studium 0.10.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === IMMUNOLOGIE TAG
+#
+# Bacca tag. Immuno tag. Imm tag. Immtag. Immun tag.
+# Krankheiten tag. Krankheit tag. Disease tag.
+#
+# Antibodies werden seit Mai 2016 NICHT mehr hier gesammelt.
+#
+# Allergene kommen in die Datei "allergie".
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Which immune cells produce <one>Monokines</one>? Only the <one>monocytes</one>.
+- <one>Complement action</one> can be made visible through ... which test? The <one>Jerne-Nordin plaque test</one>.
+- <one>Cytokines</one> are <two>"... agents"</two>. A: <one>immunomodulating agents</one>.
+- In der Immunologie: W. h. <one>DTH-response</one>? "Delayed-type hypersensitivity".
+- Welche Zellen setzen <one>Akute-Phase-Proteine</one> frei? <one>Hepatocyten</one>.
+- Anderer Begriff für <one>wiederholte Immunisierung</one>? <one>Boostern</one>.
+- Name <one>a direct predecessor of memory B cells</one>. A: <one>Germinal center B cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center
+- What does the concept of immunodominance specify? A particular epitope (on a pathogen) may be dominant and ultimately triggers the immune response. The other epitopes that may exist, are not as effective (also called “subdominant”) and do not lead to an effective response.
+- Give an example for <one>a complex essential virulence factor</one> used by many <three>gram-negative bacteria</three>. A: <one>Type III secretion systems</one> (<two>T3SSs</two>)
+- Nenne zwei primäre lymphatische Organe und 2 sekundäre Lymphatische Organe. A: (1) Primäre: Knochenmark und Thymus (2) Sekundäre: Lymphknoten und Milz
+- What is the "size range of human chemokines", in kDa? <one>8-12 kD</one>.
+- When the <one>BcR</one> is created, does first <three>V-DJ rearranging</three> or <three>D-J rearranging</three> happen? <one>D-J rearranging</one> comes first.
+- Welche zwei Wege sind möglich, ausgehend von einer <one>bone marrow stem cell</one>? (1) <one>myeloid precursor</one> (2) <one>lymphoid precursor</one>
+- <one>LPS</one> is specifically recognised by which TLR? <one>TLR4</one>.
+- <one>NF-KappaB</one> ist ein Dimer, bestehend aus den beiden Untereinheiten p... und p.. A: (1) <one>p50</one> (2) <one>p65</one>
+- <one>CD8</one> interagiert mit MHC ... ? <one>MHC I</one>. []
+- Welche <one>Surfactant-Proteine</one> wirken in der Lunge? A + D. Sie opsonieren Bakterien.
+- <one>Elie Metchnikoff</one> discovered <two>phagocytosis by neutrophils</two>. How did he call them back then? <one>Microphages</one>.
+- Wie lange dauert es bis ein <one>adaptive immune response</one> erfolgt? Mehr als 96 Stunden (~ "+4 Tage")
+- <one>MBL</one> belongs to which group of proteins? To the <one>acute phase proteins</one>.
+- Der Marker <one>D15S11</one> wird bei der Diagnose wovon verwendet? Beim <one>Prader-Willi Syndrom</one>.
+- Toll-like Rezeptoren sind bei der angeborenen Immunantwort wichtig. Säugetiere besitzen mindestens n verschiedene Toll-like Rezeptoren? <one>Elf</one> (<one>11</one>).
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>massive, horizontale Übertragung von Rhinoviren</one>? <one>Niesen</one>. []
+- <one>Rapamycin</one> kann, in Säugetieren, das Immunsystem unterdrücken. Molekular betrachtet geschieht dies wie? Rapamycin inhibiert die G1→S-Phase Transition in den T-Lymphocyten. Dadurch kann Rapamycin als Immunosuppressivum nach Organtransplantationen verwendet werden.
+- Warum wird <one>Blutplasma</one> mehrere Monate gekühlt? Um <orange>Viren zu zerstören</orange> oder beschädigen (evtl. auch Bakterien), damit man so Infektionskrankheiten minimieren kann.
+- In Immunology: what dual role does the complement protein <one>C3b</one> have? (1) opsonization (2) lysis of a cell through the membrane attack complex
+- Woher stammen <one>Anaphylatoxine</one>? Aus <one>Komplementfaktoren</one> - <two>C3a</two>, C4a, C5a.
+- Wie nennen wir <one>"Schleimhautimmunität"</one> auf englisch? <one>Mucosal immunity</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_immunology
+- Ursache der <one>Tay-Sachs Disease</one>? Ausfall von <one>Beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase</one>.
+- The most common <one>Fc receptor</one> on the surface of an NK cell is called ... ? <one>CD16</one>.
+- Give a mnemonic to remember <one>CD4+ cells</one> versus <one>CD8+ cells</one>. A: <one>Help suppress a reaction.</one> <two>T helper cells</two> are <three>CD4+</three> and the "T-Suppressor cells" are <tomato>CD8+</tomato>.
+- Name two <one>transcription factors</one> that can induce the production of <two>IFN-Alpha</two> and <two>IFN-Beta</two>. A: (1) <one>IRF3</one> (2) <one>IRF7</one>
+- The <one>TCR</one> (<three>T-cell receptor</three>) consist of <two>n subunits</two>? 2 - it is a <one>heterodimer</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor []
+- Name an extremely primitive way how <one>a tumor</one> could protect itself against <two>immunotoxins</two>. A: By its <one>sheer size</one>. []
+- Nenne eine Funktion der "Akute-Phase-Proteine". A: Dienen der <one>Opsonierung der Krankheitserreger</one>.
+- Die <one>Bluttplättchen</one> gehen aus welchen Zellen hervor? <one>Megakaryocyten</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte []
+- <one>MHC I</one> and <one>MHC II</one> are members of which family? They belong to the <one>immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins</one>.
+- Was und warum geschieht mit der <one>Milz</one> im Zuge einer Sepsis? Sie schwillt an da die Lymphocyten aktiviert werden und somit in ihrer Anzahl zunehmen.
+- Nenne <one>eine wichtige Fähigkeit der Milz</one>. A: <one>Abbau von überalterten Erythrocyten</one>.
+- In der Immunologie gibt es das <one>LRBA-Gen</one>. Was kann passieren wenn dieses Gen ausfällt? Es kann zu schweren Störungen in der B-Zell-Entwicklung und der T-Zell-Funktion kommen.
+- <one>MBL</one> (mannose-binding lectin) is a member of which family? MBL belongs to the <one>collectin family</one>.
+- 3 roles of <one>inflammation</one> in combating infection? (1) deliver additional effectors to sites of infection (2) induce local blood clotting (3) <one>promote the repair of injured tissue</one>
+- Nenne drei Beispiele für <one>Epitope tags</one>. A: (1) HA (2) FLAG (3) <one>myc</one>
+- The <one>Mx Proteins</one> are important in immunology. Give another awesome name for them. A: "Antiviral Gatekeepers" - the Mx proteins "restrain the uninvited".
+- Which specific cells in the human body <one>do not express MHC class I receptors</one> on their surface? <one>Red blood cells</one>.
+- <one>Hybridomzellen</one> erhält man woraus? Aus der Fusion von "B-Lymphozyten der Maus" mit <one>Myelomzellen</one>.
+- Die <one>passive Immunisierung</one> bedeutet ... ? Das einem Menschen bereits fertige Antikörper verabreicht werden.
+- Der <one>Lektin-Weg</one>, im Komplementsystem, erkennt ... ? <one>Mannose-Strukturen</one>.
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Slogan von <one>Polly Matzinger</one>. A: <one>To detect and protect against danger</one>.
+- Why may <one>alarmins</one> be considered dangerous? Because an excess release of alarmins, such as by severe injury, may result in a potentially lethal cytokine storm.
+- <one>Chemokine receptors</one>, such as "CD4" or "CCR5", often belong to which protein family? They often belong to the <one>seven transmembrane helix family</one>.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>iTreg</one> in Immunology? This refers to <one>inducible regulatory T cells</one>.
+- Welcher <one>Rezeptor</one> erkennt "C3b"? Der Komplementrezeptor <one>CR1</one>.
+- What happens in <one>antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity</one> (<two>ADCC</two>)? This is a process by which <one>NK cells</one> are targeted to <two>IgG-coated cells</two>, resulting in lysis of the antibody coated cells.
+- <one>NOD-like Rezeptoren</one> (NLRs) führen intrazellulär zu einer Ausbildung ... ? Des <one>Inflammasoms</one>.
+- <one>Rac2</one> induces the assembly of a functional ... in the phagolysosome membrane, leading to the generation of O2 -. A: <one>NADPH oxidase</one>.
+- <one>Infektionen</one> lösen eine ... aus. A: <one>Entzündungsreaktion</one>.
+- Name a <one>non-specific immunotherapy</one>. A: Boost the immune system in a general way.
+- In immunology: <one>SOCS</one> are ... ? <royalblue>Suppressor of cytokine signaling</royalblue>. 
+- Why may it be useful, in immunology, that <one>adhesion</one> to cells is not strong? When adhesion is weak then this may allow, for instance, leukocytes to roll along the vascular endothelial surface.
+- When it comes to killing ingested microorganisms: <one>neutrophils</one> versus <one>macrophages</one>. Which one is more effective here? The <one>neutrophils</one>.
+- <one>Myasthenia gravis</one> is an autoimmune disease. What happens there? The affected individual makes antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor on their skeletal muscle cells.
+- The second marrow pool of neutrophils is the storage pool consisting of cells that are undergoing ... ? <one>Nuclear maturation</one>.
+- Wechen Zweck haben <one>Alpha-Defensine</one>? Sie dienen dem <one>Schutz der Schleimhaut im Darm</one>.
+- Are <one>basophils</one> <two>phagocytic</two>? No.
+- Definiere den Begriff <one>Xenotyp</one>. A: Ein homologes Gen aus einer anderen Spezies, welche für das selbe Protein kodiert.
+- In Immunology: is <one>memory</one> a good term to use? It should rather be called <one>immune memory</one>.
+- There is <one>ADCC</one> (<two>Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</two>). Is there also a non-antibody dependent cytotoxicity variant? Yes, <royalblue>CDC</royalblue>, aka <one>complement-dependent cytotoxicity</one>.
+- Direkter Vorläufer der Neutrophile ist ... ? Der <one>Myeloblast</one>.
+- How could we define the term <one>adjuvants</one>? These are <one>substances that can enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen</one>.
+- The predominant cells in pus are ... ? The <one>neutrophils</one>.
+- Man kann die <one>Mustererkennungsstrukturen</one> nach ihrer Lokalisation in welche 3 Gruppen einteilen? (1) lösliche Rezeptoren (2) zellmembrangebundene Rezeptoren (3) <one>intrazelluläre Rezeptoren</one>
+- Warum die Bezeichnung <one>M cells</one>? <tomato>M</tomato> steht hier für <one>microfold cells</one>.
+- Which <one>cellular compartment</one> has <two>the license to kill</two>? The <one>Phagosome</one>.
+- Are neutrophils phagocytes? Yes.
+- The neutrophil has what kind of nucleus? A <one>multilobed</one> nucleus.
+- Neutrophils can be stained, via the H+E stain. What colour will they show? Neutrophils stain pink.
+- Nenne zwei humorale Abwehrfaktoren des Menschen, ausgenommen der Antikörper. A: (1) <one>Lysozym</one> (2) <one>Interferone</one>
+- Name four different <one>anti-microbial functions</one> of neutrophils. A: (1) phagocytosis (2) pus formation (3) neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (4) production of anti-microbial molecules, such as anti-microbial peptides or reactive oxygen species
+- <one>NETosis</one> stands for ... ? <tomato>NET activation and release</tomato>.
+- Genetically viewed: where precisely can we find the "Recombination Signal Sequences"? Next to the regional gene segments - <one>V, D and J</one>.
+- What means <one>WBC count</one> im Immunology? <one>White blood cell count</one>.
+- Which cells display <one>MHC II</one>? <one>APCs</one> (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells).
+- <one>MHC class I</one> binds to ... and MHC class II binds to ...? (1) <violet>MHC  I</violet> binds to "CD8+ cells". (2) <violet>MHC II</violet> binds to <one>CD4+ cells</one>.
+- Name the two subpopulations of neutrophils. A: (1) <one>neutrophil-killers</one> (2) <one>neutrophil-cagers</one>
+- Ist die <one>T-Zelle</one> fähig als <two>Gedächtniszelle</two> zu agieren? Ja.
+- The <one>HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles</one> are related to which antibodies? To <one>autoantibodies</one>, in positive rheumatoid arthritis patients.
+- Wie nennen wir <one>die Immunzellen der Insekten</one>? <one>Hämocyten</one>.
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of <two>immunopathogenic</two>? <one>Immunoprotective</one>.
+- The <one>classical pathway in the complement cascade</one> starts with ... ? <one>C1q</one>.
+- Was sind <one>Hybridomzellen</one> (wie gewinnt man sie)? <royalblue>Fusionszellen</royalblue> aus <one>B-Lymphozyten</one> und <one>Myelomzellen</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Antihistaminikum</one>. A: <one>Pyribenzamin</one>.
+- Die sogenannten <one>Treg-Zellen</one> tragen was für <two>CD Marker</two> an der Oberfläche? (1) "CD4+" (2) <one>CD25+</one>
+- Was findet man bei Menschen mit dem <one>DiGeorges Syndom</one> kaum? <one>T-Lymphocyten</one>.
+- The <one>most abundant white blood cells in mammals</one> are ... ? The <one>Neutrophils</one>.
+- Nenne zwei verschiedene Typen von Dendritischen Zellen (DC) in der "Peripherie"! A: (1) Konventionelle DCs (2) Vorläufer-DCs
+- <one>T helper cells</one> use which <two>CD designation</two>? <one>CD4+</one> (Mnemonic: <royalblue>4-for-to-help</royalblue>).
+- Was findet innerhalb der <one>Hassal-Körperchen</one> statt? Abbau apoptotischer Zellen.
+- Can the <one>BCR</one> <two>bind glycoproteins</two>? Yes.
+- <one>DAMPs</one> (Damage-associated molecular patterns) can initiate what? They can initiate and perpetuate a <one>noninfectious inflammatory response</one>.
+- In Immunology, what means the <one>RSS</one> Sequence? <one>Recombination signal sequences</one>.
+- <one>CD14</one> bindet an? <one>LPS</one>.
+- A. W. für <one>non-self</one>? <one>Foreign</one>.
+- <one>Somatic hypermutation</one> occurs where in the human body? In <one>B cells</one>.
+- Name the two different types of <one>adaptive immunity</one>. A: (1) humoral immunity (2) cell-mediated immunity
+- Was sind <one>Abzymes</one>? Abzymes sind <one>katalytisch wirksame Antikörper</one>.
+- Das weltweite erste Vakzin wurde wann entwickelt? <one>1796</one>.
+- Where can we find the <one>VSG-genes</one> of Trypanosoma? These genes are located <one>near the telomeres</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Opsonin</one>, das <crimson>KEIN</crimson> Antikörper ist. A: Das <one>Komplement-Fragment</one>.
+- In Immunology we could see the <one>stranger hypothesis</one> and the "danger hypothesis". Who were the people who established these two hypotheses? (1) "stranger hypothesis": Janeway (2) "danger   hypothesis": <one>Matzinger</one>
+- What do we mean with the term <one>opsonin</one>? This is any molecule that can <one>enhance phagocytosism</one> by "marking an antigen for an immune response".
+- How do we call <one>membrane-bound Immunoglobulins</one>? This is the BCR, the <orange>B-cell receptor</orange>.
+- The complement protein C1 consists of <one>C1q</one>, <one>C1r</one> and <one>C1s</one>. Which one of these three is by far the longest and thus most important molecule? <one>C1q</one> is by far the longest of these three molecules.
+- Welches <one>Spaltprodukt von C3</one> wirkt als <lightseagreen>Opsin</lightseagreen>? <one>C3b</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>lowest concentration</one> in immunology. A: <one>Highest dilution</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit dem <one>Bence-Jones Protein</one>? Dies bezieht sich auf <one>zwei leichte Ig-Ketten</one>, die miteinander verbunden sind.
+- <one>Superantigens</one> can bind to which molecule? They can bind to the MHC class II molecule.
+- Which three different categories exist for <one>Exotoxins</one>? (1) cytolytic toxins (2) AB toxins (3) <one>Superantigen Toxins</one>
+- In general: what do <one>toll-like receptors</one> recognize? They recognize <one>pathogen-associated molecular patterns</one> (<royalblue>PAMPs</royalblue>).
+- Who produces <one>Monokines</one>? <one>Mononuclear phagocytes</one>.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>immune tolerance</one>? <one>Immune tolerance</one> is the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and foreign.
+- <one>Superantigene</one> sind Toxine, die eine Bindung zwischen welchen Zellen vermitteln? Zwischen Zellen mit einem "T-Zell Rezeptor"; und der "MHC class 2" einer <orange>APC</orange> ("Antigen presenting Cell").
+- Können <one>Neutrophile</one> Granatsplitter auflösen? Ja.
+- <one>Antimikrobielle Peptide</one> sind vor allem reich an welcher Aminosäure? <one>Arginin</one>.
+- <one>Cytokine receptors</one> typically consist of at the least two chains, the cytoplasmic domains of which can bind ... ? JAKs - aka "<u>Janus kinases</u>".
+- <one>Steroidrezeptoren</one> liegen im Cytoplasma als Komplexe mit welchem Protein vor? Mit dem Hitzeschockprotein "Hsp90".
+- In Immunology: what means <one>cSMAC</one> and "pSMAC"? (1) central supramolecular activation cluster. (2) peripheral supramolecular activation cluster.
+- Welche Person hat die <one>passive Immunisierung</one> eingeführt? <one>Emil von Behring</one>.
+- Surfactant A und B wirken antimikrobiell. Wo vor allem, im Menschen, finden wir sie? In der <one>Lunge</one>.
+- Womit beginnt die <one>Phagocytose</one>? Pseudopodien <one>umschliessen</one> die Mikroorganismen.
+- What kind of protein is <one>IRAK4</one>? It is a <one>protein kinase</one>.
+- What usually occurs before <one>antigen presentation</one>? <one>Antigen processing</one>.
+- Are <one>cytokines</one> stored? No - they are <one>usually not stored</one>.
+- Barriere auf Chitinbasis im Darm der Insekten? Die <one>peritrophische Matrix</one>.
+- Zellulärer Hauptbestandteil des <one>Eiters</one>? <one>Neutrophile Granulocyten</one>.
+- Das <one>Komplementsystem</one> besteht aus wievielen Serumproteinen? <one>25</one>.
+- In general: which substances are the <one>most potent immunogens</one>? <one>Proteins</one>.
+- "PAMPs" sind hoffentlich bekannt - aber was sind <one>DAMPs</one>, als Abkürzung betrachtet? <one>Damage associated molecular patterns</one>.
+- Hauptaufgabe der <one>Akute-Phase-Proteine</one>? Dienen der <one>Opsonierung der Krankheitserreger</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>vaccination</one>? <one>Artificial active immunity</one>.
+- The MBL pathway also has MASP-1 and MASP-2 which can bind to MBL. What does this abbrevation stand for? MASP stands for <one>MBL-associated serine proteases</one>.
+- Welchen qualitativen <one>trade-off</one> gibt es bei der angeborenen Immunantwort? Die Erkennung ist sehr schnell; jedoch nicht sehr anspruchsvoll/spezifisch.
+- <one>Naive T-Zellen</one> können in den Lymphknoten wandern, dank welcher Moleküle an der Oberfläche? <one>L-Selektine</one>.
+- A. W. für ein <one>Epitope</one>? <one>Antigene Determinanten</one>.
+- The term <one>interleukin</one> was initially used by researchers for those cytokines whose presumed targets are principally .... ? <one>Leukocytes</one>.
+- Name an enzyme whose transcription is triggered by a <one>STAT protein</one>. A: The enzyme <one>oligoadenylate synthetase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-5%27-oligoadenylate_synthase
+- Wie beeinflusst <one>Cortisol</one> die Immunantwort? Cortisol <one>hemmt</one> die Immunantwort.
+- Wann wurde <one>Neomycin</one> entdeckt? <one>1948</one>.
+- What is a better word for an <one>antigen</one>? An <one>immunogen</one>.
+- <one>Histamin</one> ist bei Entzündungsreaktionen wichtig. <orange>Welche Zellen</orange> bilden Histamin? Die <one>Mastzellen</one>.
+- Der <one>Ductus thoracius</one> mündet in ...? Die <one>vena subclavia sinistra</one>.
+- Humans encode for <one>RANKL</one>, a membrane protein. What does <tomato>RANKL</tomato> stand for? <one>Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand</one>.
+- The ligand to <one>P-selectin</one> is typically ... ? <one>sialyl-Lewis</one>.
+- Wie treten naive B und T-Lymphozyten in den <one>Lymphknoten</one> ein? A: Über die <one>HEV</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234668/
+- Name the four <one>classical inflammation steps</one>. A: Mnemo: <royalblue>red cat tackles donkey</royalblue> (1) <tomato>rubor</tomato> (2) <tomato>calor</tomato> (3) <tomato>tumor</tomato> (4) <one>dolor</one>
+- In Immunology: the <one>plasma cells</one> derive from ...? <one>B-cells</one>.
+- <one>MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle</one> bestehen aus einer Alpha-Kette durch die Plasmamembran, sowie ... welcher Kette, die diese Struktur stützt? Beta2-Mikroglobulin.
+- Nenne eine Strategie wie <one>Pilze</one> gegen ROS des Immunsystems vorgehen können. A: Pilze können ROS enzymatisch inaktivieren, über die <one>Superoxidismutase</one>.
+- Nenne eine wichtige Aufgabe der <one>T-Helfer-Lymphozyten</one>. A: <one>Lymphokin-Sekretion</one>.
+- Was passiert wenn eine T-Helferzelle viel <one>Interleukin-2</one> produziert? Die Zelle proliferiert - dadurch produziert sie auch viele IL-2 Rezeptoren, mit dem Effekt das noch mehr Th-Zellen gebildet werden.
+- What means <one>Hypersensitivity</one>? Hypersensitivity is <one>an immune response</one> that results in host damage.
+- Was sind <one>Toxoide</one>? <one>Extrakte von Toxinen</one>.
+- NF-Kappa-Beta ist ein Transkriptionsfaktor. Im Zellkern aktiviert dieser Transkriptionsfaktor vor allem ... welche Gene? Gene die eine Rolle bei der Entzündungsreaktion spielen; also <one>proinflammatorische Gene</one>.
+- Name one critical factor for establishing <one>host specificity</one> of pathogens. A: Attachment to particular cell-surface molecules.
+- Nenne zwei <one>Integrine</one> aus der Familie der "Immunglobulin-Super-Genfamilie". A: (1) "ICAM-1" (2) "VCAM-1"
+- Why has <one>Ferdinand Julius Cohn</one> become famous? He "classified bacteria" into four groups, based on shape - spherical, short rods, spirals, and threads.
+- Welchen <one>Verlust</one> erleiden Lymphocyten typischerweise? Ihren <one>Homing-Rezeptor</one>.
+- Why have <one>Type III secretion systems</one> evolved? They are used by bacterial pathogens to <one>secrete toxins</one> and other products.
+- Name a protein that can promote the deadenylation of the <one>tumor necrosis factor Alpha</one>. A: <one>Tristetraprolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFP36
+- Alternative Bezeichnung für den <one>MHC</one> beim Menschen? <one>HLA</one> ("human leukocyte antigen").
+- Das C-reaktive Protein ist wichtig bei der Erkennung bestimmter Membranstruktur von Bakerien. Es bindet an ... ? <one>Phosphatidylcholinstrukturen</one>.
+- Wie wirken <one>Corticosteroide</one> auf das Immunsystem? Corticosteroide sind <tomato>entzündungshemmende Medikamente</tomato>.
+- Nenne die <one>drei Komponenten des C1-Komplementproteins</one>. A: (1) <one>C1q</one> (2) <one>C1r</one> (3) <one>C1s</one>
+- Bei welchem Phänomen tritt der sogenannte <one>Zytokinsturm</one> ein? Bei der <tomato>Sepsis</tomato>.
+- Typen von Granulocyten? (1) Eosinophil (2) basophil (3) Neutrophil. (Merkschema: "B-E-N")
+- Eine <one>dendritische Zelle</one> kontaktiert pro Stunde etwa wieviele T-Lymphozyten im Lymphknoten? Etwa <one>500</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Hämatopoese</one>? Dies ist die <one>Bildung der Blutzellen</one>.
+- Provide another word for <one>swelling</one>. A: <one>Edema</one>.
+- Wenn wir <one>Papain</one> einsetzen, um einen Antikörper zu schneiden, entsteht was? 2 monovalente Fab-Fragmente und 1 Fc-Fragment
+- Name a metal that can cause a <one>type I hypersensitivity reaction</one>. A: <one>Nickel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel
+- Give another name for the term <one>adjuvant</one>. A: <one>Immune system stimulating material</one>.
+- Was würde wohl passieren wenn man die <one>HEV</one> eines Lymphknoten blockieren würde? Der Eintritt von T und B Lymphozyten würde verhindert werden.
+- What would be a better, alternative name for the <one>lectin pathway</one> of the complement system? <one>MBLectin pathway</one> (<royalblue>Mannose-binding</royalblue>).
+- What is the major task of the <one>MHC protein</one>? To present a foreign peptide to a T cell carrying an appropriate TCR receptor - thereby activating that T cell.
+- When was the <one>side chain theory</one> established? In the year <one>1897</one>.
+- In general, what do we mean with the term <one>Immunotherapy</one>? This is when a disease is being fought by the body's own immune system.
+- Nenne zwei Bestandteile eines <one>Phagolysosom</one>. A: (1) Phagosom (2) Granula der Phagozyten
+- Which <one>Th helper cell group</one> is very important against intracellular bacteria: Th1 or Th2? <tomato>Th1 helper cells</tomato> are very important against <one>intracellular bacteria</one>.
+- Welche Substanz aktiviert Makrophagen zur <one>Neopterin-Ausschüttung</one>? <one>Interferon-Gamma</one> (<one>Interferon-γ</one>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-%CE%B3
+- Name the two "cellular innate immune response" to microbes. A: (1) "inflammation" (2) <one>antiviral defense</one>
+- <one>Macrophages</one> can bind to microbes. How is that possible? They have <one>phagocytic receptors</one> that can bind these microbes.
+- The components of <one>Abzymes</one> are ... ? <one>Antibody</one> + <one>Enzyme</one>.
+- Who or what initiates the <one>lectin pathway</one> of the complement-activation pathways? The protein called <one>MBL</one>.
+- Einen <one>Follikel</one> mit einem Keimzentrum bezeichnet man als? <one>Sekundärfollikel</one>.
+- When a leukocyte migrates, and interacts with other cells during adhesion (during the <one>rolling adhesion step</one>), before it enters through cells during "diapedesis", which step comes between these two steps? The <one>tight binding</one> step.
+- Cells infected with <tomato>viruses</tomato> that reside in the cytosol are eliminated by ... ? By <one>cytotoxic cells</one>.
+- Anteil der Leukocyten <one>in %</one> im Blut? Nur <one>0.1%</one> der Zellen im Blut sind Leukocyten.
+- Wie lange dauert es, in Tagen, bis <one>das angeborene Immunsystem</one> einen Erreger effektiv bekämpft? Etwa <one>5 Tage</one>.
+- Nenne zwei wichtige Familien <one>antimikrobieller Peptide</one> in Säugetieren. A: (1) <one>Cathelicidin</one> (2) <one>Defensin</one>
+- Do Th1 cells and <one>Th2 cells</one> express the same cytokines? No - they <one>express different cytokines</one>.
+- The <one>FcRn</one> structurally resembles ... ? "MHC class I molecules". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor
+- What do we mean with the <one>serum</one>? This is when plasma (or blood) is allowed to clot; the fluid phase we do call "serum".
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>soziale Immunität</one> gemeint? Wenn zum Beispiel <one>Bienen</one> Wabenzellen und Artgenossen putzen.
+- Does <one>serum</one> coagulate? <one>No</one>.
+- Why is <one>self-tolerance</one> important? Because it is vital in order to prevent harmful reactions against one's own cells.
+- <one>Cytokines</one> act through ... ? <one>receptors</one>.
+- In immunlogy, the protein called <one>tapasin</one> is quite important. Tapasin can also be called ... ? <royalblue>TAP-associated glycoprotein</royalblue>.
+- Can <one>B-cells</one> detect epitopes? Yes - their membrane-bound antibody molecules can <one>recognize soluble antigens</one>.
+- Wissenschaftlicher Name für die <one>Kinderlähmung</one>? <one>Poliomyelitis</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis
+- The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a <one>cytotoxic mechanism</one> known as ...? <royalblue>ADCC</royalblue>: <one>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</one>
+- Nenne eine <one>Schwachstelle</one> des HIV-Antikörpertests. A: Es gibt eine <one>diagnostische Lücke</one>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Interleukin</one>, das eine natürliche Killerzelle aktivieren kann. A: <one>Interleukin 12</one>.
+- Hat die <one>angeborene Immunität</one> ein "Gedächtnis"? Nein.
+- Was passiert beim <one>Lupus erythematodes</one>? Antikörper gegen die <one>eigenen Histone</one> werden gebildet.
+- Anderer Begriff für eine <one>Ansammlung von B-Zellen</one>? <one>Follikel</one>.
+- <one>CD28</one> ist ein Marker für welche Zellen? <one>T-Lymphocyten</one>.
+- Lebensdauer der <one>basophilen Granulozyten</one> im Blut? ca. <one>2 Wochen</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>GALT</one>? <one>Gut associated lymphoid tissue</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue
+- Does <one>MyD88</one> have a <orange>TIR domain</orange>? Yes it does.
+- Das Komplementprotein <one>C1q</one>, Teil von C1, besteht aus wievielen Polypeptidketten? <one>18</one>.
+- Um zu einer <one>Antikörper-produzierenden Plasmazelle</one> zu differenzieren, müssen B-Zellen mit welcher Zelle interagieren? Mit <one>TH-Zellen</one>.
+- Name two natural processes involving angiogenesis. A: (1) lactation (2) <one>wound healing</one>
+- The function of MBL is similar to which other protein in the complement pathway? <one>C1q</one>.
+- A. W. für "granulocytes"? <one>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes</one>.
+- Most proteins are <one>immunogenic</one> when injected from a different species. Name two exceptions. A: (1) <one>collagen</one> (2) <one>cytochrome C</one>
+- <one>MHC restriction</one> is important for which immune cells? The <one>T cells</one>.
+- What do we typically mean with an <one>immune complex</one>? This is a complex consisting of <violet>antibodies</violet> and (<orange>bound</orange>) <violet>antigens</violet>.
+- <one>Plasmazellen</one> produzieren Antikörper. Etwa wie lange, im Durchschnitt? Etwa <one>2-3 Wochen</one>, danach erfolgt die Apoptose.
+- What happens when the <one>spleen</one> is removed from an individual? This individual will be <one>highly susceptible to infections with encapsulated bacteria</one>.
+- Welche Färbung kann für die Granulozyten verwendet werden? Die <one>Giemsa-Färbung</one>.
+- Which <one>complement pathway</one> is part of the innate immune system? The <one>alternative pathway</one>, as it is antibody-independent.
+- Why the name <one>MHC restriction</one>? Because T cells are restricted to recognize only those antigens that are "associated with cell-surface MHC molecules".
+- The <one>Cyclophilins</one> are a family of proteins. They can bind to which molecule? They can bind to <one>cyclosporine</one>.
+- In the <one>human blood</one>: may we find "more B cells" or "more T cells"? <one>More B cells</one>; twice the amount than T cells.
+- <one>Pentraxins</one> can bind which ligand? <one>Calcium</one>.
+- Welche Therapie mögen wir verwenden, um die <one>rheumatoide Arthiritis</one> zu bekämpfen? Die <one>Anti-TNF-alpha-Therapie</one>.
+- Name the two main categories of "white blood cells". A: (1) <one>lymphoid</one> (2) <one>myeloid</one>
+- <one>Fieber</one> führt zu einer Erhöhung der Körpertemperatur, über Pyrogene. Wer im menschlichen Körper reguliert die Temperatur? Der <one>Hypothalamus</one>.
+- Welche <one>Immunantwort</one> sehen wir jeweils bei "B-Zellen" und bei "T-Zellen"? (1) B-Zellen: "Antikörper-vermittelte Immunantwort". (2) T-Zellen: <one>Zell-vermittelte       Immunantwort</one>.
+- Warum benötigt der menschliche Körper <one>NK-Zellen</one>? Diese töten <one>intrazelluläre Erreger</one>, wie zum Beispiel Viren.
+- Who causes <one>listeriosis</one>? The gram-positive intracellular bacterium <one>Listeria monocytogenes</one>.
+- In which year was the term <one>cytokine</one> proposed? In the year <tomato>1974</tomato>, when Stanley Cohen published an article describing the production of "MIF" in virus-infected allantoic membrane and kidney cells. This thus showed that the production of these compounds was not limited to immune cells.
+- <one>IgA</one> kommt in welchen Formen vor? (1) monomer (2) dimer (3) <one>trimer</one>
+- First <one>enzymes</one> to be activated in the lectin pathway? MASP-1 and MASP-2; mannose-binding lectin associated serine proteases.
+- Which cells have <one>MHC II</one>? Only antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells).
+- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen den <one>dendritischen Zellen</one> und den <one>Makrophagen</one>. A: Dendritische Zellen können sehr leicht aus dem Gewebe auswandern.
+- Wie werden <one>Granulocyten</one> noch genannt? <one>Polymorphkernige Leukocyten</one>.
+- Alle Immunzellen entstehen letzten Endes aus ... ? Der <one>pluripotenten, hämatopoetischen Stammzelle</one>.
+- Welche Zellen haben sowohl <one>MHC-1</one> als auch <one>MHC-2</one>? <one>APC Zellen</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>Granulozytose</one>? Dies ist eine "Vermehrung der Granulozyten im peripheren Blut".
+- When was <one>smallpox</one> eradicated? In the year <one>1980</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication
+- Vor allem welche Zellen exprimieren <one>TLR9</one>? Die <royalblue>pDCs</royalblue> ("plasmacytoid dendritic cells").
+- In Immunology: which effect does <one>Interleukin-2</one> have in the human body? Interleukin-2 triggers the division of immune cells.
+- Name a CD-membrane receptor used by <one>NK cells</one>. A: <one>CD16</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23487023
+- Which cell in the human body is especially productive when it comes to the production of <one>interleukins</one>? The <one>T-helper cells</one>.
+- Das Genprodukt bei der <one>Gaucher-Krankheit</one> ist ... ? <one>Glucorebrosidase</one>.
+- <one>Inflammation</one> can be classified into which two groups? (1) <one>acute</one> (2) <one>chronic</one>
+- In immunology: what does the abbreviation <one>MALT</one> stand for? <one>Mucose-associated lymphoid tissue</one>.
+- In mammals: the <one>Toll-like receptor</one> can activate which pathway? The <one>NF-Kappa B pathway</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB#Signaling
+- How many <one>antigen-binding receptors</one> can we find on the surface of a typical, average T cell? About <one>30.000</one>.
+- <one>T lymphocytes</one> originate from ... ? The <one>bone marrow</steelbue>.
+- Do <one>Toll-like receptors</one> play a role in innate immunity? Yes, in particular during <orange>innate immune recognition</orange>.
+- What are <one>chemokines</one>? Chemokines are secreted proteins that atract cells bearing chemokine receptors, such as neutrophils or monocytes, out of the bloodstream and into an infected tissue.
+- Typically <one>inflammation</one> at the site of infection is initiated by which cell in the human body? By <one>macrophages</one>.
+- What happens if we knock out the gene for the <one>Fas-death receptor</one> in mice? This prevents the normal death of some lymphocytes - they will thus accumulate, which may lead to an autoimmune disease.
+- <one>Cytokines</one> are typically fairly small proteins, in the range of about n to n kDa? About <one>~5-20 kDa</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>Peripoloese</one>? (1) peri: <orange>herum</orange> (2) polemai: <one>wandern</one>
+- Give another term for the two words <one>adaptive immunity</one>. A: <one>Specific immunity</one>.
+- Who first proposed <one>the cellular theory of immunity</one>? <one>Elie Metchnikoff</one>.
+- Can the <one>T-cell receptor</one> interact with free antigen? No.
+- Precursors of macrophages are ... ? <one>Monocytes</one>.
+- Die <one>Komplementkaskade</one> führt letztlich zu einer ...? <one>Akuten Entzündungsreaktion</one>.
+- What is the basic problems of vaccines against <one>bioweapons</one>? They must be administered _before_ exposure to bioweapons.
+- Name the three members of the <one>secondary lymphoid organs</one>. A: (1) <one>spleen</one> (2) lymph nodes (3) MALT
+- Die <one>Aktivierung der Mastzellen</one> steht im Zusammenhang mit welchen Antikörpern? <one>IgE</one>.
+- How did old literature call <one>PAMPs</one>, sort of? As the <one>endotoxin receptor</one>.
+- <one>CD4</one> interagiert mit welchem MHC? <one>MHC II</one>.
+- The receptors for chemokines belongs to which family? To the <one>GPCR superfamily</one>.
+- Why can we say that <one>malaria could be prevented quite easily</one>? Because we could simply <one>use a mosquito net</one>.
+- In immunology: the <one>BiP protein</one> is very important. What does BiP stand for, as an abbreviation? <one>Binding immunoglobulin protein</one>.
+- Define an <one>opportunistic pathogen</one>. A: This is <one>a pathogen that causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance</one>.
+- Nenne eine Immunzelle, die <one>keine Antigene präsentieren kann</one>. A: Die <one>T-Zellen</one>.
+- <one>Gewicht der Milz</one> beim Menschen? 200 Gram (also <one>0.2 kg</one>).
+- Welche Funktion haben <one>regulatorische T-Zellen</one>? Sie unterdrücken die Aktivierung des Immunsystems und verhindern dadurch die Entstehung von Autoimmunkrankheiten.
+- <one>Epithelial cells</one> in the vertebrates secrete which antimicrobial molecules? <one>Defensins</one>.
+- Lateinisch für <one>Pocken<one>? <one>Variola</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocken
+- TLRs signal via the MYD88 protein. What does <one>MYD</one> stand for here? <one>Myeloid differentiation</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Chemokinrezeptor</one> auf B-Lymphocyten. A: <one>CXCR5</one>.
+- <one>Dectin-1</one> binds beta-glucan. Why is this of relevance in immunology? Because beta-glucan is the major component of the yeast form of "Candida albicans".
+- In der Immunologie: was bedeutet der Begriff <one>semiallogen</one>? Das heisst <one>zu 50% ein Fremdkörper</one>.
+- Who was <one>the founder of medical statistics</one>? <one>Florence Nightingale</one>.
+- Name a significant difference between the <one>lectin pathway</one> and the "classical complement pathway". A: In the lectin pathway <one>no antibody</one> bound to any target is used.
+- Ist die <one>Milz</one> an das Lymphgefässystem angeschlossen? Nein.
+- Was ist <one>Zöliakie</one> und wieso mag dies in der Immunologie von Relevanz sein? Zöliakie ist eine chronische Erkrankung, die durch den Genuss "glutenhältiger Speisen" ausgelöst wird.
+- Aus den <one>myeloiden Vorläuferzellen</one> entsteht (4) was? (1) Bluttplättchen (2) Granulozyten (3) Makrophagen (4) <one>Erythrocyten</one>
+- Nenne <one>eine gereinigte Trägersubstanz für Antigene</one>. A: <one>Sepharose</one>.
+- Nenne vier immunologisch privilegierte Regionen. A: (1) Auge (2) Gehirn (3) Hoden (4) <one>Uterus</one>
+- Direkte Vorläufer der <one>platelets</one>? <one>Megakaryocytes</one>.
+- Die <one>erworbene Immunität</one> können wir unterteilen in ... ? (1) <one>humorale Immunität</one> (2) <one>zellvermittelte Immunität</one>
+- The <one>TLR4-MD-2 complex</one> ist formed by "Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4" and the "myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)". It thus is a "heterodimer". What can it recognize? It can recognize a pattern in <one>structurally diverse LPS molecules</one>.
+- Bei der immunologischen Signaltransduktion: <one>IRAK4</one>, IRAK1, und IRAK2 kooperieren mit welch anderem Protein das mit dem Buchstaben "T" beginnt? <one>TRAF3</one>.
+- Name the three general roles of the <one>complement system</one>. A: (1) <one>opsonization</one> (2) "membrane attack complex" (3) "enhance inflammation"
+- Nenne eine <one>wichtige Aufgabe von Langerhans-Zellen</one>. A: Sie nehmen Mikroorganismen (vor allem Antigene), die in die <one>Haut</one> eingedrungen sind, auf.
+- Was meinen wir in der <orange>Immunbiologie</orange> mit einem <one>inneren Angriff</one>? Dies meint <one>entartete Zellen</one>.
+- Do <one>neutrophils</one> kill cells to which they bind? Yes, <one>if it is a microbe</one>, for example.
+- Wo in der Zelle finden wir die <one>JAKs</one>? Im <one>Cytoplasma</one>.
+- What is <one>the most distinctive feature of T cells</one>? The ability to recognize antigens as a small peptide fragment bound to a MHC molecule. That way T cells can detect the presence of an intracellular pathogen.
+- Give an example for <one>Alarmins</one> in the human body. A: The <one>defensins</one>.
+- Among the <one>circulating white blood cells</one>: what is the "most abundant population" of cells there? The <one>Neutrophils</one>.
+- Name three inflammatory cytokines that are also <one>endogenous pyrogens</one>, aiding in the process of inflammation? (1) IL-1 (2) IL-6 (3) TNF-Alpha
+- Which <one>hormone</one> can act as <lightseagreen>an anti-inflammatory agent</lightseagreen>? <one>Cortisol</one>.
+- In immunology we have the word <one>RAGE</one>, which is an extremely clumsy abbreviation (sort of) for ... ? <one>Multiligand receptor binding advanced glycation end products</one>.
+- Does the lectin pathway of the complement system depend on antibody for its activation? No.
+- The alternative pathway of the complement system involves which four serum proteins? (1) C3 (2) factor B (3) factor D (4) properdin
+- In der Immunologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>BALT</one>? "Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus-associated_lymphoid_tissue
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>parenteral</one>? <one>Am Darm vorbei</one>; also "unter Umgehung des Darmes". Dies sind Wege, bei denen Stoffe oder Krankheitserreger unter Umgehung des Darmtraktes in den Körper gelangen. Die <orange>Spritze</orange> ist ein Beispiel hierzu.
+- The <one>danger-hypothesis</one> by Matzinger stated that which constitutes the "danger" signal? Cellular stress or tissue destruction causes the release of cellular contents, which in turn triggers the "danger" signal.
+- Which component of the complement pathway <one>initiates formation of the membrane-attack complex</one>? <one>C5b</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>anaphylatoxin</one>? This refers to a <one>mediator of inflammation</one>.
+- Do all three complement-activating pathways lead up to the build-up of the membrane attack complex (MAC)? Yes.
+- <one>T-Lymphocyten</one> wandern in welchen Bereich des Lymphknoten, und warum genau? In den "Paracortex" aufgrund eines Chemokins, das dort gebildet wird.
+- <one>Mastzellen</one> besitzen in ihrem Inneren "<ud>Granula</ud>", die welche zwei Substanzen enthalten? (1) "Histamin" (2) <one>Heparin</one>
+- Wie lange sollte ein <one>Epitope</one> sein um erkannt zu werden? 10-15 Aminosäuren.
+- Give an example for a <one>secondary lymphoid organ</one>. A: The <one>lymph node</one>.
+- The complement protein C1r and C1s, as monomers, each contain two important domains. How are these two domains called? (1) <one>catalytic domain</one> (2) <one>interaction domain</one>
+- In general: when does the <one>pentameric IgM antibody</one> assume its so-called staple configuration? When it is bound to antigen on a target surface.
+- The <one>C1 molecule</one> of the complement cascade is stabilized by which metal? <one>Ca 2+ ions<7one>.
+- How long is <one>a good epitope</one>? About <one>18 - 22 Aminoacids</one>.
+- The <one>lymphoid lineage</one> gives rise to which 3 cell types? (1) T cell (2) B cell (3) <one>NK cell</one>
+- The complement fragments interact with one another to form functional complexes. These complexes may be denoted with a horizontal bar on top, e. g. for C4b2a. What does this horizontal bar indicate? That this complex has an <one>enzymatic activity</one>.
+- We can see a notation such as <one>C3a</one> and <one>C3b</one> in the complement system. What does the a and b mean here, respectively? This typically means that the component a is the smaller one; thus, in the example given here, C3a is the smaller fragment, and C3b is the larger fragment. This is true for all complement proteins except for C2a, which is larger than C2b.
+- In Immunology: what is typically meant with an <one>immune complex</one>? This refers to an <one>Antigen-Antibody complex</one> normally.
+- Opsonization typically leads to the activity of which cell in the human body? A <one>phagocyte</one>.
+- Complement components are designed by numerals typically, such as C1-C9, but may also be a simple letter symbol. Give one such example for the latter. A: <one>factor D</one>.
+- Complement components constitute n%, by weight, of the serum globulin fraction. A: <one>5%</one>.
+- The complement reaction sequence begins with ... ? An enzyme cascade.
+- Which cells of the human body synthesize the complement proteins? The <one>liver hepatocytes</one>.
+- The adhesion of Leukocytes to endothelia requires ...? Integrin activation.
+- Who established the "side chain theory"? Paul Ehrlich.
+- Who coined the term <one>complement</one>? Paul Ehrlich.
+- Who coined the term "antibodies"? Paul Ehrlich.
+- Name two general, important functions of the complement system. A: (1) <one>lysis of bacteria</one>, in particular (2) <one>opsonization</one>, which in turn promotes phagocytosis of particulate antigens
+- A. W. für <one>epitopes</one>? <one>Determinants</one>.
+- In general, <one>the complement cascade</one> may be initiated by several proteins that circulare in the normal serum, collevtively called? The <one>acute phase proteins</one>.
+- Welches <one>Interleukin</one> agiert als Wachstumsfaktor für Tc-Zellen? <one>Interleukin-2</one>.
+- How do <one>Tc cells</one> kill? By releasing "Perforin" and <one>Granzymes</one>.
+- Name a <one>chaperone</one> that is very important in immunology. A: The "<u>BiP</u>" (<one>binding protein</one>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein
+- Was akkumuliert beim <one>Tay-Sachs Disease</one>? Das <one>Ganglioside GM2</one>.
+- Nenne 4 <one>APC Zellen</one>. A: (1) Thymische Epithelialzellen (2) B-Zellen (3) Dendritische Zellen (4) <one>Makrophagen</one>
+- Welches Verfahren führte <one>Emil von Behring</one> ein? Das Verfahren der <one>passiven Immunisierung</one>.
+- Findet in den <one>sekundären lymphatischem Gewebe</one> <lightseagreen>Lymphopoese</lightseagreen> statt? Nein.
+- Why does the human body make use of an <one>inflammatory response</one>? To recruit new phagocytic cells and circulating effector molecules to the site of infection.
+- During inoculation, <one>which Immunoglobulin</one> can we find when we inject an antigen for the first time, and then for the second time? Initially, <violet>IgM</violet> is produced. At the second injection (<royalblue>booster</royalblue>), the body creates <one>IgG</one>.
+- How many amino acids may we find in the <one>J gene segment</one>? Up to <one>13</one>.
+- <one>PAMPs</one> activate which immune response? PAMPs activate the <one>innate immune response</one>.
+- Welcher <one>Mechanismus</one> schaltet selbstreaktive B- und T-Zellen aus? Der Mechanismus der <one>zentralen Toleranz</one>.
+- Deutscher Name für die <one>Tuberkulose</one>? <one>Schwindsucht</one>.
+- <one>Macrophages</one> can synthesize certain chemokines, such as "CXC8". What is the effect of this chemokine - will it attract or reject other cells? It will specifically <one>attract neutrophils</one>.
+- Wie wurden <one>regulatorische T-Zellen</one> früher genannt? <one>Suppressor-T-Zellen</one>.
+- The <one>secondary adaptive immune response</one> is possible only because of which phenomenon? <one>Memory</one>.
+- "Virus-infizierte Zellen" produzieren viele Virusproteine. Einige davon werden in den Proteasomen abgebaut. Es entstehen so Peptide, die wie lang sind (von-bis)? Etwa <one>8-10 Aminosäuren</one> lang.
+- In der Immunologie, wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>NLR</one>? <one>Nod-like Rezeptor</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Vertreter der Lektine</one>, die auch in der Immunologie relevant sind. A: <one>Selektine</one>.
+- Nenne ein <orange>surface antigen</orange> das man bei <one>Schweinen</one> aber nicht bei <one>Menschen</one> findet. A: <one>Alpha-1,3-Galactosidase</one>.
+- Which <one>gene</one> directs regulatory T cell development? <tomato>FOXP3</tomato>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP3
+- <one>Lectin</one> can, for example, bind to ... ? To <one>mannose</one>.
+- Where are <one>memory B cells</one> formed? Within <one>germinal centers</one>.
+- Wann wurde die <one>CD Nomenklatur</one> etabliert? Im Jahre <one>1982</one>.
+- <one>Modern immunology</one> started with ... ? <one>Edward Jenner</one>'s vaccination against smallpox.
+- Was ist die <one>Morbidität</one>? Das <one>Verhältnis</one> von kranken Individuen zur Risikopopulation im Bezugszeitraum.
+- What is the <one>rheumatoid factor</one>? The rheumatoid factor is <one>an autoantibody</one>.
+- Wo mögen wir ein <one>Epitope</one> finden? Als <one>Teil eines Antigens</one>.
+- In immunology, at the "antigen receptors on cells": <orange>which aminoacid</orange> is very prevalent? <one>Leucine</one>.
+- Beim <one>septischen Schock</one> sehen wir eher einen hohen oder niedrigen Blutdruck? Eher einen <one>niedrigen Blutdruck</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Septischer_Schock
+- How do we call the time period in which expanded lymphocyte clones die? <one>Contraction phase</one>.
+- In Immunology: what do we mean with <one>Bence-Jones protein</one>? These are <one>the antibodies light chains</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein
+- In der Immunbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TTSS</one>? <one>Type-III-Secretion-System</one>.
+- In immunology: What is meant with an <one>effector response</one>? That is the response by the immune system that <one>neutralizes an invader</one>.
+- Name a cell type that can kill virus-infected cells. A: The <tomato>NK cells</tomato> (Natural kill cells).
+- Das "C9-Fragment" des Komplementsystems bildet einen Kanal von ... <orange>n Angstrom</orange> Durchmesser? Etwa "<u>100 Angstrom</u>".
+- Was heisst "immunitas"? <tomato>Freiheit von Infektionen</tomato>.
+- Was meinen wir mit "<u>LTNPs</u>" ("long-term non-progressors")? Dies sind Menschen die, zum Beispiel mit dem HI-Virus (HIV) infiziert sind aber <tomato>nicht an AIDS erkranken</tomato>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_nonprogressor
+- As part of the ADCC-response in a human body, which effector cell is the most likely one to participate in this defence? The <violet>NK cells</violet> (aka <tomato>natural killer cells</tomato>).
+- T-Helferzellen haben welchen CD-Marker? <tomato>CD4-Marker</tomato>.
+- In der Immunologie, wie heisst der "MHC" beim Menschen? <tomato>HLA</tomato>.
+- NK-Zellen gehören zu welcher Untergruppe? Sie gehören zu den <tomato>Lymphozyten</tomato>.
+- Wann wurde das <violet>Prader-Willi Syndrom</violet> erstmals beschrieben? 1956.
+- Name the four major components of the Myddosome. A: (1) IRAK1 (2) IRAK2 (3) IRAK4 (4) MyD88
+- An active MAC ("membrane attack complex") is composed of the subunits C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 molecules. Which one of these molecules is present at the highest copy? <tomato>C9</tomato>.
+- Name the three groups of plasma proteins. A: A,F,G. (1) albumins (2) fibrinogen (3) globulins
+- A. W. für "Immunologischer Schutz"? <tomato>Feiung</tomato>.
+- What is meant with the term <tomato>xenoimmunity</tomato>? These are <one>disease-causing immune responses to the commensal microbiota</one>.
+- During <violet>Opsonization</violet>, phagocytosis is enhanced by which complement protein? C3b.
+- Wo mögen wir <tomato>CD34</tomato> finden? CD34 ist ein Adhäsionsprotein das man auf "manchen Stammzellen" finden kann.
+- Was detektiert TLR3? <violet>dsRNA</violet> - also <tomato>Viren</tomato>.
+- Nenne einen Zelltyp im Immunsystem, der Apoptose induzieren kann. A: <violet>NK-Zellen</violet> ("Natürliche Killerzellen").
+- Who are <violet>the molecular mediators of inflammation</violet>? (1) "cytokines" (2) "chemokines"
+- Jeder Mensch besitzt "n verschiedene B-Zellen"? <orange>1 Million</orange> (also <tomato>10 ** 6</tomato>).
+- Gehören die "Tonsillen" zu dem MALT-Gewebe? Ja.
+- What was the first "PRR" ("pattern recognition receptor") that was identified? This was the "Toll-receptor" in <violet>Drosophila</violet>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor#Superfamily
+- Was ist das gefährlichste bei einer <violet>Sepsis</violet>? Das <tomato>Organversagen</tomato>.
+- Name 3 components of the "Myddosome" within the cell. A: (1) <tomato>MyD88</tomato> (2) <tomato>IRAK1</tomato> (3) <tomato>IRAK4</tomato>
+- Is <tomato>Apoptosis</tomato> important in the immune system? Yes. Activated T-cells whose infectous agent was removed, are no longer needed -> Apoptosis.
+- Do <one>natural killer cells</one> kill via apoptosis? <violet>No</violet> - they kill by binding to their target cell and then <tomato>releasing cytotoxic factors</tomato> that cause the death of the target cell.
+- Wie nennen wir "MHC-Rezeptoren" noch, im Menschen? A: <tomato>HLA</tomato>: "<u>Humane Leukocytenantigene</u>". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen
+- Nenne die Effektorzellen der "erworbenen Immunität"! A: (1) <tomato>B-Zellen</tomato> (2) <tomato>T-Zellen</tomato>
+- Which hypersensitivity type is cell-mediated? <tomato>Type IV</tomato> Hypersensitivity is cell-mediated.
+- Nenne 3 verschiedene Formen der Gewinnung von Antikörpern, in Kurzform! A: (1) "monoklonal" (2) "polyklonal" (3) "rekombinant"
+- Langerhans färbte die Langerhans-Zellen mit welcher Technik ein? <gold>Goldchlorid-Technik</gold>
+- Which are the most abundant, circulating white blood cells? The <tomato>neutrophils</tomato>.
+- The shared epitope, which can be found in rheumatoid arthritis patients, can activate the production of nitric oxide and ... ? Reactive oxygen species (<cornflowerblue>ROS</cornflowerblue>).
+- The <violet>Janus-family kinases</violet> directly phosphorylate ...? "STAT Proteins".
+- All but which cells deriving from the lymphoid and myeloid lineage are called "white blood cells"? The <tomato>erythrocyte</tomato>.
+- Was sind die <violet>Hassal-Körperchen</violet>? Granuläre Bereiche innerhalb der Markregion des Thymus. Dort werden wahrscheinlich apoptotische Zellen abgebaut.
+- MHC class II molecules are homodimers or heterodimers? Heterodimers.
+- Formation of fibrin is "secondary hemostasis" or "primary hemostasis"? It is <tomato>secondary hemostasis</tomato>.
+- Was meinen wir mit "anergisiert"? <tomato>Reaktionsunfähig gemacht</tomato>.
+- Rheumatoid arthritis patients may have the <tomato>shared epitope</tomato>, which is a risk factor for severe disease. This HLA-DRB1-encoded amino acid sequence motif consists of how many amino acids? Five (5).
+- What is the major difference between the primary and secondary response? The secondary response is <violet>stronger</violet> - there will be more antibody in the serum.
+- Produzieren wir Menschen <lightblue>Antikörper gegen Haptene</lightblue>? Nein.
+- Können <violet>T-Zellen</violet> Antigene direkt erkennen? Nein.
+- In immunology, what do we mean with "LFA-1"? <tomato>Low-affinity integrin</tomato>.
+- Innate Immunity is largely a function of ... ? <tomato>Phagocytes</tomato>.
+- Sind Verletzungen der <violet>Milz</violet> heilbar? Nein.
+- Nenne eine <orange>Proteingruppe</orange>, die bei der Abschaltung der Cytokinproduktion eine wichtige Rolle spielt. A: <violet>SOCS-Proteine</violet>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553846
+- Do "<u>self-antigens</u>" exist? Yes - they can give rise to "autoimmune diseases".
+- Die <one>Aflatoxine</one> können welche Krankheit verursachen? <tomato>Leberkrebs</tomato>.
+- <one>Cyclosporin A</one> inhibiert die Synthese welcher Substanz? <tomato>Interleukin-1</tomato>.
+- Give a specific example for a <orange>hapten</orange>. A: <tomato>Vitamin K1</tomato>.
+- What do we mean with "selective immunodeficiency"? This is when only one type of immunoglobuins, such as <one>IgA</one>, is lacking.
+- Which cell carries the "Fc receptor Fc-epsilon-RI"? An "eosinophil".
+- Name the <orange>two types of adaptive immunity</orange>. A: (1) <tomato>humoral immunity</tomato> (2) <tomato>cell-mediated immunity</tomato>
+- Why does the human body need <tomato>chemokines</tomato>? So that "more effector cells can be brought to the site of an infection".
+- Was genau ist die "Diapedese"? Das Einwandern von Lymphocyten in entzündetes Gewebe, über das Gefässendothel.
+- Wie lange benötigen wir für die Herstellung eines polyklonalen Antikörpers? <tomato>4-6 Wochen</tomato>.
+- All the cellular elements of blood, including the cells of the immune system, arise from ... in the ... ? Arise from "pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow".
+- What happens when <one>the AIRE gene</one> is defect? An organ-specific autoimmune disease is the result.
+- Warum sind die "Tonsillen" wichtig in der Immunologie? Sie sind durch ihre <tomato>Lage</tomato> wichtig bei der Abwehr von Keimen, die über Mund und Nasenraum eindringen.
+- The most common Fc receptor on the surface of a <one>natural killer cell</one> is called Fc-gamma-RIII. Give another name for it (CD-name). A: <tomato>CD16</tomato>. 
+- The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies. A NK cell in turn expresses Fc receptors, in particular ... which CD-variant? <tomato>CD16</tomato>.
+- Which immune cells show the phenomena of MHC restriction? T cells.
+- Why is <orange>immunological memory</orange> considered to be so important? Because that way people may be protected from a particular infection in a life-long manner.
+- Name a regulatory protein tht can cause a B cell to become a plasma cell. A: BLIMP-1. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell#Immature_plasma_cells
+- What will happen in/to B cells when BLIMP-1 is active? They will become <violet>plasma cells</violet>.
+- The <tomato>memory response</tomato> in humans has a half-life of about ... ? 8-15 years.
+- "Dendritic cells" originate from ... ? <tomato>Myeloid</tomato> progenitors within the bone marrow.
+- Welche histologischen Bereiche finden wir in einem <tomato>Lymphknoten</tomato> üblicherweise? (1) Cortex (2) Paracortex (3) Medulla
+- What is the prototypical class of PAMPs? LPS aka <tomato>Bacterial lipopolysaccharides</tomato>. These endotoxins are found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria. LPS will specifically be recognised by TLR4.
+- Which TLR recognizes dsRNA? <tomato>TLR3</tomato>.
+- A <tomato>group of serovars</tomato> with common antigens is called ... ? A "serogroup".
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <tomato>Flt3</tomato>? FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3.
+- Nenne eine wichtige <tomato>immunologische Bedeutung</tomato> von Erythrocyten! A: Über den C3b-Komplementrezeptor beseitigen sie Immunkomplexe.
+- When a TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through ... ? <tomato>signal transduction</tomato>. 
+- What is the major role of the "T-cell receptor"? The T-cell receptor is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
+- Who precisely encodes for the Diphtheria-Toxin? The lysogenic bacteriophage <tomato>Beta</tomato>, its "tox-genes".
+- What does <tomato>VSG</tomato> in the "African trypanosomes", stand for? "Variant-specific glycoprotein".
+- Do <tomato>memory CD8 T cells</tomato> exist? Yes.
+- Plasmazytoide DCs produzieren was? <tomato>Interferon</tomato> (nach "Antigenkontakt")
+- What exactly is a "sepsis"? This is <tomato>a whole-body inflammation</tomato> caused by an infection.
+- Somatic hypermutation in Immunology is allowed only in which cells? Only in <tomato>B-Cells</tomato> - and strictly forbidden in T-cells.
+- In humans, name a good <tomato>(bio)marker</tomato> for "memory B cells". A: "CD27".
+- Name the three different subgroups of helper T cells. A: (1) T-helper  1 (Th1) cells (2) T-helper  2 (Th2) cells (3) T-helper 17 (Th17) cells
+- How many different subgroups exist among the helper T cells? Three.
+- Which <tomato>organelle</tomato> is highly amplified in plasma cells? The <orange>rough ER</orange>.
+- "CD4 T-cells" recognize antigen presented by <orange>MHC class .. molecules</orange>. A: "class II molecules".
+- Since when are "Neutrophil extracellular traps" known? Since the year <orange>2004</orange>.
+- Give another name to a <tomato>primary immune response</tomato>. A: <slateblue>Initial infection</slateblue>.
+- <tomato>Effector T cell functions</tomato> fall into which three broad classes? (1) <orange>killing</orange> (2) <orange>activation</orange> (3) <orange>regulation</orange>
+- In general, when may a <tomato>secondary immune response</tomato> occur? Upon a <one>re-infection</one>. 
+- The B-cell displays digested antigens to what other cell? To <tomato>antigen-specific TH2 cells</tomato>.
+- Can <tomato>Leukocytes</tomato> migrate through the endothelium? Yes, as part of the "inflammatory response".
+- Most people are heterozygous for the MHC. What does this mean, practically? That they will <tomato>express both MHC variants</tomato> at the same time.
+- Was ist die normale Funktion des <tomato>IRAK4-Proteins</tomato>? NF-Kappa B zu aktivieren (ein Transkriptionsfaktor).
+- The tonsils and adenoids form a ring of lymphoid tissues around the entrance of the gut and airway. How is this ring also called? This is the <orange>Waldeyer's ring</orange>.
+- Which <orange>immune cell</orange> is particularly <tomato>active</tomato> (and important) during the "ADCC" reaction? The "<u>natural killer cell</u>". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515552/#S3title
+- We wish to <tomato>replace the IL-nomenclature</tomato>. How and why? It is confusing - we should "develop a nomenclature based on cytokine structure".
+- Which immune cells are by far the strongest activators of naive T cells? <orange>Mature dendritic cells</orange>.
+- The production of "type I Interferon" may be prohibited by which cytokine? By the cytokine known as "Interleukin-10" (<orange>IL-10</orange>).
+- Eine Zelle ist <orange>CD3+ CD4+</orange> ... welche Zelle ist es? Dies ist eine "T-Helferzelle".
+- Pro Tag muss der menschliche Körper wieviel Gramm an "neutrophilen Granulozyten" synthetisieren? Etwa "<u>100 Gramm</u>".
+- Name a "peripheral lymphoid organ" that begins with the letter <orange>p</orange>. A: The "Peyer's patches".
+- Nenne ein <tomato>Beispiel</tomato> für eine "dendritische Zelle" der Haut. A: Die "Langerhanszellen".
+- Nenne eine "immunologische Blotting-Nachweismethode". A: "<u>Western Blotting</u>".
+- Are <tomato>superantigens</tomato> connected to MHC class I or MHC class II? They are connected to <orange>MHC class II</orange>.
+- The epitopes recognizes by T-cell receptors are often ... ? <orange>buried</orange>.
+- Name the two most important <orange>cytokine-types</orange> in Immunology. A: (1) "Interleukins" (2) "Interferons"
+- The short peptide fragment called CLIP binds to MHC I or MHC II? It binds to <tomato>MHC II</tomato>.
+- Can <orange>Langerhands cells</orange> leave the skin area? Yes; they can <orange>migrate to the lymphatic system</orange> after they have taken up antigen.
+- Name the 3 signature properties of "adaptive immunity". A: (1) <tomato>diversity</tomato> (2) <tomato>specificity</tomato> (3) <tomato>memory</tomato>
+- <royalblue>NKT cells</royalblue> release ... factors? <orange>immune response initiating factors</orange>.
+- The Bence Jones protein was first described in which year? In "1847".
+- In Immunology the adhesion molecule <orange>CD44</orange> is a receptor for what exactly? For the glycosaminoglycan "hyaluronan".
+- The "Type IV delayed hypersensitivity" is an immune response directed at gluten. How do we call this? This is the <orange>celiac disease</orange>. 
+- What is <royalblue>the main effector function</royalblue> of B cells? The <orange>secretion of antibodies</orange>.
+- Are <orange>chemokines</orange> more basic or acidic? They are "small, basic proteins".
+- Give an example of an "unwanted immune response". A: <orange>Autoimmune diseases</orange>.
+- Was ist eine "Zoonose"? Das ist eine von Tier zu Mensch und von Mensch zu Tier übertragbare <orange>Infektionskrankheit</orange>.
+- In immunology, why/when may we wish to emply the <orange>Jerne-Nordin plaque test</orange>? So as to "make complement action visible".
+- Can <orange>cytotoxic T cells</orange> induce target cells to undergo apoptosis? Yes of course.
+- Nenne eine <orange>systemische Entzündungsreaktion</orange>. A: "<u>Fieber</u>".
+- Mit "Peyer-Plaque" assoziierte Plasmazellen sezernieren meist welche Antikörper? <crimson>IgA</crimson>.
+- Besitzen <orange>Vögel</orange> ein adaptives Immunsystem? Ja.
+- T-Lymphozyten durchlaufen im Thymus <orange>wieviele Selektionsschritte</orange>? Zwei.
+- Von den Lymphocyten im Blut, n% sind "natürliche Killerzellen"? <orange>10%</orange>.
+- Which protein occurs in all 3 pathways of complement? The <orange>C3 Convertase</orange>.
+- What is the major difference between "Alarmins" and "PAMPs"? Alaramins are <orange>endogenous molecules</orange>.
+- Pathogens are not the only causative agents of tissue and cells damage: name another causative agent here. A: <orange>Trauma</orange>.
+- From a structural point of view, what is the main difference between the V and C domain of an antibody? The V domain is larger, by having an extra loop forming the antigen-binding site of the immunoglobulin molecule.
+- T-Helferzelle und T-cytotoxische Zelle <orange>erkennen</orange> jeweils verschiedene MHC Moleküle. Wie können wir uns dies merken? (1) MHC I  "one helper" (2) MHC II "to eliminate invaders"
+- In humans, <orange>TAP</orange> is the "antigen peptide transporter". It will transport antigens from the cytoplasm to ... ? To the <orange>endoplasmic reticulum</orange>.
+- <orange>NETs</orange> are formed by which cells? By "Neutrophiles". (Mnemonic: beginnt mit dem Buchstaben "N")
+- Name two specific examples for "anaphylatoxins". A: (1) C3a (2) C5a
+- The B-cell receptor is similar to its corresponding antibody, except for the carboxy terminus. What difference can we see here? The B-cell receptor has a hydrophobic sequence at its carboxy terminus, for membrane-anchoring. The antibody is more hydrophilic in this part, to allow secretion from the cell.
+- The structure of the B-cell receptor is very similar to its corresponding antibody, except for ... ? A small portion of the carboxy terminus of the heavy-chain C region.
+- Nenne zwei auf <orange>Cocain</orange> basierende Lokalanästhetika! A: "<u>ProLido</u>" (1) "Procain" (2) "Lidocain"
+- Andere Bezeichnung, in Deutsch, für "Lobuli" in der Immunologie? "<u>Thymuslappen</u>".
+- Wie wirkt ein "immunologisches Fusionsprotein" (Immunotoxin)? Zuerst bindet ein Teil an das Ziel; dann tötet der andere Teil die Zelle ab.
+- Who or what synthesizes the components of the complement proteins? The <orange>liver hepatocytes</orange>.
+- Complement action can be made visible through which test? Through the "Jerne-Nordin plaque test".
+- Gibt es ein Beispiel für eine <orange>Abweichung von den Kochschen Postulaten</orange>? Tuberculosi bacteria. Nur in 10% der Fälle verursachen sie Symptome.
+- Wie lange hält der Schutz durch eine <orange>passive Immunisierung</orange> an, in etwa? In etwa <orange>3 Monate</orange>.
+- Define "polyvalent vaccine". A: A vaccine that immunizes against at the least <orange>two different diseases</orange>.
+- Which cells express "class II MHC molecules"? <crimson>Antigen-presenting cells</crimson> (APC).
+- Systematik bei der <orange>CD-Nummerierung</orange>? Sie entstanden "in der Reihenfolge ihrer Entdeckung".
+- A. W. für "Antigen-Antikörper-Komplex"? "Immunkomplex".
+- MHC genes in humans are located on which chromosome? They can be found on <orange>chromosome 6</orange>.
+- Are MHC molecules glycoproteins? Yes they are.
+- Name two general classification ways for cytokines. A: (1) <orange>structural classification</orange> (2) <orange>functional classification</orange>
+- Which dendritic cell type is the major one that acts as sentinel against viral infections? The <orange>plasmacytoid dendritic cells</orange>.
+- Was bedeutet "perivasculare Lokalisierung"? Wenn sich Zellen bevorzugt <orange>in der Nähe von Blutgefässen</orange> aufhalten.
+- Name a cell type in immunobiology that is <orange>activated by MAMPs</orange>. A: The "dendritic cell".
+- ... cells form the bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. A: <orange>Dendritic cells</orange>.
+- Name a large difference between the <orange>T-cell receptor</orange> and the <orange>B-cell receptor</orange>. A: The T-cell receptor can not bind an antigen directly; instead, it relies on MHC presentation of peptide fragments.
+- Um eine <crimson>Immunantwort</crimson> wieder abzuschalten, was ist am wichtigsten? Die "Elimination des Antigens".
+- In der <orange>Epidermis</orange> gibt es welche 2 immunologisch wichtige Zellen? (1) Langerhans-Zellen (2) intraepidermale T-Lymphozyten
+- Wo genau können wir FR ("Framework Regions") finden? Im variablen Anteil eines Antikörpers.
+- Where in a cell are MHC class I molecules synthesized? In the "endoplasmic reticulum" (<orange>ER</orange>). 
+- In der Immunologie gibt es ein 24-kDa Enzym namens AID, "Activation-induced deaminase". Was macht dieses Enzym? Es <orange>induziert Mutationen in der DNA</orange> indem es die Amino-Gruppe von einer Cytosine-Base entfernt, und sie so in Uracil konvertiert. Mit anderen Worten, DNA deamination of dC -> dU.
+- Historically, <orange>one of the first serological tests</orange> to be developed was ... ? The "<u>precipitation test</u>".
+- In the lab, a <orange>hapten</orange> may be conjugated to ... ? A "carrier".
+- When we compare CD4 and CD8, which one has more subunits? <orange>CD4</orange>: it has "4 D domains".
+- Name <orange>an adhesion molecule</orange> that is typically involved in leukocyte interaction. A: "Selectin".
+- The movement of an immune cell (or other cells) through the basal membrane is called ... ? <orange>Diapedesis</orange>.
+- During <crimson>Extravasation</crimson>, aka the "crossing of endothelial cell wall", phagocytes can squeeze through the basal membrane with the aid of <lightgreen>enzymatic degradation</lightgreen>, via the "MMP-9 enzyme". What is that abbreviation? This is the "Matrix Metalloproteinase-9" enzyme. It can cut through the ECM matrix.
+- Name the biggest <crimson>constraint</crimson> of innate immunity. A: It is "<u>non-specific</u>".
+- Which cells are in a "granuloma"? "<u>Macrophages</u>".
+- "Histamin" ist bei Entzündungsreaktionen wichtig. Welche Zellen bilden Histamin? Die "<u>Mastzellen</u>".
+- Bacterial fMet-Leu-Phe peptides activate ... which protein in a Neutrophil and what happens afterwards? Rac2. This then leads to the bacteria being taken up into a "phagosome".
+- Englisch für "Wächterzellen". A: "<u>Sentinel cells</u>".
+- Name an important structural feature of "MHC class I". A: It contains a "<u>peptide-binding cleft</u>".
+- Are "PAMPs" a subset of "DAMPs" (damage associated molecular patterns)? Yes.
+- "MHC molecules" are what type of proteins? They are "<u>glycoproteins</u>".
+- Are PRRs ("pattern recognition receptors") clonally expressed? No.
+- T-reg cells originate where? In the "<u>thymus</u>".
+- Name the two mature myeloid cells. A: (1) "<u>monocytes</u>" (2) "<u>granulocytes</u>"
+- Name a "<u>master regulator</u>" of neuroinflammation. A: "Interleukin-1".
+- We can find at the least three different domains in the IL-17R family ("Interleukin-17 receptor family"), namely a "transmembrane domain", a cytoplasmic "SERIF domain" and an extracellular ... domain? An "extracellular fibronectin III-like domain".
+- Which immune cell produces "Monokines"? Only the "monocytes".
+- Lebensdauer der "neutrophilen Granulozyten"? Nur "<u>ein bis zwei Tage</u>".
+- What is "<u>the key physiological function of NF-kappa-B</u>"? The orchestration of the inflammatory responses to both infection and tissue damage.
+- "<u>Interferon-alpha</u>", an "interferon type I", is a protein that "interferes with viral replication". It was identifier in which year? "1957".
+- What is a "cytokine storm"? This is a potentially fatal immune reaction consisting of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and white blood cells, with highly elevated levels of various cytokines.
+- Wie können wir ein Cytokin definieren? Ein Molekül, das die Immunsystem reguliert bzw. regulieren kann.
+- Why the name "chemokine"? "chemotactic cytokine".
+- Name two "inflammatory cytokines". A: (1) "IL-1" (2) "TNF"
+- Macrophage activation by which cytokine? "IFN-gamma".
+- Nenne ein Cytokin das zellschädigend ist. A: "TNF-Alpha". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha
+- Both the "T-cell receptor" and an "antibody" can recognize (and bind to) epitopes. But the T-cell receptor has which additional advantage here? The T-cell receptor can also recognize epitopes that are (normally) buried within the antigen; antigens are first broken down into peptide fragments, before these epitopes are displayed on a MHC molecule to the T-cell receptor.
+- In immunology, what is meant with "CTLs"? These are the "<u>cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</u>".
+- The "eosinophil" can kill parasites, but only under which condition? When said parasite is already coated with antibodies.
+- Name one of the biggest clinical problems in "<u>treating fungal diseases</u>". A: The rapid and reliable diagnosis is still a major clinical problem.
+- There are "three different Interferon genes" in the human genome. Which ones are induced "upeon exposure" to a virus/viral RNA? (1) "<u>IFN-Alpha</u>" (2) "<u>IFN-Beta</u>"
+- What are "<u>Superantigens</u>"? Proteins capable of eliciting a very strong response because they activate more T-Cells than a normal response.
+- Each individual B cell has how many B cell receptors? About 10 ** 5 (== 100000).
+- In immunology, what is meant with a "CMI respons"? This refers to a "cell-mediated immune response".
+- Why is the pIgR (Poly-Ig) Fc receptor important? It will facilitate facilitates the transcytosis of the soluble polymeric isoforms of immunoglobulin A.
+- MHC-Klasse-II können Peptide initial nur wo genau innerhalb der Zelle binden? Im "Phagolysosom".
+- Does both the innate and the adaptive immunity have "a humoral component"? Yes; for example, the "complement system" for the innate immunity and the "antibodies" for the adaptive immunity.
+- Does "<u>innate immunity</u>" have the feature of memory? No.
+- Who secretes the "CXCL8 chemokine"? "Activated macrophages".
+- 1885 entwickelte Pasteur was? Einen "Impfstoff gegen die Tollwut".
+- Wer gibt wie "Neopterin" frei? Makrophagen, wenn sie mit "Interferon-Gamma" (IFN-Gamma) stimuliert werden.
+- Wovon hängt das Endergebnis einer Wirts-Parasitenbeziehung in normalerweise gesunden Menschen primär ab? Von der "Pathogenität eines Parasiten".
+- IRAK4 and IRAK1 are associated with MyD88, but which receptor is associated with the latter, connected to TRAM and TIRAP? The "TLR4-receptor".
+- The earliest cell in the B lymphocyte linage that can produce Ig polypeptides is called ... ? The "pre-B cell". URL: http://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/immunology/Exams/Bcelldevelopment-401.html#generation
+- Die "zentrale Toleranz" beschreibt die Negativselektion von B- und T-Zellen im Knochenmark bzw. im Thymus, durch welche zwei verschiedene Mechanismen? (1) "induzierte Apoptose" (2) "Anergie" 
+- Die "Immuntoleranz" wird in welche zwei Bereiche unterteilt? (1) die "zentrale Toleranz" (2) die "periphere Toleranz"
+- Nenne ein Protein mit einer "NACHT Domäne"! A: "Naip".
+- Wie werden die "<ud>Komplementproteine</ud>" aktiviert? Sequenziell - durch "proteolytische Spaltung".
+- Können Einzeller Schadstoffe aufnehmen? Ja - über "Phagozytose".
+- Können B-Zellen durch naive T-Zellen aktiviert werden? Nein.
+- How do we call molecules that "stimulate immune responses"? "Immunogens".
+- If a "zone of equivalence" is reached in vivo, what can we also observe? That large immune complexes will form in the circulation.
+- "Affinity maturation" results in an increase in the average ... ? "Average binding affinty of antibodies for an antigen as a humoral immune response evolves".
+- "<ud>Affinity maturation</ud>" in "antigen-stimulated B cells" will lead to new ... structures. A: New "V domain structures".
+- "Lady Montagu" führte wann die Variolation ein? "1721".
+- Which person integrated the "<ud>variolation procedure</ud>", at around the year 1720, from Turkey to England? "Mary Montague".
+- Name a big difference between NK cells and T or B-cells. A: NK cells "lack antigen specificity".
+- Which two cells can have a "C3b receptor" ("C3bR") on their surface? (1) macrophages (2) natural killer cells (NK cells)
+- Fc-gamma-RIII has which CD-number? "CD16". 
+- Name an "activity" of the "JAK proteins". A: JAKs possess a "kinase activity".
+- Woraus bestehen allgemein (natürliche) "Immunkomplexe"? Aus "Antigen" und "Antikörper".
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Chemokinrezeptor von T-Zellen! A: "CCR 7".
+- In Immunology, what does the abbreviation "ISGs" stand for? "Interferon-stimulated genes" (ISGs).
+- Where exactly can we find the "surrogate light chain"? In the "pre-BCR cell". We can find a heterodimer composed of an immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule (IgH) covalently associated with an immunoglobulin light chain-like molecule - called the "surrogate light chain" (SL) at this point.
+- Können "Liposomen" das Immunsystem aktivieren? Ja.
+- Wo finden wir meistens "Toll-like Rezeptoren"? In oder an Endosomen.
+- "Surfactant protein A" has a role in the innate immune system. Which role is that? It is used to opsonize bacterial cells in the alveoli, thus marking them for phagocytosis by "alveolar macrophages".
+- Do B-cells rather recognize hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acids? Rather "hydrophilic aminoacids" (on the protein surface).
+- Was meinen wir mit einer "Simultanimpfung"? Dies ist die gleichzeitige, also "simultane", Anwendung einer aktiven als auch passiven Immunisierung gegen einen Erreger. 
+- Welche zwei Formen der Immunsierung können wir unterscheiden? (1) "Aktive Immunisierung" (2) "Passive Immunisierung"
+- What does "HLA" stand for, in immunology? "Human leukocyte antigen".
+- Can "Eosinophils" phagotize? Yes they can.
+- Die "Mukosa" besteht aus welchen zwei Schichten? Aus der oberen Epithelschicht und der darunter liegenden Eigenschicht.
+- "Autoimmune diseases" are very often treated with ... ? "steroids".
+- Why is the name "Tumor necrosis factor" a misnomer? Because it does not cause necrosis; it causes "apoptosis". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha
+- In the immune system, the complement proteins "C3b" and "iC3b" act as opsonins by virtue of the fact that they specifically bind to receptors on which two cells? (1) "neutrophils" (2) "macrophages"
+- In der Immunologie, was heisst "NSP4"? Neutrophilen-Serinprotease 4.
+- Wie kann ich "Liposome" vor dem Immunsystem schützen? Durch "coating mit PEG" ("Polyethylenglykol").
+- Wie nennen wir die "dendritischen Zellen in der Haut"? "Langerhans-Zellen".
+- How can we translate the phrase "Functio laesa"? "Loss of function".
+- Was ist das Hauptziel der "zellulären Immunantwort"? Die "infizierten Zellen" werden zerstört - beziehungsweise sollen zerstört werden.
+- Welcher Komplementfaktor überwiegt in seiner Konzentration gegenüber den anderen Faktoren? "C3".
+- In Immunology, does "CLIP" belong to the "immunoglobulin superfamily"? No.
+- In der Evolution, gab es zuerst Komplement oder zuerst Antikörper? Zuerst entstand das Komplementsystem; danach entstanden die Antikörper.
+- Wie nennen wir die "Dendritischen Zellen" in den "Schleimhäuten"? "Wächterzellen".
+- What is one of the best studied examples for the existence of genetic factors in regards to influencing host defence against infectious disease? "Malaria".
+- Are "heteropolymers" or "homopolymers" more immunogenic? "Heteropolymers" are usually "more immunogenic".
+- Welche Granulozyten speichern "Peroxidase"? Die "eosinophilen Granulozyten".
+- A. W. für "quantitatives Maß für die Pathogenität eines Pathogens"? Die "Virulenz".
+- How do Tc cells kill a bacterium? By "inducing apoptosis" in an infected eukaryotic cell.
+- How many nucleotides can we find in the "Recombination Signal Sequences"? "Seven".
+- Nenne die 4 Kochschen Postulate. A: (1) The Microbe is found in all cases of the disease but absent from healthy individuals, (2) Microbe is isolated and grows in pure culture, (3) Introduction of microbe into healthy host leads to the same disease, (4) the same strain can be obtained from these.
+- How does the human body usually "combat toxins", such as the diphtheria toxin? By antibodies that are selective against these toxins.
+- Wer prägte den Begriff "Komplement"? "Paul Ehrlich". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich
+- How can we claim that the "membrane-bound Immunoglobulin" of B cells is NOT involved with "intracellular signal molecules"? Because "the cytoplasmic tail is too short".
+- A. W. für "Hapten"? "Inkomplettes Antigen".
+- To make an "immunotoxin", the binding component of the toxin is replaced with ... ? A "monoclonal antibody".
+- Name an advantage of the "alternative pathway" compared to the "classical pathway". A: It is activated without the requirement of antigen-antibody complexes for initiation.
+- Aufgabe der "TH2-Zellen"? Sie stimulieren B-Lymphozyten.
+- Is "smallpox" caused by a virus or by a bacterium? By a virus.
+- Why the name "C-reactive protein"? It can bind "pneumococcal C polysaccharid".
+- Name a "hallmark of an infectious agent". A: An infectious agent is one that can multiply.
+- What is the "antibody repertoire"? This is the "total number of antibody specificities" available to an individual; 10 ** 11 in humans.
+- Why may it be a bad idea to inject a too-low dose of an antigen? (1) Because no immune response may be induced (2) or, even worse, tolerance may be induced
+- Give another name for "tolerance". A: "Immunologic unresponsiveness".
+- A few Toll-like receptors can bind "MyD88". Which domain can do so? A: The "cytoplasmic domain".
+- Why is "prednisone" used in immunology? Because it "suppresses an immune reaction against a transplanted organ". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisone
+- Can steroids act as "hapten"? Yes.
+- What is an "Antigen"? Any material/molecule that "induces an immune response".
+- Good immunogens should have a molecular mass of ... ? More than 100.000 Dalton.
+- How can a cell regulate immune function, that is, within its own boundaries? Via "Ubiquitination".
+- Another term for an "Epitope"? "Antigenic determinant".
+- Vorläufer eines "Thrombozyten"? Ein "Megakaryocyt".
+- Welche Zellen besitzen immer den Oberflächenmarker "CD3"? "CD3" ist ein "Marker für T-Zellen".
+- Cytotoxische T-Zellen haben welchen CD-Marker? CD8-Marker.
+- CxC chemokines can recruit ...? (1) "monocytes" (2) "lymphocytes"
+- Nenne die beiden "klassischen Entzündungszellen". A: (1) Makrophagen (2) neutrophile Granulocyten
+- Nenne zwei Stoffe, die beim Menschen als Adjuvanzien eingesetzt werden können. A: (1) Aluminiumhydroxid (2) bestimmte Toxoide wie das "Tetanustoxoid"
+- For TLRs, which signal-transduction component towards other elements of the cell is most important? The "MyD88 adaptor".
+- Mnemonic für die 3 Complement-Pathways? C,A,L - classical, alternative, lektin-pathway.
+- MHC-Class I kann Peptidfragmente viraler Proteine in der Zelle binden. Wo genau innerhalb einer Zelle? Im "ER".
+- Which CD is on "regulatory T cells"? "CD25".
+- Where is the "AIRE Transcription factor" expressed? In the "medulla of the thymus".
+- Name 3 cells that arise from the "common lymphoid progenitor". A: (1) "B  cell" (2) "T  cell" (3) "NK cell"
+- When was the term "Type II secretion system" coined? The term Type III secretion system was coined in "1993".
+- Was bewirkt ein Zinküberschuss bezogen auf das Immunsystem? Es führt zur "Immunsuppression".
+- Medizinischer Vorteil von "Cyclosporin" und wieso ist dies relevant? Kann geschluckt werden (Cyclosporin hilft bei Transplantationen).
+- Wie nennen wir "klonale Kontraktion" auf englisch? "Clonal downsizing".
+- Was zeigen Menschen ohne Milz + Beispiel? A: Ein erhöhtes Risiko für Infektionen durch Bakterien mit Kapsel (Beispiel: "Pneumokokken").
+- Name 4 categories of disease-causing microorganisms. A: (1) "fungi" (2) "viruses" (3) "bacteria" (4) "parasites"
+- What is the "effector function of B-cells"? The "secretion of antibodies".
+- MadCAM1 gehört zu welcher Familie? MadCAM1 ist ein "Adressin".
+- Name three practical points that "the ideal vaccine" should have. A: (1) it should "provide life-long immunity in all immunocompetent vaccinees" (2) it should be "elicited with a single dose" (3) it should be "without side effects"
+- The consequences of "IgE-mediated mast cell activation" depends on which two aspects? (1) the "dose of antigen" (2) the "route of entry"
+- Name a chemical factor that "mast cells" can produce, starting with the letter "L". A: "Leukotrienes".
+- Nenne zwei Funktionen der roten Pulpa des Milzparenchym! A: (1) Abbau überalterter Erythrozyten sowie (2) Blutspeicherung
+- Another word for "harmless antigen"? "Innocous antigen".
+- Was heisst "scFv"? A: "single chain Fragment variable". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScFv-Fragment
+- Warum ist es für Kinder mit PKU wichtiger wenig Phenylalanine zu sich zu nehmen als für Erwachsene (2 Gründe)? Da das Gehirn sich noch entwickelt und da die Blut-Hirn Schranke bei Erwachsenen stärker ausgeprägt ist.
+- Was ist "Oxazolone" und wo wird es eingesetzt? Dies ist ein chemisches Allergen, das in immunologischen Experimenten verwendet wird, vor allem bei Experimenten bezüglich "delayed type hypersensitivity".
+- What is the "dual function" of dendritic cells? (1) "antigen presentation" (2) "phagocytosis"
+- Which proteins form the "active MAC" (membrane attack complex)? C5b-C6-C7-C8-C9.
+- When were the "Henle-Koch postulates" first formulated? In "1840". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henle-Koch-Postulate
+- Wann wurde das "Alzheimer disease" zuerst beschrieben? 1907.
+- Was bewirkt "Cyclosporin A" im Körper? Blockiert die "Interleukin-2 Produktion".
+- Tc cells release which 3 cytotoxins? (1) "perforin" (2) "granzymes" (3) "granulysin" URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulysin
+- Nenne einen Vorteil der "aktiven Immunisierung". A: Es werden "Gedächtniszellen" produziert.
+- An adult human produces how much mucos per day? A liter per day.
+- In der Immunologie sprechen wir vom dem berühmten "immunologischen Trio". Was bezeichnen wir damit? (1) die "dendritische Zelle", die Th und Tc aktiviert (2) die "Th Zelle", die die "Tc Zelle" unterstützt (3) die Tc Zelle, die hierbei "erstaktiviert" wird
+- "NKT cells" are a subpopulation of ...? "T cells".
+- Anderes Wort für Tumorsuppressorgen? "Anti-onkogen".
+- If we knock out adaptive immunity but retain innate immunity, what may the most surprising factor be, aside from a slight increase in pathogen load? There will be a "substantial increase in the length of infection".
+- A. W. für "Vaccine"? "Immunogen".
+- Wer ist der Erreger von Malaria und verursacht diese? "Plasmodium falciparum".
+- Wie können wir, praktischer Natur, "CD-Antigene" erkennen? Mit Hilfe "monoklonaler Antikörper".
+- Name a "functional difference" between "mature" and "immature dendritic cells". A: Immature dendritic cells can not stimulate naive T-cells.
+- A lymphocyte can turn into a lymphoblast. By which "primary stimulus"? By "encountering an antigen".
+- Warum brauchen wir IgE? Gegen "helminthic parasites".
+- "CD4 TH2 cells" can switch the antibody isotype from .. to "IgE". A: "IgM".
+- Bakterien stimulieren Makrophagen IL-6 zu bilden. Dieses wiederum löst was in Hepatocyten aus? Die "Synthese von Akute-Phase Proteinen".
+- Nenne die beiden Hauptäste des hämatopoetischen Stammbaums! A: (1) "lymphoid" (2) "myeloid"
+- Welche 3 Klassen von Granulozyten existieren? BEN. (1) basophil (2) eosinophil (3) neutrophil
+- Name the 2 effector mechanisms of the "adaptive immune system". A: (1) "antibodies" (2) "effector T cells"
+- What is meant with the "clonal selection hypothesis"? Lymphocytes specific for a large number of antigens exist before exposure to the antigen. When an antigen enters, it selects the specific cells and activates them.
+- How do we call the ability of the immune system to self-regulate? "immune regulation".
+- Give a "physiological example of passive immunity". A: The "transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus".
+- Was können manche pflanzliche Lektine? Sie können "rote Blutkörperchen verklumpen".
+- What is the role of the "Cathelicidins"? Cathelicidins serve a critical role in "mammalian innate immune defense" against "invasive bacterial infection".
+- Wieso brauchen die Lymphozyten die Selektine? Damit sie "ihren Bestimmungsort finden können".
+- A. W. für C5a? "Anaphylatoxin".
+- Name a "co-stimulatory molecule" needed by mature dendritic cells but missing in immature dendritic cells. A: The "B7 molecule".
+- A. W. für "TH1-cells"? "Inflammatory T cells".
+- Name the 3 subpopulations of T cells. A: (1) "T helper cells" (2) "T cytotoxic cells" (3) "T regulatory cells"
+- Name a chemoattractant secreted by "inflamed tissue". A: "Chemokines".
+- Patients with "Bruton agammaglobulinemia" have which problem? They "lack all mature B lymphocytes". URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050956-overview
+- The immune system does more than just provide protection against infections. Explain this statement. A: The immune system also prevents the growth of some tumors.
+- What is the primary function of a "regulatory T lymphocyte"? It is to suppress other T cells.
+- Give two examples for "autoimmune diseases". A: (1) "Multiple sclerosis" (2) "Rheumatoid arthritis"
+- Which cells proliferate into effector cells? The "lymphocytes".
+- When the RANKL gene is disrupted, there may be a lack of which cells? Osteoclasts.
+- What are "neutrophil extracellular traps"? These are networks of "extracellular fibers", primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens.
+- Was geschieht in den "Hassal-Körperchen"? A: Abbau apoptotischer Zellen.
+- Nenne 1 Beispiel für einen "zellulären Aktivator der Immunglobulin-Gene"! A: Nuclear Factor Kappa-Beta. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB
+- Werden Lymphknoten durchblutet? Ja.
+- Bei der "invasive pneumococcal disease" sah man mitunter, das ältere Patienten mildere Symptome haben. Wieso das? Eventuell wird das Immunsystem trainiert.
+- Which enzyme recognize the "Recombination Signal Sequences"? The "VDJ recombinase". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V(D)J_recombination
+- Welcher Rezeptor ist bei der Opsonierung wichtig? Der "Fc-Rezeptor".
+- Nenne 2 "invariable Cofaktorproteine des TCR". A: (1) CD3 (2) Epsilon-Kette
+- Nenne zwei primäre lymphatische Organe! A: (1) Knochenmark (2) Thymus
+- A. W. für "DNA vaccines". A: Genetic vaccines.
+- Aktiviert das Komplementsystem T-Zellen? Nein.
+- Wieviel Prozent der Lymphocyten im Blut sind NK-Zellen? 5-10%.
+- Warum heissen die "Chemokine" so? Aufgrund ihrer "Chemotaxis".
+- What do we mean with the term "immunological tolerance"? This is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen.
+- Was ist mit "Involution" in der Immunbiologie gemeint? Die "Rückbildung des Thymus".
+- The so-called "Myddosome" is important for which part of Immunobiology? It is important for "innate immune signaling". URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21269878
+- What are "immunogens"? Substances that can "induce an immune response".
+- Name a cell group that can activate T lymphocytes. A: APCs: antigen-presenting cells.
+- What happens if the Drosophila Toll-protein is mutated? This Drosophila will be "more susceptible to fungal infections".
+- Welche 3 Zelltypen entstehen aus einer "lymphoiden Vorläuferzelle"? (1) B-Lymphocyten (2) T-Lymphocyten (3) NK Zellen
+- Eine "natürliche Killerzelle" hat welche Zielstrukturen? (1) virusinfizierte Zellen (2) Krebszellen
+- Wer sind die potentesten Stimulatoren von T-Zellen? Dendritische Zellen.
+- Which proteins cause "hemolysis"? The "hemolysins".
+- Define "fomites". A: These are "inanimate objects" such as toys or surgical instruments that can also transmit disease.
+- Chemokines are ... ? A group of small proteins that function as chemoattractants for lymphocytes and phagocytes.
+- Def. "Osteomalazie"! A: Verminderung der mineralischen Knochenbestandteile.
+- Give a specific example for "parenteral transmission". A: For example, a virus transmitted via the "blood system".
+- TLR5 erkennt ... ? Flagellin.
+- Die von Köhler und Milstein entwickelte Methode nutzt welche Technik? Die "Hybridom-Technik". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridom-Technik
+- Welche T-Helferzelle Subklasse aktiviert Epithelzellen und lockt neutrophile Granulocyten an? TH17.
+- Was ist die "Lymphopoese"? Dies ist die "Enstehung und Reifung von Lymphozyten in der Hämatopoese" (Blutbildung). 
+- Kann das adaptive Immunsystem vom angeborenen Immunsystem unabhängig ablaufen? Nein.
+- Nenne eine Immunzelle, die MHC-II erkennen kann. A: TH-Zellen.
+- Cytotoxische T-Zellen erkennen was genau auf der Zelloberfläche? Cytotoxische Z-Zellen erkennen die "MHC-I Klasse".
+- Hauptproduzent von TNF-Alpha? Makrophagen.
+- In Immunology, der is the "CLIP". What does this abbreviation stand for? Class II-associated invariant chain peptide. It belongs to the MHC II molecule.
+- Why are cytotoxic T cells important? They can kill "cancer cells".
+- Was bewirken "Akute Phase Proteine"? Diese Proteine bewirken eine "bessere Phagozytose von Krankheitserregern".
+- Was sind "bispezifische Antikörper"? Antikörper bei denen jede Bindungsstelle ein unterschiedliches Antigen bindet.
+- Other term for "septic shock"? severe systemic inflammation
+- Definiere eine "Kreuzreaktion". A: Dies ist die Reaktion eines Antikörpers mit einer Substanz die nicht Anlass für seine Bildung war.
+- Define "lymphocyte repertoire". A: This is the total number of antigenic specificities in an individual.
+- Diameter of monocytes (from, to)? 10-15 micrometers.
+- How do we call the Macrophages in the liver? Kupffer cells.
+- Nenne 2 Vertreter der MALTs. A: (1) Tonsillen (2) Peyer'sche Plaques
+- Direkter Vorläufer eines Erythrocyten? Erythroblast.
+- Was bedeutet "IgY" in der Immunologie, das "Y"? Y ... yolk (Eidotter)
+- Which component of the "complement system" enhances inflammation? C3a.
+- Das "Jenner-Experiment" fand wann statt? 1796.
+- Bei einem "T-cell antigen receptor", welches Ende ist mit der Membran verankert? Das "Carboxyterminale Ende".
+- Aside from its importance in fly development, name another reason as to why Drosophila requires the "Toll receptor". A: It helps produce antimicrobial peptides, which help against "fungal infections".
+- Was meinen wir mit dem "immunologischem Gedächtnis"? Wenn die zweite Antwort auf das gleiche Pathogen viel effektiver ist als die erste Antwort.
+- Der Transkriptionsfaktor­ "Komplex NF-Kappa B" bewirkt die Synthese von ...? Interleukinen.
+- Nenne die 2 wichtigsten Rezeptoren des angeborenen Immunsystems. A: (1) TLRs: Toll-like Receptors (2) NODs: NOD-like Receptors
+- W. h. "morbidus"? Krank.
+- Name a receptor that can induce the synthesis of IFN-Alpha and IFN-Beta! A: Toll-like receptor TLR-3.
+- What do we mean with the term "cell-autonomous immunity"? This is the process of using Interferons (IFNs) to induce the expression of hundreds of genes as part of an elaborate antimicrobial programme designed to combat infection in nucleated cells.
+- The "immunological synapse" is the interface between which two cells? (1) An antigen-presenting cell (2) a lymphocyte, such as an effector T cell or Natural Killer cell
+- Was ist der dominierende Antikörperisotyp in Vögeln? Ig Ypsilon.
+- Name the 2 major functions of the sleep. A: (1) remove aging and damaged blood cells (2) initiate adaptive immune responses.
+- Welche Immunzellen haben einen Ig-Epsilon Rezeptor? Mastzellen.
+- Name the two main structural families of cytokines. A: (1) hematopoietin family (2) TNF family
+- Was heisst "FoxP3" in der Immunologie? forkhead box protein 3
+- Was ist ein "Epitop"? Ein Bereich eines Antigens, das vom Immunsystem, insbesondere von Antikörpern, als fremd erkannt wird. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitope
+- In der Immunologie, was heisst "RANTES"? "Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted".
+- Das Komplementsystem kennt wieviele Lektinwege? 2.
+- Was ist ein "Idiotyp"? Die Antigenbindungsstelle eines Antikörpers.
+- Was ist eine "immunologische Synapse"? Dies ist eine physische Kontaktstelle zwischen Immunzellen und anderen Zellen.
+- Können dendritische Zellen zu professionellen APC-Zellen werden? Ja.
+- Erstes Impfgesetz in Deutschland? 1874; siehe http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Impfgesetz
+- What does the term "pyogenic" mean? Pus-forming.
+- Was sind "immunologisch privilegierte" Regionen? Dies sind durch anatomische Verhältnisse bedingte Regionen, in denen durch fehlende Lymphdrainage Fremdantigene persistieren können. Es kommt hier also nicht zu einer vollentwickelten Abwehr.
+- Nenne vier immunologisch privilegierte Orte. A: (1) vordere Augenkammer (2) Glaskörper (3) Kornea (4) Gehirn
+- Langerhans-Zellen findet man zwischen welchen Schichten der Epidermis? Stratum basale und Stratum spinosum.
+- Bei Diagnostik, was heisst PPV und was gibt er an? "Positive Predictive value positives". Gibt die Wahrscheinlichkeit an, mit dem ein Testergebnis einen infizierten Patienten angibt.
+- How is C3b normally stabilized? When it meets LPS.
+- Name the 3 T-cell functions. A: (1) killing (2) activation (3) regulation
+- Was heisst "doppelt negative Thymocyten"? CD4 und CD8 negativ.
+- The daily production of which Ig is the greatest? IgA.
+- What means "perinatal"? This is the period immediately before and after birth.
+- Why is MHC I important? It can capture viral protein fragments and display these on the cell surface.
+- Nenne einen Proteinkomplex, der mit dem Steroidrezeptor im Kern interagieren kann. A: NF Kappa Beta.
+- How many "feet" do MHC class I and II have? MHC class I has one foot (transmembrane anchor), MHC class II has two feet.
+- Which TNF amplifies the immune response that is also secreted by monocytes? TNF-Alpha.
+- Give an example for a "multi-functionality strategy" in the human body. A: The DNA recombination that occurs during "VDJ recombination".
+- Is an attenuated viral vaccine better than a dead viral vaccine? Yes, the immune response will be stronger.
+- Name the 3 routes to complement activation. A: (1) classical pathway (2) alternative pathway (3) lectin pathway
+- A parasite is rather large and can infect people. Name 3 type of cells that can act against a large parasite in the human body. A: (1) mast cells (2) eosinophils (3) basophils
+- Name 2 products by Tc-cells that are produced after antigen presentation. A: (1) granzymes (2) perforin
+- How many Toll-like receptors are known in mankind? 13.
+- How is a "sepsis" caused? It is caused by an immune response, triggered by an infection.
+- What is a "syngeneic host"? A host with an "identical genetic background".
+- Is MHC I or MHC II more widespread? MHC I. Almost every nucleated cell of the body has it.
+- Was heisst "AIRE Transcription factor"? Autoimmune regulator.
+- Wie beeinflusst ein Vitamin-A-Mangel das Immunsystem? Die Schleimhautbarriere ist geschwächt, dadurch dringen Keime einfacher in den Körper.
+- Künstlicher Antikörper-Ersatz durch ...? Durch "Aptamere".
+- Nenne 4 markante Eigenschaften der T-Gedächtniszellen. A: (1) Schnellere Aktivierung (2) Keine Kostimulation erforderlich (3) Wanderung in das Gewebe (4) Lange Überlebensdauer
+- Name 3 important "extrinsic factors" for (applied) immunogens. A: (1) dose (2) route of administration (3) foreign nature of the immunogen to the host
+- The "Autoimmune regulator" has been shown to interact with which other protein? It can interact with the CREB binding protein.
+- In Immunology, what means "TSA"? "tissue-specific self-antigens"
+- What is the job of the "AIRE Transcription factor"? It prevents the immune system from attacking the body itself.
+- IgA können wir in welche 3 Formen vorfinden? (1) als Monomer (2) als Dimer mit J-Kette (3) als sekretorische IgA
+- "Tylosin" wird gegen welches Bakterium eingesetzt? Gegen Mycoplasma.
+- Wieviele TLRs sind beim Menschen bekannt? 10.
+- Die TLRs können wir in welche 2 Gruppen einteilen? (1) TLRs, die ihre Liganden in Endosomen oder Lysosomen erkennen (2) TLRs, die ihre Liganden auf der Zelloberfläche erkennen
+- Was ist "Properdin" und wieso ist das von Relevanz für die Immunbiologie? Ein Plasmaprotein mit Affinität für C3bBb-Konvertase auf Bakterienzellen.
+- Warum sind die "eosinophilen Granulozyten" so wichtig? Sie haben eine sehr wichtige Effektorfunktion gegen große, nicht phagozytierbare extrazelluläre Ziele wie Würmer und andere Parasiten.
+- The "Freud Adjuvant" contains what? Dead mycobacteria.
+- Aufgabe von CD71? Das ist der Transferrin-Rezeptor.
+- Complement proteins target which bacteria group in particular? Gram-negative ones such as E. coli
+- Where are the complement proteins synthesized? In the liver.
+- Which three types of proteins on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell are involved in activating a T cell? (1) the T-cell receptor (2) a peptide-loaded MHC molecule (3) a costimulatory proteins   
+- Welche 3 Wege gibt es, das Komplementsystem zu aktivieren? (1) klassischer Aktivierungsweg (2) alternativer Aktivierungsweg (3) Lektin Aktivierungsweg
+- What is the "Kostmann syndrome"? The complete absence of neutrophils.
+- Name 3 important "properties of immunogenicity". A: (1) molecular size (2) sufficient molecular complexity (3) appropriate physical form
+- Does Serum contain clotting proteins? No.
+- Wann ist eine "Kreuzreaktion" erwünscht? Zum Beispiel bei einer Impfung mit Kuhpockenviren gegen die "echten Pocken". (Variola)
+- Was geschieht in der roten Pulpa der Milz? Gealterte Erythrozyten werden hier aus dem Blut entfernt.
+- Was sind "Immuntoxine"? Antikörper-Toxin Komplexe.
+- Gib 5 allgemeine Beispiele für Erreger-Wirt-Wechselbeziehungen. A: (1) Kommensalismus (Erreger lebt vom Überschuß des Wirts) (2) Mutualismus: gegenseitiger Vorteil, keine Lebensnotwendigkeit (3) Symbiose: Leben in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis (4) Phoresie: Transportgelegenheit (5) Parasitismus
+- How long is the spacer area that can be found adjacent to the "Recombination Signal Sequences"? Either 12 or 23 (unconserved) nucleotides, followed by a conserved nonamer (9 base pairs).
+- Which granulocyte is central to "innate immunity"? The neutrophil.
+- In Immunology, what means a "double negative" cell? All T cells come from progenitor cells from the bone marrow. They start as CD4- CD8- TCR-cells, which is also called the DN stage. DN for "double-negative".
+- What means "ligare"? Binding.
+- Wieso hat man Mäuse ohne thymus glands entwickelt? Diese Mäuse akzeptieren Organe von Menschen.
+- Wieviele unabhängige Genfamilien kodieren für ein Immunglobulinmolekül? 3.
+- Welche 2 Epitop-Typen gibt es? (1) Conformational determinant (2) Linear determinant
+- Nenne 4 Beispiele für "Phagocytes". A: (1) Macrophages (2) Monocytes (3) Neutrophils (4) Dendritic cells
+- Was ist die "Avidität"? avidus heisst "gierig", und die Avidität eines Antikörpers ist die Stärke einer multivalenten Bindung zwischen Antigen und Antikörper.
+- Wann wurde die "Variolierung" in Europa eingeführt? Ca. 1720.
+- Das Cholera-Toxin ist was für ein Toxin-Typ? Enterotoxin, ein AB-Toxin.
+- Wie gehen die 4 Kochschen Postulate? (1) Der mutmaßliche Krankheitserreger muss immer mit der Krankheit assoziiert sein und darf in gesunden Tieren nicht nachgewiesen werden. (2) Der mutmaßliche Erreger muss in Reinkultur gezüchtet werden. (3) Eine Reinkultur des mutmaßlichen Erregers sollte im gesunden Tier die Krankheit auslösen. (4) Der Organismus muss reisoliert werden und identisch mit dem ursprünglichen Erreger sein.
+- Was sind "Opsonine"? Das sind Plasmabestandteile, die durch Anlagerung an körperfremde Substanzen deren Elimination durch Phagozytose begünstigen.
+- In der Immunologie, was ist die "Phasenvariation"? Variationen im Bereich der Oberflächenexpression.
+- Neutrophils can trap microorganisms? Yes. They can expel their chromatin to produce "NETs". They can do so by using the enzyme PAD4, which modifies histones in a way that promotes unraveling of chromatin.
+- Why does it take several days to develop a protective adaptive response? Initially only a few lymphocytes are available to interact with each antigen.
+- Der TLR5-Rezeptor bindet woran? Flagellin.
+- Blutproben im Labor versetzt man warum mit Citrat? Um die Gerinnung zu hemmen.
+- Warum ist Rauchen gefährlich für "Hefe-Konsumenten"? Cytochrom P450 wandelt Benzo-Alpha-pyren in cancerogene Epoxide um.
+- Das Tetrodotoxin der Fugu-Fische wirkt wie? Es bindet an Sodium (Natrium) channels in Nervenzellen.
+- Wie entsteht die löslische Form von CD95L? Durch die Aktivität einer Metalloprotease.
+- In der Peripherie unterscheidet man zwischen welchen DCs? A: pre DCs vs. conventional DCs.
+- Genome Immune System? Ja. siRNAs.
+- Welche Strategie gegen Parasiten? Duale Strategie.
+- Ultrafiltrat des Blutplasmas. Welcher Zweck? Ernährung der umliegenden Gewebszellen.
+- Nenne 3 Familien die zu den PRRs zählen! A: (a) C-Typ Lektinfamilie (b) NOD-Rezeptor ähnliche Familie (c) Toll-Rezeptor ähnlichen Familie.
+- Unterschied zwischen Diapedese und Emeriploesis? Bei Diapedese wandern die Lymphocyten ZWISCHEN den Endothelzellen hindurch und nicht durch sie hindurch.
+- Wofür steht das "M" in M-Zellen? Membran-Zellen.
+- L-Selektin bindet an? Vaskuläre Adressine (Mucine vom Typ Lewis)
+- 2 Charakteristika von M-Zellen nennen. A: Sie besitzen KEINE Mikrovilli, können aber aktiv pinozytieren.
+- Welche Fähigkeit verlieren T-Zellen wenn sie die Rezeptoren verlieren? Die Fähigkeit über die HEV in den Lymphknoten zu gelangen.
+- Hauptbestandteil der Epidermis (Zellen)? Keratinozyten.
+- Wo in der PALS Region findet man B-Lymphocyten? Am Rand, wo sie einen Milz-Follikel bilden.
+- T-Zellen mit AlphaBeta-TCR Rezeptor entwickeln sich zu ... ? CD4 und CD8 Zellen.
+- Aufgabe der dendritischen Zellen? A: Nehmen Antigene in der Peripherie auf und wandern dann in Lymphknoten, um diese Antigene den naiven T-Zellen zu präsentieren.
+- Which protein initiates the assembly of the membrane-attack complex/system? <orange>C5b</orange>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_5