinity).n()
+        0.000000000000000
+        sage: integrate( ((F(x)-G(x))^2).expand(), x, -infinity, infinity).n()
+        -6.26376265908397e-17
+        sage: integrate( (F(x)-G(x))^2, x, -infinity, infinity).n()# abstol 1e-6
+        0
+
+    This was broken before Maxima 5.20::
+
+        sage: exp(-x*i).integral(x,0,1)
+        I*e^(-I) - I
+
+    Test that :issue:`8729` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: a = sqrt((sin(t))^2 + (cos(t))^2)
+        sage: integrate(a, t, 0, 2*pi)
+        2*pi
+        sage: a.simplify_full().simplify_trig()
+        1
+
+    Maxima uses Cauchy Principal Value calculations to
+    integrate certain convergent integrals.  Here we test
+    that this does not raise an error message (see :issue:`11987`)::
+
+        sage: integrate(sin(x)*sin(x/3)/x^2, x, 0, oo)
+        1/6*pi
+
+    Maxima returned a negative value for this integral prior to
+    maxima-5.24 (:issue:`10923`). Ideally we would get an answer in terms
+    of the gamma function; however, we get something equivalent::
+
+        sage: actual_result = integral(e^(-1/x^2), x, 0, 1)
+        sage: actual_result.canonicalize_radical()
+        (sqrt(pi)*(erf(1)*e - e) + 1)*e^(-1)
+        sage: ideal_result = 1/2*gamma(-1/2, 1)
+        sage: error = actual_result - ideal_result
+        sage: error.numerical_approx() # abs tol 1e-10
+        0
+
+    We will get a correct answer here, which is better than
+    the previous (wrong) answer of zero. See :issue:`10914`::
+
+        sage: f = abs(sin(x))
+        sage: result = integrate(f, x, 0, 2*pi)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        4
+
+    Another incorrect integral fixed upstream in Maxima, from
+    :issue:`11233`::
+
+        sage: a,t = var('a,t')
+        sage: assume(a>0)
+        sage: assume(x>0)
+        sage: f = log(1 + a/(x * t)^2)
+        sage: F = integrate(f, t, 1, Infinity)
+        sage: F(x=1, a=7).numerical_approx() # abs tol 1e-10
+        4.32025625668262
+        sage: forget()
+
+    Verify that MinusInfinity works with sympy (:issue:`12345`)::
+
+        sage: integral(1/x^2, x, -infinity, -1, algorithm='sympy')                      # needs sympy
+        1
+
+    Check that :issue:`11737` is fixed::
+
+        sage: N(integrate(sin(x^2)/(x^2), x, 1, infinity), prec=54)
+        0.285736646322853
+        sage: N(integrate(sin(x^2)/(x^2), x, 1, infinity))  # known bug (nonzero imag part)
+        0.285736646322853
+
+    Check that :issue:`14209` is fixed::
+
+        sage: integral(e^(-abs(x))/cosh(x),x,-infinity,infinity)
+        2*log(2)
+        sage: integral(e^(-abs(x))/cosh(x),x,-infinity,infinity)
+        2*log(2)
+
+    Check that :issue:`12628` is fixed::
+
+        sage: var('z,n')
+        (z, n)
+        sage: f(z, n) = sin(n*z) / (n*z)
+        sage: integrate(f(z,1)*f(z,3)*f(z,5)*f(z,7),z,0,oo)
+        22/315*pi
+        sage: for k in srange(1, 16, 2):
+        ....:     print(integrate(prod(f(z, ell)
+        ....:                     for ell in srange(1, k+1, 2)), z, 0, oo))
+        1/2*pi
+        1/6*pi
+        1/10*pi
+        22/315*pi
+        3677/72576*pi
+        48481/1247400*pi
+        193359161/6227020800*pi
+        5799919/227026800*pi
+
+    Check that :issue:`12628` is fixed::
+
+        sage: integrate(1/(sqrt(x)*((1+sqrt(x))^2)),x,1,9)
+        1/2
+
+    Check that :issue:`8728` is fixed::
+
+        sage: forget()
+        sage: c,w,T = var('c,w,T')
+        sage: assume(1-c^2 > 0)
+        sage: assume(abs(c) - sqrt(1-c^2) - 1 > 0)
+        sage: assume(abs(sqrt(1-c^2)-1) - abs(c) > 0)
+        sage: integrate(cos(w+T) / (1+c*cos(T))^2, T, 0, 2*pi)
+        2*pi*sqrt(-c^2 + 1)*c*cos(w)/(c^4 - 2*c^2 + 1)
+
+    Check that :issue:`13733` is fixed (but the bug reappeared, see :issue:`30063`)::
+
+        sage: a = integral(log(cot(x) - 1), x, 0, pi/4); a  # long time (about 6 s) # known bug
+        -1/4*pi*log(2) - 1/2*I*dilog(I + 1) + 1/2*I*dilog(-I + 1) + 1/2*I*dilog(1/2*I + 1/2) - 1/2*I*dilog(-1/2*I + 1/2)
+        sage: abs(N(a - pi*log(2)/8)) < 1e-15  # long time # known bug
+        True
+
+    Check that :issue:`17968` is fixed::
+
+        sage: a = N(integrate(exp(x^3), (x, 1, 2)), prec=54)
+        sage: a.real_part()    # abs tol 1e-13
+        275.510983763312
+        sage: a.imag_part()    # abs tol 1e-13
+        0.0
+
+    This used to be solved by the ``abs_integrate`` Maxima package
+    but can be solved now without it::
+
+        sage: integrate(abs(x), x)
+        1/2*x*abs(x)
+        sage: integral(abs(cos(x))*sin(x),(x,pi/2,pi))
+        1/2
+        sage: f = (x^2)*exp(x) / (1+exp(x))^2
+        sage: integrate(f, (x, -infinity, infinity))
+        1/3*pi^2
+
+    Some integrals are now working (:issue:`27958`, using giac or sympy)::
+
+        sage: result = integrate(abs(x^2 - 1), x, -2, 2)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        4
+
+        sage: result = integrate(sgn(x) - sgn(1-x), x)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        abs(x - 1) + abs(x)
+
+        sage: result = integrate(1 / (1 + abs(x-5)), x, -5, 6)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        log(11) + log(2)
+
+        sage: result = integrate(abs(x^2 - 1), x, -2, 2)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        4
+
+    Examples that only giac can correctly integrate (for now)::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+        sage: g = abs(sin(x)*cos(x))
+        sage: result = g.integrate(x, 0, 2*pi)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.libs.giac
+        sage: f = sqrt(x + 1/x^2)
+        sage: actual = integrate(f, x)
+        ...
+        sage: expected = (1/3*(2*sqrt(x^3 + 1) - log(sqrt(x^3 + 1) + 1)
+        ....:             + log(abs(sqrt(x^3 + 1) - 1)))*sgn(x))
+        sage: bool(actual == expected)
+        True
+
+    Some tests for :issue:`17468`::
+
+        sage: integral(log(abs(2*sin(x))), x, 0, pi/3)
+        1/36*I*pi^2 + I*dilog(1/2*I*sqrt(3) + 1/2) + I*dilog(-1/2*I*sqrt(3) - 1/2)
+        sage: integral(log(abs(sin(x))), x, 0, pi/2)
+        -1/2*pi*log(2)
+
+    Check that :issue:`25823` is fixed::
+
+        sage: f = log(sin(x))*sin(x)^2
+        sage: g = integrate(f, x) ; g
+        1/4*I*x^2
+        - 1/2*I*x*arctan2(sin(x), cos(x) + 1)
+        + 1/2*I*x*arctan2(sin(x), -cos(x) + 1)
+        - 1/4*x*log(cos(x)^2 + sin(x)^2 + 2*cos(x) + 1)
+        - 1/4*x*log(cos(x)^2 + sin(x)^2 - 2*cos(x) + 1)
+        + 1/4*(2*x - sin(2*x))*log(sin(x))
+        + 1/4*x
+        + 1/2*I*dilog(-e^(I*x))
+        + 1/2*I*dilog(e^(I*x)) + 1/8*sin(2*x)
+
+    Indeed::
+
+        sage: (g.derivative() - f).full_simplify().full_simplify()
+        0
+
+    Test for :issue:`24117`::
+
+        sage: integrate(sqrt(1-4*sin(x)^2),x, algorithm='maxima')
+        integrate(sqrt(-4*sin(x)^2 + 1), x)
+
+    Check that :issue:`30353` is fixed::
+
+        sage: a = SR.var('a')
+        sage: assume(a > 0)
+        sage: assume(a < 1)
+        sage: integrate(x*log(1/(a*x+(1-x)^2)), x, 0, 1, algorithm='maxima')
+        1/4*a^2*log(a) + 1/2*sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*a*arctan(sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*(a - 2)/(a^2 - 4*a)) - 1/2*sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*a*arctan(sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)/(a - 4)) - a*log(a) - sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*arctan(sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*(a - 2)/(a^2 - 4*a)) + sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)*arctan(sqrt(-a^2 + 4*a)/(a - 4)) - 1/2*a + 3/2
+
+    Check that :issue:`25905` is fixed::
+
+        sage: var('a d x c')
+        (a, d, x, c)
+        sage: f = (I*a*tan(d*x + c) + a)^3*tan(d*x + c)
+        sage: integrate(f, x, algorithm='fricas')  # optional - fricas
+        -2/3*(24*a^3*e^(4*I*d*x + 4*I*c) + 33*a^3*e^(2*I*d*x + 2*I*c) + 13*a^3 + 6*(a^3*e^(6*I*d*x + 6*I*c) + 3*a^3*e^(4*I*d*x + 4*I*c) + 3*a^3*e^(2*I*d*x + 2*I*c) + a^3)*log(e^(2*I*d*x + 2*I*c) + 1))/(d*e^(6*I*d*x + 6*I*c) + 3*d*e^(4*I*d*x + 4*I*c) + 3*d*e^(2*I*d*x + 2*I*c) + d)
+
+    The fundamental theorem of calculus holds for elliptic integrals
+    of the second kind, :issue:`26563`::
+
+        sage: x,m = SR.var('x,m', domain='real')    # long time
+        sage: integrate(elliptic_e(x,m).diff(x), x) # long time
+        elliptic_e(x, m)
+
+    Check that :issue:`20467` is fixed::
+
+        sage: k = var('k')
+        sage: integral(sin(k*x)/x*erf(x^2), x, 0, oo, algorithm='maxima')
+        integrate(erf(x^2)*sin(k*x)/x, x, 0, +Infinity)
+    """
+    expression, v, a, b = _normalize_integral_input(expression, v, a, b)
+    if algorithm is not None:
+        integrator = available_integrators.get(algorithm)
+        if not integrator:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown algorithm: %s" % algorithm)
+        return integrator(expression, v, a, b)
+    if a is None:
+        return indefinite_integral(expression, v, hold=hold)
+    else:
+        return definite_integral(expression, v, a, b, hold=hold)
+
+
+integral = integrate