studium 0.10.1

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Files changed (882) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +1982 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  15. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  16. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  18. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  19. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  20. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  21. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  22. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  23. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  24. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  25. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  26. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  27. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  28. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  29. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  30. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  31. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  32. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  33. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  34. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  35. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  36. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  37. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  38. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  39. data/doc/HOW_TO_ADAPT_THIS_PROJECT.md +43 -0
  40. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +47 -0
  41. data/doc/README.gen +1965 -0
  42. data/doc/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +113 -0
  43. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  44. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +294 -0
  45. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +20 -0
  46. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  47. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
  48. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  49. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +84 -0
  50. data/lib/studium/base/cliner.rb +58 -0
  51. data/lib/studium/base/colours.rb +307 -0
  52. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments.rb +64 -0
  53. data/lib/studium/base/constants.rb +34 -0
  54. data/lib/studium/base/curriculum.rb +329 -0
  55. data/lib/studium/base/directory_to_the_exam_topics.rb +23 -0
  56. data/lib/studium/base/editor.rb +28 -0
  57. data/lib/studium/base/encoding.rb +36 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/base/esystem.rb +23 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/minimal_prototype.rb +66 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/misc.rb +854 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/base/mode.rb +92 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/base/obtain.rb +145 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/base/opnn.rb +46 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +92 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/base/readlines.rb +55 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/base/replace.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/base/reset.rb +77 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/base/run.rb +17 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/base/src_dir_at_home.rb +20 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/base/time.rb +634 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/unicode.rb +95 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/word_wrap.rb +58 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/boku/README.md +4 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/boku/boku_biotechnology_all_master_lectures.rb +142 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/boku/boku_/303/266ffnungszeiten.rb +29 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/boku/show_three_pillars_of_these_lectures.rb +96 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/boku/three_pillars.rb +232 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +149 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +107 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +197 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +171 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +570 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +40 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +38 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +76 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/constants.rb +16 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/commandline/help.rb +152 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/commandline/initialize.rb +27 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +760 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/commandline/misc.rb +707 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/commandline/reset.rb +24 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/commandline/run.rb +20 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/constants/boku_wien.rb +52 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +25 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/constants/delay.rb +28 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/constants/editor.rb +28 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/constants/exam_topics.rb +183 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/constants/file_constants.rb +875 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +216 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/constants/last_question_asked.rb +38 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/constants/lecture_types_that_are_mandatory_continuous_assessment.rb +47 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/constants/misc.rb +163 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/constants/namespace.rb +14 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/constants/newline.rb +14 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/constants/regexes.rb +35 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/constants/return_file_for_this_curriculum.rb +411 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/constants/roebe.rb +173 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/constants/time.rb +52 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/constants/tu_wien.rb +39 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/constants/uni_wien.rb +24 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/constants/unicode.rb +27 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/constants/week.rb +138 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/constants/www_constants.rb +23 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +199 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +279 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +38 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +77 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +16 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +138 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +402 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +131 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +62 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +89 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +336 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +316 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator.rb +171 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +16 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +242 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +140 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +67 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +37 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +127 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_parser.rb +179 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +140 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +148 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/ects/erledigt.rb +131 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +147 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +185 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/ects/noch_zu_absolvieren.rb +172 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +58 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +202 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +540 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +210 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +254 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +143 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +24 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +54 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +133 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +150 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +150 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +79 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +762 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +192 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +25 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +453 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +44 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +51 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +52 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +101 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +61 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +70 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +49 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +73 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +855 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +417 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +131 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +248 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +289 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +115 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +747 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +41 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +10 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +224 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +955 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +125 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +381 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +475 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +152 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +134 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +46 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +139 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +345 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +441 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +154 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +962 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +208 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +59 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +74 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +70 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +486 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +269 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +25 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +37 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +506 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +105 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +33 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +53 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +27 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +313 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +210 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +353 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +88 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik +8 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +541 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +92 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +327 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +177 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +125 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +323 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +17 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +52 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +429 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +189 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +78 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +150 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +205 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +863 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +66 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +5 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +610 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +34 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +95 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +42 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +23 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +122 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +224 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +88 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +888 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +95 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +20 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +30 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +55 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +440 -0
  299. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +10 -0
  300. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  301. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +27 -0
  302. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +206 -0
  303. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  304. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
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  829. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_informatik_und_molekulare_biologie.yml +1144 -0
  830. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_ktww_033231.yml +84 -0
  831. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_lmbt_033217.yml +108 -0
  832. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_medizinische_informatik_033533.yml +200 -0
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  834. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_nutrition_science_033638.yml +117 -0
  835. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_pharmazie_033305.yml +170 -0
  836. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_technische_chemie_033290.yml +129 -0
  837. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_technische_informatik_033535.yml +23 -0
  838. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_ubrm_033227.yml +140 -0
  839. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_vector_based_strategies_in_life_sciences_molecular_medicine_and_biotechnology.yml +1157 -0
  840. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_verfahrenstechnik_033273.yml +167 -0
  841. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/bachelor_wirtschaftsinformatik_033526.yml +29 -0
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  843. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master_bioinformatik_066875.yml +76 -0
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  847. data/lib/studium/yaml/curricula/master_food_science_and_plant_biotechnology.yml +30 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Splicing, exons and introns
3
+ #
4
+ # This file will collect knowledge about splicing, exons and introns
5
+ # in different organisms.
6
+ # =========================================================================== #
7
+
8
+ - Der erste Schritt bei dem <one>Aufbau des Spliceosomes</one> ist ... ? Die Bindung der <one>U1-snRNA</one> an die <two>5'-Spleißstelle</two>.
9
+ - <one>Group I introns</one> tend to have how many hairpins? <one>Nine</one> (<one>9</one>).
10
+ - Name <one>an eukaryotic organism without normal splicing</one>. A: <one>Trypanosomes</one>.
11
+ - Do <one>snRNA transcripts</one> contain introns? No.
12
+ - In which biological system were <one>Introns</one> discovered? In an <one>Adenovirus</one>, in the year <two>1977</two>. URL: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/4/801
13
+ - Überlappt <one>U1-snRNP</one> mit der <two>Exon-Intron Grenze</two>? Ja.
14
+ - Die Struktur aus <one>prä-mRNA</one>, <one>snRNPs</one> und <one>Proteinen</one> wird (<two>am Spliceosome</two>) oft wie genannt? <one>Komplex A</one>.
15
+ - <one>U2-snRNP</one> benötigt die Hilfe welcher <two>zweier RNA-bindender Proteine</two>? (1) <one>SF1</one> (2) <one>U2AF</one>
16
+ - Die <one>Komponenten des Spliceosomes</one> wurden, historisch betrachtet, zuerst wie entdeckt? Primär über <one>spezielle Hefemutanten</one>.
17
+ - Die <one>U2-snRNP</one>, im Zuge des Aufbaus des Spliceosome, bindet an ... ? Die <one>Verzweigungsstelle im Intron</one> selbst, eben dem Adenin.
18
+ - Die <one>U4-snRNP</one> interagiet mit welch anderer snRNP? <one>U6-snRPN</one>.
19
+ - Das <one>Spliceosome</one> führt welche chemische Reaktion durch? <one>Umesterungsreaktionen</one>.
20
+ - Andere Bezeichung für Proteine die beim Spleißenn eine Rolle spielen, ohne aber zu den snRNPs dazu zu gehören? <one>Spleißfaktoren</one>.
21
+ - How many snRNPs are known to exist in humans? <one>5</one>.
22
+ - Components of the <one>spliceosome</one> interact with which other cellular component, aside from the mRNA? They interact with the <one>CTD</one>.
23
+ - Which person was a pioneer in regatds to the discovery of the splicing machinery? <one>Joan Steitz</one>.
24
+ - n% of human genes are alternatively spliced? <one>7%</one>.
25
+ - When was splicing discovered? <one>1977</one>.
26
+ - Inkludiert die <one>prä-mRNA</one> Exons und Introns? Ja.
27
+ - Which RNA is very important for the act of splicing in a cell? The <one>snRNA</one>.
28
+ - The <cadetblue>major spliceosome</cadetblue> contains which U-snRNAs? <one>U1/U2/U4/U5/U6 snRNAs</one>.
29
+ - Was ist besonders bemerkenswert (und auch sehr wichtig) beim "Splicing-Vorgang"? Der Splicing-Vorgang muss sehr präzise ablaufen.
30
+ - Welchen Vorteil hat "Splicing"? Wir können mehrere, verschiedene Proteine erstellen.
31
+ - Nenne ein markantes Kennzeichen der U snRNAs fürs Splicing. A: Sie sind "Uracil-reich".
32
+ - Why must splicing be correct? So that we can "avoid frame shifts".
33
+ - The most important protein family for splicing is the <royalblue>SR protein family</royalblue>. This protein family has a characteristic domain, the so-called <one>RS domain</one>, which is rich in which two aminoacids? (1) Arginine (2) Serine
34
+ - The branch-point sequence for splicing in the human genome is a 7-nucleotide sequence with a curious "name". What is it? <one>YNYURAY</one>. The A is the branch point.
35
+ - What does the "introns-late" concept posit, essentially? That introns have evolved from the <one>invasion of self-splicing group II introns</one>.
36
+ - Do introns relate to gene expression in any way? Yes: they enable quality control and fine-tuning of gene expression.
37
+ - For <one>group I introns</one>, which nucleotide is required for the catalytic reaction? <one>Guanosine</one>.
38
+ - Beim "autokatalytischen Splicing" benötigen wir welche zwei Cofaktoren? (1) "Mg2+" (2) ein "Guanosin"
39
+ - Wann dürfen wir <cadetblue>exons</cadetblue> skippen? A: Beim <one>alternative splicing</one>.
40
+ - Which intron group is self-splicing? The <one>group I introns</one>.
41
+ - How does <cadetblue>mRNA-Splicing</cadetblue> differ from <cadetblue>tRNA-Splicing</cadetblue>? (1) tRNA splicing does not generate a lariat (2) tRNA splicing uses a cut-and-paste mechanism catalyzed by proteins
42
+ - Who or what is performing "minor splicing"? The <one>minor spliceosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_spliceosome
43
+ - Nenne etwas, das durch <one>RNA-Splicing</one> entsteht. A: Ein <one>Lariat</one>.
44
+ - We have self-splicing introns, Group I and Group II. At the 3' or 2' position, which nucleotide is central in Group I and Group II introns, respectively? (1) Group I: <one>G</one> (2) Group II: <one>A</one>
45
+ - What happens if we delete the "branch point" found in an Intron? This will <one>prevent splicing</one>.
46
+ - What are "mutually exclusive exons"? One or the other exon is included - but not both.
47
+ - Nenne 5 Wege eine RNA zu splicen! A: (1) normal (2) alternative exons (3) exon-skipped (4) exon-extended (5) intro-retained
48
+ - Das <violet>Titin-Gen</violet> hat wie viele Exons? 178.
49
+ - Do tRNAs of Archaebacteria have Introns? Yes.
50
+ - Do Introns have an "open reading frame"? Usually not.
51
+ - Sequenz des "U12 Introns"? "AT-AC". The "attack intron".
52
+ - Group II Introns require how many "transesterification steps" in order to be excised? Two.
53
+ - Do Introns improve gene expression? Yes; curiously enough they do.
54
+ - Describe briefly the second step of splicing. A: The 3'-OH of the end of the first exon attacks the phosphodiester bond linking the intron to the second exon (the "3'-splice site").
55
+ - In splicing of nuclear mRNA precursor, what is the first step seen mechanistically? The 2'-hydroxyl group of the Adenosine nucleotide at the branchpoint, attacks the phosphodiester bond between the exon, and the GU start part of the intron.
56
+ - Does splicing occur before polyadenylation? No - it occurs <one>after the polyadenylation</one>.
57
+ - How many "different group of introns" are known? <one>3</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === STATISTIK TAG.
3
+ #
4
+ # Statistik Tag. Biostatistik tag, Biostat tag. Stat tag.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>unsinniges, arithmetisches Mittel</one>. A: Der <one>Mittelwert aus 5 Hunden und 3 Katzen</one>.
8
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Prozess, der prinzipiell <one>indeterministisch</one> erfolgt. A: Aus der <one>Quantenmechanik</one> der <two>radioaktive Zerfall</two>.
9
+ - Womit beschäftigt sich die <one>deskriptive Statistik</one>? Mit der <one>Beschreibung und Darstellung von Daten</one>.
10
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Lage der Daten</one> in der Statistik? Dies zeigt an, in welchem Bereich sich Daten häufen.
11
+ - A. W. für <one>Zuverlässigkeit</one> in der Statistik? <one>Reliabilität</one>.
12
+ - <one>1 ppm</one> ist 10 hoch ... ? 10 hoch -6 (<one>10 ** -6</one>).
13
+ - Deutscher Name für einen <one>boxplot</one>? <one>Kastengrafik</one>.
14
+ - In der Statistik: das Gegenteil von <one>repräsentativ</one> (einer Datenmenge) ist ... ? <one>Verzerrt</one>.
15
+ - Nur <one>Falsifikatoren</one> führen zu einer Kontradiktion. Gib ein Beispiel für diese Aussage. A: <one>Ich lüge immer</one>.
16
+ - Was ist ein <one>Konfidenzintervall</one>? Ein <one>Konfidenzintervall</one> gibt die Präzision der Lageschätzung eines Parameters an, zum Beispiel des Mittelwert.
17
+ - <one>Statistics is not about numbers</one>; it is about ... ? <two>data</two> - aka <one>numbers in context</one>. []
18
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für die eine charakteristische Teilmenge in einer Population. A: <one>Alle Frauen</one>. []
19
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>einfache Testverfahren</one> in der Statistik? <one>Univariate Testverfahren</one>. []
20
+ - A. W. für den <one>Zentralwert</one> in der Statistik? <one>Median</one>.
21
+ - Je mehr <one>Falsifikatoren</one>, desto mehr ... ? <one>Informationsgehalt</one>.
22
+ - Mit der Größe deiner Stichprobe steigt die ... der Daten. A: Die <one>Zuverlässigkeit</one> der Daten.
23
+ - Das <one>arithmetische Mittel</one> verkleider oft eine große ... ? <one>Ungleichheit</one>.
24
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>Suchen</one> in der Statistik? <one>Exploration</one>. []
25
+ - Wie nennen wir <one>eine Stichprobe, die die Population nicht korrekt abbildet</one>? <one>Verfälscht</one>. []
26
+ - Ist der <one>Interquartilsabstand</one> (<three>"interquartile range"</three>) anfällig für Ausreißer? Nein, <one>eher nicht</one>. []
27
+ - Anderer Begriff für eine <one>Urliste</one>? <one>Primärdaten</one>.
28
+ - Beim Erstellen eines <one>Histogramms</one>, was muss mit den Daten geschehen? Die Daten müssen in <one>Klassen</one> (englisch: <two>bins</two>) eingeteilt werden.
29
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>eine Technik der explorativen Datenanalyse</one> (aus der Statistik). A: <one>Box-Plots</one>.
30
+ - Nach <one>Popper</one> sind ... die Grundlage für wissenschaftliche Hypothesen. A: <one>Falsifikatoren</one>. []
31
+ - Does statistics <one>prove</one> anything? No - but <one>it suggests a relationship</one>.
32
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Median</one>? <one>Zentralwert</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median []
33
+ - Für die <one>angewandte Statistik</one>: was ist der Ausgangspunkt? Die <one>Probleme der realen Wirklichkeit</one>.
34
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Universalhypothese</one>? Dies ist <one>eine Aussage, die für alle gültig ist</one>.
35
+ - An <one>ANOVA test</one> can tell us what? If the <one>results are significant overall</one>.
36
+ - Was ist die <one>Population</one> in der Statistik? Dies ist <one>die Gesamtheit aller gleichartigen Objekte</one>, die hinsichtlich eines Merkmales untersucht werden.
37
+ - A <one>boxplot</one> has five values. The lower one may be called <three>lower extreme</three>, and the middle one can be called the "median", but how is the value called between these two other values? The <one>lower quartile</one>.
38
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine ordinale Merkmalsverteilung in der Statistik. A: Die <one>Noten</one> von 1-5.
39
+ - Statistik ist <one>der Weg zur</one> ... ? <one>Datenanalyse</one>.
40
+ - In statistics: if we wish to explore <one>the joint performance of several variables</one>, which strategy may be used in general here? The <one>multivariate approach</one>.
41
+ - <one>Probability</one> studies ... ? <one>Randomness</one>.
42
+ - Wieso können <one>statistische Kennwerte</one> hilfreich sein? Da wir durch sie die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Daten sehen - und dies einen guten Einblick in die Datenstruktur erlaubt.
43
+ - Was ist mit einem <one>diskreten Merkmal</one> gemeint? Dies sind Merkmale mit endlichen Ausprägungen, sprich: sie können abgezählt werden und sind nicht unendlich.
44
+ - Why do we use <one>Quantiles</one> in Biostatistic? They are useful to "measure the scatter".
45
+ - Statistik ist die Wissenschaft, aus ...? <one>Aus Daten zu lernen</one>.
46
+ - Die möglichen Werte eines Merkmals (in der Statistik) werden wie genannt? Dessen <one>Ausprägungen</one>.
47
+ - What is a <one>boxplot</one>? In <one>descriptive statistics</one>, a boxplot is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.
48
+ - Gib ein sinnvolles Beispiel für eine <one>Teilerhebung</one> an. A: <one>Crashuntersuchungen</one> an einem Automobil.
49
+ - Nenne drei <one>Teilgebiete der Statistik</one>. A: (1) <one>Deskriptive Statistik</one> (2) <one>Explorative Statistik</one> (3) <one>Angewandte Statistik</one>
50
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Q0.10</one> in der Statistik? Dies ist das <one>0.10-Quantile</one>; der Wert, der die unteren 10% der Daten von den oberen 90% trennt.
51
+ - Wie nennen wir den Zweig der Statistik, der aus der <one>Stochastik</one> hervorging? Dies ist die <one>schließende Statistik</one>.
52
+ - Was ist der <one>Rang</one> in der Statistik? Dies ist die Position einer Beobachtung, wenn alle Beobachtungswerte der Größe nach geordnet und durchnummeriert vorliegen.
53
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene Arten der Erhebung in der Statistik. A: (1) <one>Beobachtung</one> (2) <one>Experiment</one>
54
+ - Was ist der <one>Modalwert</one> in der Statistik? Dies ist das Merkmal, das in der Urliste <two>am häufigsten auftritt</two>; also <one>der Wert mit der grössten Wahrscheinlichkeit</one>. []
55
+ - Was ist eine <one>unimodale Häufigkeitsverteilung</one>? Dies ist <one>eine Häufigkeitsverteilung mit nur einem Gipfel</one>. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die <two>Normalverteilung</two>.
56
+ - Zum Berechnen des 95% Konfidenzintervalls muss der Standardfehler mit ... multipliziert werden. A: <one>1.96</one>
57
+ - In der Statistik gibt es sogenannte <one>Freiheitsgrade</one>. Nenne zwei Werte die die Freiheitsgrade reduzieren können. A: (1) der <one>Mittelwert</one> (2) die <one>Standardabweichung</one>
58
+ - Bei der Beschreibung von Verteilungen stellt sich häufig welche zentrale Frage? <one>Wo liegt das Zentrum der Daten</one>.
59
+ - Ein <one>Säulendiagramm</one> ist <two>eine optische Modifikation des ... diagramms</two>. A: <one>Stabdiagramms</one>.
60
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem <one>direkten Schluss</one> in der Statistik? Das wir von einer bekannten Grundgesamtheit auf das Verhalten von Stichproben schliessen können.
61
+ - In der Statistik: wie nennen wir ein <one>kausal nicht erklärbares Ereignis</one>? <one>Zufall</one>. []
62
+ - A <one>boxplot</one> always has a m ... A: <one>Median</one>.
63
+ - Which person said <one>"There are lies, damned lies and then there are statistics."</one>? <one>Benjamin Disraeli</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli
64
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>kategorische dichotome Variable</one>. A: Das <one>Geschlecht</one>.
65
+ - Der <one>t-Test</one> wird meistens eingesetzt um ... ? Um <one>den Mittelwert zweier Gruppen zu vergleichen</one>.
66
+ - Die <one>t-Verteilung</one> benötigt unbedingt welchen Parameter? Die <one>Freiheitsgrade v</one>.
67
+ - Eine <one>Stichprobe</one>, wenn genügend ..., lässt in guter Näherung die Bestimmung beliebiger Ereigniswahrscheinlichkeiten zu. A: <one>groß</one>.
68
+ - In der Statistik: der <one>t-Test</one> wird wann verwendet? Wenn wir die Mittelwerte von maximal zwei Gruppen miteinander vergleichen möchten.
69
+ - In der Statistik gibt es den "p-Wert". Wieso dieser Name? Dies kommt aus dem Englischen, p für <one>probability</one>.
70
+ - Englisch für eine <one>Zufallsstichprobe</one>? <royalblue>Random sample</royalblue>. []
71
+ - Für die angewandte Statistik ist was genau das <one>zentrale Objekt</one>? <one>Real erhobene Daten</one>.
72
+ - In der Statistik: besagt <one>die Nullhypothese</one> das eine Differenz zwischen zwei Gruppen vorliegt, oder das keine Differenz vorliegt? Die Nullhyopthese nimmt an, das zwischen den beide Gruppen KEINE Differenz vorliegt.
73
+ - In der Statistik: andere Bezeichnung für den <one>P-Wert</one>? Dies ist der <one>Wahrscheinlichkeitswert</one>.
74
+ - In der Statistik: was gibt die <one>Varianz</one> an? Die Varianz gibt <one>die mittlere quadratische Abweichung der Ergebnisse um ihren Mittelwert an</one>.
75
+ - Is the <one>standard deviation</one> always smaller than the <two>variance</two>? Yes, since it is the squareroot of the variance, which, by simple logic alone, must always be smaller than the variance.
76
+ - Bei einem <one>deterministischen Weltbild</one> in der Statistik liegt vom Weg X -> nach X, was? Ein <one>Kausalprozess</one>.
77
+ - In der Statistik: das Gegenteil von <one>diskreten Merkmalen</one> sind ... ? <one>Stetige Merkmale</one>. []
78
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für eine <one>Nominalskala</one>. A: Das <one>Geschlecht</one> (männlich oder weiblich).
79
+ - Die <one>Streuung</one> (in der Statistik) kann allgemein welche zwei Möglichkeiten umfassen? (1) <one>grosse Streuung</one> (2) <one>kleine Streuung</one>
80
+ - Welcher Begriff ist oft ein Synonym zum Begriff <one>Biostatistik</one>? <one>Biometrie</one>.
81
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>Normalverteilung</one>. A: <one>Gaußsche Verteilung</one>.
82
+ - Wodurch ist die <one>Normalverteilung</one> charakterisiert? Durch die <one>Standardabweichung</one>.
83
+ - In der Statistik: der <one>Mittelwert</one> wird häufig bei jenen Daten herangezogen, die .... zeigen. A: Eine <one>Normalverteilung</one>.
84
+ - Um die Standardabweichung zu berechnen müssen wir zuerst welchen anderen Wert berechnen? Den <one>Mittelwert</one> einer Population.
85
+ - In der Statistik: welche 3 Arten existieren, um einen mittleren Wert anzugeben? (1) <one>Mittelwert</one> (2) <one>Medianwert</one> (3) <one>Modalwert</one>
86
+ - Was sind <one>kategorische Variablen</one>? Dies sind Variable bei denen nur bestimmte Werte vorliegen können.
87
+ - Bei einem <one>box-whisker plot</one>: was stellen die <two>Enden</two>, also die <three>whiskers</three> dar? Den maximalen beziehungsweise den minimalen Wert.
88
+ - Was gilt am <one>Medianwert</one>? Hier liegt die Hälfte der Stichprobe (oder der Population) darüber beziehungsweise darunter.
89
+ - Was ist der <one>Interquartilbereich</one>? Das ist der Bereich zwischen dem 1. Quartil (Q1) und dem 3. Quartil (Q3).
90
+ - Ist der <one>Interquartilsabstand</one> (englisch: <two>interquartile range<, IQR</two>) anfällig für Ausreißer? Eher nein.
91
+ - Angenommen wir haben zwei Populationen, die die gleichen Mittelwerte vorweisen. Sie besitzen jedoch unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen. Was bedutetet das dann für die Population, die eine grössere <one>Standardabweichung</one> σ besitzt? Diese Population hat eine breitere Verteilung als die andere Population.
92
+ - Was ist das <one>arithmetische Mittel</one>, als Formel? Dies ist <one>die Summe aller Messwerte, geteilt durch die Anzahl aller Messwerte</one>.
93
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>unsinnige Statistik</one>. A: Wenn <one>2.3 Menschen</one> (von 10) an Krebs <one>versterben</one>; 0.3 Menschen gibt es nicht.
94
+ - Möglichst einfach erklärt: wie berechnen wir den <one>Interquartilsabstand</one>? Wir nehmen die Differenz zwischen dem 3. Quartil (Q3) und dem 1. Quartil (Q1).
95
+ - In der Statistik: kann es auch <one>mehrere Modalwerte</one> geben? Ja, <one>wenn mehrere Werte gleich häufig vorkommen</one>.
96
+ - In statistics: <one>the entire population</one> is also known as ... ? The <one>census</one>.
97
+ - A. W. für <one>Verzerrung</one> in der Statistik? <one>Bias</one>.
98
+ - Nenne einen wichtigen Unterschied zwischen <one>Nominalskala</one> und <one>Ordinalskala</one>. A: Die <one>Ordinalskala kann geordnet werden</one>.
99
+ - In der Statistik: wie nennen wir eine <one>Übereinstimmung mit einem vorgegebenen Modell</one>? <one>Regression</one>.
100
+ - In der Biostatistik und quantitativen Biologie, was ist ein <one>Factor</one> (Definition auf englisch)? Something which might have an effect.
101
+ - Was sollte man bei der <one>Auswahl einer Stichprobe</one> beachten? Die <one>Stichprobe</one> sollte ein <two>möglichst getreues Abbild der Gesamtpopulation</two> sein. []
102
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Lagemaß</one> in der Statistik. A: Das <one>arithmetische Mittel</one>.
103
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>klassierte Merkmale</one> in der Statistik? <one>Gruppierte Merkmale</one>.
104
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Boxplot</one>? Er besteht immer aus einem <one>Rechteck</one>, eben der sogenannten "Box", sowie zwei Linien, die dieses Rechteck verlängern (den "whiskers").
105
+ - <one>Primärstatistik</one> bedeutet, dass die Daten eigens für den Untersuchungszweck erhoben werden. Nenne jeweils einen Vorteil und jeweils einen Nachteil von Primärstatistiken. A: (1) <one>Vorteil</one>: Daten können optimal auf den Forschungszweck abgestimmt werden (2) <one>Nachteil</one>: hoher Aufwand an Geld und Zeit
106
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>ordinalskaliertes Merkmal</one>. A: <one>Schulnoten</one>.
107
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Primärstatistik</one>? Primärstatistik bedeutet, dass die Daten eigens für den Untersuchungszweck erhoben werden.
108
+ - Gib ein konkretes, übliches Beispiel für eine <one>Intervallskala</one> an. A: <one>Jahreszahlen</one>, also zum Beispiel 1967, 1979 etc ...
109
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>monetäre Größe</one>. A: Die <one>Kredithöhe</one>.
110
+ - Umfang der Erhebung - nenne <one>zwei Kategorien</one> hier. A: (1) die <one>Vollerhebung</one> (2) die <one>Teilerhebung</one>
111
+ - Gib ein konkretes Beispiel für <one>Merkmalsausprägung</one> an. A: Das <one>Geschlecht</one>: es hat primär zwei verschiedene Zustände, und zwar weiblich oder männlich, wenn wir Sonderfälle ausnehmen.
112
+ - In der <one>deskriptiven Statistik</one> charakterisieren wir ... ? <one>Stichproben</one>.
113
+ - Was meinen wir mit einem <one>Quantil</one>? Die ist ein <one>Schwellenwert</one> - ein bestimmter Anteil der Werte ist kleiner als das Quantil, der Rest ist größer.
114
+ - In der Statistik: die <one>häufigsten Quantile</one> sind ... ? Die <one>Quartile</one>.
115
+ - Anderer Begriff für das <lightgreen>0.5-Quantil</lightgreen>? Dies ist der <one>Median</one>. []
116
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>diskreten Merkmalen</one> in der Statistik? Dies sind abzählbare, unendlich viele Ausprägungen eines Merkmals.
117
+ - Die Abhängikeit von zwei, drei oder mehr Variablen kann durch die Analyse von ... untersucht werden? Von <one>Kontingenztafeln</one>.
118
+ - Wie bezeichnen wir die <one>Streuung der Häufigkeitsverteilung</one>? Den <one>Standardfehler</one>.
119
+ - Beim Test einer Hypothese liegt <one>ein Fehler 1. Art</one> vor, wenn ... zurückgewiesen wird. A: Die <one>Nullhypothese</one>. []
120
+ - Was ist ein <one>Histogramm</one>? Ein Histogramm ist <one>eine grafische Darstellung der Häufigkeitsverteilung kardinal skalierter Merkmale</one>.
121
+ - Nennen den wichtigsten Unterschied zwischen <one>qualitativen Daten</one> und <one>quantitativen Daten</one>. A: Quantitative Daten lassen sich zählen, so zum Beispiel das "Alter einer Person", in Jahren.
122
+ - Womit beschäftigt sich die <one>deskriptive Statistik</one>? Sie charakterisiert <one>Stichproben</one>.
123
+ - In der Statistik: das <one>Histogramm</one> wird für ... Merkmale benutzt. A: Für <one>kontinuierliche Merkmale</one>.
124
+ - In der Statistik: wenn wir den <one>Median</one> ermitteln möchten, und eine gerade Anzahl von Werten haben, wo liegt der Median dann? <one>Genau in der Mitte zwischen den beiden mittleren Werten</one>. []
125
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>Gültigkeit</one> in der Statistik? <one>Validität</one>. []
126
+ - In der Statistik: der Wert <one>xmed</one>, auch der <one>Median</one> genannt, verhält sich wie zu geordneten Werten? Er teilt diese in <one>zwei gleich grosse Teile</one>.
127
+ - In der Statistik: wie nennen wir die <one>Ausgangshypothese</one> H0 noch? Dies ist die <one>Nullhypothese</one>. []
128
+ - Stichwort in der Statistik - das <one>gemeinsame Auftreten zweier Merkmalen</one>? <one>Kontingenz</one>.
129
+ - There are <one>three kinds of lies</one>. A: <one>"lies, damned lies, and statistics"</one>. (<two>Benjamin Disraeli</two>) []
130
+ - Wird beim <one>geometrischen Mittel</one> aufsummiert? Nein - die Merkmalswerte werden miteinander <deepskyblue>multipliziert</deepskyblue>.
131
+ - Die drei wichtigsten Kennwerte in der Statistik, alle jeweils mit dem Buchstaben <one>M</one> beginnend, sind ... ? (1) <one>Modus</one> (2) <one>Median</one> (3) <one>Mittelwert</one>
132
+ - In der Statistik: anderer Begriff für <one>eingipfelig</one>? <one>Unimodal</one>. []
133
+ - Eine <one>Faustregel bei signifikanten Stellen</one>: Das Ergebnis einer Addition/Subtraktion bekommt genauso viele Nachkommastellen wie die Zahl mit ... ? den <one>wenigsten Nachkommastellen</one>. []
134
+ - Was ist die <one>Inferenzstatistik</one>? Die Inferenzstatistik trifft Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen über bestimmte Werte, wie zum Beispiel Populationswerten.
135
+ - Gib ein Beispiel an für ein <one>Intervallskaliertes Merkmal</one>. A: Die <one>Temperatur</one>, in Grad Celsius.
136
+ - What is the job of <one>descriptive statistics</one>? To describe variability in the data.
137
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Grundgesamtheit</one> in der Statistik. A: Die <one>Population</one>. []
138
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für das <one>nominale Niveau</one> in der Statistik. A: Das Geschlecht eines Tiers - also "Weibchen" und <one>Männchen</one>.
139
+ - Why are <one>boxplots</one> so useful? They are one of the clearest ways of showing a trend in a given dataset.
140
+ - Welcher Buchstabe beziehungsweise welches Symbol wird für den Begriff <one>Median</one> verwendet? <one>Z</one>.
141
+ - A. W. für die <one>Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre</one>? <one>Stochastik</one>.
142
+ - Wie berechnen wir den <one>Median</one> wenn wir eine <two>gerade Anzahl an Werten</two> haben? Wir berechnen den <one>Mittelwert</one> aus den <two>beiden zentralen Einzelwerten</two>.
143
+ - Der <one>Modalwert D</one> ist was? Der <one>Modalwert</one> ist <two>der Wert der am häufigsten auftritt</two>. []
144
+ - A. W. für <one>Merkmal</one> in der Statistik? <one>Variable</one>.
145
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Randomisierung</one> in der Statistik? Dies meint das die einzelnen Probanden in einer Studie zufällig auf die Behandlungsgruppen verteilt werden.
146
+ - Englisch für den Begriff <one>Primärstatistik</one>? <one>Field Research</one>.
147
+ - Was hat jede <one>Verhältnisskala</one>? Einen <one>echten Nullpunkt</one>.
148
+ - In der Statistik: anderer Begriff für eine <one>reale Beobachtung</one>? Eine <one>Stichprobe</one>.
149
+ - Give another name for the <one>entire population</one> in statistics. A: The <one>census</one>.
150
+ - Nenne zwei <one>Vorteile</one> einer Sekundärstatistik. A: (1) <one>geringere Kosten</one> (2) <one>rasche Verfügbarkeit</one>
151
+ - In statistics: why do we often just study a <one>sample</one>? Because it is often too costly to study the entire population, so we may just take a <one>representative sample</one>.
152
+ - Wo, aus dem Alltag, mögen wir ein Beispiel für ein <one>Stengel-Blatt Diagramm</one> sehen? Zum Beispiel <one>bei Straßenbahnfahrplänen</one>.
153
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>Homoscedasticity</one>? <one>Homogeneity of variance</one>.
154
+ - A. W. für <one>Urliste</one>? <one>Protokoll</one>.
155
+ - Bei der <one>systematischen Zufallsauswahl</one> wird allgemein gesehen was genau ausgewählt? Jedes x-te Objekt wird hier ausgewählt.
156
+ - Ein <one>boxplot</one> hat welche 3 Komponenten? (1) Range Max (2) Range Midpoint (3) Range Min
157
+ - Die Zahl <one>0,000261</one> hat wieviele signifikante Stellen? <one>3</one>.
158
+ - Um herauszufinden wie genau ein Messwert ist, welche statistische Methode können wir hier einsetzen? Die <one>Standardabweichung</one>.
159
+ - Unter dem Fehler 1. Art versteht man in der Statistik ... ? Das <one>Ablehnen einer wahren Nullhypothese</one>.
160
+ - Nenne zwei wichtige, allgemeine Kenngrößen in der Statistik. A: (1) der <one>Mittelwert</one> (2) die <one>Streuung</one>
161
+ - Wann sind <cadetblue>induktive statistische Methoden</cadetblue> erforderlich? Wenn die Ergebnisse nicht beliebig oft wiederholbar sind.
162
+ - Wieso heisst die <cadetblue>Induktive Statistik</cadetblue> so? Da sie aus den Beobachtungen der Stichprobe auf die Grundgesamtheit schliesst; dies ist ein <one>induktives Vorgehen</one>.
163
+ - "Deskriptive Statistik" versus "induktive Statistik": wer von diesen beiden Disziplinen verwendet "Stochastik"? Die "Induktive Statistik".
164
+ - Anderes Wort für "induktive Statistik"? <one>Beurteilende Statistik</one>.
165
+ - Nenne einen "historischen" Vorläufer der Statistik, wieso Statistik benötigt wurde. A: Herrscher <cadetblue>im Mittelalter</cadetblue> benötigten Daten über die Bevölkerung, wie die Zahl wehrfähiger Männer oder steuerpflichtiger Personen.
166
+ - In der Statistik gibt es <one>EDA</one>. Wofür steht diese (englischsprachige) Abkürzung? "Exploratory data analysis"
167
+ - Wie wird oft mit Statistik getäuscht? Durch <one>Veränderung der Skalierung</one>.
168
+ - A. W. für "Biostatistik"? <one>Biometrie</one>.
169
+ - A. W. für "bimodal"? <one>Zweigipflig</one>.
170
+ - Welches Teilgebiet aus der Statistik beschäftigt sich mit der <one>graphischen Aufbereitung von quantitativen Daten</one>? Die <one>deskriptive Statistik</one>.
171
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer <one>Totalerhebung</one>? Dies ist dann gegeben wenn alle Fälle der Grundgesamtheit untersucht werden.
172
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer <one>repräsentativen Stichprobe</one>? Wenn wir von Untersuchungsergebnissen der Stichprobe auf die <violet>Grundgesamtheit</violet> schliessen können.
173
+ - Die Theorie der quantitativen Beschreibung unsicherer Ereignisse wird ... genannt. A: <one>Stochastik</one>.
174
+ - In der Statistik versteht man unter einem Fehler 1. Art ... ? Das <one>Ablehnen einer wahren Nullhypothese</one>.
175
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Hypothesen</one> in der Statistik. A: <violet>Strukturierte Vermutungen</violet>.
176
+ - Was ist das Ziel der <one>beurteilenden Statistik</one>? Diese geht der Frage nach, ob beobachtete Erscheinungen nur als Zufallsergebnisse gelten können oder typisch sind.
177
+ - Der <one>Interquartilsabstand</one> ist wenig anfällig für ...? <one>Ausreißer</one>.
178
+ - Was ist eine "Vollerhebung"? Dies ist wenn wir alle Mitglieder der "Grundgesamtheit" befragen.
179
+ - Nenne einen Zusammenhang zwischen Statistik und Ernährung. A: <one>BMI</one> versus <one>Bauchumfang</one>.
180
+ - In der Statistik: wie werden <one>Quantile</one> bestimmt? Durch Auszählen aus einer geordneten Liste.
181
+ - Nenne einen Vorteil wenn wir den <one>geometrischen Mittelwert</one> verwenden mögen. A: Bei der Berechnung der <one>mittleren Zuwachsrate</one>.
182
+ - In der Statistik: was gilt beim Produktzeichen <one>II</one>? Das die Werte miteinander multipliziert werden.
183
+ - Warum ist Statistik aus Sicht der Psychologie interessant? Da Statistik <one>beeinflussen</one> kann.
184
+ - How could we define the term <one>statistics</one>? Statistics is about understanding the role that variability plays in drawing conclusions based on data.
185
+ - Was meinen wir mit einem <one>Quartil</one>? Dies ist wenn wir einen Datensatz in <one>vier gleiche Teile</one> unterteilen.
186
+ - In der Statistik: wie nennen wir einen Fehler 1. Art noch? Dies ist ein <one>α-Fehler</one>.
187
+ - Nenne zwei wichtige statistische Kennwerte, die für jeden Datensatz gelten (und unterscheidbar sind). A: (1) die <one>Lage</one> (2) die <one>Streuung</one>
188
+ - In der Statistik: was meinen wir mit der <one>Dezile</one>? Dies ist wenn wir <one>den Datensatz</one> (die Verteilung) in 10 gleiche Teile zerlegen.
189
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>Lage</one> in der Statistik? Die <one>zentrale Tendenz</one>.
190
+ - <one>Stichproben</one> sollen was repräsentieren, allgemein? Die <one>Gesamtheit</one>.
191
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für eine "Verhältnisskala". A: Das <one>Einkommen</one>.
192
+ - Viele biologische Datensätze weisen eine <one>rechts-schiefe Verteilung</one> auf. Nenne eine Transformation die geeignet ist, um solche Datenverteilungen näherungsweise zu normalisieren. A: Die <one>Wurzel-Transformation</one> x Wurzel-aus(x)
193
+ - In statistics in a <one>boxplot</one>, real datasets will display surprisingly high maximums or surprisingly low minimums. How are these called? Outliers.
194
+ - Was meinen wir mit einer "Sekundärstatistik"? Eine Sekundärstatistik ist eine statistische Untersuchung, bei der bereits bestehende Daten zur Untersuchung herangezogen werden.
195
+ - Vor Durchführung einer "empirischen Studie" ist es erforderlich, dass wir ... was tun? Das wir eine "theoretisch gut begründete Hypothese" formulieren.
196
+ - Für den Statistiker, welchen Vorteil mag ein Experiment liefern? Man kann bestimmte Faktoren, wie das Alter, kontrollieren.
197
+ - Was heisst "multimodal"? "Mehrgipfelig".
198
+ - A. W. für den "Pearsons Koeffizienten". A: "Produkt-Moment-Korrelationskoeffizient".
199
+ - Give another word for a "boxplot". A: The "Box-Whisker-Plot".
200
+ - Worum geht es bei der "Biostatistik"? Sie befasst sich mit der Gewinnung, Darstellung und Analyse molekularbiologischer Daten.
201
+ - Was ist "Biostatistik"? Dies ist die Lehre von der empirischen Erkenntnisgewinnung in der Medizin.
202
+ - What are "quantitative variables"? These are values of variables which are numeric, and reflect an exact amount.
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === STEMCELLS (stem tag, stemtag)
3
+ #
4
+ # Alles über Stammzellen.
5
+ #
6
+ # Stem cells tag.
7
+ # =========================================================================== #
8
+
9
+ - When was the <one>stem cell niche concept</one> first introduced? In <one>1978</one>. ULR: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_niche []
10
+ - Is there a gene product which is found in all stem cells and not in non‐stem cell? No. []
11
+ - What is meant with the term <one>cell-replacement therapy</one>? This refers to <one>the restoration of tissue function by the introduction of new healthy cells</one>.
12
+ - What is, sort of, <one>the opposite of cell differentiation</one>? <one>Transdifferentiation</one>.
13
+ - Which <one>two types of pluripotent stem cells</one> exist? (1) The <one>embryonic stem cells</one> (<two>ESC</two>) (2) The <one>induced pluripotent stem cells</one> (<two>iPSC</two>)
14
+ - Name the three main <one>potencies</one> of stem cells. A: (1) <one>pluripotency</one> (2) <one>multipotency</one> (3) <one>unipotency</one>
15
+ - In stem cells: name four points that an Informed Consent Donation Form must include or must require, from the point of view of the <one>donor</one>. A: (1) the <two>donor</two> <one>must not be at high risk of transmitting infectious diseases</one> (2) the <two>donor</two> <one>must complete a medical evaluation questionnaire</one> (3) the <one>HLA type</one>, <one>blood group</one>, and IDM of the <two>donor</two> <one>must be made available to international registries and transplant centers</one> (4) the <one>risks of haematopoietic stem cell donation</one> must be explained and understood
16
+ - How do we call the division-style of stem cells? <one>Asymmetrical</one>.
17
+ - In <one>stem cell terminology</one>: what comes before the <three>phenotypic modification</three>? <one>Transcriptional modification</one>.
18
+ - <one>Stem cells</one> are roughly categorized into which 3 categories? (1) <one>ESCs</one>: <two>embryonic stem cells</two> (2) <one>MSCs</one>: <two>mesenchymal stem cells</two> (3) <one>iPSCs</one>: <two>induced pluripotent stem cells</two>
19
+ - Where may we be most likely to find <one>megakaryocytes</one>? In the <one>bone marrow</one> (when these cells are mature). []
20
+ - A. W. für <one>inner cell mass</one>? <one>Embryoblast</one>.
21
+ - In stem cell science, name three <one>-potent</one> words, starting with the strongest one. A: (1) <one>totipotent</one> (2) <one>pluripotent</one> (3) <one>multipotent</one> []
22
+ - Wie können wir "Progenitor cells" übersetzen? <one>Vorläufer Zellen</one>.
23
+ - Which person created <one>iPS</one> ("induced pluripotent stem") cells? <one>Shinya Yamanaka</one>.
24
+ - How do we call the cells that form the intermediates between stem cells and terminally differentiated cells? <one>Progenitor cells</one>.
25
+ - <one>Cartilage tissue</one> consists of which cell type? <one>Chondrocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrocyte []
26
+ - <one>Fused myoblasts</one> are also called ... ? <one>Myotubes</one>.
27
+ - <one>Mouse myoblast cells</one> in cell culture will continue to divide until what manual step can be taken? We can remove growth factors; then these myoblasts will no longer divide.
28
+ - Are <one>myoblasts</one> differentiated? By definition not really - they will divide upon stimulation via growth factors, but they are not yet differentiated (e. g. to be muscle cells).
29
+ - Can the <one>differentiation of vertebrate skeletal striated muscle</one> be studied in the cell culture?
30
+ - <one>Mamallian striated skeletal muscle</one> originate from ... ? <one>Undifferentiated embryonic mesodermal cells</one>.
31
+ - Give an example, in humans, for <one>pluripotent cells</one>. A: The <one>embryonic stem cells</one>.
32
+ - Give a general <two>definition</two> of a <one>stem cell</one> that is the most characteristic one. A: Stemm cells are cells that show <one>self-renewal capacity</one>, that is, "infinite cellular division".
33
+ - What cells stand for <one>multipotent MSCs</one>? These are <one>multipotent Mesenchymal stem cells</one>. []
34
+ - How can we define <one>tissue engineering</one>? Tissue engineering refers to the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physico-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
35
+ - Give an example for an <one>unipotent stem cell</one>. A: The <one>muscle stem cells</one>. URL: https://www.nature.com/subjects/muscle-stem-cells []
36
+ - Can <one>human stem cells</one> be recovered from cadavers? Yes - <one>up to 20h post mortem</one>.
37
+ - Name a cell surface glycoprotein, CD-designation, that can be found on <one>human hematopoietic stem cells</one> (HSCs). A: The cell surface glycoprotein <one>CD34</one>.
38
+ - <one>Transplantation of stem cell population</one>, may be either of ... which three possibilities? (1) autologous (2) syngeneic (3) <one>allogeneiuc</one>
39
+ - What do we mean with a <one>tripotent stem cell</one>? One that <one>can give rise to three progeny cells</one>.
40
+ - Is there <one>a typical cell in the human body</one>? Not really. []
41
+ - Name an important biological limit in <one>tissue engineering</one>. A: For a tissue to grow beyond a certain size, new blood vessel supply is vital, as otherwise the tissue would become <one>hypoxic</one>.
42
+ - In <one>stem cells</one>: what does <three>potency</three> mean? This refers to <one>the number of possible fates open to a cell</one>.
43
+ - <one>Self-renewing tissues in a mammal</one>: who is the <three>speed-champion</three> here, aka the fastest at it? The <one>gut</one>; or more accurately, the "lining of the small intestine".
44
+ - If we wish to destroy most of the hematopoietic cells, such as to treat leukemia, what could we do? We could apply a <one>large dose of x-rays</one>.
45
+ - A molecular marker which is known to be required for stem cell function is <one>LGR5</one>. This is an accessory receptor for which signaling molecules? For the <one>Wnt family</one> of signaling molecules.
46
+ - Give another name for <one>self-renewal capacity</one>. A: <one>Infinite cellular division</one>.
47
+ - Name a limit of the potential of <one>embryonic stem cells</one>. A: They do not give rise to <one>extraembryonic tissue</one> such as those of the <two>placenta</two>.
48
+ - <one>Stem cells</one> give rise to? They give rise to <one>specialized cells</one>. []
49
+ - Um <one>iPS-Zellen</one> zu induzieren verwendete man im Jahre 2012 welche vier wichtigen Transkriptionsfaktoren? (1) <one>OCT4</one> (2) <one>SOX2</one> (3) <one>KLF4</one> (4) <one>c-MYC</one>
50
+ - <one>Pluripotent stem cells</one> may give rise to almost all cell types, except for ... ? The <one>trophectoderm of the placenta</one>.
51
+ - If we would have to list a single gene, which one would it be that would designate a cell to be a <one>stem cell</one>? The gene <one>ABCG2</one>/<one>Bcrp1</one>.
52
+ - In the bone marrow, we can find the <one>HSC cells</one>, the <one>Hematopoietic stem cells</one>. How many cells in the bone marrow are HSC cells? About <one>1</one> in <two>10.000</two>.
53
+ - What are <one>transit amplifying cells</one>? These cells arise from the stem cells and divide a finite number of times until they become differentiated.
54
+ - Which biomarker could be used, to some extent, to assume that this may be <one>a stem cell marker</one>? The presence of <one>telomerase</one>.
55
+ - Most of the key genes in development require which general class of transcription factors for their expression? <one>Activators</one>.
56
+ - How many cells of the <one>bone marrow</one> are stem cells? 1 out of 50.000 to 100.000.
57
+ - The abbreviation <one>HSCs</one> is short for ... ? <one>Hematopoietic stem cells</one>. []
58
+ - Name <one>two important properties of ES cells</one>. A: (1) <one>rapid proliferation</one> (2) <one>pluripotency</one>
59
+ - A key member of the pluripotency group is the POU‐domain transcription factor ... ? <one>OCT4</one>.
60
+ - From a molecular biology point of view: how do pluripotent stem cells maintain their pluripotent state? They express an important network of transcription factors which are necessary for maintaining this state.
61
+ - <one>Mouse iPSCs</one> were generated by Shinya Yamanaka, using which 4 factors? (1) Oct4 (2) Klf4 (3) Sox2 (4) <one>c-Myc</one>
62
+ - Can <one>label‐retaining behavior</one> be considered to be a characteristic of stem cells? Yes. This can be used via <one>BrdU</one>.
63
+ - <one>Stem cells</one> can do which two essential <three>cell-division types</three>? (1) <one>symmetric cell division</one> (2) <one>asymmetric cell division</one> []
64
+ - How many <one>different cell types</one> can we find in human adults? About <one>210</one>. []
65
+ - Which important property do stem cells have that other cells lack? They are all able to <one>divide asymmetrically</one>.
66
+ - What do we mean with <one>ES cells</one>? <one>Embryonic stem cells</one>. []
67
+ - What is the <one>key feature in cell differentiation</one>? The <one>pattern of gene activation</one>.
68
+ - Which cells create the <one>bone matrix</one>? <one>Osteoblasts</one>. []
69
+ - There are some stem cells that do not undergo continuous division, but are kept in reserve to deal with tissue regeneration, when required. Give an example for this. A: The <one>muscle satellite cells</one>.
70
+ - What do we mean with <one>potency</one> in stem cell technology? Potency specifies the "differentiation potential", which is the potential to differentiate into different cell types of the stem cell. Some stem cells have more abilities or possibilities for differentiation than others.
71
+ - The most famous, and well-studied tissue‐specific stem cells are the ... ? The <one>hematopoietic system</one> aka the <two>blood‐forming</two> cells.
72
+ - <one>Cells derived from stem cells</one> that proliferate for a limited number of cycles are called ... ? <one>Progenitor cells</one>.
73
+ - The <one>immediate environment</one> of a stem cell is called ... ? Its <one>niche</one>.
74
+ - <one>Platelets</one> arise from which cell? <one>Megakaryocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte []
75
+ - Name a technique with which we could <one>isolate hematopoietic stem cells</one>. A: We could use <one>flow cytometry</one> - and specific (monoclonal) antibodies.
76
+ - <one>Which animals</one> are used in <three>stem cell research</three> in order to test human cancer? <one>Immunodeficient mice</one>.
77
+ - How much of the weight of <one>bones in humans</one> is made up of "living cells", in percent? About <one>15%</one>.
78
+ - What do we mean with the term "potency"? This means to have <one>a high possibility</one> for differentiation into "different cell types".
79
+ - Differentiate between <one>autologous transplantation</one> and <one>allogeneic transplantation</one>. A: (1) <one>autologous</one> is when the donor is the same as the recipient. (2) <one>allogeneic</one> is when the donor is NOT the same as the recipient.
80
+ - Name a <one>cell-based therapy</one> based on stem-cell research. A: <one>Matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation</one>.
81
+ - The <one>parent science</one> of stem cell biology is ... ? <one>Developmental biology</one>.
82
+ - Give another, fancier name for <one>stem cells</one>. A: <one>Miracle cells</one>.
83
+ - <one>Oligopotent cells</one>: give a specific example for that. A: These cells can differentiate into only a few cells, such as <one>myeloid cells</one> or <one>lymphoid cells</one>.
84
+ - Name the 3 major characteristics of the <one>adult stem cells</one>. A: (1) lifelong ability to self-renew (2) extensive proliferation (3) differentiation of progeny into multiple lineages
85
+ - Name a common stem cell biomarker, with the CD nomenclature. A: <one>CD34</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34
86
+ - If you get a lung from another patient who has been a heavy smoker, why may you very quickly die soon afterwards, due to cancer? Because there already were injured/cancerous cells in that smoking person; after transplantation you get a lot of drugs that inhibit the immune system, which is why cancer will spread more rapidly in the "new" transplanted person's body.
87
+ - Name 4 different "cell sources" for tissue regeneration. A: (1) adipose tissue (2) umbilical cord (3) amniotic membrane (4) blood
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Structural Bioinformatics tag
3
+ #
4
+ # Everything about structural bioinformatics.
5
+ #
6
+ # Also Gene Ontology and Structural Bioinformatics.
7
+ # =========================================================================== #
8
+
9
+ - Fitness landscape is a 2D-diagram. It has two axes, which are ... ? (1) fitness (2) sequence space
10
+ - Does the genetic algorithm eliminate the worst candidates (lowest fitness)? Yes.
11
+ - Why is the Monte Carlo algorithm used in sequence prediction? Because we can reach better local minima in sequence space.
12
+ - In PyMOL, when we see <one>by ss</one>, what is meant here? This means <one>"by secondary structure"</one>, e. g. the use case of colourizing "alpha-helices" and "beta-sheets".
13
+ - Give an example for a software program that can be used in order to create Ramachandran plots. A: DeepView from ExPASy. URL: https://spdbv.vital-it.ch/
14
+ - Structural genomics starts with ... ? A DNA sequence - thus, we have to obtain the genomic DNA sequence first.
15
+ - <one>FunFams</one> stands short for ... ? Functional families. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531114/
16
+ - How could we identify relationships of homology between different proteins? Via <one>BLAST search</one>.
17
+ - Give a reason why <one>algorithms</one> are harder to implement in structural bioinformatics than in regular DNA/RNA bioinformatics. A: Unlike sequences such as DNA polymers, structural data is not linear and therefore is not easily amenable to algorithms based on strings.
18
+ - The main repository of protein structures is ... ? PDB: The <one>Protein Data Bank</one>.
19
+ - What are <one>lipocalins</one>? A diverse family of <violet>ligand binding proteins</violet>.
20
+ - What do we mean with an <one>energy landscape</one>? This refers to the conformation that are possible for a given protein.
21
+ - One of the most important stages in the <violet>drug discovery process</violet> is the ability <one>to identify</one> ... on proteins? "ligand-binding sites".
22
+ - The <one>PDB database</one> has approximately how many unique protein structures? More than "3000".
23
+ - The <one>PDB website</one> provides a number of services for structure submission and data searching and retrieval. How is its "web interface" called? "Structure Explorer".
24
+ - Die <one>BRENDA Datenbank</one> umfasst wieviele <one>Enzyme</one>? Zumindest "6500".
25
+ - The "Protein Data Bank" has <one>how many</one> protein structures archived, in about 2014? More than "30.000".
26
+ - PyMOL has a sequence called <one>ASHLC</one>. What do these letters stand for? (1) Actions (2) Show (3) Hide (4) Label (5) Color
27
+ - <one>Walter Gilbert</one> said something interesting about bioinformatics once. What was it? "Use computational tools - or become obsolete."
28
+ - In general, in a program such as <one>PyMOL</one>, what do we mean with a "ribbon"? This is a connection between adjacent C-alpha atoms.
29
+ - From the point of view of <one>structural bioinformatics</one>, which two aminoacids are very important? (1) "glycine" (2) "proline"
30
+ - What means "Shapely" in <one>Rasmol</one>? That "each aminoacid gets its own colour".
31
+ - What is the main goal of "strutural genomics"? Structural Genomics attempts <one>to predict the 3D structure of all proteins</one> encoded in a given genome.
32
+ - Name a <one>database</one> that describes all known "protein domain structures". A: "CATH". URL: http://www.cathdb.info/
33
+ - Bioinformatic tools can be based on which <one>two aspects</one>? (1) sequence-based (2) structure-based
34
+ - <one>Structural genomics</one> attempts to solve the structure of at least one representative protein for each ... ? For "each existing structural fold".
35
+ - Identification of binding sites in proteins is very important for the "drug discovery process". We can then "identify ligand-binding sites on proteins". This is especially important for <one>new drugs</one>, and new potential ligands, where we do not yet have any prior knowledge. Name three different general ways, from the point of view of structural bioinformatis. A: (1) "HIPPO" (2) "SURFNET" (3) "SIRFNET"
36
+ - <one>PyMOL</one> has the "chainbow" colour scheme. If we see a dark-blue segment, what do we know? That this is the "N-terminus" (Aminoterminus).
37
+ - Why may <one>structural bioinformatics</one> be important in the future? Because it is important to "discover new druggable proteins".
38
+ - What is meant with the term "sequence motif recognition"? Certain residues code for a specific function, e. g. the <one>KDEL retention signal</one>. Examples are KDEL, HDEL and so forth.
39
+ - The data format in <one>PDB</one> is very peculiar. Why may that be so? Partially because <violet>it is quite old</violet>, created in the early 1970s; but also because it was initially designed to be compatible with "FORTRAN programs".
40
+ - How to view only one chain in "Rasmol"? Via "restrict 1-1000A".
41
+ - The dihedral (torsional) angle is an angle between ... ? "two planes".
42
+ - Can two identical polypeptide segments have a completely different three-dimensional structure? Yes.
43
+ - Are "sequence-based tools" better than "structure-based tools", as far as bioinformatics is concerned? No - structure-based tools are better.
44
+ - The PDB format has some limitations. Two alternative formats are mmCIF and MMDB. What do these abbreviations stand for? (1) "mmCIF": macromolecular crystallographic information file (2) "MMDB": molecular modeling database file
45
+ - What is meant with the term "protein space"? This means "all possible proteins".
46
+ - Why are "inaccurate annotations in the database" a problem? Because this may "result from inaccurate predictions".
47
+ - Why may "sequence motif recognition" produce wrong results? Because it is, in general, the "three-dimensional arrangement of the residues" that confer activity to a certain polypeptide moiety.
48
+ - Name a "database for enzymes". A: "BRENDA", founded in the year "1987". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRENDA#History
49
+ - Name the three categories of GO ("Gene Ontology"). A: (1) "Molecular Function" (2) "Biological Process" (3) "Cellular Component" URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_ontology
50
+ - What may the "presence of a structural motif" indicate? The presence of a "common structural motif" may indicate "the presence of a certain binding site", related to the protein function.
51
+ - We may wish to determine the function of new proteins through "structural bioinformatics". Name a big driver for this. A: Pharmacy, via "druggability" of targets.
52
+ - Why do we use the "B-factor" in structural bioinformatic? We can determine the flexibility of each atom that way.
53
+ - When we make use of "homology-based annotation transfer", what should we keep in mind? It "may produce wrong results".
54
+ - Name three different bioinformatics approaches to "predict protein function". A: (1) "Homology based methods" (2) "de-novo prediction of functional features" (3) "automated gene ontology (GO) prediction"
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Strukturbiologie
3
+ #
4
+ # Struktur und Funktion der Proteine. (folding tag)
5
+ #
6
+ # Struktur tag. Structure tag. Strukturbio tag. Protein Tag.
7
+ # Struk tag. Röntgen tag, X-ray tag. Strukt tag.
8
+ # Strukturbiologie tag.
9
+ # =========================================================================== #
10
+
11
+ - Nenne zwei Strukturmotive, die "beta" in ihrem Namen inkludieren. A: (1) <one>beta-Sandwich</one> (2) <one>beta-Barrel</one>
12
+ - Kann <one>Zink</one> den <two>Schwefel von Methionin</two> an sich binden? Ja. []
13
+ - Proteins have a ... <one>landscape</one>. A: An <one>energy landscape</one>.
14
+ - Ist der <one>Ionenradius</one> von Kalium grösser als der von Calcium? Ja. []
15
+ - Do <one>cis-peptide bonds</one> exist in nature? Yes, in <two>cyclic dipeptides</two> for example, as can be found in the <two>diketopiperazines</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diketopiperazine
16
+ - Proteine wie das SSB-Protein sind <one>"kooperativ"</one>. Was ist damit gemeint? Das <one>ein gebundenes SSB-Protein</one> <two>die Bindung weiterer SSB-Proteine erleichtert</two>.
17
+ - Ist für die Synthese einer Peptidbindung ein hoher Energieaufwand notwendig? Ja.
18
+ - Pro ATP rotiert die <one>ATP-Synthase</one> <three>n°</three>? <one>120°</one>.
19
+ - Welche <three>3 Möglichkeiten</three> haben <one>Beta-Faltblätter</one> um geordnet zu werden? A: (1) <one>parallel</one> (2) <one>antiparallel</one> (3) <one>gemischt</one> []
20
+ - In the core of a typical globular protein: which factor is the most important one that stabilizes the core? The <one>van-der-Waals force</one>.
21
+ - Gibt es Proteine ohne 3D-Struktur? Strenggenommen eigentlich nein - aber allgemein nennen wir eben entfaltete Proteine <one>unfolded</one>.
22
+ - Name a <one>major advantage of NMR‐spectroscopy</one> compared to <three>X‐ray crystallography</three>. A: We can <one>study protein structures in solution</one>.
23
+ - In structural biology: what is meant with the <one>hydrophobic effect</one>? These are mostly the hydrophobic sidechains in the interior of a protein (or a protein structure).
24
+ - Je kleiner der <one>KD-Wert</one>, desto ... ist die <one>Affinität</one>? Desto <one>größer</one>/<one>höher</one>. []
25
+ - Die <one>CD-Spektroskopie</one> funktioniert bei welcher Aminosäure nicht? <one>Glycin</one>, da diese Aminosäure <two>nicht chiral</two> ist. []
26
+ - Bei der <two>Bildung einer Peptidbindung zwischen Aminosäuren</two> geht <one>Wasser</one> (H20) verloren. Gibt es einen einfachen Weg, wie wir uns merken können, wer diese drei Atome liefert? Ja - und zwar sind die Enden der Aminosäuren innerhalb der Zelle geladen; wir haben also eine <one>-COO (minus)-Gruppe</one> sowie eine <one>-NH3 (⁺)-Gruppe</one>. Daraus folgt das die -COO Gruppe nur ein O liefern kann; und die -NH3 Gruppe nur zwei H-Atome liefern kann.
27
+ - Why is the <one>N-terminal part</one> of the <three>lactate dehydrogenase</three> important? Because it will interact with other subunits, thus keeping the whole complex together.
28
+ - Do <one>alpha-helices</one> have a <lightseagreen>dipole</lightseagreen>? Yes. []
29
+ - Name <one>the two major contributors</one> to the energy difference between the folded and the denatured state. A: (1) <one>enthalpy</one> (2) <one>entropy</one>
30
+ - Der <one>durchschnittliche Stickstoffgehalt von Proteinen</one> beträgt <three>n%</three>? <one>16%</one>. []
31
+ - Does the <one>alpha-helix</one> have a <three>dipole moment</three>? Yes it does. []
32
+ - Einfaches Merkschema (Mnemonic) für das <one>Greek key motife</one>? <one>rauf-runter-rauf-runter</one>.
33
+ - Die <one>erste Röntgenstrukturanalyse bei einem Protein</one> überhaupt, erfolgte an welchem Protein genau? An <one>Myoglobin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin []
34
+ - Where in the Ramachandran Plot can we find <one>left handed alpha-helices</one>? In the <one>upper right quadrant</one>.
35
+ - Can <three>Circular dichroism</three> be used to <one>study protein interactions</one>? Yes. []
36
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>fertig gefaltete Untereinheiten</one>? <one>Protomere</one>. []
37
+ - Was bestimmt die <one>Halbwertszeit eines Proteins</one>? Die <one>N-terminale Aminosäure</one>. []
38
+ - A protein contains internal peptide bonds, which are formed during a condensation reaction - thus, water is formed. Who contributes the atoms in the H2O molecule? The carboxyl group (COOH) contributes a H and a O, and the amino group loses a N.
39
+ - Ist die <one>Alpha-Helix</one> rechts- oder linksgängig? Sie ist <one>rechtsgängig</one>. []
40
+ - Name the 3 main methods for <one>structure determination in protein research</one>. A: (1) <one>X-ray crystallography</one> (2) <one>NMR spectroscopy</one> (3) <one>electron microscopy</one>
41
+ - Es gibt das <one>CATH protein structure classification</one>. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <two>CATH</two>? (1) <one>Class</one> (2) <one>Architecture</one> (3) <one>Topology</one> (4) <one>Homology</one>
42
+ - Ganghöhe der Alpha-Helix? Sie besitzt eine Ganghöhe von <one>0.54 nm</one>.
43
+ - If a <one>flavoproteins</one> is yellow, what do we know about it? That it must be in an <one>oxidized state</one>.
44
+ - Die <one>Carbon-Anhydrase</one> verwendet welches Metall? <one>Zn</one> <royalblue>2+</royalblue>. []
45
+ - Historisch betrachtet: welche Proteine konnten zuerst <one>entdeckt</one> werden? Jene die <one>reichlich</one>, und dadurch einfach zu isolieren, <one>vorhanden waren</one>.
46
+ - Is it easy to <one>refold insulin</one>? No.
47
+ - Wie konnte man die Bindungslänge und den Bindungswinkel der Peptidbindung bestimmen? Mit Hilfe der <one>Röntgenstrukturanalyse</one>.
48
+ - Haemogoblin <one>Hbf</one> ... why the <peru>f</peru> there? <one>f ... fetal</one>. []
49
+ - How do we call the connections in a protein reached via <one>electrostatic interactions</one>. A: <one>Salt bridges</one>.
50
+ - Gib ein Beispiel an für eine relativ einfache <one>Supersekundärstruktur</one> in Proteinen. A: 2 Beta-Faltblätter, die über eine Alpha-Helix verbunden sind.
51
+ - How simple is it to do unfolding/re-folding reactions, on <one>insulin</one>, in the laboratory? <one>Very difficult</one>; it gives <two>poor yields</two>. Many <one>incorrectly paired disulphide bridges</one> may form.
52
+ - In structural biology: define the term <one>heteromultimeric</one>. A: These proteins contain two ore more <one>different polypeptide chains</one>.
53
+ - Können <one>gasförmige Moleküle</one> <two>Liganden für Proteine</two> sein? Ja.
54
+ - Give an example of where we can find the <one>greek key motif</one>, a protein example. A: In the <one>Staphylococcus nuclease</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_key
55
+ - <one>Wavelength of X rays</one> in Angstrom? From about <one>0.5 Angstrom</one> up to <one>1.5 Angstrom</one>.
56
+ - In <one>structural biology</one>, name the three core aspects to give a <two>comprehensive picture of proteins</two>. A: (1) structure (2) <one>thermodynamics</one> (3) <one>kinetics</one>
57
+ - Does <one>protein folding</one> occur <two>spontaneously</two>? Yes.
58
+ - Does <one>the hydrophobic effect</one> like to mix with water? No, of course not.
59
+ - When we compare two different proteins to one another, through <one>percent identity</one>: can the percent identity be <two>zero</two>? No - <one>proteins always have something in common</one>.
60
+ - What is <one>the basic paradigm of structural biology</one>? <one>Sequence → Structure → Function</one>.
61
+ - <one>Albumin</one> ist wie gross (von-bis)? <one>65-70 kDa</one>.
62
+ - A single amino acid residue spans about how many Angstroms? About <one>3,8 Å</one>.
63
+ - Compare <one>the average length of soluble proteins with membrane-bound proteins</one>. A: <one>Solube proteins</one> <two>tend to be shorter</two> than <one>membrane-bound proteins</one>.
64
+ - Give another term for <one>global prediction of all protein-protein interactions</one>. A: The <one>Interactome</one>.
65
+ - The ... of a protein is the really stable form. A: The <one>aggregate</one>.
66
+ - <one>Misfolded proteins</one> tend to form ... ? <one>Aggregates</one>.
67
+ - What is meant with the term <one>protein space</one>? This refers to all possible proteins - an infinite space for the chemical space, which is at the very least larger than protein space.
68
+ - Kann der <one>Schwefel</one> in einem Zinkfinger chiral sein? Ja.
69
+ - Aus Sicht der Struktubiologie: wieso wirkt Quecksilber toxisch? Quecksilber kann Enzyme und Proteine destabilisieren, indem es an deren Sulfhydryl-Gruppen bindet.
70
+ - Between the unfodled and the folded state of proteins lies which other state? The <one>molten globule</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_Globule
71
+ - Name two aminaocids thave show a high propensity to form beat-sheets. A: (1) Threonine (2) Serine
72
+ - One strategy used to design a stronger, better alpha-helix is via <one>capping</one>, in particular ... ? <one>N-capping via Asparagin</one>.
73
+ - Which <one>physical force</one> or <one>physical factor</one> is highly responsible for the <one>specificity of interaction</one> between proteins? <one>Hydrogen bonds</one>.
74
+ - Do <one>zink finger proteins</one> typically require zink in order to fold? Yes - normally this is the case.
75
+ - Is <one>geometry</one> important for hydrogen bonds? Yes.
76
+ - Can <one>a single aminoacid mutation</one> in the core cause the whole protein to <two>unfold</two>? Yes.
77
+ - Die <one>2D-Kristallisation von Proteinen</one> ist besonders günstig für ... ? <one>Membranproteine</one>.
78
+ - Bei dem Einsatz von NMR zwecks Untersuchung der Proteine wird mitunter auch NOE (<two>Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement</two>) verwendet. Dies liefert uns welche Information zusätzlich? NOE liefert uns <one>zusätzliche Rauminformation</one>.
79
+ - <one>Lysine</one> has how many different rotamers? <royalblue>81</royalblue> (3 ** 4)
80
+ - <one>Beta-Barrels</one> can have which three major structures? (1) greek keys (2) jelly rolls (3) up-and-down barrel
81
+ - Hat <one>Zink</one> einen <two>Einfluss auf den pKA von Aminosäuren</two>? Ja. <royalblue>Zink</royalblue> bindet die Aminosäuren Histidin und Cystein und <one>senkt dadurch deren pKa</one>.
82
+ - Die häufigste Form der <one>kovalenten Modifikation</one> von Proteinen ist ... ? Die <one>Phosphorylierung</one>.
83
+ - Nenne zwei <one>3D-Eigenschaften</one> der Peptidbindung. A: (1) Planarität (2) <one>Konformation</one>
84
+ - Das <one>Experiment von Anfinsen</one>, 1973, war in der Biochemie sehr wichtig. Als Substrat wurde <two>RNase A</two> verwendet. Was konnte man dank dieses Experiments zeigen? RNase A konnte durch "Urea" und "B-mercaptoethanol" denaturiert werden. Danach auch wieder renaturiert, und die volle katalytische Aktivität wurde wieder gewonnen. Das Experiment war wichtig da man zeigen konnte, das die Information für die katalytische Tätigkeit alleine in der Abfolge der Aminosäuren begründet liegt. Zudem demonstrierte man damit auch die Wichtigkeit von <one>spontaneous folding</one>.
85
+ - Name a <one>biophysical method</one> with which we could <two>discover protein-protein interaction sites</two>. A: <one>NMR Mapping</one>.
86
+ - Durchmesser einer <one>Alpha-Helix</one>, in Angstrom? <one>14 Angstrom</one>.
87
+ - Warum ist der <one>Hydropathy-Index</one> wichtig? Weil man damit Vorhersagen kann <lightgreen>wo</lightgreen> eine Aminosäure zu finden ist. <one>Hydrophobe Aminosäuren</one> sind meistens innen, <one>hydrophile Aminosäuren</one> sind aussen.
88
+ - In <one>structural biology</one>: why was the name TIM chosen for a <two>TIM barrel</two>? <royalblue>TIM</royalblue> stands for <one>triose phosphoate isomerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIM_barrel
89
+ - What does the <one>Anfinsen dogma</one> state? Protein folding occurs in self-assembly. In other words, the peptide sequence contains the whole information for its assembly.
90
+ - A. W. für <one>Tertiärstrukturen</one>? Möglicher <one>Endzustand eines Proteins</one>.
91
+ - Name a <one>competitive inhibitor</one> that can <two>inhibit many serine proteases</two>. A: <one>Aprotinin</one>.
92
+ - When was the <one>Levinthal's paradox</one> suggested? In <one>1969</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinthal%27s_paradox
93
+ - Name two aminoacids that are effective chelators of metal ions. A: (1) Aspartic acid ("<u>aspartate</u>") (2) Glutamic acid (<royalblue>glutamate</royalblue>)
94
+ - Preparing a sample for protein analysis via <one> imidazole</one> is difficult, as imidazole can overwhelm the spectrum below ... which nm wavelength? <one>220 nm</one>.
95
+ - Eine <one>Peptidbindung</one> ist eine ... Bindung zwischen der Carboxygruppe einer Aminosäure und der Aminogruppe des α-Kohlenstoffatoms einer zweiten Aminosäure. A: Eine <one>amidartige Bindung</one>.
96
+ - In structure determination of proteins, the technique ORD is ... ? <one>Optical rotary dispersion</one>.
97
+ - Im <one>Ramachandran-Plot</one> finden wir links unten ... ? Die <one>Alpha-Helix</one>.
98
+ - Name a program for <one>Peptide helicity prediction</one>. A: <one>AGADIR</one>.
99
+ - Welche drei Komponenten werden für eine <one>röntgenkristallographische Analyse</one> benötigt? (1) einen <one>Detektor</one> (2) ein <one>Proteinkristall</one> (3) <one>eine Quelle für Röntgenstrahlen</one>
100
+ - Im Ramachandran-Plot finden wir links oben ... ? Die <one>beta-sheets</one>.
101
+ - When will a protein <one>NOT</one> have a <two>quaternary structure</two>? When it has <one>only one polypeptide chain</one>.
102
+ - A <one>sticky patch</one> on the surface of a molecule can create problems. Give a specific example to reinforce this statement. A: Haemoglobin, in the sickle-cell mutation, has such a <one>sticky patch on the surface</one>. In this mutation, a charged glutamtic acid is replaced with the non-polar valine, which causes this <one>sticky patch</one> situation.
103
+ - Allgemein gilt bei <one>Glycin</one> was in einem Protein? Glycin findet sich oft an Positionen in der Peptidkette, die sich bewegen oder eine Art <one>Gelenk des Proteins</one> darstellen.
104
+ - Wenn ein Anion in einem Protein stabiler wird, wie ändert sich die Säurestärker? Die Säurestärke steigt.
105
+ - Wovon ist das Auflösungsvermögen einer <one>Röntgenanalyse</one> primär abhängig? Von der <one>Qualität des Kristalls</one>.
106
+ - In den Zink-Finger Proteinen (= Transkriptionsfaktor) wird <one>Zn</one><two>2+</two> durch n Cysteine komplexiert? <one>Vier</one>.
107
+ - Why would a cell require <one>rigid proteins</one>? In theory, <tomato>such proteins may be more stable</tomato> - but most proteins need some "structural flexibility", so too rigid proteins are not a good idea from this point of view.
108
+ - Give seven general examples/reasons as to the different functions of proteins. A: (1) structural proteins (2) enzymes (3) antibodies (4) regulatory proteins (5) sensors (6) transporters (7) transducers
109
+ - Natural proteins fold spontaneously to form unique, native structures. How can this work? The polypeptide chain is flexible. This allows these proteins to assume many different spatial conformations. At equilibrium the protein will adopt the native state.
110
+ - Every protein has a free amino terminus at one end and a free carboxy terminus at the other end, except for ... ? A few <one>cyclic polypeptides</one>.
111
+ - The sidechains of two aminoacids with positive and negative charge can approach one another in space, to form ... ? <one>A salt bridge</one>.
112
+ - The raw material of proteins is/are ... ? <one>Amino acids</one>.
113
+ - Ist eine <one>Transmembrandomäne</one> eher <two>hydrophil</two> oder eher <two>hydrophob</two>? Sie ist <one>eher hydrophob</one>.
114
+ - The <one>ends of alpha helices</one> can be found where in a protein? The <one>ends are polar</one>, and thus almost always on the <one>surface of protein molecules</one>.
115
+ - What is meant with the term <one>hydrophobicity profile</one>? This is when we use a hydrophobicity scale that assigns a value to each amino acid, and to then plot the variation of hydrophobicity along the sequence of the protein.
116
+ - The <one>3.10 helix</one> has n amino acids per turn? <one>3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310_helix
117
+ - Give an example for a <one>protein</one> that is able to form an <lightseagreen>infectious conformational state</lightseagreen>. A: <one>Prions</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion
118
+ - <one>Carbon-carbon bond distance</one>, in Angstrom? <one>1.5 Angstrom</one>.
119
+ - Dr. Michael Rossmann is famous in <one>structural biology</one> for ...? Discovering the <one>Rossmann fold</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossmann_fold
120
+ - What is <one>the major unsolved problem</one> in "structural molecular biology"? How to <one>predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein</one>.
121
+ - In structural biology: is the <one>left handed helix</one> more common than the <one>right handed helix</one>? No - <one>the right handed helix is more common</one>.
122
+ - In <one>X-ray crystallography</one>: what kind of <lightseagreen>maps</lightseagreen> do we generate? We generate <one>electron density maps</one>.
123
+ - The F1-ATP Synthase component has a diameter of ...? Of <one>9 nm</one>.
124
+ - Ein typisches <one>Beta-Faltblatt</one> enthält (von-bis) Beta-Stränge? Zwischen <one>2-15</one> einzelne Beta-Stränge.
125
+ - Der <one>Ionenkanal MscL</one>, ein Mechanosensor im Bakterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, besteht aus wievielen Untereinheiten? Aus <one>fünf</one> (<royalblue>5</royalblue>).
126
+ - <one>Calmodulin</one> can bind 4x Ca2+, which will cause Calmodulin to undergo a conformational change. Which structural motife is responsible for the "Ca2+-binding", though? A <one>helix-loop-helix</one> (HLH) motife.
127
+ - Erreichbare Auflösung bei Einzelkristallröntgenbeugung? <one>1 Angstrom</one>.
128
+ - Eine <one>Protein-Protein-Interaktion</one> ist eine Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei oder mehreren Proteinen. Sie beruhen überwiegend auf ... ? Auf "nicht-kovalenten Wechselwirkungen" - wie van-der-Waals-Kräften, Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen sowie elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen.
129
+ - <one>Chaperone</one> gehören zu welcher "Proteinfamilie"? Chaperone gehören zu den <one>Hitzeschockproteinen</one>.
130
+ - Ist die <one>Metallbindung</one> ein "strukturstabilisierender Faktor"? Ja - zum Beispiel <one>Zink</one> bei den <royalblue>Zinkfingerproteinen</royalblue>.
131
+ - How do we call the <one>small metal disk</one> in the middle of a X-Ray diffraction pattern? <one>Beam stop</one>.
132
+ - <one>Domain swapping</one> is a structural phenomenon that plays an important role in the mechanism of ... of some proteins. A: <one>Oligomerization of some proteins</one>.
133
+ - The <one>electrostatic interactions</one> can function within a range of about ... ? <one>15 Angstrom</one>.
134
+ - Nenne drei <one>Kenngrößen der Alpha-Helix</one>. A: (1) <one>Ganghöhe</one> (2) "Anstieg" (3) "Drehung"
135
+ - In <one>structural biology</one>: what is meant with the term "docking"? This is <one>the interaction between proteins</one>.
136
+ - The <one>average weight of an aminoacid</one> bound in a protein is ... ? <one>110 Dalton</one>.
137
+ - If we conclude that <one>two proteins are homologouos</one>, what else can we conclude from that statement, if it is true? That their genes must have evolved from a <one>common ancestral gene</one>.
138
+ - Wie sind <one>antiparallele Faltblattstränge</one> verbunden? Durch eine <one>Beta-Schleife</one>.
139
+ - In der Strukturbiologie: was meinen wir mit einem <one>positiven allosterischen Effekt</one> und mit einem <one>negativen allosterischen Effekt</one>? (1) <one>Positiver allosterischer Effekt</one>: dies ist dann der Fall, wenn die Bindung eines Liganden die Bindung eines <mediumseagreen>anderen</mediumseagreen> Liganden erleichtert. (2) <one>Negativer allosterischer Effekt</one>: dies ist dann der Fall, wenn die Bindung eines Liganden die Bindung eines <mediumseagreen>anderen</mediumseagreen> Liganden erschwert.
140
+ - Which <one>direction</one> (left-handed versus right-handed) is FORBIDDEN for an alpha-helix formed by L-amino acids? A "left-handed alpha-helix" is not allowed for the L-amino acids.
141
+ - Name a protein with an "ATP-dependent protease activity". A: The <one>RecA protein</one>.
142
+ - Warum ist <one>die Konformationsänderung von Lactoferrin</one> wichtig? Weil andere Proteine diese Änderung erkennen können.
143
+ - Wo (in einem Protein) findet man <one>phosphorylation sites</one>? Auf der <one>Oberfläche eines Proteins</one>.
144
+ - For structural biology it is useful to remember the molecular mass of the average amino acid, which is ... ? <one>100 Da</one>.
145
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>exozyklisch</one>? Dies ist "nicht im Ring", zum Beispiel bei RNA, das C5'-Atom.
146
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für Proteine, die <one>amphiphile Bereiche</one> besitzen. A: Die <one>Apolipoproteine</one>.
147
+ - Die <one>Alpha-Helix</one> wurde in welchem Jahr postuliert? <one>1951</one>.
148
+ - Welche Proteine besitzen typischerweise <one>Disulfidbrücken</one>? Jene die das Endoplasmatische Retikulum durchschreiten - also vor allem <one>sekretorische Proteine</one>.
149
+ - Das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> ist ein Proteinkomplex, der wie gross ist (in kDa)? <one>1.700 kDa</one> (=26S-Proteasom).
150
+ - In der Strukturbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung "SCOP"? <one>Structural classification of proteins</one>.
151
+ - Wie können Sie, einfach und effizient, experimentell feststellen, <one>ob ein Protein in Lösung gefaltet vorliegt</one>? Mit Hilfe der <one>CD-Spektroskopie</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulardichroismus
152
+ - What is the biggest problem in <one>X-ray crystallography</one> itself, aside from the difficulty of creating a pure protein crystal? An <one>inability to measure phases directly</one>.
153
+ - In der schematischen Darstellung der <one>Beta-Stränge</one> zeigen die Pfeilende worauf? Auf das <one>carboxyterminale Ende</one>.
154
+ - What is <one>the underlying principle of molecular function</one>? <one>Structure</one>.
155
+ - The <one>molten globule</one> should not be viewed as a single structural entity but instead as ...? An <one>ensemble of related structures that are rapidly interconverting</one>.
156
+ - We have the "Nm nomenclature for helices". What does the N stand for, here? N refers to the <one>number of repeating units per turn</one>.
157
+ - Wann wurde die <one>Alpha-Helix</one> vorgeschlagen? <one>1951</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix#Discovery
158
+ - Wieso ist die globuläre Kugelform bei Proteinen so häufig zu sehen? Dies ist <one>eine Konsequenz des hydrophoben Effekts</one>.
159
+ - Ordne die 20 Aminosäuren nach ihrer <one>Hydrophobizität</one>, beginnend mit der hydrophobsten Aminosäure. A: <one>IVL-FCM-AGT-SWY-PHE-QDN-KR</one>.
160
+ - Wann wurde die <one>Struktur von Lysozym</one> aufgeklärt? Im Jahre <one>1963</one>.
161
+ - <one>PDB</one> contains a lot of proteins. How many in 2016? About <one>67.700</one>.
162
+ - Christian Anfinsen worked with <one>which enzyme</one> in particular, in order to demonstrate that proteins can refold? The enzyme <one>ribonuclease</one>.
163
+ - The <one>alpha helix</one> is also known as the "3.613-helix". What does the 13 indicate here? <one>13 atoms</one> are involved in the ring formed by the hydrogen bond.
164
+ - Give another name for <one>the fold space</one>. A: <one>Structure space</one>.
165
+ - Das <lime>BiP</lime> (<one>Binding Protein</one>) ist worin eine Schlüsselkomponente? In der <one>Unfolded protein response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response
166
+ - Bei den photometrischen Proteinbestimmungsmethoden wird das Ergebnis mittels einer <one>Kalibrationskurve</one> ermittelt. Diese Kurve wird mit einem reinen Protein erstellt, sehr häufig mit welchem Protein? Mit <royalblue>BSA</royalblue> - bovines Serumalbumin (<one>bovine serum albumin</one>), eben aus dem Rind. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_serum_albumin
167
+ - Was heisst es wenn wir sagen das ein Protein <one>atmet</one>? Das ein Protein nicht starr ist, sondern <one>konformationellen Fluktuationen unterliegt</one>.
168
+ - What are <one>molten globules</one>? Molten globules are compact, <one>partially folded conformations</one> of proteins that have near-native compactness.
169
+ - Können wir aus <one>Proteinstrukturen</one> auf <one>Liganden</one> ableiten? Ja, zum Teil: <one>Ähnliche Proteinstrukturen</one> bedeuten oft "ähnliche Liganden".
170
+ - A <one>chaperone</one> generally binds to ..? A <one>partly folded polypeptide chain</one>.
171
+ - Eine Aminosäure nimmt circa welches <one>Volumen</one> ein? 5 Angstrom x 5 Angstrom x 5 Angstrom: also <one>125 Kubik-Angstrom</one>.
172
+ - In der Biochemie: was benötigen <one>parallele Beta-Stränge</one>? Eine <one>Überkreuzverbindung</one>.
173
+ - Say something about the <one>concentration</one> of hemoglobin in <lightseagreen>red blood cells</lightseagreen>. A: It is <one>almost as high as in the crystalline state</one>.
174
+ - What is <one>apomyoglobin</one>? This is myoglobin without the <one>heme prosthetic group</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apomyoglobin
175
+ - Name a protein consisting largely of beta sheets, starting with the letter <one>p</one>. A: <one>Pepsin</one>.
176
+ - Verschiedene Aminosäuren haben eine <one>unterschiedliche Neigung</one> zur "Alpha-Helix Strukturbildung". Welche fünf Aminosäuren sind besonders gute Alpha-Helix Strukturbildner? <royalblue>MALEK</royalblue> (1) <one>Methionin</one> (2) Alanin (3) Leucin (4) <one>Glutamat</one> (5) <one>Lysine</one>
177
+ - For the <one>phasing of protein crystals</one> in X-ray crystallyography, what is absolutely required? An <one>electron density map</one>.
178
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Torsionswinkel</one>? <one>Diederwinkel</one>.
179
+ - In general: where in a large protein can we find <one>Alpha-helices</one>? Along the <one>outside surface of a protein</one>.
180
+ - The <one>proline helix</one> is a left handed or a right handed helix? It is <one>left handed</one>.
181
+ - <one>Hsp70</one> bindet an ... welche Bereiche eines ungefalteten Proteins? An <one>hydrophobe Segmente</one>.
182
+ - Proteine können auf Ligandenbindung mit einer <one>Konformationsänderung</one> reagieren. Gib hierzu ein Protein-Beispiel an. A: <one>Calmodulin</one>.
183
+ - <one>Valine</one> stiffens a main polypeptide chain similar to ...? <one>Isoleucin</one>.
184
+ - How do we call <one>identical units</one> in a polypeptide chain? <one>Protomers</one>.
185
+ - In regards to structural biology: what did <one>Levinthal</one> point out? That proteins cannot fold by random search in <one>conformation space</one>.
186
+ - In einem Protein: <one>parallele Stränge</one> benötigen was? Eine <one>Überkreuzverbindung</one>.
187
+ - A <one>single amino acid residue</one> spans ... how many Angstrom, roughly? About <one>3,8 Angstrom</one>.
188
+ - Warum das <one>Beta</one> in Beta-Faltblatt? Da die <one>Alpha-Helix</one> zuerst gefunden wurde; so erschien es logisch das man Beta einfach Beta nennt.
189
+ - <one>GFP</one> is the representative of which new protein fold? The <one>beta-can</one>.
190
+ - How do we call any region of a <one>protein surface</one> that allows interaction with another protein? A <one>binding site</one>.
191
+ - Nenne drei Vorteile der <one>CD-Spektroskopie</one> ("Circulardichroismus") gegenüber der NMR. A: (1) die CD-Spektroskopie benötigt weniger Probenmaterial (2) die CD-Spektroskopie ist schneller (3) die <one>CD-Spektroskopie ist weniger arbeitsintensiv</one>
192
+ - Give another description for the <one>molten globule</one>. A: The <one>partially structured state</one>.
193
+ - How do we call <one>folding possibilities</one> of proteins? The <one>conformation space</one>.
194
+ - Give an example of a protein that consists of a <one>beta-barrel</one>. A: The <one>Porin proteins</one>.
195
+ - <one>Cytochrom-c-Proteine</one> haben welche Amionosäuren-Signatur, das Erkennungsmotiv dieser Proteingruppe? <one>CXXCH</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c#Structure
196
+ - Wenn wir <one>Calcium</one> (2+) mit <one>Zinn</one> (2+) vergleichen, die beide eine wichtige Rolle in der Strukturbiologie spielen mögen, wer von den beiden hat einen kleineren Ionenradius? <one>Zinn</one>.
197
+ - What is the job of the <one>Wiggler</one> in a synchroton? The wiggler <one>increases the intensity of the beam</one>.
198
+ - <one>Wavelength</one> of X-rays? <one>0.1 nm</one>.
199
+ - How long is a <one>beta sheet</one> typically, in n aminoacids? <one>3-10 aminoacids</one>.
200
+ - How can we often call <one>non-oligomeres</one>? <one>Monomers</one>.
201
+ - In einem <one>Ramachandran-Diagramm</one>: wo finden wir das "Beta-Faltblatt" allgemein eher? Eher <one>links oben</one> im Diagramm.
202
+ - Gib ein konkretes Beispiel für die Tertiärstruktur eines Proteins. A: Eine <one>vollständige Beta-Kette eines Hämoglobins</one>.
203
+ - In X-ray protein research: what is meant with the term <one>model building</one>? This is the process where the electron density map is <one>interpreted in terms of a set of atomic coordinates</one>.
204
+ - One of <one>the most fundamental question</one> about a protein is ... ? Its <one>function in a cell</one>.
205
+ - Bei welchem Protein im menschlichen Körper können wir den <one>allosterischen Effekt</one> beobachten? Bei <one>Hämoglobin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4moglobin
206
+ - What happens if we add an increasing amount of <one>Guanidinium chloride</one> to proteins in solution? These <one>proteins will unfold</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinium_chloride
207
+ - Welche Formen können <one>Beta-Faltblätter</one> einnehmen? A: Parallel, antiparallel und eine Mischform davon.
208
+ - Is <one>water</one> part of a molecule, as far as structural biology is concerned? This depends; internally bound water molecules can be regarded as <one>integral parts of the protein structure</one> at hand.
209
+ - In the <one>Protein Data Base</one> (PDB), as of the year 2017: how many percent of the structures registered there were solved by X-Ray analysis, roughly? Almost <one>90%</one>.
210
+ - What can we consider to be <one>the building blocks of protein structure</one>? The <one>peptide units</one>.
211
+ - The <one>upper size limit of NMR</one> applied onto proteins is about n aminoacids? About <one>~350 aminoacids</one> (~40kDa).
212
+ - What is <one>more stable</one>: parallel or anti-parallel Beta sheets? <one>Anti-parallel Beta sheets</one>.
213
+ - Can <one>X-rays</one> be focused by lenses? No.
214
+ - How many proteins, that is, <one>individual protein molecules</one>, can we find in an average mammalian cell? About <one>10 billion individual proteins</one>.
215
+ - A <one>Ramachandran plot</one> displays all aminoacids? No - two proteins can not be found there, namely <one>glycine</one> and <one>proline</one> can not be found in a Ramachandran plot.
216
+ - Die <one>relative Molekülmasse</one> eines Proteins Mr ist ... ? <one>38.000</one>
217
+ - Give two different reasons why we may wish to employ <one>X-ray</one> on protein crystals. A: (1) "design novel drugs" that target a particular protein (2) rationally engineer an enzyme for a specific industrial process
218
+ - Welche Person schlug das <one>ribbon-Modell</one> für Proteine vor? <one>Jane Richardson</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_S._Richardson
219
+ - Name <one>an important reason</one> as to why we attempt to determine protein structures through high-throughput methods. A: <one>Lower cost</one> due to automatation.
220
+ - Warum liefern <one>Röntgenstrahlen</one> die bestmögliche Auflösung? Da die Wellenlänge der Röntgenstrahlen ungefähr der einer <one>kovalenten Bindung</one> entspricht.
221
+ - Give another term for <one>angle pairs</one> of phi and psi in structural biology. A: <one>Ramachandran plot</one>.
222
+ - In <one>Ferritin</one> sind wie viel Prozent der Aminosäurereste zu Alpha-Helices gewunden? <one>75%</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin
223
+ - The <one>secondary structure</one> of a protein depends solely on ...? Hydrogen bonding.
224
+ - <one>Alpha-Helices</one> have n amino acids per turn, by default? <tomato>3.6</tomato>.
225
+ - Wie nennen wir die <one>Bindungsstärke eines Proteins</one>? <one>Affinität</one>.
226
+ - Was bedeuten <one>weiße Flächen</one> im Ramachandran-Diagramm? Dies sind Bereiche, die infolge starker sterischer Wechselwirkungen <one>unzulässige Torsionswirkel</one> aufweisen.
227
+ - Es gibt das Strukturmotiv <one>EF-Hand</one>, das man als eine menschliche Hand zeichnen mag. Wieviele Finger müssen wir hierbei verwenden? <one>3</one>.
228
+ - Durchmesser der <one>Alpha-Helix</one>, in Angstrom? <one>14 Angstrom</one>.
229
+ - Die <one>Beta-Faltblattstrukturen</one> in globulären Proteinen sind rechtsgängig oder linksgängig? Sie sind <one>ausnahmslos rechtsgängig</one>.
230
+ - Können wir <one>CD-Spektren</one> verwenden um Cyclopeptide zu unterscheiden? Ja.
231
+ - Gib ein konkretes Beispiel für ein Protein das ein <one>four-helix bundle</one> inkludiert. A: <one>Cytochrom b562</one>.
232
+ - Was kann die <one>EF-Hand</one> binden? <one>Ca 2+</one>.
233
+ - When were <one>x-rays</one> discovered? In <one>1901</one>, by W.C. Röntgen.
234
+ - Nenne zwei weitere Struktur-Elemente in der Biochemie ausser dem <one>Beta-Faltblatt</one> und der <one>Alpha-Helix</one>. A: (1) <one>omega-loop</one> (2) <one>beta-turn</one>
235
+ - <one>Until which year</one> was it not possible to deduce the 3D structure of a large protein? Until <one>1960</one>.
236
+ - The <one>alpha helix</one> is also called a classic ... ? <one>Pauling-Corey-Branson</one> alpha-helix.
237
+ - Wie nennt man Proteine mit <one>mindestens zwei Polypeptidketten</one>? <one>Multimere Proteine</one>.
238
+ - The <one>interior of a protein</one> is ...? <mediumseagreen>Hydrophobic</mediumseagreen>: proteins contain a <one>hydrophobic core</one>.
239
+ - Was ist bei der Verwendung eines <one>Protease-Inhibitor Cocktails</one> zu beachten? Zellen enthalten verschiedene Proteasen, die Proteine unspezifisch degradieren mögen. Organellen können zerstört werden und so auch ihre spezifischen Proteasen freisetzen. Man sollte nur soviel Inhibitoren hinzufügen, um die Proteolyse, die man verhindern möchte, aufzuhalten.
240
+ - Nenne eine (für den Menschen) sehr wichtige Proteingruppe (ausgenommen Insulin), die <one>Disulfidbrücken</one> enthält. A: Die <one>Antikörper</one>.
241
+ - What happens if we add an increasing amount of <lightseagreen>GdmCl</lightseagreen> (<cadetblue>guanidium chloride</cadetblue>) to proteins in solution? These <one>proteins will unfold</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinium_chloride
242
+ - Name the <one>three main methods for protein structure determination</one>. A: (1) X-ray Crystallography (2) NMR Spectroscopy (3) <one>Electron Microscopy</one>
243
+ - Wann wurde das <one>Friedel law</one> etabliert? Im Jahre <one>1913</one>.
244
+ - Give an example for <one>a transport protein</one>. A: <one>Hemoglobin</one>.
245
+ - The <one>strength of a hydrophobic interaction</one> is proportional to ... ? The surface area that is hidden from water.
246
+ - Nenne ein sehr häufiges Protein, das weitgehend aus <one>Alpha-Helices</one> besteht. A: <one>Hämoglobin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix#Functional_roles
247
+ - Why can we not use <tomato>imidazole</tomato> in <one>protein spectroscopy</one>? Because <one>imidazole overwhelms the spectrum from then on</one>.
248
+ - Die <one>durchschnittliche Proteingröße</one> liegt bei (von-bis) Aminosäuren? <one>200-400</one>.
249
+ - The <one>average length of an alpha-helix</one> is ...? About <one>10 amino acid residues</one>.
250
+ - Give a specific example for a protein that consists of lots of <one>alpha-helices</one>. A: <one>Myoglobin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin
251
+ - Ist <one>Hämoglobin</one> ein Homotetramer? Nein; Hämoglobin ist ein <one>Heterotetramer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4moglobin#Struktur
252
+ - CD-Spektroskopie: wofür steht hier die Abkürzung <one>CD</one>? <one>Circulardichroismus</one>.
253
+ - Deutsche Bezeichnung für die <one>X-ray white radiation</one>? Die <one>Bremsstrahlung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung
254
+ - Die <one>dreidimensionale Faltung der Proteine</one> folgt den "Gesetzen der ..."? <one>Thermodynamik</one>.
255
+ - Give an example for a protein consisting predominantly of <one>alpha-helices</one>. A: <one>Myogloblin</one>.
256
+ - <one>NMR analysis</one> works up to a protein size of n Daltons? Up to <one>100.000 Daltons</one>.
257
+ - Das <one>Beta-Haarnadelschleifenmotif</one>: gib ein Beispiel eines Proteins das dieses Motif besitzt. A: <one>Bovine Trypsin Inhibitor</one>.
258
+ - Das erste Protein, dessen <one>atomare Struktur</one> aufgeklärt werden konnte, war ... ? A: <one>Myoglobin</one>.
259
+ - Hat ein Protein einen <one>Schmelzpunkt</one> so deutet dies worauf hin? Das es in einer bestimmten 3D-Struktur vorliegt - also <one>nicht ungefaltet</one> vorliegen kann.
260
+ - Weisen <one>Beta-Faltblätter</one> eine "Polarität" auf? Nein.
261
+ - Nenne einen <one>häufigen Reflex</one> von Proteinen. A: Die Bindung eines Liganden induziert im Protein eine <one>Konformationsänderung</one>.
262
+ - A <one>crystal</one> consists of ...? <one>Identical unit cells</one>.
263
+ - Woraus wird <one>die Tertiärstruktur von Proteinen</one> gebildet? Aus <one>Domänen</one>.
264
+ - What are <one>Thermosomes</one>? Thermosomes, found in some <one>Archaea</one>, are hollow balls inside which proteins are folded. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosome
265
+ - Welche <one>Ladung</one> tragen die beiden Termini eines Proteins bei neutralem pH? Beide sind geladen, als <one>NH3+</one> und <one>COO-</one>.
266
+ - Proteins in general adopt which structure? The structure that <one>minimizes free energy</one>.
267
+ - Mitglieder eines <one>Beta-Faltblatt</one> heissen (deutsche Bezeichnung) ... ? A: <one>Beta-Stränge</one>.
268
+ - In order to crystallize <one>problematic proteins</one>, what kind of optimization may we have to do in the lab usually? <one>Buffer optimization</one>.
269
+ - What is the main implication derived from the existence of the <one>Levinthal Paradox</one>? That proteins have evolved <one>mechanisms of efficient folding</one>.
270
+ - How many <one>protein families</one> were known in the year 2013? At the least <one>14.830</one>.
271
+ - Das <one>Ca-Bindungsmotiv</one> wird von welcher Aminosäure bereitgestellt? <one>Aspartat (D)</one>.
272
+ - Wie bestimmt man den <one>isoelektrischen Punkt</one> von Proteinen experimentell? Mit Hilfe einer <one>Titrationskurve</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ure-Base-Titration#Verlauf_von_Titrationskurven
273
+ - Beta Sheets can be <one>antiparallel</one> and <one>parallel</one>. Which one of these two is more stable? <one>Antiparallel</one> is more stable.
274
+ - Ändert <one>Calmodulin</one> seine 3D-Struktur wenn es <mediumturquoise>Calmodulin</mediumturquoise> gebunden hat? Ja.
275
+ - Was ist das <one>Friedel law</one>? Eine Eigenschaft von Fourier Transformationen von reellen Funktionen.
276
+ - Welche Konformationen kann eine Peptidbindung in einem Protein einnehmen? (1) <one>cis</one> (2) <one>trans</one>
277
+ - Proteine bestehen aus Polypeptiden die eine <one>main chain</one> haben. Nenne ein anderes Wort hierfür. A: <one>Backbone</one>.
278
+ - Welche <one>Aminosäure</one> ist meistens bei einer cis-Konformation der Peptidbindung zu finden? <one>Prolin</one>.
279
+ - Hat <one>GFP</one> beta-barrel(s)? Ja.
280
+ - Wie schwer ist ein Protein, das von <one>600 Nukleotiden</one> codiert wird? Dies sind 200 Aminosäuren. Das durchschnittliche Gewicht einer Aminosäure in einem Polypeptid ist "110 Dalton". Dies bedeutet auch "110 Gramm pro Mol". Das mal 200, also 110 x 200 ergibt 22.000 Gramm pro Mol.
281
+ - Nenne die drei wichtigsten Sekundärstrukturelemente von Proteinen. A: (1) <one>alpha-Helix</one> (2) <one>beta-Faltblatt</one> (3) <one>beta-Schleife</one>
282
+ - For <one>X-ray</one>, the crystal is mounted between ... ? Between an "X-ray source" and an <one>X-ray detector</one>.
283
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Tertiärstruktur der Proteine</one>? <one>Domänen</one>.
284
+ - Was für ein <one>Profil</one> haben Proteine? Ein <one>Oberflächenprofil</one>.
285
+ - In amino acids, the <one>carboxyl groups</one> can be coupled to ...? <one>Amines</one>.
286
+ - Name two intrinsic reasons for what may complicate the folding process of proteins. A: (1) disulfide bridge: in particular when non-native disulfide bridges are possible (2) cis-trans isomerization of proline residues
287
+ - In folding of protein: what do we mean with a <tomato>simple two-state equilibrium</tomato>? This refers to, for example, a simple unfolding when the native protein very quickly unfolds; and refolds also quickly. There is thus <one> no stable intermediate</one>.
288
+ - Name a "major protein structure classification scheme". A: <tomato>SCOP</tomato>. URL: http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/
289
+ - For a general classification scheme, what three types of proteins exist? (1) <tomato>structural proteins</tomato> (2) <tomato>membrane proteins</tomato> (3) <tomato>globular proteins</tomato>
290
+ - How a protein folds up into its native shape not only dictates how the protein works, but is also important because ... ? Because that protein may interact with other entities (aka other proteins), and thus may have an important biological role in the cellular context.
291
+ - The basic repeating unit of a polypetide chain is ... ? <tomato>NH-Calpha-H-CO</tomato>.
292
+ - What is the native structure of intrinsically disordered proteins in general? They do not adopt a (unique) native structure.
293
+ - Name two functionally important areas of proteins in general. A: (1) <one>ligand-binding sites</one> (2) <one>enzymatic active sites</one>
294
+ - Protein space lies within ... ? "Chemical space".
295
+ - Proteine variieren sehr stark in der Größe, von nDa bis zu n Da? Von "5_000 Da" bis zu "3_000_000 Da".
296
+ - How is the "winged HTH domain" different from the (regular) "HTH domain"? The winged HTH domain has a longer turn, e. g. the "winged turn", which is 10 aminoacids in length.
297
+ - The "folding process" goes from a high energy unfolded state to a low energy native state, through ... states. A: "metastable intermediate states".
298
+ - Asparagine residues are often found where in an alpha-helix? Near the beginning or the end of that alpha-helix.
299
+ - Which state occurs before the "final native state" of a folded protein? The "molten globule state". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_globule
300
+ - Die "2D-Kristallisation von Proteinen" erfolgt besonders gut bei welchen Proteinen? Bei "Membranproteine".
301
+ - Give the mnemonic for the trend of hydrophobicity parameters for the L-aminoacids. A: F,(L,I),(Y,W),V,M,P,C,A,G,T,S,K,Q,N,H,D,E,R. Also, Phenomenäle Läuse der Isolde Yagen wilden Valentin.
302
+ - Starke Helix-Brecher sind zum Beispiel "Glycin" oder "Prolin". Es gibt jedoch auch zwei schwache Helix-Brecher, ebenso Aminosäuren. Welche zwei sind dies? (1) "Asparagin" (2) "Tyrosin"
303
+ - "Wasserstoffbrücken" entstehen zwischen ...? (1) Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff (2) Wasserstoff und Stickstoff
304
+ - Name the three most common obstacles to correct folding. A: (1) aggregation of the intermediate through exposed hydrophobic groups (2) formation of incorrect disulfide bonds (3) isomerization of proline residues
305
+ - Molekulargewicht von Myosin II, in kDa? "500 kDa".
306
+ - Which of the following properties of a protein is least likely to be affected by changes in pH? Pick one from: "Secondary structure", "Net charge", "Primary structure" or "Tertiary structure". A: "Primary Structure".
307
+ - A membrane-spanning protein, in its simplest form, has how many and which segments? 3. (1) one hydrophobic transmembrane segment (2) two hydrophobic regions
308
+ - Was ist die "EF-Hand"? In der Proteinchemie, die Abfolge "Helix E", "loop", "Helix F".
309
+ - The "Protein Structure Continuum" may lead to "IDPs". What does this abbreviation stand for? IDPs stands for "Intrinsically Disordered Proteins".
310
+ - Warum sind nicht alle Werte im Ramachandran-Diagramm möglich zwischen phi und psi Bindungswinkeln? Weil es zu "Kollisionen zwischen den Atomen" kommen kann; dies ist energetisch gesehen ungünstig.
311
+ - "Fhkl" is a mathematical function, used in x-ray crystallography that describes the amplitude and phase of a wave diffracted from crystal lattice planes, characterized by ... indices h,k,l. A: Miller indices.
312
+ - The PDB (Protein Data Bank) contained how many proteins in 2005? Roughly 25.000 proteins, determined by X-ray crystallography.
313
+ - Länge in Alpha-Helix pro Aminosäure? 0.16 nm.
314
+ - Ein Protein hat eine aminoterminale Signalsequenz - was können wir draus schliessen? Das dieses Protein zur Sekretion bestimmt sein mag.
315
+ - In general, where do "Beta-Hairpin turns" occur? They occur between "two antiparallel beta-strands".
316
+ - Warum kann die Strukturbiologie kaum auf Einzelebene der Aminosäuren Vorhersagen treffen? Da selbst wenn wir zum Beispiel 2 Aminosäuren beschreiben können, die miteinander wechselwirken, wir eine unrealistische Annahme treffen, da ein Protein aus vielen Aminosäuren besteht, die miteinander in 3D sich gegenseitig beeinflussen können (+ Wassermoleküle in der Umgebung).
317
+ - In general, the X-ray method is much better than the NMR method. One difficulty is to obtain the crystals, but name an area where the NMR in particular excels. A: It can also study "protein dynamics".
318
+ - In der Strukturbiologie, was meinen wir mit "MAD"? multi-wavelength anomalous diffusion.
319
+ - Name one big advantage that X-Ray has over NMR. A: X-Ray has no size limitation in regards to the structure to be studied.