studium 0.10.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cell cultures
+#
+# This file collects information about cell cultures and cell populations.
+# It may also include some information about cell biology and cancer
+# biology, if it is of relevance to cell cultures in any way.
+#
+# Zellkultur tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- For animal cell culturing, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular <one>glutamin</one>. Why glutamin, though? Because <one>glutamin</one> <two>functions as an energy substrate</two>.
+- <one>Animal models</one> are a bad predictor for which part of the human? The <one>skin system</one>. []
+- Benötigen <one>VERO-Zellen</one> ein <one>Substrat</one>? Ja.
+- <one>A549 cells</one> are used as models for the study of ... ? <one>lung cancer</one> (and the development of drug therapies against it).
+- An infection of a cell culture via "mycoplasm" can change the metabolism of the cells. Give one example for this. A: For example, there may be <one>an increased requirement for arginin</one>.
+- For certain cell lines we can apply scraping, via a <one>cell scraper</one>. In particular to which cell lines may we wish to do so? To cell lines that are otherwise <one>sensitive to proteases</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit den <one>Ansprüchen einer Zelle an das Serum</one>, in einer Zellkultur? Das sie von bestimmten <one>Wachstumsfaktoren</one> abhängig sein mögen.
+- The <one>3T3 cell line</one> was established in the year ... ? <one>1962</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- Es gibt den <one>3T3 Zelltyp</one>. Wieso dieser eigenartige Name? <one>3T3</one> heisst <one>jeden 3. Tag 1x3</one> gesplitted. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3_cells
+- <one>Tumor cells</one> used in cell cultures may be homogenous, but have which general disadvantage? They often show <one>genomic instability</one>.
+- Warum verwenden wir <one>NaHCO3</one> in der tierischen Zellkultur? Um den pH-Wert nicht zu sauer werden zu lassen. Bei Zellwachstum erhöhen sich die CO2-Werte, die wiederum den pH-Wert des Mediums erniedrigen. NaHCO3 neutralisiert diesen Effekt.
+- In cell culturing, <one>PBS</one> is often used. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Phosphate buffered saline</one>.
+- The <one>MDCK cell line</one>: what does MDCK stand for? <one>Madin Darby Canine Kidney</one>.
+- The <one>ECACC</one> has how many cell lines? More than <one>40.000</one>.
+- The <one>standard fibroblast cell line</one> is ... ? The mouse <one>3T3 cell line</one>.
+- A549 cells contain which virus? Adenovirus.
+- The A549 cells were established by D. J. Giard in which year? 1972. 
+- In cell culturing: what is meant with a <one>clonogenic assay</one>? This is <one>the culturing of tumor stem cells</one>.
+- Warum werden <one>CHO Zellen</one> bevorzugt in der Biotechnologie? Da sie <one>in Suspensionskultur wachsen können</one>.
+- The most commonly used <one>CO₂ concentration</one> used for animal cell culture is ... n%. A: <one>5%</one>.
+- The <one>Namalwa host cell line</one> is used for the production of ... ? <one>Alpha-interferon</one>.
+- In cell cultures: we may have the so-called <one>PD number</one>. What does PD stand for here? <one>Population doubling</one> number.
+- "<u>Tissue culture</u>" begann wann? <one>1907</one>.
+- The <violet>MDCK cell line</violet> has been derived from? <tomato>Dogs</tomato> (Epithelial cells).
+- The 3T3 mouse cells show what kind of ploidy state? They are <tomato>hypertriploid</tomato>.
+- The <tomato>3T3</tomato> designation refers to ... ? The abbreviation of <royalblue>3-day transfer, inoculum 3x10**5 cells</royalblue>.
+- Say that we may wish to allow allow anchorage dependent cells to grow in a stirred tank reactor. What could we use? <tomato>Microcarriers</tomato>.
+- Nenne einen gravierenden Nachteil des Serums in (industrieller) Zellkultur. A: <tomato>Chargenvariabilität</tomato>.
+- Give an example for an undefined supplement that is commonly used for cell cultures. A: <tomato>fetal calf serum</tomato>.
+- Complex media are often required for animal cell cultures. Name two such examples. A: (1) <tomato>fetal calf serum</tomato> (2) <tomato>soya bean extract</tomato>
+- The <tomato>BHK21 cell line</tomato> is ... what kind of hamster? Syrian hamster (from the kidney).
+- Eine nicht-immortalisierte Zellline ist nach etwa wieviele Passagen nicht mehr teilungsfähig? Nach etwa <one>30 Passagen</one>.
+- From about 1980 to 1986 there was a regulatory struggle for the use of <tomato>continuous cell lines</tomato>. What was the major concern here? <one>Oncogens</one>.
+- Nenne einen <tomato>Puffer</tomato> der in Zellkulturen oft verwendet wird. A: "<u>NaHCO3</u>".
+- The cell culture line called "Namalwa" typically includes which virus that is integrated into the genome? The <tomato>Epstein-Barr virus genome</tomato>.
+- Media development for animal cells is largely an ... process. A: <tomato>empiric process</tomato>.
+- Say that we are working with CHO cell lines. We now add a substance called <tomato>methionine sulphoximine</tomato> (MSX). Why may we do so? Because methionine sulphoximine can be used to inhibit endogenous Glutamine Synthetase activity. That way only transfectants with additional Glutamine Synthetase activity can survive.
+- Some mammalian cell lines used in a cell culture do not express sufficient levels of <tomato>Glutamine Synthetase</tomato> (GS) to survive without the addition of glutamine into the cell culture. Name one such cell culture that requires GS addition. A: <violet>NS0</violet>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS0_cell
+- Give a good practical reason as to why we may wish to substitute serum, in particular FCS (<tomato>fetal calf serum</tomato>). A: We always have a risk of viral (or prion) <violet>contamination</violet> from natural fetal calf serum.
+- The <tomato>starting point</tomato> for many cell culture media used for animal cells is often ... ? <crimson>Blood</crimson>.
+- Name a popular microplate that is larger than the well known 96-well plate. A: The <tomato>384-well plate</tomato>.
+- Given the two terms adherent cells and suspended cells - give two different, longer words for these, respectively. A: (1) adherent cells:  <tomato>anchorage dependent   cells</tomato> (2) suspended cells: <tomato>anchorage independent cells</tomato>
+- Name a famous African Green Monkey kidney cell line. A: The <tomato>VERO</tomato> cell line.
+- Name an "adenovirus transformed human cell line". A: The <orange>HEK293</orange> cell line.
+- The "standard fibroblast cell line" is ... ? The "<u>3T3 cell line</u>".
+- How often will fibroblasts typically divide, compared to epithelial cells? (1) "<u>Fibroblast cells</u>": "50-80 times" (2) "<u>Epithhelia cells</u>": "10-20 times"
+- If we add the enzyme "Beta-Galactosidase" to e. g. mouse fibroblasts, in which organelles will this enzyme be active, eventually? In the "<u>lysosome</u>".
+- "<u>Feeder cells</u>" can improve cell growth in a cell culture. But we may also be able to just provide the substances that these cells provide, "extracellular matrix proteins" such as ... name three examples. A: (1) "collagen" (2) "fibronectin" (3) "laminin"
+- Nenne drei verschiedene "Zellkulturbanken". A: (1) "ATCC": URL -> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCC_%28company%29 (2) "ECACC": ("The European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures") (3) "DSMZ": URL -> https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/catalogue-human-and-animal-cell-lines.html
+- How can we, possibly accidentally, kill cells in a cell culture, without even knowing or trying hard? Yes - for example, if these cells lack "growth factors".
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to make use of the "end-point measurement". We have non-destructive, and destructive methods here. Give two examples for "destructive measurement". A: (1) "cell lysis" (2) "cell fixation"
+- One of the most important uses of cell culture is in research and production of ... ? "Vaccines".
+- The most important piece of equipment within a cell culture laboratory is the "MSC". What does this abbreviation stand for? "MSC" stands for "Microbiological safety cabinet".
+- Wieviel Prozent der Zellkulturlabore in Deutschland testen auf "Mykoplasmen", in etwa? Etwa 30%.
+- Gegeben sei eine "Suspensionskultur" (Zellkultur). Sollte hierbei die Konzentration an Kalzium hoch oder niedrig sein? Eher niedrig, da eine hohe Konzentration an Kalzium die Aggregation der Zellen untereinander fördert.
+- Name 3 different eukaryotic cell cultures. A: (1) "HeLa Zellen" (2) "VERO Zellen" (3) "CHO Zellen"
+- "Supportive feeder cells" often express high levels of ... which FGF? "Fibroblast growth factor-2", aka "FGF2".
+- Zu tierischen Zellkulturen wird oft "Phenolrot" hinzugefügt. Wieso? Phenolrot wirkt als ein "pH-Indikator".
+- Nenne zwei "Arten von Zellkulturen". A: (1) "adhärente Zellkulturen" (2) "Zellen die in Suspension wachsen"
+- The "doubling time" for CHO cells is about n hours? About "20-22 hours".
+- Why may we wish to want to find out whether apoptosis occurs in a cell culture? This may allow us to test e. g. whether a drug can induce apoptosis in a given cell line.
+- Können "transformierte Zellen" auf "<u>Weichagar</u>" wachsen? Ja.
+- In cell cultures we may have to use CO2. How does an "increasing CO2 value" change the pH of the medium? It will decrease the pH - thus, make the medium "more acidic".
+- Give two reasons as to why "gamma-irradiation" is worse than treatment of a cell culture via "mitomycin-C". A: Because gamma-irradiation is (1) "expensive", and (2) "time-consuming"
+- Normal cells are unable to replicate past several rounds of proliferation. How do we call that "barrier"? The "Hayflick limit".
+- Growth arrest can be induced by chemicals, such as "mitomycin-C". This may be useful to create "feeder cells", for use in a cell culture. Name another chemical, that begins with the letter "g", that could be used here. A: "Glutaraldehyde". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaraldehyde
+- Long-term storage of mammalian cells in a viable state can be done via ... ? "Cryopreservation". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation
+- When we use a "Matrigel coated surface", in animal cell culture, which cell types do we usually employ here? "Endothelial cells".
+- "Matrigel" is the trade name for a gelatinous protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) ... sarcoma cells. A: "Mouse sarcoma cells".
+- How do "feeder cells" help in a cell culture? They "release growth factors intoto the culture medium", which helps other cells grow.
+- In "tierischen Zellkulturen" erscheinen die Zellen oft leicht rot. Wieso? Durch den Wirkstoff "Phenolrot".
+- "Cryopreservation of fully functional animal cells" was first reported in the scientific literature in the year ...by Polge et al. A: In the year "1949".
+- The "BHK-21" cell line ... BHK stands for? "Baby hamster kidney cells".
+- Mycoplasmen sind in der Zellkultur-Technik ein Problem. Können sie einen 0,2 mikrometer-Membranfilter passieren? Ja. Der aufgebrachte Druck drückt die sich verformenden Mykoplasmen durch die Poren, auch wenn sie eigentlich größer als 0,2 mikrometer sind.
+- "DMEM-Medium" ("Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium") gibt es in welchen zwei Varianten? (1) eine Variante mit "wenig Glukose" (2) eine Variante mit "viel Glukose"
+- In der Biotechnologie, welches ist die "wichtigste tierische Zellkultur-Linie"? "CHO", chinese hamster ovary.
+- Do "human skin cells" require physical contact with feeder cells? Yes.
+- Incubators for cell culture must maintain an environment which is optimal for cell growth. This requires that three parameters be measured, controlled and reliably maintained. Which ones are these? (1) "temperature" (2) "humidity" (3) "carbon dioxide concentration"
+- Für die Etablierung und Verbreitung der Zellkulturen war welche Substanz eminent wichtig? "Penicillin".
+- The early development of cell culture technology was hindered by issues of ... ? "Microbial contamination".
+- The cells of the feeder layer used in some cell cultures will not proliferate. How is this often achieved, technically? (1) via "irradiation" (2) also via "certain chemicals"
+- "Leonard Hayflick" entwickelte den ersten menschlichen diploiden Zellstamm. Wie war dessen Name? "WI-38". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WI-38
+- Give another name for "spheroids". A: "organoids".
+- Why are spheroids considered so important? Because they present a "more realistic model of tumor tissue", in research.
+- CHO-K1 (CHO-cells) was mutagenized with ... to generate a cell line lacking dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity. A: "ethyl methanesulfonate".
+- CHO-K1 (CHO-cells) are deficient in which gene? "Dihydrofolate reductase". 
+- Müssen transformierte Zellen zwingend malign sein? Nein, nicht unbedingt. Sie können auch lediglich eine "permanent wachsende Zellinie" (== immortalisiert) sein, die aus einer Primärkultur entstanden ist.
+- Das "Hayflick-Limit" gilt für etwa wieviele Zellverdoppelungen? Etwa 50 - danach ist Schluss.
+- The "VERO cell line" is also used for the production of ... which virus? "Poliovirus".
+- Feeder cells are useful for cell cultures, but they may also show one particular problem? They may attempt to "overgrow the culture" unless this is somehow prevented.
+- Welche Bakterien sind in der Zellkultur ein grosses Problem? Die "Mykoplasmen". Sie besitzen keine Zellwand und sind daher vollkommen resistent gegenüber den meisten Antibiotika, die normalerweise in der Zellkultur eingesetzt werden, wie Penicillin, Streptomycin oder Gentamycin.
+- In a cell culture, we may wish to look at the cells via "end-point measurement", which should ideally be "non-destructive". Give an example for a technique that would be non-destructive here. A: For example, "microscopy" is a non-destructive technique.
+- Name a risk associated with "primary cultures of human origin". A: They may be a source of viral infection, e. g. "hepatitis B" or "hepatitis C" and so forth.
+- When we put endothelial cells onto a Matrigel matrix, what can we observe? A "spider-like network connection between these cells".
+- Gegeben sei eine Primärkultur die wir kultivieren möchten. Welches Medium sollten wir hier verwenden? Ein "Hanks-gepuffertes Medium".
+- In der Zellkultur wird mitunter welcher Puffer verwendet als Alternative für den Bicarbonat-Puffer? Der "HEPES" Puffer.
+- Was ist die "Matrigel matrix"? Dies ist eine "extrazelluläre Matrix" (ECM).
+- "In-vitro test systems" based on cell cultures have several key advantages, but also disadvantages. Name one specific disadvantage. A: In vitro test-systems only measure cellular effects. They can not measure "liver metabolism" or "inflammatory reactions".
+- Name three different applications of animal cell cultures in biotechnology. A: (1) Production of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, insulin or hormones. (2) Production of vaccines such as in the VERO cell line. (3) Production of "artificial skin", for use in treating burns.
+- For "animal cell cultures" the cells are usually taken from ... ? The "organ of an experimental animal".
+- Give an example for a cell line immortalized with a virus. A: "HEK293T", which was immortalized through the SV40 virus.
+- Give an example for a specific cell line that arose by "spontaneous immortalisation". A: "Vero cells" - which is a "monkey kidney cell line".
+- Name four different ways how "immortal cells" can be generated, for a cell culture. A: (1) Isolate them from a naturally occurring cancer. This is the original method for generating an immortalised cell line. Major examples include human HeLa cells (which originated from a cervical cancer). (2) Introduction of a viral gene that partially deregulates the cell (Example: HEK 293 cell line). (3) Artificial expression of key proteins required for immortality, such as the "telomerase". (4) Hybridoma technology, specifically used for the generation of immortalised antibody-producing B cell lines, where an antibody-producing B cell is fused with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell.
+- "3T3 feeder fibroblasts" constitutively produce ... which factor? "Hyaluronic acid".
+- We can distinguish two general groups among "feeder cells" used in cell cultures. Which ones are these? (1) "growth-arrested feeder cells" (2) "live feeder cells"
+- Why may we see "chemically fixed feeder cells" in the refrigerator? We could re-use them as culture substrate at a later time.
+- Give an example where "chemically fixed feeder cells" may be used. A: They may be used to support the growth and maintenance of "induced pluripotent stem cells" ("iPSC").
+- "Mitomycin-C" is often used in cell cultures. How does it work? It works by arresting cells in G1 and S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The cells remain vital. Mitomycin-C "prevents DNA double-strand separation" during cell replication, by forming covalent cross-links between DNA opposite strands. RNA and protein synthesis continue nonetheless.
+- Nenne eine Substanz mit der man Zellkulturen transformieren kann. A: "EMS" ("Ethylmethansulfonat)".
+- A. W. für "permanente Zellkultur"? "Dauerkultur".
+- Gamma-irradiation remains a commonly used method to avoid "feeder cells" dividing. Name a chemical treatment to achieve the same. A: Treatment of these cells via "mitomycin-C".
+- Wieso wird menschliches t-Pa in "CHO-Zellen" produziert und nicht in prokaryoten Organismen? Da "das Protein glykosyliert werden muss" - Prokaryoten können dies jedoch nicht.
+- "Feeder cells" have been in use since what year? Since the year "1955".
+- Was meinen wir mit einer "Primärkultur"? Dies ist eine Kultur, die von Zellen, Geweben oder Organen angelegt wird, die "direkt einem Organismus entnommen wurden".
+- Why are "feeder cells" used in cell cultures? They can "promote cell proliferation".
+- Can "feeder cells" divide? No, they are unable to divide - but they can still provide extracellular secretions that can help other cells proliferate.
+- How can we eliminate Mycoplasm from a cell culture? We could use "Kanamycin".
+- What is the "opposite" of a "continuous cell line"? A "finite cell line".
+- Wie nennen wir in der Zellkultur eine "konfluente Schicht" noch? "Monolayer".
+- "Per.C6" is a "human embryonic ... cell line". A: It is "a human embryonic retinal cell line".
+- The "Hek293" cell line has been transformed with ... ? The "Ad5 genome" that was cleaved via a restriction enzyme. 
+- The cell line called "Hek293", aka "Hek", stands for ... ? "Human embryonic kidney" cell line.
+- Cell lines that are used in biotechnology usually start with cells that are known to be normal, aka diploid. Then they may be transformed, in particular "immortalized". Name three different mechanisms here for achieving this goal of immortalization. A: (1) use a "virus" (2) use "cellular oncogenes" (3) use "hTERT"
+- The majority of successful biopharmaceutical ingredients are produced in ... which cell line? In "CHO cell lines".
+- In a cell culture, we may have to not forget "provenance". What is meant with this term? This is the question as to what has happened to the particular cell line at hand since its original isolation.
+- Can we detect Apoptosis purely from DNA? Yes. We can extract DNA from apoptotic cells, then separate it by gel electrophoresis. This will reveal a "characteristic ladder pattern of low molecular weight DNA fragments".
+- If we wish to find out how many apoptotic cells are in a given cell culture, what may be the simplest way to do so? We can use a specific DNA stain to detect apoptotic cells. Nucleic acid stains can be a useful tool for identifying even low numbers of apoptotic cells in cell populations.
+- Name three general "growth characteristics" for a cell culture. A: (1) the "population doubling times" (2) the "ability to grow in suspension" (3) the "plating efficiency"
+- Die Zellinie "HaCat" - wofür steht diese Abkürzung? "Human adult low Calcium high Temperature" cell line. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402346
+- Is it easier to maintain a "finite cell line", as opposed to a "continuous cell line"? No - "continuous cell lines" are easier to maintain.
+- Name three different "carrier proteins" in the serum. A: (1) "albumin" (2) "lipoproteins" (3) "riboflavin carrier proteins"
+- CHO cells are the most common mammalian cell line used for mass production of therapeutic proteins. They can produce recombinant protein on the scale of n grams per liter of culture. A: "3-10 grams per liter".
+- Bei den "CHO Zellen", nenne eine Voraussetzung für eine hohe Expression. A: Genamplifikation.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der Proteinexpression in CHO Zellen. A: Die "Ausbeuten sind relativ gering".
+- In welchen Zellen produzieren wir "EPO-Präparate"? EPO-Präparate werden aufgrund der ähnlichen "Glykosylierungsmuster" in "CHO-Zellen" produziert. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHO-Zellen
+- Wie bemerken wir das sich die Phase-II in einer Zellkultur dem Ende zuneigt? Die Zellen in dieser Phase teilen sich zunehmend langsamer; dies ist ein Zeichen für den Beginn der Phase III.
+- In a cell culture, if we use the gene "DHFR" ("Dihydrofolat-Reductase"), how can we then select? We apply "Methotrexat"; this allows the amplification of the target gene.
+- Nenne zwei "Vorteile einer 3D Zellkultur". A: (1) eine 3D Zellkultur simuliert natürliche Gewebe (2) eine 3D Zellkultur ist realistischer betreffend Strahlungsdosis bei einer Radiotherapie gegen Krebs; dies spiegelt den natürlichen Zustand im Körper besser wider
+- Es gibt in der tierischen Zellkulturtechnik das "DMEM-Kulturmedium" ("Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium"). Was wird hierbei als "Glutamin-Quelle" verwendet? "Glutamax".
+- Die "menschliche Zellinie WI-38" wird vor allem wozu eingesetzt? Zur "Herstellung von Impfstoffen".
+- In welchem Jahr wurde das "HAT-Medium" (Hypoxanthin, Aminopterin, Thymidin) eingeführt? "1964".
+- Give two examples for "in-vitro cell immortalization" caused by viruses or viral proteins. A: (1) "SV40 large-T antigen" (2) "Adenovirus-E1a protein"
+- Name two different (but general) ways to detect apoptotic cells in a cell culture. A: (1) use "DNA Stains" for detecting apoptotic cells (2) check the "membrane permeability" to determine how many cells are dead
+- When we wish to "perform experiments on cell cultures". Give "two different reasons" as to why we would want to obtain as little data as possible. A: (1) cost (2) time required to analyse and evaluate the data

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cellbiology Tag
+#
+# Cellbio tag. Cell Tag. Cel tag. Zell Tag. Celltag. Zellbiologie tag.
+# Zellbio tag. Akt tag. Aktuell tag.
+# Cell2 tag (wird eventuell später geändert).
+# Zellbiologie tierischer Zellen.
+#
+# Zellzyklus wird in einer separaten Datei gesammelt.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Why is it important that the <one>ER</one> (<one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>) has a large surface area? This helps in <one>biochemical synthesis</one>.
+- Microtubules are made of which protein? <one>Tubulin</one>.
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of the secretory pathway? The <one>endocytic pathway</one>.
+- Give another name for <cadetblue>Ubiquitin E1</cadetblue>. A: <one>Ubiquitin-activating enzyme</one>.
+- Wie weit sind <one>die Membranen des Zellkerns</one> voneinander entfernt (von, bis)? <cadetblue>10-50 nm</cadetblue>.
+- Is <one>a human egg</one> or <one>a human red blood cell</one> larger? A human egg is larger than a red blood cell.
+- In cellbiology: what is a <one>Shmoo</one>? A shmoo is a budding yeast responding to a pheromone from the opposite mating type (either a or alpha) - Yeast-Cells that undergo mating present this particular structure, and look like such a "shmoo"- thus, the whole process is known as "shmooing".
+- Warum ist <one>Rapamycin</one> (RAPA) in der Zellbiologie wichtig? Weil es als "Immunosuppressivum" wirken kann, und auch die Entwicklung von Krebs behindert.
+- What is the main task of <one>SNARE proteins</one>? SNARE proteins mediate <one>fusion of lipid bilayers</one>.
+- The only <one>direct intercellular junctions</one> that exist in plants are ... ? <one>Plasmodesmata</one>. []
+- Wozu braucht die Zelle <one>Mikrotubuli</one>? Mikrotubuli funktionieren wie Schienen, entlang derer Mitochondrien, Chloroplasten, Vesikel, Proteine und mRNA transportiert werden kann.
+- In cellbiology: what means the word <one>ERES</one>? <one>ER export site</one>. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/8568278_fig3_Figure-3-Biogenesis-of-Golgi-and-the-ER-export-site-A-Cells-stably-expressing-the
+- <one>Acetyl-Coenyzm A</one> besteht aus? Pyruvat und Coenzym A.
+- For <three>autophagy</three> to properly function, which <one>organelle</one> is the most important? The <one>lysosome</one>. []
+- A. W. für <one>Photoreceptors</one>? <one>Molecular light switches</one>.
+- <one>Integrins</one> can, on the outside of a cell, bind to ... ? <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Nenne ein (physiologisches) Kriterium, mit dem wir zwischen <one>Nekrose</one> und "Apoptosis" relativ einfach unterscheiden können. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one> geht mit einer <one>Entzündungsreaktion</one> einher.
+- Angenommen wir sehen zwei Zellen - eine kleinere Zelle und eine größere Zelle. Wir wissen das eine davon eine Stammzelle sein muss. Welche würden wir dann annehmen wäre die Stammzelle? Die größere der beiden Zellen.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>asymmetrischen Zellteilung</one>? Dies ist schlicht eine Zellteilung, bei der die beiden Tochterzellen unterschiedlich groß sind.
+- Was ist die Grundlage eines <one>Riboswitch</one>? Wirkt wie ein <one>Schalter</one> - einmal kann er abgelesen werden, ein anderes mal nicht.
+- Who initiates the <one>metaphase-to-anaphase</one> transition? The <one>APC</one>/<one>C complex</one>.
+- <one>Microfilaments</one> in a cell derive from which <three>protein</three>? From <one>actin</one>.
+- Most <one>animal cells</one> have a covering over the plasma membrane. How is this covering called? <one>Glycocalyx</one>.
+- Why do the <one>osteoclasts</one> need <three>acid</three>? In order to <one>dissolve the bone minerals</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Heterophagie</one>? Dies ist <one>das Verdauen zellfremder Substanzen</one>.
+- Welche Aufgabe hat das Protein <one>Ran</one>? Es setzt das Importprotein im Zellkern frei, wenn es in seiner aktiven Form vorliegt (also als Ran/GTP).
+- Wie gross (in nm; von-bis) sind <one>caveolae</one>? <one>50-100 nm</one>.
+- <one>Cadherins</one> are linked to the Actin Cytoskeleton by ...? <one>Catenins</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Renaturierung von DNA</one> benötigen wir warum eine hohe Salzkonzentration? Um die negativen Ladungen der Phosphatgruppen der DNA zu neutralisieren.
+- Why is <one>Cholesterol</one> preferentially localized to the upper region of the lipid monolayer? Because its hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Are <one>tetraspanins</one> glycosylated? Some are, at the <one>N-terminus</one>.
+- What was the first <one>membrane transport protein</one> whose structure was determined? <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es <one>COPII</one>. Dieses Protein ist wichtig beim Protein-Transport von RER zum Golgi Apparatus. Wofür steht das Wort COPII? <one>Coat Protein Complex II</one>.
+- Welches Enzym erzeugt <cadetblue>dTMP</cadetblue>? <one>Thymidylate Synthetase</one> (ausgehend von dUMP).
+- Der <one>Austausch von Ionen im ladungsneutralen Gegenstrom</one> heißt ... ? <one>Antiport</one>. []
+- Wo finden wir die <one>Cathepsine</one>? Im <one>Lysosom</one>. []
+- Warum das <three>g</three> in <one>G1-Phase</one>? <one>g</one> steht hier für <cadetblue>gap</cadetblue>. []
+- Im Jahre 2015 waren etwa wieviele <one>kleine G-Proteine</one> bekannt? Etwa <one>100</one>.
+- In cell biology: whats means <one>dynamic instability</one>? This refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the + end of a microtubule.
+- Der Durchmesser eines <one>Histon-Oktamers</one> beträgt ... ? <one>11 nm</one>. []
+- Name <one>a protein that requires a large vesicle for its transport</one>. A: <one>Collagen</one>.
+- What are <one>primary cultures</one>? These are cultures prepared directly from the tissues of an organism.
+- Nenne einen <one>Inhibitor der Phosphodiesterase</one>. A: <one>Koffein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffein []
+- Name a factor that may counteract <one>VEGF</one> (vascular endothelial growth factor). A: <one>Endostatin</one>.
+- The fibrillar extension of <one>NPC proteins</one> (<three>nucleoporins</three>) contain many repeats of which two amino acids? FG-repeats (<one>Phenylalanine</one> and <one>Glycine</one>).
+- Warum heissen <cadetblue>G-Proteine</cadetblue> so (das <cadetblue>G</cadetblue> in ihrem Namen)? Weil sie <one>Guanin-Nukleotide</one> binden.
+- Im Golgi Apparat können wir kleine Transportvesikel (small vesicles) finden. Welchen Durchmesser haben diese Vesikel (von-bis)? <one>60-80 nm</one>.
+- What does the cyclosome/anaphase promoting complex degrade? It degrades the <one>anaphase inhibitor</one>, via the "ubiquitin-degradation pathway".
+- The <one>nucleoporins</one> in a cell often contain different types of ... which two amino acids that are repeated? (1) <one>F</one>: <two>Phenylalanine</two> (2) <one>G</one>: <two>Glycine</two>
+- A single <one>gap junction channel<one> is composed of two ... ? <one>Connexons</one>.
+- What is <one>the difference</one> between budding and binary fission? Both are forms of asexual reproduction. Binary Fission is the splitting of the cell with mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Budding is the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old one.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie die Zelle die <one>GTP-Hydrolyse</one> von GPCRs beschleunigen kann. A: Sie kann <one>GAPs</one> (<two>GTPase-aktivierende-Proteine</two>) verwenden.
+- Wer entdeckte das Phänomen <one>splicing</one>? <one>Joan Steitz</one>. URL: https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/steitz/
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ERAD</one>? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated_protein_degradation
+- How do we call an <one>inactive caspase</one>? <one>Procaspase</one>. []
+- Is <cadetblue>Autophagy</cadetblue> useful only for <one>organelle turnover</one>? No - <one>it can also help protect an organism against intracellular threats</one>, such as <two>invading bacteria</two>.
+- In der Zellbiologie, gib ein anderes Wort an für das <one>KDEL Signal</one>, auf Englisch. A: <one>ER retention sequence</one>. []
+- <one>Clathrin</one> besteht aus? 3 leichten und 3 schweren Ketten.
+- In <one>cell biology</one>: give another expression for <two>reversable cell cycle arrest</two>. A: <one>Quiescence</one>.
+- <one>Multicellularity</one> is in general a successful strategy, but there is at the least one major drawback when compared to unicellularity. Which one is that? It takes longer before <one>reproduction</one> can occur.
+- Name a big advantage that multicellularity brought. A: Bigger organisms are able to access more nutrients than do unicellular organisms.
+- <one>Collagen fibrils</one> are ropes with tunable ... ? <one>Stiffness</one>.
+- Name two general advantages associated with subcellular components. A: (1) <one>concentrate metabolic intermediates</one> (2) <one>sequester toxic compounds</one>
+- Inter‐organellar connections depend on ... which act as tethers to bridge the respective organelle membranes. A: interacting proteins.
+- Give another expression for the phenomenon of two, or more, oragenelles coming into close apposition. A: <one>Inter‐organellar membrane contacts</one>.
+- What is the <one>glycosome</one>? The glycosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle that <one>contains glycolytic enzymes</one>.
+- Why is <one>CO2</one> used for Live Imaging? Because this will yield a buffer (CO2/HCO3-).
+- Der <one>ABC-Transporter</one> ist membrangebunden und kann ATP binden. Auf welcher Seite der Zellmembran bindet dieser Transporter ATP? Auf der <one>cytosolischen Seite</one>.
+- Wann sind Chromosomen <one>unsichtbar</one>? In der <one>Interphase</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was heisst <one>SNARE</one>? SNAP-(Soluble NSF Attachment Protein)-REceptor. Wenn man das NSF auch noch ausschreibt so kommt man auf "Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment Receptor".
+- Warum benötigt eine Zelle die <one>Intermediärfilamente</one>? Diese sind die stabilsten Bestandteile des Zytoskeletts. Bei ihnen steht die <one>Stützfunktion</one> im Vordergrund.
+- Is it possible to detect a small object below the resolution limit, in light microscopy? Yes, if said object itself emits light.
+- Microscopy is very important in cell biology. We can see the refractive index here. If we see a value such as 1.33, which is indicative of water, what does this mean? That light travels 1.33 times slower in water than it does in a vacuum.
+- The limiting separation at which two objects appear distinct is called <one>the limit of resolution</one>. It depends, primarily, on which two features? (1) the <one>wavelength of the light</one> (2) the <one>numerical aperture of the lens system used</one>
+- The interaction of light with an object changes the phase relationships of the light waves in a way that produces complex ... effects. A: Complex interference effects.
+- <one>Superresolution microscopy</one> may resolve the wavelength range from n nm to n nm? From about <one>40nm</one> to <one>120nm</one>, give or take.
+- Name <one>an advantage of optical microscopy</one>, in regards to visualizing biological systems. A: Light is relatively nonddestructive.
+- <one>Schleiden</one> and <one>Schwann</one> proposed the cell doctrine in which year? In the year <one>1838</one>. 
+- A typical animal cell is n (from-to) µm in diameter? <one>10-20 µm</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ICAM</one>? <one>Intercellular adhesion molecule</one>.
+- Das <one>ced-4 Genprodukt</one> aktiviert welches andere Protein? Die <one>ced-3 Caspase</one>.
+- In multicellular, eukaryotic cells, what is the most prominent cell cycle stage, e. .g the one that is used most often by eukaryotic cells? The <one>G0-phase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase
+- <one>Prenylation</one> is what? The linkage of C15/C20 units to <one>cysteine side chains</one>.
+- <one>Inositol phospholipids</one> can be phosphorylated at how many positions? <one>3</one> - at 3', 4' and 5'.
+- Das <one>KDEL Sequenz</one> am C-Terminus von Proteinen spielt eine wichtige Rolle beim Transport in den ER hinein. Gibt es einen KDEL Rezeptor? Ja, das <one>salvage compartment</one>, als Teil der ER Membran.
+- Welches <one>radioaktive Isotop</one> kann genutzt werden, um die Teilungsaktivität von proliferierenden Zellen zu beobachten? <one>P32</one>.
+- Welche zwei Proteine sind für die Stabilität des Zellkerns einer eukaryoten Zelle extrem wichtig? (1) <one>Typ-A-Lamin</one> (2) <one>Typ-B-Lamin</one>
+- Welchen Durchmesser haben <one>Ribosomen</one> (von-bis)? Etwa <one>20nm - 25nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom#Aufbau_und_Arten
+- Which protein assembles new nucleosomes? <orange>CAF-1</orange> - the "chromatin assembly factor". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1
+- <one>Mikrotubuli</one> sind am Centrosom + oder -? <one>-</one>
+- Was sind "speckles"? <one>Protein-Aggregate</one> im Zellkern. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0186
+- Cell membranes prevent passage of which type of molecules, aside from the size of that molecule? <one>Polar molecules</one>.
+- How do we call the clear gel that is part of the matrix surrounding animal cells in a tissue? The <one>extracellular fluid</one> (<cadetblue>ECF</cadetblue>).
+- Who or what essentially controls fusion and fission of mitochondria? <one>GTPases</one>.
+- A. W. für "Golgi-Komplex". A: <one>Sortierungszentrum</one>.
+- Is <cadetblue>lampbrush DNA</cadetblue> special? Yes. The DNA in these lampbrush loops appears to be "transcriptionally active", while the majority of DNA in axis is inactive.
+- A. W. für "cytokinesis"? <one>Cytoplasmic division</one>.
+- Name a protein that has a "pleckstrin homology domain". A: <one>Dynamin</one>.
+- Welche Hypothese konnte Louis Pasteur widerlegen? Die <one>Spontanzeugungshypothese</one>.
+- The "Coatomer" consists of how many different coat ("COP")-proteins? <one>7</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatomer
+- What defines the "character of a cellular compartment"? The <one>composition of the enclosing membrane</one>.
+- Can proteins contain "multiple nuclear localization signal" (<one>NLS</one>) sequences? Yes.
+- <violet>KDEL</violet> ist ein intrazelluläres "retention signal" für das ER. Aber wie hat man dies nachweisen können, experimentell? Durch <one>in-vitro Mutagenese</one>.
+- "Ras proteins in the cytoplasm" tend to have what at their carboxy termini? <one>Lipid groups</one>.
+- Zellen haben welche 3 Typen von Zell-Zell Verbindungen? (1) tight junctions (2) adhering junctions (3) gap junctions (Merkslogan: T,A,G junctions)
+- Dynamin uses which energy source? <one>GTP</one>.
+- Where exactly do we find the "SECIS element"? This element can be found in the <one>3-prime UTR</one>.
+- Nenne eine sterolähnliche Verbindung in der Zellmembran von "Pseudomonas syringae". A: <one>Hopanoide</one>.
+- How do we call the vesicles derived from the "endoplasmic reticulum"? <one>Microsomes</one>.
+- Warum der Name "F-Aktin" und "G-Aktin"? (1) F-Aktin: <one>filamentöses Aktin</one> (2) G-Akin:  <one>globuläres   Aktin</one>
+- Erlauben Transfersequenzen den gerichteten (= Polarität) Einbau von Proteinen in Membranen? Ja.
+- Name an "eukaryote" that lacks mitochondria. A: <one>Entamoeba histolytica</one>.
+- Microtubules are nucleated at which end? Their <one>minus end</one>.
+- Periphere Mikrotubuli in den Geisseln sind miteinander wie verbunden? Durch das Motorprotein <one>Dynein</one>.
+- A typical animal cell is n μm in diameter. A: <one>10-20 μm in diameter</one>.
+- The main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes are ... ? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>.
+- Was heisst "ERES" in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER export sites</one>.
+- An "autophagic vesicle" can fuse with ...? A <one>lysosome</one>.
+- <one>Coated pits</one> give rise to which structure? <one>Coated vesicles</one>.
+- Macroautophagy creates what? An <one>autophagic vacuole</one>.
+- Auf Ebene der Zelle: was bewirkt eine aktivierte <one>Protein-Kinase A</one>? A: Dieses Enzym katalysiert die Phosphorylierung anderer Proteine, was zu einer zellulären Antwort führt (i. e. bei einer vorhergegangengen Aktivierung über einen G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptor).
+- What does a "secretory protein" truly hate? The <one>cell membrane</one>.
+- Wie "nennen" wir die charakteristische "innere" Anordnung der Geißeln der Eukaryoten? <one>9x2+2</one>.
+- Inositol hat <violet>n OH-Gruppen</violet>? <one>6</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol
+- Welche Aufgabe hat das "Tat protein export system" und was heisst "tat" überhaupt? <one>tat</one> heisst "twin arginine translocase". Es transportiert gefaltete Proteine aus dem Cytoplasma hinaus.
+- Name something in cell biology that has a "triskelion structure". A: <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- What is the "end stage" of an autolysosome? A <one>residual body</one>.
+- In Biology, where can we find a "lagging head"? In the cell, in <one>kinesin</one>.
+- What effect may TGF-Beta have on cells? It may <one>force a halt to proliferation</one>.
+- Bei den pH Werten in biologischen Systemen, wie liegt die phosphoryl head group in Membranen vor? Negativ geladen, als <one>Phosphatidate</one>.
+- Do "growth factors" also belong to the group of <violet>cytokines</violet>? Yes.
+- Muskelfasern haben im Elektronenmikroskop eine "charakteristische Querstreifung", die wodurch verursacht wird? Diese Querstreifung wird durch die <one>Sarkomere</one> verursacht.
+- Nenne ein Kompartiment, das man nur in (manchen) Eukarya findet - ausgenommen "Chloroplasten", "Nucleus" und "Mitochondrien". A: Die <one>pulsierende Vakuole</one>.
+- Name a binding protein for beta 1 integrin. A: <one>Talin</one>.
+- Es gibt nicht nur <lawngreen>GFP</lawngreen> sondern auch CFP und YFP. Was heisst das? CFP ist "cyan fluorescent protein", YFP ist "yellow fluorescent protein".
+- Name a dangerous but very effective way to stop all cell division. A: <one>High exposure to x-rays</one>.
+- Wie ist das Mitochondrium aufgebaut, wieviele bp hat das menschliche mitochondriale Genom, was für eine zelluläre Funktion erfüllt es und was ist die Endosymbiontentheorie? Das Mitochondrium ist ein von einer Doppelmembran umschlossenes Organell. Es besitzt ein eigenes Genom (das Chondriom) bestehend aus 16.569 bp. Man findet Mitochondrien in (fast allen) eukaryoten Zellen, nicht jedoch in Prokaryoten. Mitochondrien fungieren als "Energiekraftwerke", indem sie das energiereiche Molekül Adenosintriphosphat bilden. Besonders viele Mitochondrien befinden sich in Zellen mit hohem Energieverbrauch, wie den Muskelzellen, Nervenzellen, Sinneszellen, Eizellen. Herzmuskelzellen haben z. Bsp einen Volumenanteil von 36% an Mitochondrien. Mitochondrien haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 1 mikrometer, mit unterschiedlichen formen. Mitochondrien vermehren sich durch Wachstum und Sprossung, die Anzahl von Mitochondrien wird dem Energiebedarf der Zelle angepasst. Eukaryotische Zellen, die ihre Mitochondrien verlieren, können diese nicht mehr regenerieren! Es gibt auch Eukaryoten ohne Mitochondrien, z. B. einige Protozoen. Mitochondrien werden primär über das Plasma der Eizelle nur von der Mutter vererbt (maternal), was Anlass zur Erforschung mütterlicher Verwandtschaftslinien (Matrilinien) war, aber auch das Spermium kann einige männliche Mitochondrien in das Plasma der befruchteten Eizelle (Zygote) importieren. Diese männlichen Mitochondrien werden jedoch wahrscheinlich recht schnell eliminiert. Es gibt jedoch einige Fälle in denen nachgewiesen werden konnte, das die Mitochondrien eines Kindes aus der väterlichen Linie stammten. Die Hülle der Mitochondrien besteht aus einer äußeren und einer inneren Membran. Beide Membranen unterscheiden sich in ihren Eigenschaften. Durch diese Membranen existieren fünf unterschiedliche Kompartimente: Die äußere Membran, der Intermembranraum (der Raum zwischen den beiden Membranen), die innere Membran, die Cristae und die Matrix (der Raum innerhalb der inneren Membran). Entgegen der gängigen Vorstellung treten Mitochondrien in der Zelle überwiegend nicht als separate, bohnenförmige Organellen auf. Stattdessen bilden sie ein tubuläres, mitochondriales Netzwerk, welches die gesamte Zelle durchzieht. Einzelne Mitochondrien sind in der Lage, sich mit diesem Netzwerk zu verbinden (Fusion) und sich wieder abzuspalten (Fission). Die Endosymbiontentheorie postuliert, das Mitochondrien aus einer Symbiose von aeroben Bakterien (aus der Gruppe der "Alpha-Proteobakterien") mit den Vorläufern der heutigen Eukaryoten hervorgegangen sind. Mitochondrien sind ohne Wirtszelle nicht lebensfähig.
+- What is the most important group of enzymes in the lysosome? The <one>hydrolases</one>.
+- Is "cell fusion" important in "practical cellbiology"? Give an example. A: Yes, it can be <one>used to produce monoclonal antibodies</one>.
+- Woraus besteht ein einzelnes Tubulin-Molekül? Es handelt sich hierbei um ein <cadetblue>Heterodimer</cadetblue>, bestehend aus Alpha und Beta-Tubulin.
+- Microtubules are organized from ...? <one>Centrosomes</one>.
+- Name a protein that can "severe actin filaments". A: <one>Gelsolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin
+- Name an ER-resident protein start with the letter "P". A: Protein disulfide isomerase (PPI).
+- Nenne eine Grenze der Lichtmikroskopie. A: Die <one>Abbe-Grenze</one>.
+- Name an adaptor protein for Ras-Proteins. A: <one>Grb2</one>.
+- Was passiert bei Zugabe von ATP zu <one>Actinmonomeren</one>? Es erfolgt eine Konformationsänderung in Actin; dieses assoziiert mit 2 anderen Actin-Monomeren. Dies kann der "Beginn für die Entstehung eines Actin-Filaments" sein.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es die "Microbodies". Was wird damit bezeichnet? (1) <one>Peroxisomen</one> (2) <one>Glyoxisomen</one> (3) <one>Glykosomen</one>
+- Ist <one>Importin Alpha</one> oder <one>Importin Beta</one> wichtiger? <one>Importin Alpha</one>, denn es bindet an das für den Zellkern bestimmte Protein.
+- Name the two main classes of membrane proteins that mediate transmembrane traffic. A: (1) <one>transporters</one> (2) <one>channels</one>
+- There is the Ras superfamily. What does "Rab" stand for? <one>Ras-like in Brain</one>.
+- FtsZ ähnelt in Eukarya was? <one>Tubulin</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es ein sehr wichtiges, dimeres (genauer: heterodimeres) Protein namens "MPF". Was heisst MPF? Maturation-promoting factor. Manchmal wird es aber auch <one>mitosis-promoting factor</one> bezeichnet.
+- The Adaptor protein "Epsin" in a cell helps which other molecule? <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- The "Ras protein" has a slow intrinsic ... activiy. A: It has a slow intrinsic <one>phosphatase-activity</one>, converting GTP -> GDP.
+- Name the 3 Ras Proteins in Humans. A: (1) <one>H</one>-Ras (2) <one>K</one>-Ras (3) <one>N</one>-Ras
+- Wo befinden sich vSNARE Proteine? Sie befinden sich <one>in der Vesikelmembran</one>.
+- Name one "microtubule severing protein". A: <one>Katanin</one>. It is named after the japanese sword katana.
+- What does "pinocytosis" literally mean? <one>Cellular drinking</one>.
+- In cell biology, what do we mean with "intrinsic fluorescence"? When some proteins or small molecules, in a given cell, are <one>naturally fluorescent</one>.
+- Mitochondria have n tRNA genes? <one>22</one>. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910628
+- The activity of the "protein kinase A" depends on ... ? The cellular levels of cyclic AMP (<one>cAMP</one>).
+- Wie nennen wir die Intermediärfilamente in Nervenzellen? <one>Neurofilamente</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediärfilamente#Typen
+- In cell biology, <cadetblue>ARF-GAP1</cadetblue> senses what? <one>Membrane curvature</one>.
+- How does mRNA with premature stop codons arise in humans, most likely? Due to <one>improper splicing</one>.
+- Angenommen wir möchten das glatte ER in der Zelle massiv proliferieren lassen. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten <one>Barbiturate</one> verwenden.
+- Die <one>RNA Helicasen</one> können im zellulären Kontext was machen? Sie können "RNA binding proteins" von der RNA lösen.
+- Finden wir in Skelettmuskelzellen mehr "ATP" oder mehr "Kreatinphosphat"? Mehr <one>Kreatinphosphat</one>.
+- The <one>lysosomal membrane</one> has a single or double phospholipid bilayer? It has <one>a single phospholipid layer</one>.
+- Within the cell, the so-called FG repeats are associated with ... ? <one>Karyopherins</one>.
+- Wo finden wir eine "glykosidische Bindung" in einem Nukleotid? Zwischen der <one>Base</one> und dem <one>Zucker</one>.
+- Name <cadetblue>a potent inhibitor of autophagy</cadetblue>. A: <one>Amino Acids</one>.
+- Within a <one>monolayer</one>, where can we find Cholesterol? Cholesterol is preferentially localized to the upper region of the monolayer because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- In der Mikroskopie, was sind <one>chromophore groups</one>? Groups with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color.
+- In "Tunel Labeling", which antibodies are used? <one>Br(d)U specific antibodies</one>.
+- The "Gamma-Tubulin Ring complex" is built where exactly? At the <one>minus end of Microtubules</one>.
+- Name an "actin motor". A: <one>Myosin</one>.
+- Wo findet man tSNAREs? Auf der <one>Zielorganelle</one>.
+- The Sec23 gene is part of a protein complex in a cell. Where can it be found inside of a cell? In the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- Does mitochondrial DNA mutate slower than nuclear DNA? No, it mutates about <one>10x faster</one> than nuclear genome DNA.
+- Where inside of a cell can we find the "Cajal bodies"? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- Nenne ein kleines G-Protein das mit dem Buchstaben "A" beginnt. A: <one>Arf</one> (ADP ribosylation factors). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor
+- Name the three principal organelles of the secretory pathway. A: (1) the <cadetblue>endoplasmic reticulum</cadetblue> (2) the <cadetblue>Golgi apparatus</cadetblue> (3) the <cadetblue>plasma membrane</cadetblue>
+- Welche Mikrotubuli reichen von Zellpol zu Zellpol? Die <one>Polar-Mikrotubuli</one>.
+- Incoming transport vesicles move to the Golgi apparatus. Where to first? Towards the <one>cis-face</one> of the Golgi apparatus.
+- A single <violet>NPC</violet> can transport n macromolecules per second? <one>1000</one>.
+- Export and import receptors are structurally related. They belong to which family? To the family of <one>karyopherins</one>.
+- Desmosomes are "anchorage sites" for ...? <one>Intermediate filaments</one>.
+- The "Nuclear pore complexes" consist of about n different proteins? About <one>30</one>.
+- When was the structure of the <cadetblue>nucleosome core particle</cadetblue> solved? In the year <one>1997</one>.
+- What is the "brain" of the cell? The <one>nucleus</one>.
+- Nenne eine besondere Domäne am <one>EGF-Rezeptor</one> A: Die <one>Dimerisierungsdomäne</one>.
+- Vinculin kann welch anderes Protein binden? <one>Actin</one>.
+- In cell biology, what happens if a late endosome combines with a lysosome? An <one>autolysosome</one> is created.
+- When is a "Rab Protein" active? When it has bound <violet>GTP</violet>.
+- Name something in a cell that is "bipolar". A: The <one>mitotic spindle</one>.
+- The famous protein p53 actually does not have a mass of 53 kDa but only 43.7 kDa. Why is that the case? p53 has a high number of <crimson>proline</crimson> residues, which "slow its migration on SDS-PAGE", thus making it <one>appear heavier</one> than it actually is.
+- Bis etwa 1970 wurde in der Cytologie das "Feulgen reagent" verwendet. Welche Farbe hat dies? Ein <crimson>dunkles rot</crimson>.
+- What happens when lipids go beyond a certain temperature? Also name a consequence of this. A: They turn into a "paracristalline form" - hence, <one>they can no longer rotate freely</one>.
+- A. W. für "three-layered"? <one>Trilaminar</one>.
+- Anteil von <cadetblue>Calmodulin</cadetblue> in % an der Proteinmasse in einer typischen eukaryoten Zelle? <one>1%</one>.
+- Welche Zellen haben viel "Albumin-mRNA"? <one>Hepatocyten</one>.
+- Ran-GTP can bind to ... ? <one>Importin</one>.
+- Do lipids <violet>flip-flop</violet>? No.
+- Wie schnell sind <cadetblue>G-Proteine</cadetblue>, allgemein? Etwa 3 Umwandlungen / Minute.
+- In Cellbiology, what is a <cadetblue>CKI</cadetblue>? This is a <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Typen membranständiger Multiproteinkomplexe, die am "Transport mitochondrialer Proteine" beteiligt sind. A: (1) <one>TIM</one> (2) <one>TOM</one>
+- Who proposed the structure for the <violet>nucleosome</violet>? <one>Roger Kornberg</one>.
+- Do <cadetblue>gap junctions</cadetblue> allow passage? Yes; of <one>small water-soluble molecules</one>.
+- Innerhalb der Zelle, wo docken "incoming transport vesicles" an? Am <cadetblue>CGN</cadetblue> ("cis golgi network") des Golgi apparatus.
+- Welche Zellen bilden die Myelinschicht? Die <one>Gliazellen</one>.
+- Give another word/term for the "centrosome". A: <one>Microtubule organizing center</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center
+- What happens to p53 upon activation? It will be <one>translocated into the nucleus</one>.
+- In cell biology, what does the abbreviation "Nups" stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>.
+- Rab Proteins are anchored on two cysteins in their C-terminus through which group? Through <one>prenyl groups</one>.
+- How do we call the "specialized domain" in cell membranes? <one>Lipid rafts</one>.
+- Name one important receptor that is degraded within lysosomes. A: <one>EGFR Receptor</one> (this is a safety mechanism).
+- Wie heisst das "endoplasmatische Retikulum" auf Englisch? <one>Endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- In nm, what is the "diameter" of a "Nuclear Pore Complex"? <one>125 nm diameter</one>.
+- How many <violet>NPCs</violet> does a typical mammalian cell have (from-to)? <one>3000-4000 NPCs</one>.
+- pH Wert von Lysosomes? <one>5</one>.
+- Has <one>autophagy</one> an important additional role aside from organelle turnover? Yes, <one>it is an immune mechanism</one>. It plays a role in the destruction of "intracellular pathogens".
+- Was ist das "major cargo protein" im zellulären <cadetblue>Cvt Pathway</cadetblue>? Aminopeptidase I (Ape1).
+- Why the Z in <cadetblue>FtsZ</cadetblue>? Because it will build the Z ring at the site where the septum forms.
+- Was enthält das <violet>Peroxisom</violet>? Enzyme, die <cadetblue>H2O2</cadetblue> bilden und abbauen kann.
+- Welche Aufgabe hat die <cadetblue>kontraktile Vakuole</cadetblue>? Überschüssiges Wasser aus der Zelle pumpen.
+- The signal sequence of a protein is related to folding in what way? It may "interfere" with the folding process.
+- Welche drei Autophagen-Mechanismen existieren? (1) <one>crinophagy</one> (2) <one>macroautophagy</one> (3) <one>microautophagy</one>
+- Zellulär betrachtet, wo findet man das Protein "Cathepsin D"? In <one>Lysosomen</one>.
+- The <violet>mtDNA</violet> codes for n transfer RNAs? <cadetblue>22</cadetblue>.
+- Wann wurde die "RNA-World Hypothesis" erstellt? Im Jahre <one>1986</one>.
+- A. W. für "transversale Bewegung" eines Proteins in einer Zellmembran? <one>Flip-flop</one>.
+- When a protein does not have a "sorting signal", what will be the result? This protein will <one>permanently reside in the cytosol</one>.
+- Name two "ER-resident chaperones". A: (1) <one>Calnexin</one> (2) <one>Calreticulin</one>
+- Aufgabe der "Calpaine"? Calpaine <one>bauen Muskeleiweiß ab</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain
+- Das <cadetblue>BiP Protein</cadetblue> ähnelt welch anderem Protein? <one>Hsp70</one>.
+- Cells have extensive sets of intracellular membranes. Together these are called the ? The <one>endomembrane system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system
+- Der cis-golgi ist "wem" zugewandt? Dem <one>ER</one>.
+- Welche Gene verzögern den Zellzyklus? <one>Tumorsuppressor-Gene</one>.
+- "Diacylglycerol" wird als Ausgangssubstanz für welches Phospholipid benötigt? <cadetblue>Phosphatidylcholine</cadetblue>.
+- Menschliche Zellkerne haben im Durchschnitt n Kernporen / Zellkern? <one>3000</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es eine Technik namens "FRAP". Was heisst das? <one>Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching</one>.
+- Name a protein that can dissociate SNARE pairs. A: <one>NSF</one>.
+- Is it easy to stretch a membrane? No.
+- Ribosomes are one of the most abundant macromolecules in the cell. Compare the amount of ribosomes per yeast cell and per HeLa cell, in numbers. A: (1) <cadetblue>yeast cell</cadetblue>: about   <one>200.000 ribosomes</one> (2) <cadetblue>HeLa cell</cadetblue>:  about <one>3.000.000 ribosomes</one> [Warner, 1999]
+- The main reaction types of "cell synthesis" are ... ? <one>Polymerization Reactions</one>.
+- Die Bax-Proteine werden durch welches Protein freigesetzt? <one>p53</one>.
+- Innerhalb einer Zelle schaffen Membranen ...? <one>Abgegrenzte Reaktionsräume</one>.
+- COP-Proteine in Vesikeln dienen dem Transport zwischen ...? <one>ER</one> und <one>Golgi</one>.
+- Give another (fancy) term for "phagocytosis". A: <cadetblue>Cellular cannibalism</cadetblue>.
+- A. W. für "Zellkörper"? <one>Perikaryon</one>.
+- Wie bestimmt man experimentell den Zeitpunkt der <cadetblue>S-Phase</cadetblue>? Durch Verwendung von <one>Bromodeoxyuridin</one>.
+- In prokaryotic cells (such as E. coli), what is the most abundant membrane Phospholipid? <one>Phosphatidylethanolamine</one>.
+- <cadetblue>Dendritische Zellen</cadetblue> - was heisst "dendritus"? <violet>Verzweigt</violet>.
+- Name two components of the <violet>ER lumen</violet>. A: (1) ER tubules (2) ER sheets
+- Name two things that "mature mammalian red blood cells" lack. A: (1) <one>nucleus</one> (2) <one>cytoplasmic organelles</one>
+- Was für ein Typ sind "RAB-Proteine"? <one>Kleine GTPasen</one>.
+- Paired strands of RNA are arranged how ...? <one>Antiparallel</one>.
+- Wo innerhalb der Zelle findet man die "zelluläre Phosphotransferase"? Dies ist <one>ein Enzym des Golgi apparatus</one>.
+- Lassen <violet>tight junctions</violet> Nährstoffe durch? Nein.
+- Was ist "Transmission" in der Mikroskopie? Dies ist <one>das Durchdringen eines Objektes mit Licht</one>.
+- Vorgänger des "Lysosome"? The <one>late endosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome#Late_endosomes_to_lysosomes
+- Welcher Wachstumsfaktor spielt bei "Blutgerinnung" und "Wundheilung" eine Rolle? <one>PDGF</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
+- Nenne einen Prozess, mit dem man RNA-Aptamere herstellen kann. A: <one>SELEX</one>.
+- Was ist eine <violet>isokonte Begeißelung</violet>? Wenn eine Zelle mehrere Geißeln trägt.
+- Woran binden die <violet>Rab-Domänen</violet> der Rab-Proteine? Sie binden an Tethering-Faktoren. Rab-Proteine befinden sich während und nach der Fusion in einem inaktiven, zytosolischen Zustand und stehen so für neue Tethering-Ereignisse zur Verfügung. Der Tethering-Faktor ist auf der Zielmembran.
+- Was ist die Rolle des "Pyruvat Dehydrogenase Complex" (<cadetblue>PDC</cadetblue>) in der Zelle? Dieser mitochondriale Porenkomplex <one>importiert Acetyl-CoA</one>.
+- What happens if the NLS is mutated? This will lead to <one>cytosolic localization of the given package</one>.
+- Name an unusual lipid that can be found in mitochondria. A: <one>Cardiolipin</one>. It is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about <cadetblue>20%</cadetblue> of the total lipid composition. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiolipin
+- How do we call the interior of the nucleus, for the most part? <one>Nucleoplasm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm
+- Phospholipid molecules also include <violet>choline</violet>. Is this hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Choline is fairly <one>hydropholic</one>; it is part of the hydrophilic head group of phospholipids as well.
+- A transport vesicles carries ... ? <one>Cargo</one>.
+- Was heisst "mTOR" in der Zellbiologie? <one>Mammalian target of rapamycin</one>. (<one>Beziehungsweise mechanistic target of rapamycin</one>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR
+- Karyopherins are "nuclear transport receptors" that bind to ... ? <one<Nups</one>.
+- Which hormone causes "apoptotic loss of the tail in frogs"? The <one>thyroid hormone</one>.
+- In general, most cell lines used in cell culture technology were derived from? From <one>tumors</one>.
+- Name the 3 principal organelles of the "secretory pathway". A: (1) The <one>ER</one> (2) The <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) The <one>plasma membrane</one>
+- Why do we make use of the Yeast-one-hybrid system? To study <one>protein-DNA interactions</one>.
+- Welche Aufgaben hat das raue ER, welche Aufgaben hat das glatte ER? (1) Aufgaben des rauen ER:   Synthese von Membran-, Export- und Lysosomenproteinen (2) Aufgaben des glatten ER: <one>Lipidsynthese</one>
+- A 32 base pair deletion can confer <violet>HIV resistance</violet>. In which human Gene? <one>CCR5</one>.
+- Um auf ein <cadetblue>Hormon</cadetblue> reagieren zu können, brauchen die Zellen ... ? einen "Rezeptor".
+- Das "KDEL Signal" lässt sich wo finden? Am <one>C-terminalen Ende</one> einer Polypeptidkette.
+- "Telomere fusion" may, in general, lead to ... ? "<u>Chromosomal instability</u>".
+- Das <violet>clathrin triskelion</violet> besteht aus ... ? Es ist ein <cadetblue>Hexamer</cadetblue>, bestehend aus 3x schweren Ketten und 3x leichten Ketten.
+- What is the "cis-Golgi"? The Golgi stack <one>closest to the ER</one>.
+- What is the function of the "ECM" (extracellular matrix)? The ECM <one>ties cells together</one>, enabling them to "form complex tissues". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix
+- Wieso schaffen es <cadetblue>Lysosomen</cadetblue> einen niedrigeren pH-Wert als ihre Umgebung zu halten? Sie besitzen eine <one>Protonenpumpe der Klasse V</one>, die unter ATP-Verbrauch Protonen in den Lysosomen anreichert.
+- <cadetblue>Phospholipase C</cadetblue> can activate which pathway? The <one>inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway</one>.
+- What is the net effect of "mitosis without cytokinesis"? <one>Cells with multiple nuclei</one> will be the result.
+- In Live Imaging there is a "triangle of frustration". What are the three major points? (1) <one>sensitivity</one>  aka "see something" (2) <one>speed</one>     aka "temporal resolution" (3) <one>nice picture</one> aka "spatial resolution"
+- For its synthesis, Cyclin D requires which specific transcription factor? <one>E2F</one>.
+- In cell biology, the "ARF-GAP1" can do what? It <one>can sense membrane curvature</one>.
+- Proteins have different half-lives. What determines the half-life of a protein? The <one>amino acids present at the N-terminus</one>.
+- Warum haben <violet>Integrine</violet> ihren Namen? Sie haben die Fähigkeit, extrinsische Signale in Veränderungen des Cytoskeletts der betreffenden Zelle zu "integrieren".
+- If we wish to add a "fluorescent dye" to Tubulin, which one should we use? <crimson>Rhodamine</crimson>.
+- Give an example for a monomeric GTPase. A: The <one>Ras-proteins</one>.
+- Welche Zellen reparieren Skelettmuskelfasern? <one>Satellitenzellen</one>.
+- What do we mean with "Tyr-P"? This is <one>a phosphorylated tyrosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine
+- <cadetblue>Below a certain temperature</cadetblue>, lipids are in ... which form? They tend to be in a <one>paracrystalline</one> form.
+- How was "autophagy" initially called? <one>Autolysis</one>.
+- Das "raue endoplasmatische Reticulum" verdankt seine Bezeichnung ... ? Den vielen <one>Ribosomen</one>.
+- The <violet>clathrin triskelion</violet> is specifically made up of ... ? 3 light chains - and 3 heavy chains.
+- A. W. für "DNA-protein intermediary". A: <one>RNA</one>.
+- Die "Motordomäne von Tyrosin" kann welche 2 Substanzen binden? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>Actin</one>
+- "FSH" in humans means what? <one>Follicle-stimulating hormones</one>.
+- <violet>Taxol</violet> bindet an welche Tubulin-Form? Taxol bindet an <cadetblue>Beta-Tubulin</cadetblue>, anstelle von GTP.
+- Zellbiologisch heraus betrachtet, wieso hat "Koffein" eine "stimulierende Wirkung"? Es <one>hemmt die Phosphodiesterase</one>, und bedingt dadurch einen langsameren Abbau von cAMP.
+- Example of "Quaternary RNA Structure"? The <one>ribosome</one>.
+- NSF is an <cadetblue>ATPase</cadetblue>, involved in membrane fusion. How many subunits does it have? NSF is homohexameric, so it has "six subunits".
+- How can we visualize "lipid rafts" in membranes? Via the <cadetblue>AFM</cadetblue> (<one>atomic force microscope</one>).
+- In cellbiology we can see the <orange>CVT pathway</orange>. This abbreviation stands for ... ? <one>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die Hülle einer Muskelfaser? <one>Sarkolemma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskulatur
+- Who and when published the molecular structure of the first nucleotide? <cadetblue>Furbery</cadetblue>, 1951.
+- Why may it be an advantage for eukaryotic cells if they can store secretory proteins in membrane compartments? Because this allows them to release these proteins from the cell surface in response to internal or external signals.
+- Haben Zellen normalerweise mehr GTP oder mehr GDP? Mehr GTP.
+- What is <cadetblue>the most remarkable ER specialization</cadetblue>? The <one>rough ER</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir den <cadetblue>G1-Kontrollpunkt</cadetblue> in Säugetierzellen? Restriktionspunkt (<violet>R-Punkt</violet>).
+- Importins belong to which family? <one>Karyopherins</one>.
+- Membrane bending by ... domains? <one>BAR domains</one>. They can induce different curvatues.
+- Name an enzyme that plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. A: <one>AMPK</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase
+- Bei <violet>G-Proteinen</violet>: ist der Komplex aus GDP + G(alpha,beta,gamma) aktiv? Nein, er ist inaktiv.
+- Nenne einen Hemmer von <one>MDM2</one>. A: Das Arf-Gen Produkt.
+- <violet>Nitric oxide</violet> (NO) has an impact on which part of the Mitochondria? On "Complex IV", cytochrome c oxidase.
+- Why is the <violet>26S-proteasome</violet> important for a cell? (1) We can "eliminate defective proteins" (2) we can "regulate cellular processes"
+- <violet>Selenocystein</violet> ist was genau? Ein <one>Cystein</one>, bei dem die Schwefelgruppe durch ein reaktiveres Selenium-Atom ausgetauscht wurde.
+- Was kann das Protein <violet>BAX</violet> bewirken? Die Apoptose einer Zelle.
+- An die Kernmembran schließt ... ? Das "Endoplasmatische Retikulum" (<one>ER</one>).
+- Welches <violet>Phospholipid</violet> trägt eine negative Ladung nach aussen hin? <one>Phosphatidylserine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine
+- Wie entsteht ein "Autolysosome"? Durch Fusion eines <one>Lysosome</one> mit einem <one>Autophagosome</one>.
+- In der Zelle, welche Aufgabe hat "Stathmin"? Es reguliert <one>microtubule dynamics</one>.
+- A. W. für "zwischen den Zellen"? <one>Interstitiell</one>. URL: http://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Interstitiell
+- <cadetblue>Caspases</cadetblue> cleave the target proteins at? At a specific <one>aspartic acid</one>.
+- Wo befinden sich <cadetblue>tSNARE Proteine</cadetblue>? Sie befinden sich in der "Membran der Zielorganelle".
+- Nenne ein Enzym, das beim lysosomalen Proteinabbau Verwendung findet. A: <one>Cathepsin</one>.
+- Name a way how to detect cells in the S-phase. A: For instance, via <one>BrdU Incorporation</one>.
+- Inermediärfilamente können mit anderen Intermediärfilamenten eine Interaktion eingehen. Wie geschieht dies? Über <one>Heptad-Repeats</one>.
+- Was ist zum <cadetblue>Zellkern von Osteoklasten</cadetblue> zu sagen? Diese Zellen sind <one>mehrkernig</one>.
+- The <violet>SCF complex</violet> promotes ...? Degradation of CKIs.
+- What do the <violet>MPRs</violet> (Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptors) bind? They bind to newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments.
+- What activity does Dynamin have? It has <one>a GTPase activity</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
+- Wann wurde NLS entdeckt und wo findet man sie? <one>1982 entdeckt</one>; am C-Terminus befindlich. Sie kann jedoch auch an anderer Stelle der Peptidkette auftauchen.
+- Was heisst "ERAD" in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>.
+- Was heisst "iPS"? <one>Induzierte, pluripotente Stammzellen</one>.
+- <cadetblue>Detergents</cadetblue> are soluble in which specific medium? In <one>water</one>.
+- Wo genau finde ich "Sphingomyeline"? In der <one>Myelinscheidenmembran der neuronalen Axone</one>.
+- What is the <cadetblue>coatomer</cadetblue> in cell biology? The coatomer is a protein complex that coats membrane-bound transport vesicles.
+- Diffusion erfolgt nach welchem Gesetz? Nach dem <one>Fickschen Diffusionsgesetz</one>.
+- Who or what can produce "transit amplifying cells"? <one>Stem cells</one> can.
+- Wo findet man <cadetblue>Rab-GTP</cadetblue>? An einem <one>Vesikel</one>.
+- Wie kann Autophagie (ein "degradation process") induziert werden? Durch <one>Hungern</one> (<one>starvation</one>).
+- Was heisst "Tor-Kinase"? <one>Target of Rapamycin</one>.
+- Eine aktive Muskelzelle regeneriert pro Sekunde wieviel ATP Moleküle? <one>10 Millionen</one>.
+- Water molecules passage? This can occur via <cadetblue>aquaporines</cadetblue>.
+- <cadetblue>Actin</cadetblue> macht n% der Proteinmasse in einer eukaryoten Zelle aus? <one>Bis zu 20%</one> der Proteinmasse.
+- What is the most important parameter in animal cell culture? The <one>concentration of cells</one>.
+- cGMP can bind to which protein kinase? To the <one>protein kinase G</one>.
+- Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of cGMP? <one>Guanylate cyclase</one>. 
+- For "clathrin-coated buds", which protein assembles at the neck of the bud? <one>Dynamin</one>.
+- Which chaperone is important for "posttranslation translocation"? <one>BiP</one>.
+- Die "stoffliche Zusammensetzung einer Säugetierzelle" - wieviel % Wasseranteil? <one>70%</one>.
+- Who has a <violet>DEAD box motif</violet>? <one>RNA Helicases</one>.
+- The interiors of cellular compartments communicate with one another via ... ? Via <one>transport vesicles</one>.
+- Which "cellular phenomenon" was first discovered in <violet>C. elegans</violet>? <one>Apoptosis</one>.
+- How can we observe lipid rafts in a cell membrane? We can use the <one>AFM</one> (atomic force microscope).
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist eine "Signalsequenz"? Eine <one>Signalsequenz</one> ist eine Peptidsequenz mit der Information wie und wohin ein Protein innerhalb einer Zelle transportiert werden soll.
+- Can human cells survive without mitochondria? Yes, they can.
+- <violet>Sphingosine</violet> plays a role in cell membranes. It is a is a long acyl chain with ... and two hydroxyl groups (OH) at one end. What is the other part? An <one>amino group</one> (<one>NH2</one>).
+- Welches Protein spaltet Vesikel in einer Zelle ab? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
+- Name an important, extracellular matrix protein. A: <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Why is <cadetblue>Cholesterol</cadetblue> preferentially localized to the upper region of a monolayer? Because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Ein Botenmolekül "will" eine Zelle beeinflussen. Was braucht die Zelle hierfür unbedingt? Einen <one>Rezeptor</one>.
+- How do <violet>wee-mutants</violet> look? They are small.
+- Aus welchen vier Untereinheiten besteht "Cohesin"? (1) SMC1 (2) SMC3 (3) Scc1 (4) Scc3
+- Proteins that permanently reside in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) seem to be distinguished from newly synthesized secretory proteins by the presence of the C-terminal sequence ... ? <one>KDEL</one>: Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu.
+- <cadetblue>Nebulin</cadetblue> is an actin-binding protein. It is a very large protein. Up to how many actin monomers can it bind? It can bind bind up to as many as <one>200 actin monomers</one>.
+- Im rauhen "cytoplasmatischen Retikulum", wo findet man die Ribosomen? Auf der <one>Cytosol-Seite</one>.
+- When lipids go below the paracrystalline temperature, what do they "lose"? The ability to <one>rotate</one>.
+- Do phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers? Yes, under the appropriate conditions they will.
+- What is the central component of the translocon? The <one>Sec61 complex</one>.
+- In which stage of the cell cycle can we readily mark a cell with "radioactive thymidine"? In the <one>S phase</one>.
+- What is a <cadetblue>clonogenic assay</cadetblue>? A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells.
+- Give another term for the "Protein kinase A". A: <one>cAMP-dependent protein kinase</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Genprodukte die für die Bildung des Autophagosoms wichtig sind. A: (1) Atg1 Kinase Komplex (2) PI3K
+- What happens when we increase the concentration of detergents above the CMC? Some of the "detergent molecules" will form <one>micelles</one>.
+- The lipid molecules in a cell membrane's continuous double layer are about n nm thick? About <one>5 nm thick</one>.
+- Wieso kann Chlorophyll mit Lipiden assoziieren? Weil es eine <one>Alkoholseitenkette</one> besitzt.
+- How do we call the proteins that make up the "nuclear pore complex"? The <one>nucleoporins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin
+- Was genau ist die "Matrix" der Mitochondrien? Das ist genau <cadetblue>der innerste Teil der Mitochondrien</cadetblue>.
+- The "SV40 T-Antigen" can be imported into the nucleus by "importins", thanks to the <cadetblue>PPKKKRKV signal sequence</cadetblue>. How amenable is said sequence to change? Not very amenable at all. If one lysine is replaced by a threonine, no import will happen at all.
+- Nenne zwei zentrale, sekundäre Botenstoffe. A: (1) <one>cAMP</one> (2) <one>cGMP</one>
+- What is the "rate-limiting step" in the formation of actin filaments? <one>Nucleation</one>.
+- What means "dynamic instability" in Microtubules? That they undergo phases of growth and shrinkage.
+- Was produziert die "Phosphodiesterase"? <one>AMP</one>.
+- <violet>Chromatin</violet> besteht grob formuliert, in Prozent, aus? 45% Protein, 55% DNA.
+- How comes a cell manages to counteract "incorrect stop codons"? By a process called <one>NMD</one> (<slateblue>nonsense mediated decay</slateblue>).
+- Where does the "signal peptidase" reside? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- Wo spalten <violet>Caspasen</violet>? Hinter Aspartat.
+- With which <cadetblue>assay</cadetblue> can we determine if a nuclear protein shuttles in or out of the nucleus? With help from a <one>Heterokaryon assay</one>.
+- How do <violet>mitochondria</violet> divide? They divide by fission.
+- Cell lines are usually derived from ... ? <one>Tumors</one>.
+- Give another name for the <cadetblue>centrosome</cadetblue>. A: <one>MTOC</one>: <one>Microtubule organizing center</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center
+- The main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes are ...? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>.
+- Gehören die "Lysosomen" zum "Endomembransystem"? Ja.
+- Can the "nuclear lamins" be phosphorylated? Most likely, because they can definitely be <violet>dephosphorylated</violet>.
+- Durchmesser einer Kernpore, in nm? Etwa <one>120 nm</one>.
+- An <cadetblue>animal cell</cadetblue> contains about n protein molecules? 10 ** 10 protein molecules.
+- Was ist "negative staining"? The background but not the cell is stained. Unstained cells appear as bright objects against a dark background.
+- The alkaloid "colchicine" was first described as a mitotic poison in what year? In the year <violet>1934</violet>.
+- Der Farbstoff "Hämatoxylin" färbt was genau innerhalb einer Zelle an? Den <one>Zellkern</one>.
+- Was heisst <cadetblue>EDTA</cadetblue> und wozu setzt man es in der Zellbiologie ein? EDTA heisst "Ethylendiamintetraacetid acid". Es bindet Ca2+ Ionen, die wiederum für Zell-Zell Adhesionskontakte wichtig sind. Das Zell-Gewebe kann daraufhin leichter getrennt werden.
+- What does "phagocytosis" literally mean? <one>Cellular eating</one>.
+- How do we call a fused t-SNARE and v-SNARE? <one>trans-SNARE complex</one>.
+- Der Begriff "Autophagy" in der Cellbiologie wurde von <cadetblue>Christian de Duve</cadetblue> geprägt. In welchem Jahr? <one>1963</one>.
+- Anteil, in Prozent, von "Actin" an den Gesamtproteinen in einer eukaryotischen Zelle (von-bis)? Etwa <one>10-20%</one>.
+- "Plant RNA editing" modifies what to what? It modifies <cadetblue>cytidines</cadetblue> (C) to <cadetblue>uridines</cadetblue> (U), at specific sites in the transcripts.
+- How many nucleosomes does a single, diploid human cell have? It should have about <one>30 million nucleosomes</one>.
+- Die <violet>t-SNARES</violet>: kann man sich das merken, was die auf zellulärer Ebene machen? Ja, über das "t ... tethering factor" mnemonic.
+- Nenne die fünf Phasen der <cadetblue>Meiose I</cadetblue> in korrekter Reihenfolge. A: (1) <one>Leptotän</one> (2) <one>Zygotän</one> (3) <one>Pachytän</one> (4) <one>Diplotän</one> (5) <one>Diakinese</one>
+- How many different cell types can we find in the human body? <one>210</one>.
+- What is the main signal for protein delivery into lysosomes? <violet>M6P</violet> ("Mannose 6-phosphate").
+- Why do <cadetblue>Caspases</cadetblue> not instantly kill a cell? They are synthesized as <one>inactive precursors</one>.
+- Name a physiological role of mitochondria. A: <one>Thermogenesis</one>.
+- When was the <cadetblue>first human neocentromere</cadetblue> discovered? In the year <one>1993</one>.
+- Who produces Lysosomes? The <one>Golgi complex</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus
+- How many <one>different types of autophagy</one> can we distinguish? Three.
+- Bei Eukarya, wie wirkt <cadetblue>cAMP</cadetblue>? Indirekt, über die <one>Proteinkinase A</one>.
+- What is the most typical trigger of autophagy? <one>Nutrient starvation</one>. Lack of any type of essential nutrient can induce autophagy. In yeast, nitrogen starvation is the most potent stimulus.
+- Ist <cadetblue>Myoglobin</cadetblue> an intrazellulären Prozessen beteiligt? Ja - und zwar am "intrazellulären O2-Transport".
+- Nenne ein zelluläres Ereignis, das durch "exogene Noxen" ausgelöst werden kann. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one>.
+- Which three components do we require for <cadetblue>a human artificial chromosome</cadetblue>? (1) Centromere (2) Telomere (3) Replication Origin
+- Give one example for <cadetblue>actin based motor proteins</cadetblue>. A: <one>Myosins</one>.
+- In Cellbiology, what are the CAKs? <one>Cdk-activating kinases</one>.
+- Name 3 skeletal proteins, starting with the letters A,V,F. A: (1) Actin (2) Vinculin (3) Fibronectin
+- Diameter of the "megakaryocytes"? Up to <one>60 micrometer</one>.
+- Welche zwei wichtige Aufgaben hat <cadetblue>Ran/GTP</cadetblue>? Es hilft beim Import und Export von Proteinen in und aus dem Nucleus.
+- Wo speichert eine Zelle <cadetblue>Ca2+</cadetblue>? Im "Lumen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums".
+- In cell biology, what does "Nups" stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die "Intermediärfilamente im Zellkern"? <one>Lamina</one>.
+- A. W. für Autophagy? <one>Organelle turnover</one>.
+- <violet>Chaperones</violet> not only help during protein folding, but may also reduce which unwanted side effect? <one>Aggregation</one>, e. g. of <cadetblue>unfolded proteins</cadetblue>.
+- What does a "mast cell" secrete? <one>Histamine</one>.
+- Im Zellkern, nenne ein Protein, das an "Importin" bindet. A: Das monomere G-Protein <one>Ran</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_%28gene%29
+- Das Enzym "Thymidylate Synthetase" braucht eine Methyl-Gruppe. Woher stammt diese? Von <one>Tetrahydrofolate</one>.
+- Fibroblasts secrete what? <one>Collagen</one>.
+- Für den Zellkern-Export bestimmte Proteine haben oft was? <one>Leucin-reiche Sequenzen</one>.
+- Nenne zwei Hemmstoffe der "cAMP-Phosphodiesterase". A: (1) Coffein (2) Theophyllin
+- A. W. für "Mikrofilamente"? <one>Actinfilamente</one>.
+- Besitzen Pilze <cadetblue>Centriolen</cadetblue>? Nein.
+- A. W. für "Innendruck des Cytoplasmas"? <cadetblue>Turgor</cadetblue>.
+- <cadetblue>Adrenalin</cadetblue> bindet an eine Leberzelle. Effekt innerhalb dieser Zelle? Die Glykogenphosphorylase wird aktiviert.
+- A. W. für "Tay-sachs disease"? <one>GM2 gangliosidosis</one>.
+- Was machen <one>GTPasen</one>? Sie binden GTP und hydrolysieren dieses zu GDP.
+- How do we call the disc-like compartments of the Golgi apparatus? <one>Golgi cisternae</one>.
+- Wie können wir die <violet>Phosphodiesterase</violet> hemmen? Durch <one>Koffein</one>.
+- The <cadetblue>Rab GTPase</cadetblue> is important for ... ? <one>Organelle identity</one>.
+- <violet>Integrine</violet> bestehen aus wievielen Untereinheiten? 2; es sind Heterodimere.
+- Finden wir das <violet>26S-Proteasom</violet> im Zellkern? Ja.
+- Wie kann ich die Mitose genetisch ausschalten? Durch <one>Deletion des Centromers</one>.
+- What is the "time hormone"? <one>Melatonin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+- When was the "nucleosome" discovered? In the year <one>1974</one>.
+- Was fungiert als "allgemeine, zelluläre Zeitschaltuhr" in einer Zelle? Die G-Alpha Untereinheit mit gebundenem GTP, in den trimeren G-Proteinen.
+- Where do we find the SRP-Receptor? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- Wie wird die Länge der Aktinfilamente reguliert? Mit Hilfe der <cadetblue>Motorproteine</cadetblue>. Diese bewegen sich entlang der Filamente und kürzen sie, wenn sie zu lang werden.
+- In seiner chemischen Struktur ähnelt "Phycocyanin" wem? Einem <cadetblue>unfolded chlorophyll molecule</cadetblue>.
+- Nenne eine Tiergruppe die keine Intermediärfilamente aufweist. A: <one>Arthropoden</one> haben keine Intermediärfilamente; Pflanzen übrigens auch nicht. URL: http://www.bionity.com/de/lexikon/Intermedi%C3%A4rfilamente.html
+- Sind Membranen einer Zelle <violet>Polymere</violet>? Nein - sie sind <cadetblue>Aggregate</cadetblue>.
+- Was findet am glatten ER statt? Dies ist allgemein <one>der Ort der Lipidsynthese</one>.
+- Neu synthetisierte Protein müssen korrekt gefaltet werden. Die dazu notwendigen Hilfsproteine heißen ... ? <one>Chaperone</one>.
+- Der <violet>SRPT</violet> wirkt auch als ...? GEF - Guanin nucleotide exchange factor.
+- Wie wird der Export eines Proteins aus dem Nucleus gesteuert? Über "NES": <one>Nuclear Export Signal</one>.
+- A. W. für "Vakuolenmembran"? <one>Tonoplast</one>.
+- Zellmembranen wirken als ...? <one>Osmotische Schranken</one>.
+- What is the main minus-end directed <violet>motor-protein</violet> on microtubules? <one>Dynein</one>.
+- Can <cadetblue>p53</cadetblue> be both acetylated AND phosphorylated, in principle? Yes.
+- Give another name for "how cells move". A: <cadetblue>cell motility</cadetblue>.
+- Does "organelle DNA" replicate even in <royalblue>cells that do not divide</royalblue>? Yes.
+- "Vorgänger" eines Lysosoms? Ein <one>late endosome</one>.
+- Plectin is a "cytoskeletal linker protein". What size does it have? It is very large, with a size of over <one>500 kDa</one>.
+- Wieviel % der Proteine einer Leberzelle werden pro Stunde über Autophagy degradiert? 1%.
+- Nenne das wichtigste <one>monomere G-Protein</one>. A: Das "Ras-Protein".
+- Wo genau spalten die "Caspasen"? Spezifisch hinter <one>Aspartatresten</one>.
+- Warum sieht das <cadetblue>rauhe Endoplasmatische Reticulum</cadetblue> so aus wie es aussieht? Da multiple Ribosomes dort zu sehen sind.
+- "Portaler Transport" innerhalb der Zelle ... ? Durch die <violet>Kernporen des Zellkerns</violet>.
+- Nenne ein Protein, das an das "ER-Retentionssequenz" <violet>KDEL</violet> bindet. A: "BiP". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28769758
+- Wo finde ich das Protein "RanGAP1"? Auf der <one>Aussenseite des Zellkern</one>.
+- In Cellbiology we have something called "Endo H". What is this? This is the enzyme <one>Endoglycosidase H</one>.
+- In Cellbiology, we have an abbreviation called "Cvt". Why this weird name? <violet>Cvt</violet> means "Cytoplasm vacuole targeting".
+- Wenn eine Zellmembran nur bestimmte Ionen durchlässt, wie nennen wir dieses Phänomen? <one>Selektive Permeabilität</one>.
+- <violet>G-Proteine</violet> besitzen was für eine Aktivität? Eine <one>GTPase Aktivität</one>.
+- Average lifetime for an mitochondrion in a liver cell? About <one>10 days</one>.
+- What is the protein <violet>SOS</violet> ("son of sevenless") doing? It "exchanges GDP -> GTP". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sevenless
+- Name an "ER stress reaction". A: The "unfolded protein response", <one>UPR</one>.
+- Nenne three photoproteins. A: (1) <one>Aequorin</one> (2) <one>Obelin</one> (3) <one>Phialidin</one>
+- Warum der Name "P-Selectine"? <one>Platelets</one> (Plättchen).
+- The SRP (signal recognition particle) can bind to ...? (1) The <one>ribosome</one> (2) signal sequence
+- The Protein "synaptotagmin" binds what? <royalblue>Calcium</royalblue>, und zwar die C2-Domäne. URL: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptotagmine
+- Nenne zwei Aufgaben der Peroxisomen. A: (1) Oxidativer Abbau von Fettsäuren (2) Entgiftung von toxischen Substanzen
+- What is the "most abundant disaccharide" in Biology? <cadetblue>Sucrose</cadetblue> (this is Saccharose, but we prefer the term Sucrose in the english language).
+- Wieviele Ribosomen könnte man in eine <cadetblue>Mycoplasma-Zelle</cadetblue> (im Durchmesser) packen? 10.
+- The Glucose-Transporter (<violet>GLUT</violet>) is an example for what kind of transporter? GLUT is a "uniporter transporter protein". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter
+- Wo finden wir "Kupffer cells"? In der <one>Leber</one>.
+- Allgemein formuliert - welche Zellen sind vor allem in der G0 Phase? <one>Ausdifferenzierte Zellen</one>.
+- Which stain was originally used to identify the Golgi-apparatus? A <silver>silver stain</silver>.
+- What is the <violet>I-cell disease</violet>? Material accumulates in the lysosomes because of the absence of hydrolytic enzymes due to the enzyme phosphotransferase unable to add phosphate groups to mannose in the Golgi complex.
+- Which organelle produces Lysosomes? The <cadetblue>Golgi Apparatus</cadetblue>.
+- Wieviel % des tierischen Genoms kodieren für Membranproteine? <violet>30%</violet>.
+- Welches Protein kann die cytosolische Menge an cytochrom c "messen"? <cadetblue>Apaf-1</cadetblue>.
+- What does "guanylate cyclase" produce? <royalblue>cGMP</royalblue>, which is "cyclic GMP", synthesized from GTP.
+- The <cadetblue>Shibire mutation</cadetblue> in Drosophila led to the discovery of which cellular proteine? <violet>Dynamin</violet>.
+- How do we call the two layers of the phospholipid-bilayer? <one>Leaflets</one>. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer
+- Name a domain in an "initiator procaspase". A: <one>CARD</one> - the Caspase recruitment domain.
+- Nenne ein kleines Signamolekül. A: <one>NO</one> (Stickstoffmonoxid).
+- Cytosylic pH is at ...? At about a value of <cadetblue>7.2</cadetblue>.
+- Der <violet>Zellzyklus</violet> hat 7 prominente Punkte (die checkpoints ausgenommen). Welche? A: (G0)G1,R,S,G2,M,Cytokinese.
+- Hohe Apertur, niedrige Auflösung? Nein! Gute Auflösung.
+- Nenne vier Motorproteinklassen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (<violet>D</violet>, <violet>K</violet>, <violet>M</violet>, <violet>P</violet>) (1) Dynein (2) Kinesin (3) Myosin (4) Prestin
+- Wieviele Billionen Zellen hat ein adulter Mensch in etwa? <cadetblue>37.2 Billionen Zellen</cadetblue>.
+- Was wird durch "Pinocytose" aufgenommen? <slateblue>Flüssigkeiten</slateblue>.
+- What is the "primary functions" for "intermediate filaments" for a cell? To <one>provide mechanical strength</one>.
+- Who can reverse ubiquitination events? The <one>Deubiquitinases</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie, wofür steht die Abkürzung "NA Wert"? <one>Numerical Aperture</one>.
+- In der Biologie, wo finden wir "rafts"? In der <one>Membran</one> (es sind "Membranproteine").
+- Welches Protein ist Bestandteil der Centrosomen? <one>Gamma-Tubulin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuline#.CE.B3-Tubulin
+- In der Zellbiologie steht die Abkürzung <one>CDK</one> für ... ? <royalblue>Cyclin dependent kinase</royalblue>.
+- Which <cadetblue>tubulin-subunits</cadetblue> are known? (1) Alpha-Tubulin (2) Beta-Tubulins (3) Gamma-Tubulins
+- Durch "Anreicherung nicht abbaufähiger Materialien in der Zelle" entstehen ...? <one>Residualkörper</one>.
+- Wo finden N-Glykosylierung und O-Glykosylierung statt? (1) Die O-Glykosylierung findet nur im Golgikomplex statt. (2) Die N-Glykosylierung beginnt im ER und wird im Golgi-Komplex fortgeführt.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für "anaphase-promoting complex"? The <one>cyclosome</one> (Merkhilfe: APC/C heisst der Komplex eigentlich, das 2. C steht eben für "Cyclosome").
+- <cadetblue>Tubulin subunits</cadetblue> (Alpha and Beta) can bind what exactly? GDP or GTP.
+- Es gibt das sogenannt I-cell diseases, "Inclusion-cell" diseases. Die sind Teil von "lysosomal storage disease families". Welches Enzym ist hier defekt? Die <one>Phosphotransferase</one>, ein Enzym des Golgi-Apparatus.
+- Vorläufer der Ceramide? <one>Sphingosine</one>.
+- On the outside, the nuclear pore complex contains <one>cytoplasmic filaments</one>. Name two cellular functions that these filaments participate in. A: (1) protein transport (2) mRNA export
+- Inside of a given cell, where may we find the protein "Profilin"? It can be found <one>bound to an actin monomer</one>.
+- Nenne einen sehr wichtigen <violet>cell survival factor</violet>. A: Transkriptionsfaktor NF-Kappa Beta. Er aktiviert Gene die für "cell-survival Proteine" kodieren.
+- Wann gibt <violet>Aequorin</violet> Licht ab? Bei Zugabe von (geringen Mengen) <one>Ca2+</one>.
+- Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death. In this type, we can see the accumulation of ... ? <one>lipid peroxides</one>. 
+- What is <one>ferroptosis</one>? Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron.
+- <violet>G-Proteine</violet> bestehen aus drei Untereinheiten. Welche davon bindet GTP? Die "alpha-Untereinheit" bindet (und hydrolysiert) GTP.
+- Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) involves the recognition by ... which complex? The hsc70-containing complex.
+- Name the two major roles that <violet>autophagy</violet> has. A: (1) to remove damaged organelles and macromolecules (2) to recycle amino acids during periods of starvation
+- Wann wurde der "Golgi-Apparat" entdeckt? <orange>1898</orange>.
+- Name a component of the "signal recognition particle (SRP)" complex. A: The "signal recognition particle RNA", which is also known as 7SL RNA.
+- Cytokines can convey to the cells signals to induce ... which four different cell-specific phenomena, all starting with the word "cell")? (1) "<u>cell proliferation</u>" (2) "<u>cell specialization</u>" (3) "<u>cell interaction</u>" (4) "<u>cell movement</u>"
+- Mice without p53 show what phenomen, in general? They are "<u>susceptible to early tumours</u>".
+- In general, activation of p53 has which two different possible "cellular outcomes"? (1) "cell-cycle arrest" (2) "apoptosis"
+- Der Proteingehalt einer bakteriellen Zelle beträgt etwa n Prozent der Trockenmasse (es reicht ein Wert, der innerhalb des Intervalls liegt)? Etwa "50-60% der Trockenmasse".
+- In der Zellbiologie, was können wir dank GFP-tagging zellulär erreichen? Wir können so zum Beispiel die Kompartimentierung von Proteinen in der Zelle untersuchen.
+- Nenne die zwei "Ionenkanaltypen". A: (1) "spannungs-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle" (2) "liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle"
+- Was macht das Tus Protein? Es blockiert die "DnaB-Helikase" und bringt damit die Wanderung der Replikationsgabel zum Stillstand.
+- Menschliche Zellen haben typischerweise einen Zellkern, ausgenommen ... ? Ausgenommen der "roten Blutkörperchen". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrozyt
+- How do we call the "heterotrimeric G-protein of Rhodopsin"? "Transducin".
+- Nenne ein Protein das den Zellzyklus blockieren kann. A: "p21".
+- Durch "Kernporen" können kleinere Proteine bis zu einer Grösse von n kDa passiv eindringen? Bis zu 60 kDa.
+- Welche Zellen sind gegenüber den Effekten einer ionisierenden Strahlen allgemein sehr empfindlich? Zellen die sehr Mitose-aktiv sind.
+- Was ist ein "Gewebe"? Dies ist "ein Verbund von Zellen mit gemeinsamer Funktion".
+- For animal cell culturing, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular glutamin. Why glutamin? Because glutamin "functions as an energy substrate".
+- Anderes Wort für VCCD ("Viable Cumulative Cell Days"? "Viability Index".
+- The "Integral of viable cells" (IVC) is required for determination of "cell-specific rates". It is calculated from ... ? The "growth curve".
+- We may wish to determine the concentration of dead cells. How to do so, experimentally? We stain via "trypanblue", which is a "dye exclusion methods".
+- Which three general functions may a "P body" have? (1) "storeage" (2) "repression" (3) "degradation"
+- Wie messen wir die "Funktion eines Ionenkanals"? Mit Hilfe der "patch clamp" Technik.
+- Cell division creates ... ? New cells.
+- What is the job of the "PIN Proteins" in plants? They serve as secondary active transporters in the cell membrane, regulating the influx and efflux of auxins. 
+- Nenne zwei (allgemeine) Bedingungen die eine Zelle erfüllen muss um in die Mitose eintreten zu können. A: (1) es dürfen "keine DNA-Schäden" vorhanden sein (2) die Zellen müssen eine "ausreichende Größe" erreicht haben
+- Name two "microtubule motors". A: (1) "Kinesin" (2) "Dynein"
+- Bei der "Dynamik von Mikrotubuli/Tubulin" in der Zelle hat "Alpha-Tubulin" eigentlich immer "GTP" gebunden. Lediglich Beta-Tubulin unterscheidet sich in seinem Verhalten, je nachdem ob es GTP oder GDP gebunden hat. Wie unterscheidet sich Beta-Tubulin bei "GDP" und "GTP" dahingehend jeweils? (1) Beta-Tubulin mit "GDP": "Zerfall der Mikrotubuli" (2) Beta-Tubulin mit "GTP": "Polymerisierung der Mikrotubuli"
+- Name a common (functional( feature of "karyopherins". A: They interaction with "Ran proteins".
+- Can a cell regulate the export and import of shuttling proteins? Yes, via phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of residues adjacent to NLS or NES signals, resulting in blockade/exposure of signals.
+- Where can we find "RanGAP" and "RanGEF", respectively? (1) "RanGAP": only in the "cytoplasm" (2) "RanGEF": only in the "nucleus"
+- In the cytoplasm, hydrolysis of ... to ... causes "dissociation of the export complex". A: "Ran-GTP" -> "Ran-GDP".
+- Centrioles are essential for development of ... ? cilia and flagella.
+- Was bedeutet "Eutelie"? "Zellkonstanz".
+- In a "hepatocyte", name the two major constituents belonging to an intracellular compartment, in regards to the "total cell volume". A: (1) Cytosol     ("54%") (2) Mitochondria ("22%")
+- Sind "Centrioles" wichtig? Ja - sie organisieren die "mitotic spindle".
+- Die "M-Phase" wird unterteilt in welche Phasen? (1) "Karyokinese" (2) "Zytokinese"
+- Die "Phospholipid-Synthese" erfolgt wo? An "der cytosolischen Seite der glatten ER-Membran".
+- Welche zwei verschiedene Arten von "Membrantransport" gibt es? (1) Transport durch die Membran hindurch (2) Transport innerhalb der Membran selbst (zum Beispiel Elektronentransport)
+- Die Synthese "cytoplasmatisher Proteine" erfolgt ...? An "nichtmembran-assoziierten Ribosomen".
+- In der molekularen Zellbiologie, was ist "Wee1"? Wee1 ist eine Nuclear Kinase (ist also im Zellkern), die zur Ser/Thr Familie der Proteinkinasen gehört, in der fission yeast "Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Die molekulare Masse ist 96 kDa. Ihre Aufgabe ist es den Verlauf des Zellzyklus zu regulieren. Zudem kann es die Zellgrösse beeinflussen, indem sie den Eintritt in die Mitose verzögert, durch hemmende Interaktion mit Cdk1- daher der Name "Wee".
+- Was meinen wir mit "zellulärer Proteinsortierung"? Wenn die Zelle "unterscheidet" wohin ein Protein geschick werden soll.
+- Proteine können an den Golgi-Komplex gelangen und von dort, über Vesikel, in welche 3 Zielareale gelangen? (1) in "Lysosomen" (2) an die "Plasmamembran" (3) "ausserhalb der Zelle"
+- In humans, "Phospholipase C" activates which cellular enzyme? "Proteinkinase C". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C#Biological_function
+- Welche Aufgabe hat die Alpha-Subunit bei G-Proteinen? Dies ist eine "GTPase". Sie hydrolysiert GTP zu GDP; dies inaktiviert das G-Protein.
+- Karyopherins are, or can be broadly grouped into, ...? (1) "importins" (2) "exportins"
+- Nenne die "vier Bewegungsmöglichkeiten von Phospholipiden". A: (1) "flexion" (2) "rotation" (3) "laterale Diffusion" (4) "transversale Diffusion"
+- Give another word for a normally shaped "red blood cell". A: A "discocyte".
+- Wenn ein Aktinfilament "gecapped" wird, was bedeutet das für das Wachstum? Das Wachstum dieses Aktinfilaments kommt zum Erliegen.
+- In der Zellbiologie binden die MAPs ("Microtubule-associated protein") an Tubulin Subunits. Welche Funktion erfüllt dies? Sie "regulieren damit deren Stabilität" - machen sie also stabiler oder instabiler.
+- Integral membrane proteins can be categorized as type I and type II. What is the difference there? (a) "Type I":  these have their C-terminus towards the cytoplasm. (b) "Type II": these have their N-terminus towards the cytosol.
+- Name two ways how proteins to be exported can be identified by the cell. A: (1) SecA protein (2) signal recognition particles (SRP)
+- Inside cilia there is a "microtubule-based cytoskeleton". What is its name? The "axoneme". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoneme
+- Name 2 different forms of "cell senescence". A: (1) "replicative senescence" (2) "induced     senescence"
+- When are compartments said to be "topologically equivalent"? If they can communicate with one another in the sense that molecules can get from one to the other without having to cross a membrane.
+- Give an example for "gated transport" in cell biology. A: The transfer of material through "nuclear pore complexes".
+- Proteins can move from one intracellular compartment to another, by which 3 mechanisms? (1) gated transport (2) protein translocation (3) vesicular transport
+- Welche Reaktion führt die "Luciferase" genau durch? Nenne Input und Output. A: "Luciferin" + ATP + O2 -> "Oxyluciferin" + AMP + CO2.
+- Name a drug that can be used to "inhibit the function of lysosomes". A: Chloroquin.
+- Nenne die 3 Domänen des "Glykophorin". A: (1) extrazelluläre Domäne (2) Transmembrandomäne (3) cytoplasmatische Domäne
+- Wo vor allem könnte ich das Protein "Dynein" finden? In "Flagellen" oder "Spermatozoa".
+- In an electron microscope, name two major differences between "lysosomes" and "peroxisomes". A: (1) lysosomes are smaller (2) Lysosomes appear "darker", hence they are more "electron rich", thus, denser.
+- Are Endosomes organelles? Yes.
+- Phagosomes have diameters that are determined by what exactly? The diameters are determined by the "size of the ingested particle". In fact, a Phagosome can be almost as large as the phagocytic cell itself!
+- Autophagy is induced "upon nutrient depletion" - or alternatively, treatment with which particular drug? With "Rapamycin".
+- Nucleoporins contain in particular which two-aminoacid repeats? FG, aka "Phe/Gly repeats".
+- Fibrinogen kann vor allem an die Rezeptoren welcher Zellen binden? An die "Thrombozyten".
+- A. W. für "Glykoprotein der Zelloberfläche"? Aggregationsfaktoren.
+- Name an enzyme that helps in "protein folding". A: The "Protein disulfide isomerase".
+- In the cell, tethering proteins of the membrane do recognize which proteins? They recognize "Rab proteins".
+- Where in a cell can we find "Ras"? Ras is usually attached to the cell membrane owing to its "prenylation" and "palmitoylation modification".
+- Welche 3 Kräfte dominieren bei der "Ligandenbindung"? (1) ionische Wechselwirkungen (2) van-der-Waals-Kräfte (3) Wasserstoffbrücken
+- Integrins have how many "switchable conformations"? 2 (active/inactive conformation).
+- Can Integrins bind laminins? Yes.
+- An integrin is in an "active state". What do we know, then? That this integrin will "readily form attachments".
+- Wie nennen wir die 3 "Stapel" im Golgi-Apparat? (1) cis (2) medial (3) trans
+- Aus Sicht der Zellbiologie, was passiert wenn das Gen "N-Acetylglucosamin-Phosphotransferase" ausfällt? Essenzielle Enzyme, wie zum Beispiel Hydrolasen, können nicht mehr ins Lysosom gelangen.
+- Name the four main families of motor proteins in human cells. A: (1) Integrins (2) Immunoglobulins (3) Cadherins (4) Selectins
+- Name 3 general roles of "actin filaments". A: (1) cellular contraction (2) migration (3) signalling
+- In cell biology, what does "FAOS" stand for? Fluorescence-assisted organelle sorting.
+- In cell biology, how do we call the methodological step necessary for releasing organelles? Homogenization step. 
+- Dystrophin bindet ... an die Zellmembran von Muskelzellen. A: Actinfilamente.
+- Name an organism in which cilia assemble in the cytoplasm. A: "Plasmodium falciparum".
+- In general, which two types of cilia exist? (1) motile cilia (2) nonmotile cilia, also called "primary cilia"
+- Which COP protein, COP I or COP II, functions in intra-Golgie trafficking? COP I.
+- Cargo within the cell can be sent via vesicles, which must be cleave off during the "scission" step. Which enzymes catalyze this reaction usually? GTPases, such as "dynamin".
+- In Cellbiology, what is an "organotypic culture"? This is the case when we grow cells in a "three-dimensional (3-D) environment".
+- Name the 2 proteins that control the transition from G2 to M-phase. A: (1) cdk1 (2) cyclin B
+- Name one famous "cellular Cdk inhibitor". A: p21.
+- Gib 3 Nucleosid Beispiele an. A: (1) Cytidin (2) Uridin (3) Guanosin
+- Nenne 3 Wachstumsfaktoren inklusive ihres vollen Namens. A: (1) PDGF: Plateled Derived Growth Factor (2) VEGF: Vascular Endothelian Growth Factor (3) EGF:  Epidermal Growth Factor
+- A. W. für "lösen", in bezug auf die Zellbiologie? Solubilisieren.
+- Nenne 2 viel verwendete Detergenzien für bzw. gegen eine "biologische Membran". A: (1) Tritox X-1000 (2) Natriumdodecylsulfat
+- We can convert heme into which "photoreceptor pigment"? Into "phycocyanobilin".
+- What exactly is the backbone in "phosphoglycerides"? The 3-carbon "glycerol" is the backbone.
+- Wie bezeichnen wir die Diffusion durch eine Membran? Passiver Transport.
+- Kompartimente erfordern ...? Proteinsortierung.
+- Was ist das gemeinsame Merkmal aller G-Proteine? Eine "hoch konservierte G-Domäne".
+- Wie gelangt Pyruvat in das Mitochondrium? Über einen "H+"-Symporter.
+- Nenne 1 Substanz, die Mikrotubuli stabilisieren kann. A: Taxol.
+- In cell biology, what does "autophagy" ensure or a given normal cell? It ensures the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular components.
+- Cells can degrade proteins without lysosomes - give a proof for this statement. A: Reticulocytes lack lysosomes but can still selectively degrade abnormal proteins.
+- Name a "lipid-soluble second messenger". A: Diacylglycerol.
+- Warum führt die Zelle "Farnesylierungen" durch? Um Proteine fest mit der Membran zu assoziieren.
+- Was heisst "die Zellmembran ist asymmetrisch" ganz konkret, mit Beispiel? Nehmen wir das Mitochondrium heran - Cytochrom c der Atmungskette ist aussen, ATP-Synthase ist innen.
+- In the cell cycle, what means "MUGs"? Mitosis with "unreplicated genomes".
+- Wenn wir "Nocodazol" zu Zellen geben, was passiert dann? Arrest in der Mitose.
+- Anderer Name für "importin-beta-like protein"? Karyopherin-Beta-family.
+- Was heisst "GPI-anchor"? Glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
+- The protein "Dysferlin" is linked to which cellular function ...? To "skeletal muscle repair".
+- Where are "cell membranes" synthesized? Membranes and their constituent proteins are assembled in the ER.
+- Nenne 1 Zellorganell das "Cardiolipin" enthält. A: Das Mitochondrium und zwar die innere Membran des Mitochondriums.
+- In cellbiology, what is "Shibire"? This is a "temperature sensitive phenotype" in Drosophila.
+- Which "energy form" does the cell use for actin and tubulin subunits? (1) Actin:   ATP (2) Tubulin: GTP
+- Wann wurde das "Fluid-Mosaic-Modell" vorgeschlagen? 1972.
+- Die "Rab proteins", wieso dieser Name? "Rat sarcoma-related in brain" proteins.
+- Lysosomaler Enzym-Schutz? Zum einen pH-Optimum von 5-6; zum anderen ein "Oligosaccharidpanzer", also hochglykosyliert als Schutz vor Autolyse durch lysosomale Proteasen.
+- Eine typische Eukaryotenzelle hat wieviele Proteasome pro Zelle? 30.000
+- Welche Aufgabe haben die "Cajal-Körper"? Sie synthetisieren kleine Kern-RNAs ("small nuclear RNAs").
+- In der Zelle führt die TPST ("tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase") im Golgi Apparat Sulfonierungen (Sulfation) durch. Woher stammt aber der Schwefel? Der Schwefel stammt von "PAPS" (3-Strich-Phosphoadenosine-5-Strich-Phosphosulfate).
+- Anderes, schönes Wort für "addition of ubiquitin tail"? The "kiss-of-death".
+- Nenne die 3 Hauptgruppen von Membranlipiden. A: (1) Glykolipide (2) Phospholipide (3) Cholesterin
+- Name 4 structural components of a mitochondrium. A: (1) Outer Membrane (2) Matrix (3) Inner Membrane (4) Intermembrane space
+- Nenne 3 Typen an "Membranproteinen". A: (1) peripher (2) integral (3) glykolipid-verankert
+- Name two ways how a cell culture can become immortalized. A: (1) spontaneously (2) by oncogenes
+- Die Rab Proteinfamilie haben allgemein wieviele Untereinheiten? Eine.
+- Wie erfolgt der Import von NLS-haltigen Proteinen? Durch "Importin Alpha" und "Importin Beta".
+- Nenne 6 Organellen. A: (1) Zellkern (2) Mitochondrien (3) Chloroplast (4) Lysosom (5) Peroxisom (6) endoplasmatische Retikulum (7) Golgi-Apparat (bei manchen Definitionen)
+- Name 2 "microtubule organizing centers". A: (1) centrosome (2) centrioles
+- Nenne eine Pumpe in den Membranen der Lysosomen. A: H+ ATPase.
+- Die Fluidität der Plasmamembran ist geringer als die in der intrazellulären Membran auf Grund des hohen Gehalts an ... ? Cholesterin.
+- A. W. für "intracellular containers"? Transport vesicles.
+- Phospholipide können in der Membran bewegt werden. Nenne die 4 grundlegenden "Bewegungsarten". A: (1) laterale diffusion (2) Flexion (3) Rotation (4) transversale Diffusion
+- In Cellbiology, what is the primary role of SNARE proteins? These proteins "mediate vesicle fusion", that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment, such as a lysosome.
+- Effect of phenobarbital-treatment? This "stimulates liver cell division" - and thereby liver enlargement.
+- Gib zwei Beispiele für "amphiphile Moleküle". A: (1) Phospholipide (2) Lecithine
+- Name the 2 classes of "microtubule-based motors". A: (1) Dynein (2) Kinesin
+- Which genes are required for the "autophagic pathway"? Atg-genes.
+- Why is PAS ("pre-autophagosomal structure") so important? Most proteins involved in autophagosom formation localize to the PAS at some stage.
+- How can a cell make sense of many different (external) signals? It can respond to these signals selectively by "selectively expressing appropriate receptors".
+- What is the total mass of the "ATP synthase", in Daltons? 600.000 Daltons.
+- Name 2 "degradation organelles". A: (1) the 26S-Proteasome (2) the lysosomes
+- In Cellbiology, Shibire is a "temperature sensitive phenotype" in Drosophila. What happens at high temperature, and why? The flies become paralysed at high temperature. The phenotype is the result of the inability of endocytic vesicles to be separated from the parent membranes and thus there is a depletion of vesicles especially in synaptic terminals.
+- The "Triskelion" is made up of which subunits? Clathrin.
+- What would happen if we would knock out "lysosomal hydrolases"? Undigested molecules would accumulate in lysososomes, causing the cell to swell and ultimately die.
+- Plectin can bind to ... ? Desmin.
+- Give a shorter word for "cytoskeletal linker proteins". A: "cytolinkers".
+- A. W. für "cyclin"? Cdk regulators.
+- In welche Richtung wandern COP I und COP II Vesikel? COP I wandert von trans-Golgi zu cis-Golgi, COP II wandert in die gegengesetzte Richtung also vom rauhen ER hin zum Golgi Apparatus.
+- Ein "schnelles" Protein benötigt für die Durchquerung des Zellkerns wie lange? Wenige Minuten.
+- Desmin is a protein, a type III intermediate filament. It can also be found in humans. In which type of cells may we find it? In muscle cells.
+- Zusätzlich zu den Motorproteinen stellen zytoplasmatische Verbindungsproteine eine Verbindung her, zwischen Mikrotubuli und anderen Zellorganellen. Wie nennen wir diese Proteine? CLIPS ("cytoplasmic linker proteins")
+- Mikrotubuli besitzen eine polare Struktur. Welchen funktioniellen Unterschied gibt es zwischen dem +-Ende und dem -Ende? Das plus-Ende hat eine höhere Geschwindigkeit für Ein- und Abbau von Untereinheiten. Am minus-Ende erfolgt der bevorzugte Abbau.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was heisst "ERGIC"? ER-Golgi intermediate compartment.
+- Wir können zwischen "primären Lysosomen" und "sekundären Lysosomen" unterscheiden. Was ist das wichtigste Unterscheidungskriterium hierzu? Die primären Lysosomen werden vom Golgi Apparat abgeschnürt. Sie enthalten neu gebildete, noch nicht aktive lysosomale Enzyme. Nimmt so ein Lysosom dann neues Material auf, das verdaut werden soll, so nennt man diese dann sekundäre Lysosomen.
+- Cyclin-dependent kinases are a subclass of ... which family? They belong to the "serine/threonine protein kinases".
+- What type of light is used in microbiology? "Visible light" + "UV light".
+- Why do we use a "Langmuir-Blodgett trough" in a laboratory? We can use it to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase, and then measures surface phenomena due to this compression.
+- Give an example for a "single-pass transmembrane protein". A: The LDL-Receptor.
+- How can we observe "Lipid rafts"? Via AFM ("Atomic Force Microscopy").
+- When exactly is the "sister-chromatid cohesin" destroyed? At the start of the "Anaphase".
+- Wo finde ich das Protein "Spectrin"? Das ist ein "Cytoskelett-Protein", das wir "in Erythrozyten" finden können. Es bildet unterhalb der Erythrozytenmembran ein Proteinnetzwerk.
+- How can we detect "apoptotic cells"? Via TUNEL Labeling.
+- Which Cdc activates the APC/C complex? Cdc20.
+- Wo finden wir den "Intermembranraum" eines Mitochondriums? Zwischen der äusseren und der inneren Membran.
+- Why the name "cadherin"? They depend on Ca2+ ions - removing Ca2+ from the extracellular medium causes adhesion mediated by cadherin to come apart.
+- What is the "D" and "T" form of actin filaments? D form ... bound ADP. T form ... bound ATP.
+- How do we call the inner part of a "plasmodesma"? Desmotubule.
+- Within the cell, the centromeres play a critical and very important role where exactly? In the "segregation of chromosomes".
+- What is the "common feature" among Golgi? They are adjacent to "endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites".
+- Why is the "histone fold" so important? So that the "histone octamer" can form.
+- What kind of information can we gain by "Endo H Cleavage"? Endoglycosidase H can cleave certain oligosaccharide structures. Later oligosaccharide structures are resistant to Endo H  cleavage, so the enzyme can be widely used to report the extent of oligosaccharide processing a protein of interest has undergone.
+- "Clathrin" is a coating protein. It is associated with proteins, which connect clathrin to vesicle membrane. How do we call these latter proteins? "Adaptins".
+- What is a "chromocyte"? Any cell that contains a pigment. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- A. W. für "Aktin"? Mikrofilamente. Sie haben ja nur einen Durchmesser von etwa 6nm.
+- Nenne 3 allgemeine Funktionen der Mikrotubuli. A: (1) Formerhalt der Zelle (2) Geißeln (3) Bewegung der Chromosomen bei der Mitose
+- Was meinen wir in der Zellbiologie mit dem "retrograden Transport"? Dies ist Transport von der Zellmembran hin zum Zellkern.
+- Name a way how to experimentally measure DNA replication. A: Use [3H] thymidine.
+- Aus welchen "Domänen" besteht ein Motorprotein? Aus einer "Kopfdomäne" sowie einer "Schwanzdomäne".
+- Give 2 examples for materials cells like to adhere to. A: (1) polylysine (2) extracellular matrix components
+- Which categories of SNAREs exist? (1) vesicle or v-SNAREs: these are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding (2) target or t-SNAREs:  these are located in the membranes of target compartments
+- Was wird im "smooth endoplasmic reticulum" gebildet? Lipide werden hier gebildet.
+- How do we call the interior of the ER? lumen.
+- Name one "lysosomal storage disease". A: Tay Sachs disease.
+- Name a complex similar to the Gamma-TuRC complex. A: The "ARP complex".
+- Nenne 3 Vertreter des "Endomembransystems". A: (1) Golgi (2) Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (3) Lysosom
+- What is "Allotransplantation"? When the donor organ comes from a "closely related species".
+- How was the function of the SRP (Signal recognition particle) discovered? By the study of processed and unprocessed immunoglobulin light chains.
+- Which 2 classes of "apoptotic caspases" exist? (1) initiator caspases (2) executioner caspases
+- To which family do the "death receptors" belong to? TNF receptor family.
+- Name the three most commonly used scaffolds for 3D cultures. A: (1) Agarose (2) Collagen (3) Fibronectin
+- What is "Transdifferentiation"? Transdifferentiation is the conversion of a differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type.
+- What are "ameloblasts"? These are cells that are important for tooth development. They deposit tooth enamel.
+- Name 1 bacterial homolog of actin. A: MreB.
+- What is the "most fundamental task" for a cell? The passing on of its genetic information to the next generation of cells.
+- Gib ein Beispiel für einen "bidirektionalen Rezeptor" der Zelle. A: Integrine.
+- How are "lysosomal hydrolases" tagged in the Golgi apparatus? Via "mannose-6-phosphate" groups.
+- Name 3 "Biogenesis Strategies" for making a new organelle (duplication). A: (1) de novo nucleation growth (2) templated assembly/growth (3) growth/fission
+- What does the abbreviation "Gamma-TuRC" stand for? Gamma-tubulin ring complex.
+- What is the general role of Gamma-Tubulin? This protein is involved in the nucleation of microtubule growth.
+- In Cell Biology, we know the "ARP complex". What other name is given to this complex? The Arp 2/3 complex.
+- What do we mean with "non-bilayer lipids"? These are lipids that can not build a bilayer of lipids.
+- Nitric oxide activates what inside of a cell? Guanylyl cyclase.
+- How do we call the 3 MAP-Kinases in mammalian cells? (1) Raf (2) Mek (3) Erk
+- Who are the most complex "glycolipids"? The gangliosides.
+- Welches Protein erreicht eine "Abschnürung von Vesikeln"? Dynamin.
+- Name the 3 major coat proteins in a cell. A: (1) clathrin-coated (2) COPI-coated (3) COPII-coated
+- Name the 3 Ras Proteins in humans. A: (1) H-Ras (2) K-Ras (3) N-Ras
+- How is the "Ras signal-transduction pathway" activated? When e. g. EGF binds to a receptor.
+- W. h. "MAP Kinase"? Mitogen-activated protein kinase.
+- Activated Raf ultimately activates? MAP Kinase.
+- Glucose transport is connected to which gradient? Na+ Gradient.
+- What is the job of the "lipoprotein particles"? Carry lipids via the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
+- Wie wirkt das Gift "Phalloidin"? Es stabilisiert Aktinfilamente, die dadurch ihre Dynamik verlieren.
+- Which protein separates Ran-GTP from importin? The RanBP (Ran Binding Protein).
+- Wie schützt die Zelle die Plus-Enden von Mikrotubuli vor Depolymerisation? Durch Verankerung in einem capping Protein geschützt werden.
+- The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by ...? Ran, a small Ras-related GTPase.
+- COPII-coated vesicles go from->to? From ER->Golgi.
+- Welche Cytoskelett-Elemente sind apolar? Nur die Intermediärfiamente.
+- Do chloroplast contain ribosomes? Yes. They are smaller than the regular ribosomes though.
+- The "Golgi cisternae stack" has which 4 functional regions? (1) the cis-Golgi network (CGN) (2) the medial-Golgi (3) the endo-Golgi (4) the trans-Golgi network (TGN)
+- What is the "Interphase"? All but Mitosis; so we have G1, S and G2.
+- What does the name "Ras" stand for? Ras is an abbreviation of "Rat sarcoma".
+- Rab-Proteins are what type of proteins exactly? They are "monomeric GTPases".
+- A. W. für "G0-phase"? resting state
+- In der Zellbiologie, was heisst "Cvt-Pathway"? cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting
+- Most laminopathies (== diseases of the lamina) are associated with ..., in a cellular context? A mutant version of lamin A.
+- Was ist "spectral tuning"? Spectral tuning bedeutet, das verschiedene Pigment-Spektren, sowie andere Faktoren, die diese beeinflussen, durch den Organismus, der diese produziert, adaptiert werden. Also quasi eine "Anpassung an Licht verschiedener Wellenlänge".
+- What means "cellular respiration"? This is how cells consume O2 and produce CO2.
+- Another term for "the translocon"? Protein-conducting channel.
+- What is a "Rab cascade" in cell biology? This is the ordered recruitment of sequentially active Rab proteins.
+- What is the "intracellular signal" that triggers macroautophagy? The intracellular levels of particular amino acids.
+- Was heisst "Tom complex"? "Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane".
+- Wie lange dauert die S-Phase in einer Säugetierzelle (von-bis)? 10-12 Stunden.
+- "Microfilaments" are formed by ... ? Actin.
+- What happens if we treat a rat with the drug "phenobarbitol"? This drug stimulates liver cell division, thereby causing "liver enlargement".
+- Name 3 "functional classification" of cell junctions. A: (1) Occluding junctions (2) Anchoring junctions (3) Communicating junctions
+- Name 3 detergents. A: (1) SDS (2) Triton X-100 (3) Beta-octylglucoside
+- The ER cycles between ...? The ER membrane and the cytosol.
+- Das "Zellweger-Syndrom" beruht auf ...? Mutationen in den Genen, die für die Entstehung von Peroxisomen erforderlich sind.
+- What does the "signal hypothesis" state? The site of synthesis of a protein was determined by the sequence of amino acids in the N-terminal portaion of the polypeptide.
+- In Cell Biology, what do we mean with the term "free ribosome"? Ribosomes that are not attached to the RER.
+- What is the "transitional ER"? These are areas of smooth ER that bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus.
+- What is the job of "Bacteriorhodopsin"? This protein functions as a light-activated H+ pump that transfers H+ out of the archaeal cell.
+- "Nanodiscs" are surrounded by ...? A belt of proteins.
+- Do plants use cAMP for signalling? No.
+- How can we visualize lateral diffusion of membrane proteins? Via "FRAP" (Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching).
+- What does it mean when we say that the subunits of actin filaments are asymmetrical? These subunits bind to one another head-to-tail, so that they all point in one direction.
+- Name 3 important jobs for the ER (Endoplasmatic Reticulum). A: (1) lipid-biosynthesis (2) protein biosynthesis (3) intracellular Ca 2+ store
+- Was passiert mit Glykoproteinen die "phosphorylierte Mannosereste" aufweisen? Sie werden in die Lysosomen transportiert.
+- Aufgabe der SUN und KASH Proteine? Sie verbinden den Nucleus und das Cytoplasma durch die Zellkern-Membran.
+- Es gibt SUN und KASH Proteine. Wo finden wir diese? KASH-Proteine sind dem Cytosol zugewandt, SUN Proteine dem Nucleus (Merkhilfe: Eine sun sieht dem Nucleus von der Form her ähnlich).
+- In cell biology, what do we mean with "INM"? inner nuclear membrane. 
+- Wofür steht der Name "P-bodies" in der Zellbiologie? Processing bodies
+- What is "Pyknosis"? This is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.
+- Calmodulin hat n Ca2+ binding sites? 4. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin
+- What are "professional phagocytes"? (1) macrophages (2) neutrophils
+- A. W. für "histone writers"? histone modifying enzymes.
+- What do we mean with "Translational frameshifting"? When we ignore a stop codon.
+- Welches Signalpeptid wird nicht abgespalten? Das "Kernlokalisationssignal".
+- With which technique could we prove that signal sequences in proteins are important? With a "transfection experiment".
+- 2 Categories of endocytosis? (1) bulk-phase endocytosis (2) receptor-mediated endocytosis
+- How can the lysosome maintain its acidic pH? It contains a H+ pump in its membrane, which uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump more H+ into the lysosome.
+- Name one big difference between the lumen of a lysosome and the cytoplasm. A: The lumen of a lysosome is more acidic than the cytoplasm.
+- Durchmesser eines "clathrin triskelion polyhedral lattice"? 80nm.
+- Allgemein, welche 4 chemische Gruppen-Reste können Aminosäuren haben? (1) sauer (2) basisch (3) polar (4) unpolar
+- Wie können wir den Zerfall der Mikrotubuli bewirken? Durch Colchicin.
+- Nenne die 3 Komponenten beim Aufbau eines Lipidmoleküls. A: (1) Cholin (2) Phosphat (3) Glycerin
+- Nenne 4 Phospholipide, die wir in einer Membran finden können. A: (1) Phosphatidylcholin (PC) (2) Phosphatidylserin (PS) (3) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) (4) Phosphatidylethanolamin (PE)
+- Wer etablierte das "Flüssig-Mosaik-Modell" 1972? Singer und Nicolson.
+- Welche Aufgabe haben die RAB-Proteine in der Zelle? Sie überprüfen die Spezifität des Andockens eines Vesikels an die Zielorganelle.
+- How do we call the tethering proteins of the Golgi complex? Golgins.
+- Unterschied zwischen "saturated fatty acids" und "unsaturated fatty acids"? Die saturated fatty acids haben C-C Bindungen die nur Einzelbindungen sind. Die unsaturated fatty acids hingegen haben C=C Bindungen, also Doppelbindungen.
+- How does a cell cope with a "residual body"? (1) it can release the content of residual body by exocytosis (2) it can be retained within the cytoplasm, and become a "lipofuscin granule".
+- Proteine die in die Mitochondrien importiert werden sollen, haben was für eine leader sequence? Am N-Terminus 20 oder mehr Aminosäuren.
+- The MPF ("maturation promoting factor") consists of how many subunits? 2.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was heisst "ESCRT"? The "endosomal sorting complex required for Transport".
+- The ER lumen can store what? It can store "calcium" (Ca2+).
+- Folded proteins inside of a cell leave the ER where? At "ER exit sites".
+- How much of the ER comprise of newly-synthesized proteins? Only about 1%.
+- What is "Hemifusion" in cell biology? During membrane fusion, the outer leaflets of the two membranes merge first, whereas the distal membrane leaflets remain separate until the opening of a fusion pore. This intermediate stage is called a hemifusion.
+- What exactly is a "neoplasm"? An accumulation of "abnormally dividing cells".
+- In Cellbiology, what is "Dynamin"? A large GTPase, involved in the scission of nascent vesicles from parent membranes.
+- Chemischer Name für "Caffeine"? 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine.
+- Wozu dienen die "caveolae" in der Zelle? They can protect a cell from stretching. ("Caveola mechanosensing")
+- What are "Neocentromeres", how do they originate? Neocentromeres are ectopic centromeres that originate occasionally from noncentromeric regions of chromosomes. 
+- Actin Filamente haben einen "nucleation point", der von einem Komplex ausgeht, welcher wiederum 7 Proteine hat. Wie heisst dieser Komplex, und wofür steht die Abkürzung? Arp2/3 complex. Arp steht für "Actin-Related Protein" - ARP ähnelt Aktin strukturell.
+- Der "retrograde transport" bei COP I verläuft von ... zu ...?  Von Golgi, zum ER.
+- There is a hormone which transforms a tadpole into a frog. Which hormone is that? Thyroid hormone.
+- Do Microfilaments have a plus and minus end? Yes.
+- What are "Biologics"? Genetically engineered proteins derived from human genes, designed to inhibit specific components of the immune system, especially those that play a role in inflammation.
+- In cell biology, what means "Photobleaching"? Photobleaching is the photochemical destruction of a fluorophore.
+- Welches Protein dissoziiert vSNARE/tSNARE Komplex? NSF (unter ATP Verbrauch).
+- What are "spheroid cells"? This is a 3D cell culture method where a small aggregate of cells grows free of foreign materials.
+- Was sind MDCK Zellen? Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
+- Which class of enzymes trigger the events in the cell cycle? Kinases.
+- Eine bakterielle Zelle hat wieviele Moleküle ATP? 1 Million.
+- What is the job of the "satellite muscle cells"? They repair injured muscle cells. Satellite cells can self-renew and proliferate, thus providing new myogenic cells.
+- Wie sind die Mikrotubuli in einer nicht-polarisierten Zelle verteilt? Die Plus-Enden befinden sich nahe an der Zellmembran, die Minus-Enden eher in der Mitte der Zelle.
+- Was sind "Kinozilien"? Das sind Wimpern beim z. Bsp. Wimpertierchen.
+- Was ist die "Glykokalyx"? Die Gesamtheit der Zuckerketten an der extrazellulären Zelloberfläche.
+- Was ist ein "Tendinozyt"? Ein Tendinozyt ist eine Fibroblastenart, die im straffen kollagenen parallelfaserigen Bindegewebe von Sehnen vorkommt.
+- Wer stellte die <one>Zelltheorie</one> auf? <one>Matthias Schleiden</one> und <one>Theodor Schwann</one>.
+- In Cell Biology, what is a "Retromer"? A complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.
+- In der Zellbiologie ist eine Darmepithelzelle ein Beispiel für eine "polarisierte Zelle". Welche 3 Seiten können wir hier unterscheiden? (1) Apikal (2) Lateral (3) Basal
+- What is the RNA component of SRP? The 7SL-RNA.
+- What is the purpose of a "caveole"? It protects cells from stretching.
+- What is a "Chromocyte"? Any cell that contains a pigment, especially red blood cells. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- What is "crinophagy"? The direct fusion of lysosomes with secretory vesicles.
+- How is the pH of Lysosomes maintained? By the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase proton pump.
+- In induction of autophagy, who normally inhibits Atg1? TOR kinase.
+- Nenne 3 verschiedene Plastid-Typen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (1) Chloroplasten (2) Chromoplasten (3) Leukoplasten
+- Rab6 Proteins haben was für eine Aufgabe? They direct a vesicle to specific spots on the correct target membrane.
+- Welche 2 Formen des Co-Transport gibt es für eine Zelle? (1) Symport (2) Antiport
+- Nenne 3 konkrete Funktionen des glatten ER. A: (1) Synthese von Lipiden (2) Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel (3) Detoxifizierung von Giften
+- What is "autophagy"? Degradation of intracellular substrates.
+- Eine menschliche Pankreaszelle hat wieviele Ribosomen? Einige Millionen.
+- What do we mean with the word "Autophagy"? Autophagy is a cellular, catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary cellular components through the actions of lysosomes.
+- Was bedeutet "primäre Endocytobiose"? Das Aufnehmen eines Prokaryoten und dessen Reduktion auf die Stufe eines Organells im Laufe der Evolution. Wichtig bei der Mitochondrien und Chloroplasten-"Entstehung".
+- In der Zellbiologie, was sind "reticulons"? Reticulons sind membranständige Proteine, die das tubuläre endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilden.
+- In cell Biology, what means "Transfection"? The process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells.
+- Was ist "Endocytose"? Die Aufnahme von Flüssigkeit sowie großen und kleineren Molekülen in eine eukaryotische Zelle (nicht bei Prokaryoten)
+- Warum besitzen Archaea Etherbindungen? Da Esterbindungen, wie in Bacteria und Eukaryoten, unter extremen Bedingungen rasch hydrolysieren würden.
+- Was geschieht beim Spindel-Checkpoint? Es wird überprüft ob alle Chromosomen an Spindeln angehängt sind.
+- Was ist die sogenannte "korpuskuläre Absorption"? (1) Phagocytose (2) Pinocytose (3) Endocytose
+- Ionenkanäle können kontrolliert werden. Nenne 3 Möglichkeiten. A: (1) spannungskontrolliert (2) ligandenkontrolliert (Transmitter, Ionen, Nukleotide) (3) mechanisch kontrolliert
+- What are "cathepsins" and where are they activated? Cathepsins are Proteases which become activated at the low pH found in Lysosomes.
+- What is a "Ionophore"? This is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms, able to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist "Vimentin"? Vimentin ist ein Typ 3 Intermediärfilament das eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verankerung von Organellen im Cytosol spielt.
+- Nenne etwas bemerkenswertes bei Mikrotubuli und Genexpression? Mikrotubuli besteht aus 2 Untereinheiten. Diese Untereinheiten werden gekoppelt exprimiert.
+- In cellbiology, related to G proteins, what are the "RGS"? RGS are "Regulators of G protein signaling". They can activate GTPases for heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunits.
+- Human CDKs have a modified ATP-binding site that can be regulated by ... ? It can be regulated by "cyclin binding".
+- Ein "Lariat" hat was für eine Struktur genau? Zirkuläre RNA mit 3-Strich OH-Gruppe-
+- A. W. für "cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1"? p21.
+- What functions do the "Synaptotagmins" have? They function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion.
+- Wie können wir beweisen das sich Membranproteine lateral in der Membran bewegen können? Indem wir humane und Maus-Zellen fusionieren. Es kommt dadurch zum Durchmischen artspezifischer Proteine.
+- Define "transmembrane proteins". A: These are proteins that span the lipid bilayer.
+- What is "Transcytosis"? Transcytosis is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across / through the interior of a cell.
+- Give 3 examples for G-protein-coupled receptors! A: (1) muscarinic receptor (2) adrenergic receptor (3) opioid receptor
+- Which 3 components can we find in the ABC transport system? (1) substrate-binding protein (2) membrance-integrated transporter (3) ATP-hydrolyzing protein
+- In der Zellbiologie, welche Rolle spielen "multivesicular bodies"? Sie spielen eine Rolle beim Transport von ubiquitinierten Proteinen und Rezeptoren in ein Lysososome.
+- Die MPF (Mitosis-promoting factor) wird wann und wie aktiviert? MPF wird am Ende der G2-Phase durch eine Phosphatase aktiviert, die eine hemmende (inhibitory) Phosphat-Gruppe entfernt.
+- In cellbiology, name a classic model of "motor functions". A: Skin pigmentation in fish.
+- cdc42 belongs to which family? The Rho family.
+- Give two hormone-examples for vesicular proteins. A: (1) insulin (2) erythropoietin (EPO)
+- What is a "Heteroplasmon"? This is an eukaryotic cell in which both wild-type and mutant organelle DNA coexist. Sometimes also called a cytohet. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
+- Warum sind "vesicles" für die Zelle so wichtig? Weil sie damit Moleküle zwischen Organellen und dem Aussenmilieu verschicken kann.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist das "Retromer"? Das Retromer ist ein Komplex an Proteinen die wichtig sind für die Wiederverwendung von "transmembrane receptors", von Endosomen hin zum trans-Golgi network (TGN).
+- What is the main signal for protein delivery into lysosomes via endosomes? The Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (MPR).
+- Das Medikament Eribulin bindet woran? An das + Ende wachsender Mikrotubuli.
+- The GTP bound to Beta-tubulin may be hydrolyzed to GDP shortly after assembly. What is the effect of this? New dimers are added to the Tubulin-Structure.
+- Mitochondrial division is coordinated with? DNA Replication of the Mitochondria.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was besagt das "cisternal maturation hypothesis"? Eendoplasmic reticulum ER-derived membranes nucleate new Golgi cisternae.
+- Can cells pick up other cells through endocytosis? Yes.
+- What is "exocytosis"? This is an energy-using process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles into its extracellular space.
+- Name 3 functions of autophagy. A: (1) starvation (recycling of nutrients) (2) protein aggregation (neurodegenerative importance) (3) damaged organelles
+- Name one important but unusual environmental cue for a cell in a multicellular organism. A: Signals from the other cells.
+- Zellulär betrachtet, was heisst "Atg8" und warum ist Atg8 wichtig? Atg8 heisst "Autophagy-related protein 8". Es ist ein ubiquitin-like Protein, das für die Bildung von autophagosomalen Membranen wichtig ist. Die Konjugation von Atg8 an die autophagosomale Membran ist für die Autophagie in Eukaryoten essenziell.
+- In cell biology, what is the "kiss of death"? The addition of Ubuiqitin to proteins. This addition often commits the labelled protein to degradation in the 26-S proteasome.
+- Was bedeutet der Name bei "I-cell disease"? Inclusion-cell disease.
+- Welche Kategorie sind I-Cell diseases? lysosomal storage diseases.
+- In cell biology, in the chaperone-mediated variant of autophagy pathway, which complex is the most important one? The hsc70-containing complex.
+- Which three main pathways are involved in autophagy? (1) Macroautophagy (2) Microautophagy (3) Chaperone-mediate autophagy (CMA)
+- Eps15 in der Zelle ist ein "multifunctional adaptor protein". Welche Aufgabe hat dies? Reguliert "intracellular trafficking".
+- Welche biologische Aufgabe hat das cis-Golgi network? It receives the biosynthetic output from the ER.
+- In der Autophagie bei der Zellbiologie, was heisst "PAS"? Phagosome assembly site.
+- What are "early endosomes"? Bubbles that exist directly after being pinched off. They are mildly acidic, so not much degradation has yet taken place. As the early endosome migrates deeper into the cell, it becomes more and more acidic and evolves into a late endosome.
+- Within a cell, ArfGAP1 contains motifs which specifically bind to ...? Small liposomes.
+- Within a cell, what happens if a protein loses its KDEL Sequence? It can no longer be retained within the ER.
+- ARF-GAP1 ist was für ein Proteintyp? Ein GAP (GTPase-activating protein)
+- Anderes, schöneres Wort für "Pigments"? Rainbow catchers.
+- Welche Funktion haben Intermediärfilamente? Gib Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente. A: Intermediärfilamente dienen der "Erhöhung der mechanischen Stabilität der Zelle". Sie haben einen Durchmesser von 10 nm und liegen somit zwischen Aktinfilamenten (7 nm) und Mikrotubuli (25 nm). Intermediärfilamente bilden mit Mikrotubuli und Aktinfilamenten das Cytoskelett der Zelle. "Desmine" und "Lamine" sind Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente.
+- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen Mitosis und Meiosis. A: Die Produkte der Meiosis sind haploid.
+- Wieso braucht die Zelle "Ribose-5-phosphat"? Zur Synthese von RNA und DNA.
+- Welche 3 Aussagen trifft die erweiterte Cell Theory von Robert Hooke? (1) All organisms are composed of cells. (2) Cells are the smallest living things. (3) Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
+- G-Proteine besitzen 3 Untereinheiten. Wie können wir experimentell die Alpha-Untereinheit dauerhaft binden und somit einen Effektor blockieren oder dauerhaft aktivieren? Durch Gabe von schwefelsubstituiertem GTP.
+- Wann setzt die Zelle das Enzym "Glutamine Synthetase" ein? Wenn die NH3-Konzentration niedrig ist.
+- 5-Methylcytosin ist methyliert, und kann über eine Oxidation in welche 3 anderen Nukleotide konvertiert werden? (1) 5-Hydroxymethylcytosin (hmC) (2) 5-Strich-Formylcytosin (fC) (3) 5-Strich-Carboxycytosin (caC)
+- Durchmesser eines Nucleosoms? 11 nm.
+- DnaA-Protein can be activated by which molecule? ATP.
+- Innerhalb der Zelle, wo spielen Actinfilamente eine Rolle? Sie bilden dynamische Netze unterhalb der Zellmembran.
+- Welche Aufgabe hat der ComEC Complex? Der ComEC Komplex macht einen Channel (wichtig für die Kompetenz).
+- In der Zellbiologie, was genau heisst "Caspase"? Cysteinyl-aspartat-spezifische Proteinase.
+- Name one general way to inhibit translation. A: The use of microRNA.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist 3D5? Eine "tetracycline inducible transfectant cell line".
+- Griseofulvin wirkt wie? Es hemmt den Spindelapparat der Zelle, indem es an Tubulin bindet.
+- Wie gross kann eine aerobe Zelle werden? So gross das sie gerade noch Sauerstoff aufnehmen und verteilen kann.
+- Wie funktioniert der Import von Proteinen in das Mitochondrium? Mitochondrien haben Rezeptoren, die bestimmte Signalsequenzen binden können.
+- Wo finde ich innerhalb einer Zelle "Phosphoanhydride"? In ATP-Molekülen.
+- Wie wird die PKA aktiviert? Über cAMP.
+- Der Mensch hat wieviele Zellen? 10 ** 14.
+- Pro Sekunde produziert ein erwachsener Mensch wieviele Erythrocyten? 33.000
+- A. W. für Nucleotide? Nucleoside-5-Prime-Phosphate.
+- Theodor Engelmann used which organism in his photosynthesis experiment? "Cladophora engelmann".
+- Was sind die Elektronenüberträger innerhalb der Zelle? NAD/H + NADP/H
+- Gib ein Beispiel für eine Serin/Threoninkinase. A: Proteinkinase A.
+- Was ist die "H & E Färbung"? Hämatolysin + Eosin.
+- Was sagt uns "p38" oder "p53" oder "p88" in der Biochemie? Relative molecule mass of 38K or 53K or 88K.
+- What are "sad cells"? Cells in culture that die after some weeks.
+- Wann genau bildet sich der synaptonemale Komplex? Im Zygotän.
+- Nenne die 3 Typen von Membranrezeptoren. A: (1) G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (2) Rezeptortyrosinkinasen (3) Liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle.
+- Was ist ein RNA-Thermosensor? Eine RNA die mittels Veränderung ihrer Sekundärstruktur Temperatur "messen" kann.
+- Nenne einen Marker in "smooth muscle cells". A: Calponin.
+- Wo befindet sich der Golgi-Apparat und welche Aufgabe hat er? Der Golgi-Apparat befindet sich in der Nähe des ER. Er ist für die Modifizierung und Sortierung von Proteinen verantwortlich.
+- Welche 2 Enzyme konvertieren dUTP zu dTTP? (1) Phosphatase (2) Kinase.
+- Wieso werden Sterole in die Zellmembran eingebettet und welches Dilemma haben manche Prokaryoten hier? Um sie zu verstärken. Manche Prokaryoten können diese Sterole nicht selbst synthetisieren und nehmen sie aus der Umgebung auf.
+- Wie nennt man die Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Genome in einer Zelle? Intertaxonische Kombination. (Solche Organismen sind aus genetischer Sicht Chimären).
+- A. W. für "Oberfläche einer Zelle"? Cytoplasmamembran.
+- In der Zelle, wie wird dGTP hergestellt? Ausgehend aus der GDP-Ribose, über die Ribonucleotide Reduktase, hin zu dGDP, danach fügt eine Kinase ein P hinzu und es entsteht dGTP.
+- ATPase hat F0 und F1 Teil. Welcher Teil ist der katalytisch wirkende Teil? F1.
+- Is robustness in biological systems always a good thing? No. A robust cancer cell is not a good thing for the patient!
+- Was kann man mit "Inhibitors" und "Uncouplers" demonstrieren? Den Elektronenfluss durch Zellkomplexe wie ATPase.
+- Definiere Heterotrophy. A: At least two genetically different types of mitochondria (or other organelles) are present in the same cell.
+- Das Glykoproteinhormon EPO hat n AA? 165.