passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/diff_form_module.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1062 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Differential Form Modules
+
+The set `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` of `p`-forms along a differentiable manifold `U`
+with values on a differentiable manifold `M` via a differentiable map
+`\Phi:\ U \rightarrow M` (possibly `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`)
+is a module over the algebra `C^k(U)` of differentiable scalar fields on `U`.
+It is a free module if and only if `M` is parallelizable. Accordingly,
+two classes implement `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)`:
+
+- :class:`DiffFormModule` for differential forms with values on a generic
+  (in practice, not parallelizable) differentiable manifold `M`
+- :class:`DiffFormFreeModule` for differential forms with values on a
+  parallelizable manifold `M`
+  (the subclass :class:`VectorFieldDualFreeModule` implements the special
+  case of differential 1-forms on a parallelizable manifold `M`)
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+- Matthias Koeppe (2022): :class:`VectorFieldDualFreeModule`
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [KN1963]_
+- [Lee2013]_
+"""
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2021 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#                     2016      Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#                     2020      Michael Jung
+#                     2022      Matthias Koeppe
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.modules import Modules
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form import DiffForm, DiffFormParal
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield import TensorField
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral import TensorFieldParal
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.tensor.modules.ext_pow_free_module import ExtPowerDualFreeModule
+from sage.tensor.modules.reflexive_module import ReflexiveModule_abstract
+
+
+class DiffFormModule(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    Module of differential forms of a given degree `p` (`p`-forms) along a
+    differentiable manifold `U` with values on a differentiable manifold `M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` to a differentiable manifold `M`, the set
+    `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` of `p`-forms along `U` with values on `M` is
+    a module over `C^k(U)`, the commutative algebra of differentiable
+    scalar fields on `U` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra`).
+    The standard case of `p`-forms *on* a differentiable manifold `M`
+    corresponds to `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other common cases
+    are `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M`
+    (`U` is then an open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This class implements `\Omega^p(U,\Phi)` in the case where `M` is
+        not assumed to be parallelizable; the module `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)`
+        is then not necessarily free. If `M` is parallelizable, the class
+        :class:`DiffFormFreeModule` must be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- module `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` with values on `M` via the map `\Phi: U \rightarrow M`
+    - ``degree`` -- positive integer; the degree `p` of the differential forms
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Module of 2-forms on a non-parallelizable 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+        sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+        ....:  intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+        sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+        sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+        sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2) ; A
+        Module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: latex(A)
+        \Omega^{2}\left(M\right)
+
+    ``A`` is nothing but the second exterior power of the dual of ``XM``, i.e.
+    we have `\Omega^{2}(M) = \Lambda^2(\mathfrak{X}(M)^*)`::
+
+        sage: A is XM.dual_exterior_power(2)
+        True
+
+    Modules of differential forms are unique::
+
+        sage: A is M.diff_form_module(2)
+        True
+
+    `\Omega^2(M)` is a module over the algebra `C^k(M)` of (differentiable)
+    scalar fields on `M`::
+
+        sage: A.category()
+        Category of modules over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on
+         the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra() ; CM
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A in Modules(CM)
+        True
+        sage: A.base_ring() is CM
+        True
+        sage: A.base_module()
+        Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: A.base_module() is XM
+        True
+
+    Elements can be constructed from ``A()``. In particular, ``0`` yields
+    the zero element of ``A``::
+
+        sage: z = A(0) ; z
+        2-form zero on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: z.display(eU)
+        zero = 0
+        sage: z.display(eV)
+        zero = 0
+        sage: z is A.zero()
+        True
+
+    while nonzero elements are constructed by providing their components in a
+    given vector frame::
+
+        sage: a = A([[0,3*x],[-3*x,0]], frame=eU, name='a') ; a
+        2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv) # finishes initializ. of a
+        sage: a.display(eU)
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = (-3/4*u - 3/4*v) du∧dv
+
+    An alternative is to construct the 2-form from an empty list of
+    components and to set the nonzero nonredundant components afterwards::
+
+        sage: a = A([], name='a')
+        sage: a[eU,0,1] = 3*x
+        sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
+        sage: a.display(eU)
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = (-3/4*u - 3/4*v) du∧dv
+
+    The module `\Omega^1(M)` is nothing but the dual of `\mathfrak{X}(M)`
+    (the module of vector fields on `M`)::
+
+        sage: L1 = M.diff_form_module(1) ; L1
+        Module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: L1 is XM.dual()
+        True
+
+    Since any tensor field of type `(0,1)` is a 1-form, there is a coercion
+    map from the set `T^{(0,1)}(M)` of such tensors to `\Omega^1(M)`::
+
+        sage: T01 = M.tensor_field_module((0,1)) ; T01
+        Module T^(0,1)(M) of type-(0,1) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: L1.has_coerce_map_from(T01)
+        True
+
+    There is also a coercion map in the reverse direction::
+
+        sage: T01.has_coerce_map_from(L1)
+        True
+
+    For a degree `p \geq 2`, the coercion holds only in the direction
+    `\Omega^p(M)\rightarrow T^{(0,p)}(M)`::
+
+        sage: T02 = M.tensor_field_module((0,2)) ; T02
+        Module T^(0,2)(M) of type-(0,2) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: T02.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+        True
+        sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(T02)
+        False
+
+    The coercion map `T^{(0,1)}(M) \rightarrow \Omega^1(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: b = T01([y,x], frame=eU, name='b') ; b
+        Tensor field b of type (0,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
+        sage: b.display(eU)
+        b = y dx + x dy
+        sage: b.display(eV)
+        b = 1/2*u du - 1/2*v dv
+        sage: lb = L1(b) ; lb
+        1-form b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: lb.display(eU)
+        b = y dx + x dy
+        sage: lb.display(eV)
+        b = 1/2*u du - 1/2*v dv
+
+    The coercion map `\Omega^1(M) \rightarrow T^{(0,1)}(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: tlb = T01(lb) ; tlb
+        Tensor field b of type (0,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: tlb.display(eU)
+        b = y dx + x dy
+        sage: tlb.display(eV)
+        b = 1/2*u du - 1/2*v dv
+        sage: tlb == b
+        True
+
+    The coercion map `\Omega^2(M) \rightarrow T^{(0,2)}(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: ta = T02(a) ; ta
+        Tensor field a of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: ta.display(eU)
+        a = 3*x dx⊗dy - 3*x dy⊗dx
+        sage: a.display(eU)
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy
+        sage: ta.display(eV)
+        a = (-3/4*u - 3/4*v) du⊗dv + (3/4*u + 3/4*v) dv⊗du
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = (-3/4*u - 3/4*v) du∧dv
+
+    There is also coercion to subdomains, which is nothing but the restriction
+    of the differential form to some subset of its domain::
+
+        sage: L2U = U.diff_form_module(2) ; L2U
+        Free module Omega^2(U) of 2-forms on the Open subset U of the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: L2U.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+        True
+        sage: a_U = L2U(a) ; a_U
+        2-form a on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: a_U.display(eU)
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy
+    """
+    Element = DiffForm
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module, degree):
+        r"""
+        Construction a module of differential forms.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Module of 2-forms on a non-parallelizable 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module import \
+            ....:                                                DiffFormModule
+            sage: A = DiffFormModule(M.vector_field_module(), 2) ; A
+            Module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run(skip='_test_elements')
+
+        In the above test suite, ``_test_elements`` is skipped because of the
+        ``_test_pickling`` error of the elements (to be fixed in
+        :class:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`)
+        """
+        domain = vector_field_module._domain
+        dest_map = vector_field_module._dest_map
+        name = "Omega^{}(".format(degree) + domain._name
+        latex_name = r"\Omega^{{{}}}\left({}".format(degree, domain._latex_name)
+        if dest_map is not domain.identity_map():
+            dm_name = dest_map._name
+            dm_latex_name = dest_map._latex_name
+            if dm_name is None:
+                dm_name = "unnamed map"
+            if dm_latex_name is None:
+                dm_latex_name = r"\mathrm{unnamed\; map}"
+            name += "," + dm_name
+            latex_name += "," + dm_latex_name
+        self._name = name + ")"
+        self._latex_name = latex_name + r"\right)"
+        self._vmodule = vector_field_module
+        self._degree = degree
+        # the member self._ring is created for efficiency (to avoid calls to
+        # self.base_ring()):
+        self._ring = domain.scalar_field_algebra()
+        Parent.__init__(self, base=self._ring, category=Modules(self._ring))
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._dest_map = dest_map
+        self._ambient_domain = vector_field_module._ambient_domain
+        # NB: self._zero_element is not constructed here, since no element
+        # can be constructed here, to avoid some infinite recursion.
+
+    #### Parent methods
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, comp=[], frame=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a differential form.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart(); c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: a = A([[0, x*y], [-x*y, 0]], name='a'); a
+            2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.display(c_xy.frame())
+            a = x*y dx∧dy
+            sage: A(0) is A.zero()
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            if comp.is_trivial_zero():
+                return self.zero()
+        except AttributeError:
+            if comp == 0:
+                return self.zero()
+        if isinstance(comp, (DiffForm, DiffFormParal)):
+            # coercion by domain restriction
+            if (self._degree == comp._tensor_type[1]
+                   and self._domain.is_subset(comp._domain)
+                   and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(comp._ambient_domain)):
+                return comp.restrict(self._domain)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                                "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        if isinstance(comp, TensorField):
+            # coercion of a tensor of type (0,1) to a linear form
+            tensor = comp # for readability
+            if (tensor.tensor_type() == (0,1) and self._degree == 1
+                     and tensor._vmodule is self._vmodule):
+                resu = self.element_class(self._vmodule, 1, name=tensor._name,
+                                          latex_name=tensor._latex_name)
+                for dom, rst in tensor._restrictions.items():
+                    resu._restrictions[dom] = dom.diff_form_module(1)(rst)
+                return resu
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(tensor) +
+                                "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        if not isinstance(comp, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                            "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        # standard construction
+        resu = self.element_class(self._vmodule, self._degree, name=name,
+                                  latex_name=latex_name)
+        if comp:
+            resu.set_comp(frame)[:] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some (unnamed) differential form.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart(); c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A._an_element_()
+            2-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        resu = self.element_class(self._vmodule, self._degree)
+        for oc in self._domain.open_covers(trivial=False):
+            # the first non-trivial open cover is selected
+            for dom in oc:
+                vmodule_dom = dom.vector_field_module(
+                                         dest_map=self._dest_map.restrict(dom))
+                dmodule_dom = vmodule_dom.dual_exterior_power(self._degree)
+                resu.set_restriction(dmodule_dom._an_element_())
+            return resu
+        return resu
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from other parent.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: A1 = M.diff_form_module(1)
+            sage: A1._coerce_map_from_(M.tensor_field_module((0,1)))
+            True
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2._coerce_map_from_(M.tensor_field_module((0,2)))
+            False
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: A2U = U.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2U._coerce_map_from_(A2)
+            True
+            sage: A2._coerce_map_from_(A2U)
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (DiffFormModule, DiffFormFreeModule)):
+            # coercion by domain restriction
+            return (self._degree == other._degree
+                    and self._domain.is_subset(other._domain)
+                    and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(other._ambient_domain))
+
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module import TensorFieldModule
+        if isinstance(other, TensorFieldModule):
+            # coercion of a type-(0,1) tensor to a linear form
+            return (self._vmodule is other._vmodule and self._degree == 1
+                    and other.tensor_type() == (0,1))
+
+        return False
+
+    @cached_method
+    def zero(self):
+        """
+        Return the zero of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2.zero()
+            2-form zero on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        zero = self._element_constructor_(name='zero', latex_name='0')
+        for frame in self._domain._frames:
+            if self._dest_map.restrict(frame._domain) == frame._dest_map:
+                zero.add_comp(frame)
+                # (since new components are initialized to zero)
+        zero._is_zero = True  # This element is certainly zero
+        zero.set_immutable()
+        return zero
+
+    #### End of Parent methods
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2
+            Module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on
+             the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Module "
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += self._name + " "
+        description += "of {}-forms ".format(self._degree)
+        if self._dest_map is self._domain.identity_map():
+            description += "on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += "along the {} mapped into the {}".format(
+                                            self._domain, self._ambient_domain)
+        return description
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', latex_name=r'\mathcal{M}')
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2._latex_()
+            '\\Omega^{2}\\left(\\mathcal{M}\\right)'
+            sage: latex(A2)  # indirect doctest
+            \Omega^{2}\left(\mathcal{M}\right)
+        """
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            return r'\text{' + str(self) + r'}'
+        else:
+            return self._latex_name
+
+    def base_module(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the vector field module on which the differential form module
+        ``self`` is constructed.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`
+          representing the module on which ``self`` is defined
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2) ; A2
+            Module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: A2.base_module()
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: A2.base_module() is M.vector_field_module()
+            True
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: A2U = U.diff_form_module(2) ; A2U
+            Module Omega^2(U) of 2-forms on the Open subset U of the
+             3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: A2U.base_module()
+            Module X(U) of vector fields on the Open subset U of the
+             3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._vmodule
+
+    tensor = tensor_product = ReflexiveModule_abstract.tensor_product
+
+    def tensor_type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the tensor type of ``self`` if ``self`` is a module of 1-forms.
+
+        In this case, the pair `(0, 1)` is returned, indicating that the module
+        is identified with the dual of the base module.
+
+        For differential forms of other degrees, an exception is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: M.diff_form_module(1).tensor_type()
+            (0, 1)
+            sage: M.diff_form_module(2).tensor_type()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError
+        """
+        if self._degree == 1:
+            return (0, 1)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def degree(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the degree of the differential forms in ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer `p` such that ``self`` is a set of `p`-forms
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: M.diff_form_module(1).degree()
+            1
+            sage: M.diff_form_module(2).degree()
+            2
+            sage: M.diff_form_module(3).degree()
+            3
+        """
+        return self._degree
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+
+class DiffFormFreeModule(ExtPowerDualFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    Free module of differential forms of a given degree `p` (`p`-forms) along
+    a differentiable manifold `U` with values on a parallelizable manifold `M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi:\; U \rightarrow M` to a parallelizable manifold `M` of dimension
+    `n`, the set `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` of `p`-forms along `U` with values on `M`
+    is a free module of rank `\binom{n}{p}` over `C^k(U)`, the commutative
+    algebra of differentiable scalar fields on `U` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra`).
+    The standard case of `p`-forms *on* a differentiable manifold `M`
+    corresponds to `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other common cases are
+    `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M` (`U` is then an
+    open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This class implements `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` in the case where `M` is
+        parallelizable; `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` is then a *free* module. If `M`
+        is not parallelizable, the class :class:`DiffFormModule` must be used
+        instead.
+
+    For the special case of 1-forms, use the class :class:`VectorFieldDualFreeModule`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- free module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` associated with the map `\Phi: U \rightarrow V`
+    - ``degree`` -- positive integer; the degree `p` of the differential forms
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Free module of 2-forms on a parallelizable 3-dimensional manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+        sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2) ; A
+        Free module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: latex(A)
+        \Omega^{2}\left(M\right)
+
+    ``A`` is nothing but the second exterior power of the dual of ``XM``, i.e.
+    we have `\Omega^{2}(M) = \Lambda^2(\mathfrak{X}(M)^*)` (see
+    :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.ext_pow_free_module.ExtPowerDualFreeModule`)::
+
+        sage: A is XM.dual_exterior_power(2)
+        True
+
+    `\Omega^{2}(M)` is a module over the algebra `C^k(M)` of (differentiable)
+    scalar fields on `M`::
+
+        sage: A.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional modules over Algebra of differentiable
+         scalar fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra() ; CM
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 3-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A in Modules(CM)
+        True
+        sage: A.base_ring()
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on
+         the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A.base_module()
+        Free module X(M) of vector fields on
+         the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A.base_module() is XM
+        True
+        sage: A.rank()
+        3
+
+    Elements can be constructed from `A`. In particular, ``0`` yields
+    the zero element of `A`::
+
+        sage: A(0)
+        2-form zero on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A(0) is A.zero()
+        True
+
+    while nonzero elements are constructed by providing their components
+    in a given vector frame::
+
+        sage: comp = [[0,3*x,-z],[-3*x,0,4],[z,-4,0]]
+        sage: a = A(comp, frame=X.frame(), name='a') ; a
+        2-form a on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.display()
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy - z dx∧dz + 4 dy∧dz
+
+    An alternative is to construct the 2-form from an empty list of
+    components and to set the nonzero nonredundant components afterwards::
+
+        sage: a = A([], name='a')
+        sage: a[0,1] = 3*x  # component in the manifold's default frame
+        sage: a[0,2] = -z
+        sage: a[1,2] = 4
+        sage: a.display()
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy - z dx∧dz + 4 dy∧dz
+
+    The module `\Omega^1(M)` is nothing but the dual of `\mathfrak{X}(M)`
+    (the free module of vector fields on `M`)::
+
+        sage: L1 = M.diff_form_module(1) ; L1
+        Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: L1 is XM.dual()
+        True
+
+    Since any tensor field of type `(0,1)` is a 1-form, it is also equal to
+    the set `T^{(0,1)}(M)` of such tensors to `\Omega^1(M)`::
+
+        sage: T01 = M.tensor_field_module((0,1)) ; T01
+        Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: L1 is T01
+        True
+
+    For a degree `p \geq 2`, the coercion holds only in the direction
+    `\Omega^p(M) \rightarrow T^{(0,p)}(M)`::
+
+        sage: T02 = M.tensor_field_module((0,2)); T02
+        Free module T^(0,2)(M) of type-(0,2) tensors fields on the
+         3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: T02.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+        True
+        sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(T02)
+        False
+
+    The coercion map `\Omega^2(M) \rightarrow T^{(0,2)}(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: T02 = M.tensor_field_module((0,2)) ; T02
+        Free module T^(0,2)(M) of type-(0,2) tensors fields on the
+         3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: ta = T02(a) ; ta
+        Tensor field a of type (0,2) on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: ta.display()
+        a = 3*x dx⊗dy - z dx⊗dz - 3*x dy⊗dx + 4 dy⊗dz + z dz⊗dx - 4 dz⊗dy
+        sage: a.display()
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy - z dx∧dz + 4 dy∧dz
+        sage: ta.symmetries()  # the antisymmetry is preserved
+        no symmetry;  antisymmetry: (0, 1)
+
+    There is also coercion to subdomains, which is nothing but the
+    restriction of the differential form to some subset of its domain::
+
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<1})
+        sage: B = U.diff_form_module(2) ; B
+        Free module Omega^2(U) of 2-forms on the Open subset U of the
+         3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: B.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+        True
+        sage: a_U = B(a) ; a_U
+        2-form a on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: a_U.display()
+        a = 3*x dx∧dy - z dx∧dz + 4 dy∧dz
+    """
+
+    Element = DiffFormParal
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module, degree):
+        r"""
+        Construct a free module of differential forms.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module import DiffFormFreeModule
+            sage: A = DiffFormFreeModule(M.vector_field_module(), 2) ; A
+            Free module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on
+             the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run()
+        """
+        domain = vector_field_module._domain
+        dest_map = vector_field_module._dest_map
+        name = "Omega^{}(".format(degree) + domain._name
+        latex_name = r"\Omega^{{{}}}\left({}".format(degree, domain._latex_name)
+        if dest_map is not domain.identity_map():
+            dm_name = dest_map._name
+            dm_latex_name = dest_map._latex_name
+            if dm_name is None:
+                dm_name = "unnamed map"
+            if dm_latex_name is None:
+                dm_latex_name = r"\mathrm{unnamed\; map}"
+            name += "," + dm_name
+            latex_name += "," + dm_latex_name
+        name += ")"
+        latex_name += r"\right)"
+        ExtPowerDualFreeModule.__init__(self, vector_field_module, degree,
+                                        name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._dest_map = dest_map
+        self._ambient_domain = vector_field_module._ambient_domain
+
+    #### Parent methods
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, comp=[], frame=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a differential form.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: a = A([[0, x], [-x, 0]], name='a'); a
+            2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.display()
+            a = x dx∧dy
+            sage: A(0) is A.zero()
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`27658` is fixed::
+
+            sage: f = M.scalar_field(x)
+            sage: f in A
+            False
+        """
+        try:
+            if comp.is_trivial_zero():
+                return self.zero()
+        except AttributeError:
+            if comp == 0:
+                return self.zero()
+        if isinstance(comp, (DiffForm, DiffFormParal)):
+            # coercion by domain restriction
+            if (self._degree == comp._tensor_type[1]
+                    and self._domain.is_subset(comp._domain)
+                    and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(comp._ambient_domain)):
+                return comp.restrict(self._domain)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                                "to a differential form in {}".format(self))
+        if isinstance(comp, TensorFieldParal):
+            # coercion of a tensor of type (0,1) to a linear form
+            tensor = comp # for readability
+            if (tensor.tensor_type() == (0,1) and self._degree == 1
+                     and tensor._fmodule is self._fmodule):
+                resu = self.element_class(self._fmodule, 1, name=tensor._name,
+                                          latex_name=tensor._latex_name)
+                for frame, comp in tensor._components.items():
+                    resu._components[frame] = comp.copy()
+                return resu
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(tensor) +
+                                "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        if not isinstance(comp, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                            "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        # standard construction
+        resu = self.element_class(self._fmodule, self._degree, name=name,
+                                  latex_name=latex_name)
+        if comp:
+            resu.set_comp(frame)[:] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    # Rem: _an_element_ is declared in the superclass ExtPowerDualFreeModule
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from other parent.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: A2 = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def = {X: z<0})
+            sage: A2U = U.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A2U._coerce_map_from_(A2)
+            True
+            sage: A2._coerce_map_from_(A2U)
+            False
+            sage: A1 = M.diff_form_module(1)
+            sage: A2U._coerce_map_from_(A1)
+            False
+            sage: A1._coerce_map_from_(M.tensor_field_module((0,1)))
+            True
+            sage: A1._coerce_map_from_(M.tensor_field_module((1,0)))
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (DiffFormModule, DiffFormFreeModule)):
+            # coercion by domain restriction
+            return (self._degree == other._degree
+                    and self._domain.is_subset(other._domain)
+                    and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(other._ambient_domain))
+
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module import (
+            TensorFieldFreeModule,
+        )
+        if isinstance(other, TensorFieldFreeModule):
+            # coercion of a type-(0,1) tensor to a linear form
+            return (self._fmodule is other._fmodule and self._degree == 1
+                    and other.tensor_type() == (0,1))
+        return False
+
+    #### End of Parent methods
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.diff_form_module(2)
+            sage: A
+            Free module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on
+             the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Free module "
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += self._name + " "
+        description += "of {}-forms ".format(self._degree)
+        if self._dest_map is self._domain.identity_map():
+            description += "on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += "along the {} mapped into the {}".format(
+                                            self._domain, self._ambient_domain)
+        return description
+
+
+class VectorFieldDualFreeModule(DiffFormFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    Free module of differential 1-forms along a differentiable manifold `U`
+    with values on a parallelizable manifold `M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable manifold `U` and a differentiable map
+    `\Phi:\; U \rightarrow M` to a parallelizable manifold `M` of dimension
+    `n`, the set `\Omega^1(U, \Phi)` of 1-forms along `U` with values on `M`
+    is a free module of rank `n` over `C^k(U)`, the commutative
+    algebra of differentiable scalar fields on `U` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra`).
+    The standard case of 1-forms *on* a differentiable manifold `M`
+    corresponds to `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other common cases are
+    `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M` (`U` is then an
+    open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This class implements `\Omega^1(U, \Phi)` in the case where `M` is
+        parallelizable; `\Omega^1(U, \Phi)` is then a *free* module. If `M`
+        is not parallelizable, the class :class:`DiffFormModule` must be used
+        instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- free module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` associated with the map `\Phi: U \rightarrow V`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Free module of 1-forms on a parallelizable 3-dimensional manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+        sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: A = M.diff_form_module(1) ; A
+        Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: latex(A)
+        \Omega^{1}\left(M\right)
+
+    ``A`` is nothing but the dual of ``XM`` (the free module of vector fields on `M`)
+    and thus also equal to the 1st exterior
+    power of the dual, i.e. we have `\Omega^{1}(M) = \Lambda^1(\mathfrak{X}(M)^*)
+    = \mathfrak{X}(M)^*` (See
+    :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.ext_pow_free_module.ExtPowerDualFreeModule`)::
+
+        sage: A is XM.dual_exterior_power(1)
+        True
+
+    `\Omega^{1}(M)` is a module over the algebra `C^k(M)` of (differentiable)
+    scalar fields on `M`::
+
+        sage: A.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional modules over Algebra of differentiable
+         scalar fields on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra() ; CM
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 3-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A in Modules(CM)
+        True
+        sage: A.base_ring()
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on
+         the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A.base_module()
+        Free module X(M) of vector fields on
+         the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A.base_module() is XM
+        True
+        sage: A.rank()
+        3
+
+    Elements can be constructed from `A`. In particular, ``0`` yields
+    the zero element of `A`::
+
+        sage: A(0)
+        1-form zero on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A(0) is A.zero()
+        True
+
+    while nonzero elements are constructed by providing their components
+    in a given vector frame::
+
+        sage: comp = [3*x,-z,4]
+        sage: a = A(comp, frame=X.frame(), name='a') ; a
+        1-form a on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: a.display()
+        a = 3*x dx - z dy + 4 dz
+
+    An alternative is to construct the 1-form from an empty list of
+    components and to set the nonzero nonredundant components afterwards::
+
+        sage: a = A([], name='a')
+        sage: a[0] = 3*x  # component in the manifold's default frame
+        sage: a[1] = -z
+        sage: a[2] = 4
+        sage: a.display()
+        a = 3*x dx - z dy + 4 dz
+
+    Since any tensor field of type `(0,1)` is a 1-form, there is a coercion
+    map from the set `T^{(0,1)}(M)` of such tensors to `\Omega^1(M)`::
+
+        sage: T01 = M.tensor_field_module((0,1)) ; T01
+        Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(T01)
+        True
+
+    There is also a coercion map in the reverse direction::
+
+        sage: T01.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+        True
+
+    The coercion map `T^{(0,1)}(M) \rightarrow \Omega^1(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: b = T01([-x,2,3*y], name='b'); b
+        1-form b on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: b.display()
+        b = -x dx + 2 dy + 3*y dz
+        sage: lb = A(b) ; lb
+        1-form b on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: lb.display()
+        b = -x dx + 2 dy + 3*y dz
+
+    The coercion map `\Omega^1(M) \rightarrow T^{(0,1)}(M)` in action::
+
+        sage: tlb = T01(lb); tlb
+        1-form b on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: tlb == b
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, vector_field_module):
+        r"""
+        Construct a free module of differential 1-forms.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.vector_field_module().dual(); A
+            Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run()
+        """
+        DiffFormFreeModule.__init__(self, vector_field_module, 1)
+
+    def tensor_type(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the tensor type of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.vector_field_module().dual(); A
+            Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: A.tensor_type()
+            (0, 1)
+        """
+        return (0, 1)