@oriro/orirocli 0.1.0

package/skills/slack-gif-creator/SKILL.md

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+---
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: slack-gif-creator
+description: Knowledge and utilities for creating animated GIFs optimized for Slack. Provides constraints, validation tools, and animation concepts. Use when users request animated GIFs for Slack like "make me a GIF of X doing Y for Slack."
+---
+
+# Slack GIF Creator
+
+A toolkit providing utilities and knowledge for creating animated GIFs optimized for Slack.
+
+## Slack Requirements
+
+**Dimensions:**
+
+- Emoji GIFs: 128x128 (recommended)
+- Message GIFs: 480x480
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+- FPS: 10-30 (lower is smaller file size)
+- Colors: 48-128 (fewer = smaller file size)
+- Duration: Keep under 3 seconds for emoji GIFs
+
+## Core Workflow
+
+```python
+from core.gif_builder import GIFBuilder
+from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
+
+# 1. Create builder
+builder = GIFBuilder(width=128, height=128, fps=10)
+
+# 2. Generate frames
+for i in range(12):
+    frame = Image.new('RGB', (128, 128), (240, 248, 255))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(frame)
+
+    # Draw your animation using PIL primitives
+    # (circles, polygons, lines, etc.)
+
+    builder.add_frame(frame)
+
+# 3. Save with optimization
+builder.save('output.gif', num_colors=48, optimize_for_emoji=True)
+```
+
+## Drawing Graphics
+
+### Working with User-Uploaded Images
+
+If a user uploads an image, consider whether they want to:
+
+- **Use it directly** (e.g., "animate this", "split this into frames")
+- **Use it as inspiration** (e.g., "make something like this")
+
+Load and work with images using PIL:
+
+```python
+from PIL import Image
+
+uploaded = Image.open('file.png')
+# Use directly, or just as reference for colors/style
+```
+
+### Drawing from Scratch
+
+When drawing graphics from scratch, use PIL ImageDraw primitives:
+
+```python
+from PIL import ImageDraw
+
+draw = ImageDraw.Draw(frame)
+
+# Circles/ovals
+draw.ellipse([x1, y1, x2, y2], fill=(r, g, b), outline=(r, g, b), width=3)
+
+# Stars, triangles, any polygon
+points = [(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ...]
+draw.polygon(points, fill=(r, g, b), outline=(r, g, b), width=3)
+
+# Lines
+draw.line([(x1, y1), (x2, y2)], fill=(r, g, b), width=5)
+
+# Rectangles
+draw.rectangle([x1, y1, x2, y2], fill=(r, g, b), outline=(r, g, b), width=3)
+```
+
+**Don't use:** Emoji fonts (unreliable across platforms) or assume pre-packaged graphics exist in this skill.
+
+### Making Graphics Look Good
+
+Graphics should look polished and creative, not basic. Here's how:
+
+**Use thicker lines** - Always set `width=2` or higher for outlines and lines. Thin lines (width=1) look choppy and amateurish.
+
+**Add visual depth**:
+
+- Use gradients for backgrounds (`create_gradient_background`)
+- Layer multiple shapes for complexity (e.g., a star with a smaller star inside)
+
+**Make shapes more interesting**:
+
+- Don't just draw a plain circle - add highlights, rings, or patterns
+- Stars can have glows (draw larger, semi-transparent versions behind)
+- Combine multiple shapes (stars + sparkles, circles + rings)
+
+**Pay attention to colors**:
+
+- Use vibrant, complementary colors
+- Add contrast (dark outlines on light shapes, light outlines on dark shapes)
+- Consider the overall composition
+
+**For complex shapes** (hearts, snowflakes, etc.):
+
+- Use combinations of polygons and ellipses
+- Calculate points carefully for symmetry
+- Add details (a heart can have a highlight curve, snowflakes have intricate branches)
+
+Be creative and detailed! A good Slack GIF should look polished, not like placeholder graphics.
+
+## Available Utilities
+
+### GIFBuilder (`core.gif_builder`)
+
+Assembles frames and optimizes for Slack:
+
+```python
+builder = GIFBuilder(width=128, height=128, fps=10)
+builder.add_frame(frame)  # Add PIL Image
+builder.add_frames(frames)  # Add list of frames
+builder.save('out.gif', num_colors=48, optimize_for_emoji=True, remove_duplicates=True)
+```
+
+### Validators (`core.validators`)
+
+Check if GIF meets Slack requirements:
+
+```python
+from core.validators import validate_gif, is_slack_ready
+
+# Detailed validation
+passes, info = validate_gif('my.gif', is_emoji=True, verbose=True)
+
+# Quick check
+if is_slack_ready('my.gif'):
+    print("Ready!")
+```
+
+### Easing Functions (`core.easing`)
+
+Smooth motion instead of linear:
+
+```python
+from core.easing import interpolate
+
+# Progress from 0.0 to 1.0
+t = i / (num_frames - 1)
+
+# Apply easing
+y = interpolate(start=0, end=400, t=t, easing='ease_out')
+
+# Available: linear, ease_in, ease_out, ease_in_out,
+#           bounce_out, elastic_out, back_out
+```
+
+### Frame Helpers (`core.frame_composer`)
+
+Convenience functions for common needs:
+
+```python
+from core.frame_composer import (
+    create_blank_frame,         # Solid color background
+    create_gradient_background,  # Vertical gradient
+    draw_circle,                # Helper for circles
+    draw_text,                  # Simple text rendering
+    draw_star                   # 5-pointed star
+)
+```
+
+## Animation Concepts
+
+### Shake/Vibrate
+
+Offset object position with oscillation:
+
+- Use `math.sin()` or `math.cos()` with frame index
+- Add small random variations for natural feel
+- Apply to x and/or y position
+
+### Pulse/Heartbeat
+
+Scale object size rhythmically:
+
+- Use `math.sin(t * frequency * 2 * math.pi)` for smooth pulse
+- For heartbeat: two quick pulses then pause (adjust sine wave)
+- Scale between 0.8 and 1.2 of base size
+
+### Bounce
+
+Object falls and bounces:
+
+- Use `interpolate()` with `easing='bounce_out'` for landing
+- Use `easing='ease_in'` for falling (accelerating)
+- Apply gravity by increasing y velocity each frame
+
+### Spin/Rotate
+
+Rotate object around center:
+
+- PIL: `image.rotate(angle, resample=Image.BICUBIC)`
+- For wobble: use sine wave for angle instead of linear
+
+### Fade In/Out
+
+Gradually appear or disappear:
+
+- Create RGBA image, adjust alpha channel
+- Or use `Image.blend(image1, image2, alpha)`
+- Fade in: alpha from 0 to 1
+- Fade out: alpha from 1 to 0
+
+### Slide
+
+Move object from off-screen to position:
+
+- Start position: outside frame bounds
+- End position: target location
+- Use `interpolate()` with `easing='ease_out'` for smooth stop
+- For overshoot: use `easing='back_out'`
+
+### Zoom
+
+Scale and position for zoom effect:
+
+- Zoom in: scale from 0.1 to 2.0, crop center
+- Zoom out: scale from 2.0 to 1.0
+- Can add motion blur for drama (PIL filter)
+
+### Explode/Particle Burst
+
+Create particles radiating outward:
+
+- Generate particles with random angles and velocities
+- Update each particle: `x += vx`, `y += vy`
+- Add gravity: `vy += gravity_constant`
+- Fade out particles over time (reduce alpha)
+
+## Optimization Strategies
+
+Only when asked to make the file size smaller, implement a few of the following methods:
+
+1. **Fewer frames** - Lower FPS (10 instead of 20) or shorter duration
+2. **Fewer colors** - `num_colors=48` instead of 128
+3. **Smaller dimensions** - 128x128 instead of 480x480
+4. **Remove duplicates** - `remove_duplicates=True` in save()
+5. **Emoji mode** - `optimize_for_emoji=True` auto-optimizes
+
+```python
+# Maximum optimization for emoji
+builder.save(
+    'emoji.gif',
+    num_colors=48,
+    optimize_for_emoji=True,
+    remove_duplicates=True
+)
+```
+
+## Philosophy
+
+This skill provides:
+
+- **Knowledge**: Slack's requirements and animation concepts
+- **Utilities**: GIFBuilder, validators, easing functions
+- **Flexibility**: Create the animation logic using PIL primitives
+
+It does NOT provide:
+
+- Rigid animation templates or pre-made functions
+- Emoji font rendering (unreliable across platforms)
+- A library of pre-packaged graphics built into the skill
+
+**Note on user uploads**: This skill doesn't include pre-built graphics, but if a user uploads an image, use PIL to load and work with it - interpret based on their request whether they want it used directly or just as inspiration.
+
+Be creative! Combine concepts (bouncing + rotating, pulsing + sliding, etc.) and use PIL's full capabilities.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+```bash
+pip install pillow imageio numpy
+```

package/skills/slack-gif-creator/requirements.txt

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+pillow>=10.0.0
+imageio>=2.31.0
+imageio-ffmpeg>=0.4.9
+numpy>=1.24.0

package/skills/social-sciences/social-anthropology/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/social-sciences/social-anthropology/SKILL.md

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+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: social-anthropology
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+  Anthropology — cultural anthropology, ethnography, kinship systems, ritual,
+  symbolism, and applied anthropology. Activate for questions about culture,
+  cultural practices, ethnographic methods, or any cultural anthropology topic.
+  Sources: AAA, OpenStax Anthropology (CC-BY), classic ethnographic works.
+---
+
+# Cultural Anthropology
+
+## Anthropology's four fields
+
+**Cultural anthropology:** Human cultures, beliefs, practices, social organization.
+**Biological/Physical anthropology:** Human evolution, variation, primatology.
+**Archaeology:** Past human cultures through material remains.
+**Linguistic anthropology:** Language and culture interaction.
+
+## Core concepts
+
+### Culture
+
+Learned, shared, and dynamic system of meanings, values, norms, and practices.
+Culture is not genetic — learned through socialization.
+**Cultural relativism:** Understand practices within their cultural context before judging. Analytical stance, not moral relativism.
+**Ethnocentrism:** Judging other cultures by your own culture's standards. Major source of misunderstanding and prejudice.
+
+### Ethnography
+
+Deep, immersive study of a culture or community.
+**Participant observation:** Live within the community, participate in daily life while observing.
+**Fieldwork:** Extended period (months to years). Learn the language. Build relationships.
+**Thick description (Geertz):** Interpret behavior in layers of cultural context, not just describe actions.
+
+### Kinship and family
+
+Kinship systems organize societies in ways beyond Western nuclear family.
+**Descent systems:**
+Patrilineal: Descent through father's line (most common globally).
+Matrilineal: Descent through mother's line (Hopi, Ashanti, and others).
+Bilateral: Both sides (Western norm).
+**Marriage patterns:** Monogamy, polygyny (1 man, multiple women), polyandry (1 woman, multiple men — rare), group marriage. All have cultural logic.
+
+### Ritual and symbolism
+
+Rituals mark transitions (rites of passage: birth, coming of age, marriage, death) and reinforce social bonds.
+**Rites of passage (van Gennep):** Separation → Liminality (threshold, in-between) → Reincorporation.
+Symbols condense complex cultural meanings. Same symbol can mean different things across cultures.
+
+## Applied anthropology
+
+Using anthropological methods and insights for practical problem-solving.
+**Medical anthropology:** How culture affects health behavior, illness experience, and healthcare delivery.
+**Development anthropology:** Ensure development projects fit local cultural context (top-down projects often fail without this).
+**Business anthropology/UX research:** Ethnographic methods for product research and design.
+**Forensic anthropology:** Identifying human remains for legal/investigative purposes.
+
+Sources: American Anthropological Association (americananthro.org — free resources), OpenStax Cultural Anthropology (CC-BY), Annual Review of Anthropology (some open access)

package/skills/social-sciences/social-economics/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/social-sciences/social-economics/SKILL.md

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+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: social-economics
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+  Economics — microeconomics, macroeconomics, behavioral economics, development, and economic policy.
+
+
+
+
+  Sources: OpenStax Economics (CC-BY), MIT OCW, World Bank, OECD, UN development resources.
+---
+
+# Economics
+
+## Microeconomics
+
+### Supply and demand
+
+**Demand:** Inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. Lower price → more demand.
+Demand shifters (move entire curve): Income, preferences, prices of related goods, expectations, number of buyers.
+**Supply:** Direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. Higher price → more supply.
+Supply shifters: Input costs, technology, expectations, number of sellers.
+**Equilibrium:** Price where quantity supplied = quantity demanded. Market "clears."
+**Price controls:**
+Price ceiling (max price below equilibrium): Shortage (e.g., rent control).
+Price floor (min price above equilibrium): Surplus (e.g., minimum wage → unemployment debate).
+
+### Elasticity
+
+**Price elasticity of demand:** % change in quantity / % change in price.
+Elastic (|E| > 1): Quantity responds strongly to price. Luxury goods.
+Inelastic (|E| < 1): Quantity responds weakly to price. Necessities, addictive goods.
+**Implications:** Inelastic goods: raising price increases revenue. Elastic: raising price decreases revenue.
+
+### Market structures
+
+**Perfect competition:** Many firms, identical products, free entry/exit. P = MC = MR. Zero economic profit long-run.
+**Monopoly:** One firm, high barriers to entry. MR < P. Deadweight loss. Regulates markets.
+**Oligopoly:** Few dominant firms. Strategic interdependence (game theory). OPEC, tech giants.
+**Monopolistic competition:** Many firms, differentiated products. Restaurants, clothing.
+
+### Externalities
+
+**Negative externality:** Cost imposed on third parties. Example: Pollution. Market overproduces.
+**Positive externality:** Benefit to third parties. Example: Vaccines, education. Market underproduces.
+**Solutions:** Taxes (Pigouvian) to correct negative externalities; subsidies for positive; regulation; property rights (Coase theorem).
+
+## Macroeconomics
+
+### GDP and growth
+
+**GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)** (Consumption + Investment + Government + Net Exports)
+Nominal GDP: Current prices. Real GDP: Inflation-adjusted (more meaningful for comparisons).
+**GDP growth drivers:** Capital accumulation, labor force growth, technological progress (productivity).
+
+### Inflation
+
+**CPI (Consumer Price Index):** Tracks price of fixed basket of goods. Most common inflation measure.
+**Causes:** Demand-pull (too much money chasing goods), Cost-push (supply shocks), Monetary (too rapid money supply growth).
+**Effects:** Erodes purchasing power. Hurts savers and creditors. Helps debtors. Redistributes wealth.
+**Hyperinflation:** Inflation > 50%/month. Destroys economies (Weimar Germany, Zimbabwe, Venezuela).
+**Target:** Most central banks target ~2% annual inflation.
+
+### Monetary policy
+
+Central banks (Federal Reserve, ECB, etc.) use interest rates and money supply.
+**Expansionary:** Lower rates, buy bonds (quantitative easing). Stimulates borrowing and spending.
+**Contractionary:** Raise rates, sell bonds. Cools inflation.
+**Zero lower bound problem:** Can't cut rates below zero (effectively). Hit in 2008, 2020.
+
+### Fiscal policy
+
+Government spending and taxation.
+**Expansionary:** Increase spending or cut taxes. Stimulates demand (Keynesian multiplier).
+**Contractionary:** Cut spending or raise taxes. Reduces demand (austerity).
+**Automatic stabilizers:** Unemployment insurance, progressive taxes — automatically expand/contract without policy action.
+
+## Development economics
+
+**Poverty traps:** Low income → can't save → can't invest → low productivity → low income.
+**Institutions matter:** Rule of law, property rights, contract enforcement, anti-corruption → economic development.
+**Import substitution vs. export-led:** Historical debate. East Asian "miracle" = export-led industrialization.
+**Human Development Index (HDI):** Income + Education + Health. Broader than GDP per capita.
+
+Sources: OpenStax Principles of Economics (CC-BY), MIT OCW 14.01 Microeconomics, Mankiw Macroeconomics (principles), World Bank development indicators

package/skills/social-sciences/social-geography/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/social-sciences/social-geography/SKILL.md

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+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: social-geography
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+  Human and physical geography — population geography, urbanization, development
+  geography, climate geography, and GIS fundamentals. Sources: OpenStax Geography
+  (CC-BY), ESRI GIS basics (free), UN data (free).
+---
+
+# Human and Physical Geography
+
+## Population geography
+
+**Demographic Transition Model (DTM):**
+Stage 1: High birth + High death. Pre-industrial. Slow growth.
+Stage 2: High birth + Falling death. Early industrial. Rapid growth. Sub-Saharan Africa.
+Stage 3: Falling birth + Low death. Mature industrial. Slowing growth. India, China.
+Stage 4: Low birth + Low death. Post-industrial. Near zero growth. Europe, Japan.
+Stage 5 (proposed): Deaths > Births. Population decline. Germany, Japan.
+
+**Population distribution:** 90% of humans live on 10% of land. N Hemisphere bias.
+**Mega-cities:** 35+ cities with >10 million people. Tokyo (37M) largest.
+
+## Urbanization
+
+**Urbanization rate:** 56% of world population urban (2021). Rising.
+**Push factors:** Rural poverty, unemployment, conflict.
+**Pull factors:** Jobs, services, social opportunity.
+**Urban heat island:** City temperatures 1-3°C higher than surroundings. Dark surfaces + waste heat.
+**Informal settlements:** 1 billion people in slums/squatter settlements globally.
+
+## Development geography
+
+**HDI (Human Development Index):** Life expectancy + Education + GNI per capita.
+Norway (0.96) highest. Niger (0.40) lowest.
+**Gini coefficient:** 0 = perfect equality, 1 = perfect inequality.
+World average ~0.35. South Africa highest (~0.63).
+
+## Climate geography
+
+**Köppen classification:**
+A = Tropical (rainforest, monsoon, savanna).
+B = Arid (desert, semi-arid).
+C = Temperate (Mediterranean, humid subtropical).
+D = Continental (humid continental, subarctic).
+E = Polar.
+
+**Climate vs Weather:** Weather = short-term. Climate = 30-year averages.
+**El Niño/La Niña (ENSO):** Pacific Ocean temperature cycle. 3-7 year cycle. Global weather impacts.
+
+## GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
+
+**Raster data:** Grid of pixels. Satellite imagery, elevation models.
+**Vector data:** Points, lines, polygons. Roads, boundaries, locations.
+**Coordinate systems:** WGS84 (GPS standard), UTM (projected, for measurement).
+**Free GIS tools:** QGIS (open source), Google Earth Engine (free for research).
+
+Sources: OpenStax Geography and Environment (CC-BY, free), ESRI GIS basics (free), UN Population Data (free)

package/skills/social-sciences/social-international-dev/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/social-sciences/social-international-dev/SKILL.md

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+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: social-international-dev
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+
+
+
+  International development — development theory, poverty reduction, aid effectiveness, global health systems, and sustainable development goals.
+  Sources: OpenStax Economics (CC-BY), MIT OCW, World Bank, OECD, UN development resources.
+---
+
+# International Development
+
+## Development theory evolution
+
+### Modernization theory (1950s-60s)
+
+Development as linear stages from traditional to modern society (Rostow's stages of growth).
+Western model as endpoint. Foreign aid and investment accelerates stages.
+**Critique:** Ignored history, colonialism, global power structures.
+
+### Dependency theory (1960s-70s)
+
+Underdevelopment actively produced by global capitalism. Core extracts value from periphery.
+**Critique:** Fatalistic; didn't explain East Asian success.
+
+### Washington Consensus (1980s-90s)
+
+IMF/World Bank prescriptions: Fiscal discipline, privatization, liberalization, free trade.
+Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) conditioned aid on policy reforms.
+**Critique:** Caused significant social harm; resulted in "lost decade" for many countries.
+
+### Human Development approach (1990s-present)
+
+Amartya Sen: Development as freedom — expanding capabilities of people.
+Not just income — health, education, political freedom, social inclusion.
+Human Development Index (HDI): Income + Education + Health.
+
+## Aid effectiveness
+
+**Evidence-based debate:** Easterly (aid often counterproductive) vs. Sachs (need massive aid push).
+**J-PAL findings (rigorous RCT evidence):**
+Cash transfers: Direct cash to poor often more effective than in-kind aid. Defies paternalism.
+Deworming: Low-cost, high impact intervention. School attendance improved.
+Microfinance: More mixed evidence than originally thought. Useful tool, not transformative.
+Conditional cash transfers: Work well in many contexts (Bolsa Família, PROGRESA/Oportunidades).
+
+**Aid modalities:**
+Project aid: Specific projects (build a school). Easier to account for; harder to coordinate.
+Budget support: Direct to government budget. Higher risk but builds local capacity.
+Technical assistance: Build skills and institutions. Quality varies enormously.
+
+## Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
+
+17 goals, 169 targets, adopted 2015 by UN. Target: 2030.
+Key goals:
+1: No poverty. 2: Zero hunger. 3: Good health. 4: Quality education.
+5: Gender equality. 6: Clean water. 7: Clean energy. 8: Decent work.
+13: Climate action. 16: Peace, justice, institutions. 17: Partnerships.
+
+Progress report: Mixed. COVID reversed many gains. Climate + conflict creating headwinds.
+
+## Health systems in developing contexts
+
+**Disease burden:** HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, MNCH (maternal/newborn/child health), NCDs (non-communicable diseases) growing.
+**Health systems strengthening:** Building primary health care, community health workers, supply chains.
+**Global health architecture:** WHO, GAVI (vaccines), Global Fund (HIV/TB/malaria), PEPFAR (US HIV program), bilateral donors.
+**Community health workers:** Low-cost, high-impact. Ethiopia, Rwanda, Nepal — proven models.
+
+Sources: UNDP Human Development Reports (free, hdr.undp.org), J-PAL (povertyactionlab.org — free),
+World Bank development data (free), Sen "Development as Freedom" (principles),
+SDG progress reports (unstats.un.org — free), WHO global health reports (free)