studium 0.10.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Informatik
+#
+# Knowledge gathered about Informatics as a science.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Improving the design of code without changing its functionality is also known as ... ? <one>Refactoring</one> (a software development practice known).
+- In computer hardware: <one>multiple cores</one> can process information ... ? <one>in parallel</one>.
+- <one>Postscript</one>, wie sie in .pdf Dateien zum Einsatz kommt, basiert auf welcher Sprache eigentlich? Auf <one>FORTH</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_%28Programmiersprache%29 []
+- Besteht ein Alphabet nur aus <one>zwei Zeichen</one>, so nennt man es ... ? <one>Binäralphabet</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Gleitpunkt-Darstellung</one> reeller Zahlen in einem Computer: welche zwei Komponenten werden hierbei gespeichert? (1) die <one>Mantisse</one> (2) der <one>Exponent</one> []
+- Die heute in mehr oder weniger allen gängigen Computern verwendeten Gleitkommaformate wurden von ... standardisiert. A: Von der <one>IEEE</one>. []
+- Bei der Darstellung von Zahlen in einem Computer gibt es sogenannte <one>NaNs</one>: Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Für <one>Not a Number</one>. []
+- In der Zahlendarstellung, im Binärsystem: was ist mit <one>msb</one> gemeint? Dies ist das <one>most significant bit</one>. []
+- <one>Konrad Zuse</one> entwickelte welchen <three>elektromechanischen programmgesteuerten Rechner</three>? <one>Z3</one>. []
+- Das <three>dezimale Zahlensystem</three> ist ein Stellenwertsystem und wurde <one>wo entwickelt</one>? In <one>Indien</one>. []
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Unterschied zwischen einem <one>Interpreter</one> und einem <one>Compiler</one>. A: (1) Der "Interpreter" führt Source-Code zeilenweise aus. (2) Der "Compiler" I Compiler übersetzt Source-Code in ein ausführbares Programm aus (== Executable)
+- Jede Rechenoperation mit NaN als (zumindest) einem Operanden liefert als Ergebnis ... ? <one>NaN</one>.
+- Nach dem Standard <one>IEEE 754</one> gilt was bei der Zahl Null? Es gibt sowohl <one>+0</one> sowie <one>-0</one>. Bei Vergleichen gilt hier das <two>+0 = −0</two>.
+- Verwenden Gleitpunktzahlen nach IEEE 754 ein <one>implizites erstes Bit</one>? Ja.
+- Im <one>Dezimalsystem</one>: sind <two>führende Nullen</two> relevant? Nein. []
+- Wenn wir eine Zahl wie <one>2364</one> sehen, mit einem tief gestellten (10) rechts unten, was ist damit gemeint? Dies meint das <two>die Darstellung dieser Zahl</two> im <one>Dezimalsystem</one> erfolgt. []
+- Anderer Begriff für den <one>mittleren Informationsgehalt</one>? <one>Entropie</one>.
+- Jedes <one>Gleitpunkt-Zahlensystem</one> besitzt wieviele ganzzahlige Parameter? Vier.
+- In der Informatik: was meinen wir mit der <one>Methode der Abstraktion</one>? Dies meint das die zur Verfügung stehende Information sowohl relevante als auch unwesentliche Anteile hat. Durch Abstraktion reduziert man die Information auf das für die aktuelle Problemlösung Wesentliche.
+- In der <one>Informatik</one>: eine naheliegende Möglichkeit zur <two>Darstellung reeller Zahlen</two> ist es eine feste Anzahl für die Nachkommastellen zu reservieren. Wie wird dies auf Englisch genannt? <one>Fixed point representation</one>.
+- Anderes Wort für <one>prozedurales Paradigma</one>? <one>Imperatives Paradigma</one>.
+- Wann entstand der Begriff <one>Informatik</one>? In den <one>1960er Jahren</one>.
+- In der Informatik: was ist ein <one>Semaphor</one>? Dies ist <one>eine Datenstruktur zur Synchronisation von Prozessen</one>.
+- In der Informatik: was ist <one>der winzige Unterschied</one>? <one>true</one> versus <one>false</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>xor</one> in der Informatik? Dies ist das <one>exklusive oder</one>.
+- A. W. für ein "Nassi-Shneiderman-Diagramm"?  Ein <one>Struktogramm</one>.
+- Welche drei grundlegenden Elemente der imperativen Programmierung sehen wir bei der <one>von-Neumann-Architektur</one>? (1) <one>Sequentielle Komposition</one> (2) <one>Verzweigung</one> (3) <one>Wiederholung</one>
+- Nenne <one>zwei Operatoren der boolschen Algebra</one>. A: (1) <one>Konjunktion</one> (2) <one>Disjunktion</one>
+- Berechnungen unter Verwendung reeller Zahlen nennt man auch ... ? <one>Numerische Berechnungen</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir die <one>Zustandsüberprüfung</one> in der Programmierung, auf Englisch? <one>Assert</one>.
+- In <one>8 bits</one> lassen sich n Zeichen speichern? 256 ( 2 ** 8).
+- In der Informatik sprechen wir mitunter von einem <one>Medium</one>, ausgehend von einem Sender (als Quelle). Welcher Name wäre für <one>Medium</one> besser geeignet? <one>Übertragungsmedium</one>. []
+- Hexadecimal <one>B</one> corresponds to what number in the Decimal system? <one>11</one>. []
+- Im <one>Binäresystem</one>: 1 + 1 ergibt ... ? <one>10</one>
+- Bei der Umwandlung der <one>Dezimalzahl</one> <three>29</three> in das <one>Hexadezimalsystem</one> wird welcher Wert für mod verwendet? <one>16</one>.
+- Das <one>dezimale Zahlensystem</one> wurde wo entwickelt? In <one>Indien</one>.
+- Ein <one>Nibble</one> besteht aus wieviele Bits? <one>4</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble []
+- Wie nennen wir <one>die Argumente eines Operators</one>? Dies sind die <one>Operanden</one>. []
+- Name <one>a binary system</one> that was popular in <three>ancient china</three>. A: <one>Yin</one>/<one>Yang</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang []
+- Was ist ein <one>stack</one>? Ein <one>stack</one> ist eine "abstrakte Datenstruktur", bei der Elemente hinzugefügt und wieder entfernt werden können.
+- In general, what do we mean with "floating points" in informatics? Floating point is the computer's approximation to the mathematical concept of <one>real numbers</one>.
+- Schreibe die Dezimalzahl 327 mit <one>Zehnerpotenz</one>. A: <one>(3x10 ** 2) + (2x10 ** 1) + (7x10 ** 0)</one>
+- Allgemein betrachtet: der <one>Erwartungswert</one> neuer Information ist gleich ... ? Dem Mittelwert der Informationsgehalte aller Zeichen des zugrundeliegenden Alphabets.
+- <one>ASCII</one> is a n-bit character set? <one>ASCII</one> is a <two>8-bit character set</two>. []
+- Sendet eine Nachrichtenquelle immer das gleiche Zeichen, so können wir was über den Informationsgehalt aussagen? Das dieser gleich 0 sein muss.
+- Was ist ein <one>Laufzeitfehler</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Fehler, der erst bei der eigentlichen Programm-Ausführung auftritt</one>.
+- How do we call the combination of both <one>dynamic typing</one> and <one>static typing</one>? <one>Gradual typing</one>.
+- In Computing, what is a <one>nibble</one>? A nibble is <one>a four-bit aggregation</one>, aka being equal to <two>4 bits</two>. []
+- In der <one>Informatik</one>: wie nennen wir Dinge, die eine <three>Dienstleistung</three> erbringen (auf englisch)? <one>Server</one>. []
+- What is the huge advantage of a <one>hash table</one>? Given a key, a hash table returns the corresponding value in constant time, regardless of how many keys are in the hash table.
+- <one>Signale</one> können wir in welche <three>zwei Untergruppen</three> einteilen? (1) <one>Analoge Signale</one> (2) <one>Diskrete Signale</one> []
+- Das <one>Alphabet des Morse-Codes</one> umfasst wieviele Zeichen? <one>Drei</one>. []
+- Nenne, allgemein formuliert, drei Sprachparadigmen (bei Programmiersprachen). A: (1) <one>prozedural</one> (2) "funktional" (3) "logik-basiert"
+- What do we mean with the term <one>binary operators</one>? These are operators that <one>take two operands</one>.
+- Mit <one>zwei Bit</one> können wir Fragen beantworten, die n mögliche Zustände zulassen? A: <one>4</one>. []
+- Was meinen wir in der Informatik mit der <one>Codierung</one>? <one>Codierung</one> bedeutet hier die Abbildung von einer Sprache auf eine andere.
+- Wie wird ein <one>Zeichen des Binäralphabets</one> genannt? <one>Bit</one>.
+- Jede <one>Sprache</one> hat welche drei Eigenschaften? (1) ein <one>Alphabet</one> (2) eine <one>Syntax</one> (3) eine <one>Semantik</one>
+- Was ist <one>Informatik</one>? Informatik ist die Wissenschaft von der systematischen Verarbeitung von Informationen, insbesondere mit Hilfe von Digitalrechnern.
+- Wie nennen wir die Argumente eines Operators? <one>Operanden</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir das <one>Starten einer Funktion</one>, allgemein? <one>Funktionsaufruf</one>.
+- Das <one>'Gegenteil'</one> der Konjunktion ist ... ? Die <one>Disjunktion</one>. []
+- Der <one>Morse code</one> wurde in welchem Jahr entwickelt (+/- 5 Jahre sind ok). A: Im Jahre <one>1836</one>.
+- Die <one>kleinste, addressierbare Einheit eines Computers</one> wird wie genannt? <one>Byte</one>.
+- Im <one>Binärsystem</one> ergibt <two>1 + 1</two> was? <one>10</one>.
+- Nenne die vier wichtigsten Zahlensysteme. A: (1) <one>Dezimalsystem</one> (2) <one>Binärsystem</one> (3) <one>Oktalsystem</one> (4) <one>Hexadezimalsystem</one>
+- Das <one>Zahlensystem</one> zur <two>Basis 16</two> wird wie genannt? <one>Hexadezimalsystem</one>.
+- Das <one>Hornerschema</one> wird in der Informatik bei der Darstellung des Dezimalsystems verwendet. Wobei findet es Anwendung in der Informatik? In der <one>Kryptographie</one>.
+- Beim <one>Binärsystem</one> verwendet man, um eine Dezimalzahl zu konvertieren, welchen <two>mod</two>? <one>mod 2</one>.
+- Im ASCII-Code können wieviele verschiedene Zeichen verwendet werden? <one>128</one> (von 0 - 127). URL: https://ee.hawaii.edu/~tep/EE160/Book/chap4/subsection2.1.1.1.html
+- Nenne eine Theorie, die versucht ein Maß für den Informationsgehalt (einer Nachricht) zu finden. A: Die <one>Informationstheorie nach Shannon</one>.
+- Kann man für einen <one>Huffman-Code</one> eine Hammingdistanz definieren? Nein, da die Wortlänge beim Huffman-Code differiert. Somit ist die Ermittlung von differenten Bits zweier Wörter gleicher Länge über die Hammingdistanz unmöglich. 
+- Wann ist ein Graph <one>stark zusammenhängend</one>? Wenn man von jedem Knoten zu jedem anderen gelangen kann.
+- <one>Probability theory</one> deals with what type of <two>events</two>? It deals with <one>uncertain events</one>, using random variables as basic concept.
+- <one>Yottabyte</one> sind 10 ** n bytes? <one>10 ** 24</one>
+- Beim <one>Binärsystem</one> wird eine Verschiebung im Zuge einer Multiplikation auch ... genannt. A: <one>shift</one>.
+- Im <one>binären Zahlensystem</one> wenn wir <two>10 - 1</two> berechnen möchten, erhalten wir als Ergebnis ... ? <one>1</one>.
+- Wenn wir die beiden Binärzahlen 1 miteinander addieren, erhalten wir ... ? <one>10</one>.
+- Mit <one>8 Bit</one> können wir Zahlen zwischen <two>0 - 255</two> darstellen. Wie können wir den Wert 255 hier eruieren? Über 2 ** n, also <one>2 ** 8</one>.
+- Das Alphabet des Morse-Codes umfasst wieviele Zeichen? <one>Drei</one>.
+- Ab wann ist eine Funktion berechenbar? Sobald es einen Algorithmus gibt, der sie berechnet.
+- Was ist die kleinstmögliche Einheit der Informatik? Ein "Bit". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit
+- Das Wort "arithmos" kommt aus dem griechischen und bedeutet ... ? "Zahl".
+- A "bit" can have how many states? Two.
+- Was heisst "arithmos"? Zahl (auf griechisch).
+- Who invented APL? "Kenneth Iverson".
+- Was ist eine "Datenstruktur"? Eine Datenstruktur ist ein abstraktes Objekt zur Speicherung von "Informationen" respektive "Daten".
+- Gibt es einen Unterschied zwischen Variablen in der Informatik und der Mathematik? Ja. In Mathematik fixiert die Definition "x element_operator aus R" den Wort x. In der Informatik hingegen kann nach der Zuweisung von "x = 5" der Wert von x jeder jederzeit geändert werden, wie zum Beispiel "x = 7".
+- Was ist ein "unärer Operator"? Wenn der Operator nur einen Operanden benötigt.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === INNATE_IMMUNITY
+#
+# Alles was mit Innate Immunity zu tun hat. Innate tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Name an enzyme in the human genome that is extremely important for the innate immune response to viral infection. A: The <one>2' 5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1</one>.
+- Which <one>TLRs</one> recognize <two>ssRNA</two> and <two>dsRNA</two>, respectively? (1) TLR3:   dsRNA (<one>dsRNA viruses</one>) (2) TLR7/8: ssRNA (<one>ssRNA viruses</one>)
+- Das angeborene Immunsystem sondert AMPs aus. Was heisst AMP in diesem Kontext? Antimikrobiell wirksame Peptide.
+- The Toll-like receptors, name what TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 recognize. A: (1) TLR3 detects double-stranded dsRNA (2) TLR7 recognizes ssRNA (3) TLR9 recognizes DNA with a CpG motif
+- Humans have at least how many TLRs? At least 10.
+- Toll-like receptors have what kind of repeats? Leucine-rich repeats.
+- Name the 4 major components of the innate system. A: (1) physical and chemical barriers (2) phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (3) blood proteins like the complement system (4) cytokines
+- Name four "innate immune responses" to S. pyogenes. A: (1) complement system (2) macrophages (3) dendritic cell (4) neutrophils
+- Welcher TLR wurde als erster Vertreter dieser Rezeptorfamilie identifiziert? <one>TLR-4</one>.
+- Der TLR-3-Rezeptor ist interessant da er (fast) nur von einem Zelltyp produziert wird. Welche Zelle bildet TLR-3? <one>Dendritische Zellen</one>.
+- Welcher TLR-Rezeptor erkennt <one>Flagellin</one>? <one>TLR-5</one>.
+- Nenne einen TLR-Rezeptor der den Transkriptionsfaktor NF-Kappa-B aktivieren kann. A: TLR-4.
+- <one>TLR-9</one> erkennt ... ? <one>Unmethylierte CpG Motive in DNA</one> (also baterielle und virale DNA).
+- Nenne zwei wichtige Phagozyten die Teil des angeborenen Immunsystems sind. A: (1) <one>Makrophagen</one> (2) <one>neutrophile Granulocyten</one>

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === INSEKTEN
+#
+# Insekten tag. Schmetterlinge tag, Schmetterling tag. Insect tag.
+# Insects tag. Insekt tag. 
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- A. W. für eine "Scheinbiene"? Schwebfliege.
+- Wann haben Pflanzen begonnen, Insekten als Bestäuber zu nutzen? Vor etwa 60 Millionen Jahren.
+- Warum hat der Tagfalter Komplexaugen mit partiell reflektierendem Tapetum? Der Zweck dieses ist es eine höhere Lichtausbeute in lichtarmen Habitaten zu erzielen.
+- Sexualdimorphismus bei Schmetterlingen? Ja, bei den Antennen. Die Antennen bei Schmetterlingen wirken als ein "Molekularsieb für Sexualpheromone".
+- Wieviel Zeit verbringt ein Schmetterling im Kokkon? Etwa 3 Wochen.
+- Schmetterlinge haben das sogenannte "Chaetosema". Was ist das? Dies ist ein Sinnesorgan, das als paariger Sinnesborstenhügel zwischen den Facettenaugen hinter den Fühlern steht.
+- Können Schmetterlinge Farben wahrnehmen? Ja.
+- Wozu dienen "Superpositionsaugen" bei manchen Insekten? Sie sind für die "Nachtaktivität" wichtig.
+- Wieviele Ommatidien hat das Komplexauge eines Schmetterling maximal? Etwa 25.000.
+- Anderes Wort für die Adultform eines Insekts? Imago.
+- Mehrzahl von "Imago"? Imagines.
+- Seit wann gibt es den deutsche Namen "Schmetterling"? Seit 1501.
+- Was heisst "pterygot"? Wenn die Imagines flugfähig sind; pterygot heisst ja auch "flugfähig".
+- Vorläufer der Arthropoda? Ecdysozoa.
+- Haben Insekten ein Innenohr? Nein.
+- Welche Tiergruppe ist meistens beißend-kauend? Die Käfer, also Insekten.
+- Nenne einen Vertreter der Order "Hymenoptera"! The honey bee.
+- Ein Schmetterling mit Raupe und Imago habt welche Form der Entwicklung? "Holometabole Entwicklung".
+- Heuschrecken verwenden ein offenes Kreislaufsystem. Die zirkulierende Flüssigkeit, die Hämolymphe, entspricht hierbei was genau? Der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit.
+- Woraus besteht das Insektenbein? Tarsus, Tibia, Femur, Coxa.
+- Bienen können welche Farbe nicht wahrnehmen? Rot.
+- Fachbegriff für "Schmetterling"? Ordnung "Lepidoptera".
+- Wieviele Schmetterlingsarten wurden beschrieben? Mehr als 160.000 Arten.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === INSULIN
+#
+# Alles über Insulin wird hier gesammelt.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Die biologische Halbwertszeit einzelner Insulinmoleküle im Blutkreislauf liegt bei ... ? Etwa <one>fünf Minuten</one>. 
+- Woher kommt der Name <one>Insulin</one>? Von dem lateinischen Wort <one>insula</one>, für Insel: die <two>Langerhans-Inseln</two>.
+- Nenne ein Enzym, das durch Insulin aktiviert wird. A: Die <one>Glykogen-Synthase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glykogensynthasen
+- Vorteil von Insulin-lispro + aspartat? Sie sind <one>schnell wirksam</one>.
+- Nenne drei <one>Insulin Engineering</one> Produkte. A: (1) Lispro (2) Aspart (3) <one>Glargin</one>
+- <one>Insulin</one> is synthesized in significant quantities where? In <one>beta cells in the pancreas</one>.
+- Of the preproinsulin, which chain is the aminoterminus? The <one>B-chain</one>.
+- Wird in Deutschland <one>tierisches Insulin</one> vertrieben? Nein. Seit 2005 nicht mehr. []
+- Was ist <one>der homöostatische Gegenspieler von Insulin</one>? <one>Glucagon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon []
+- Seit wann ist die <one>Insulin-Sequenz</one> (Abfolge der Aminosäuren) bekannt? Seit dem Jahre <one>1953</one>. []
+- <one>Proinsulin</one> is broken into which two pieces? (1) <one>insulin</one> (2) <one>C-peptide</one>
+- Die <one>Langform von Insulin</one>, bevor diese im Körper verändert wird, wird wie genannt? <one>Präproinsulin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
+- Bei der <one>Aachener Insulinsynthese</one> hat man als letzten Schritt die Peptide in flüssigem Ammoniak + Natrium eingetaucht. Was war der Zweck dahinter? Dies diente der <one>Abspaltung aller verbliebenen Schutzgruppen</one>.
+- Die veraltete Aachener Insulinsynthese führte zu etwa n% nativem Insulin? Etwa <tomato>2%</tomato> natives Insulin.
+- Halbwertszeit von Insulin? 5 Minuten.
+- Was kann passieren wenn ein Patient Insulin subkutan injiziert, und danach ein heißes Bad nimmt? Ein <tomato>hypoglykämischer Zwischenfall</tomato> kann ausgelöst werden.
+- Nenne ein schnellwirkendes Insulinanalogon. A: <tomato>Lispro</tomato>.
+- Humaninsulin kam im welchen Jahr auf den Markt? <tomato>1982</tomato>.
+- Nenne einen "Transkriptionsfaktor" der durch Insulin gehemmt wird. A: "Foxo".
+- Nenne ein Problem von "Schweineinsulin für Menschen". A: Allergien. URL: https://www.onmeda.de/Wirkstoffe/Schweineinsulin/nebenwirkungen-medikament-10.html
+- Weltweit gibt es n Diabetiker? Etwa "246 Millionen".
+- Was meinen wir mit "Insulinresistenz"? Dies ist keine Wirksamkeit des Insulins trotz erhöhter Blutglukosespiegel aufgrund einer eingeschränkten oder einer fehlenden Signalvermittlung.
+- Nenne ein Insulin das langsam wirkt. A: "Glargin".
+- Pro Jahr wird wieviel an "Insulin" produziert? 8 Tonnen Insulin pro Jahr.
+- What is a benefit of "fast-acting insulin analogs", produced by biotechnology? The diabetic people may take this form of insulin and start eating right away.
+- Wer ist Weltmarktführer auf dem Gebiet der "Insulinersatztherapie"? "Novo Nordisk".
+- Wie unterscheidet sich die chemische Struktur des "Schweineinsulin" von "Humaninsulin"? In der B-Kette des Schweineinsulins, an Position B30, finden wir Alanin statt Threonin.
+- Seit wann wird in Deutschland kein tierisches Insulin mehr vertrieben? Seit dem Jahr "2005".
+- Wann wurde die "Insulin-Sequenz" ermittelt? A: 1953.
+- Wieviele "Disulfidbrücken" muss Insulin haben? Wo genau? In Summe 3. Eine innerhalb der A-Kette; 2 zwischen der A-Kette und der B-Kette.
+- Tagesbedarf eines Menschen an Insulin? "1.8 mg".
+- Welche Firma stellte zuerst "rekombinantes Insulin" her? "Genentech".
+- Wann wurde die Struktur von "Insulin" veröffentlicht? "1969".
+- Wann kommt es zur "Ausschüttung von Insulin"? Bei einem "hohem Blutzuckerspiegel", typischerweise nach einer Mahlzeit.
+- Finales Schicksal der Insulin C-Kette? Proteasen im "Golgi-Apparat" trennen die C-Kette ab.
+- Bei der "Synthese von Proinsulin" - wie erhält man korrekte Cysteinreste? Durch die "oxidative Sulfitolyse".
+- Welche Person schaffte es die Struktur von Insulin zu bestimmen? "Frederick Sanger".
+- Was genau macht das Enzym "Prohormon-Konvertase"? Spaltet die "C-Kette des Insulins" ab.
+- Name one of the major obstacles encountered in the production of proinsulin by "recombinant Escherichia coli". A: The "rapid intracellular degradation" of the recombinant protein.
+- Was ist "Humulin"? "Rekombinantes, humanes Insulin".
+- Briefly describe the different diabetes-types. A: (1) Affected type  I diabetes folks can not produce enough insulin. (2) Affected type II diabetes folks are unable to respond to Insulin.
+- Wie lange ist das "Präproinsulin"? 110 AA.
+- Wieviele n Unterschiede gibt es in den Insulin-Strukturen zwischen Schwein zu Mensch, und Rind zu Mensch? A: (1) Schwein zu Mensch: 1 AA. (2) Rind zu Mensch: 3 AA.
+- Ist Insulin ein Agonist von Glukagon? Nein.
+- Warum ist die C-Kette des Insulins in der Medizin wichtig? Da sie in der Analytik im Blutplasma nachgewiesen werden kann. Das heisst das gesunde Menschen C-Ketten im Plasma haben müssen.
+- Wie heisst der wichtigste Gegenspieler des Insulin? Glucagon.
+- Welche Firma erhielt das Patent für rekombinantes Insulin? Genentech.
+- Nenne die 4 Elemente des Proinsulin-Gens damals. A: (1) Tryptophan-Synthase-Promoter (2) Tryptophan-Synthase-Gen (3) AUG als Spaltstellen (4) Sequenz für Proinsulin: B-C-A
+- Wann wurde Insulin, das von Bakterien produziert wurde, erstmals in den USA zugelassen? 1972.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Java (the programming language)
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Does Java have <one>enums</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: how to create a string as the binary representation of the number 9, aka <one>1001</one>? Use <one>String x = Integer.toBinaryString(9);</one>
+- In Java: the default value for a <one>float</one> is ... ? <one>0.0</one>. []
+- In Java: is this syntax valid? <one>double[] x;</one>? A: Yes. []
+- Java has a <one>.clone()</one> method, on which class? On <one>Object.clone()</one>. []
+- In Java: the keyword <one>public</one> in front of method names is called ... ? An <one>access modifier</one>. []
+- In Java: is the following syntax valid? <one>new Scanner("Hello world!");</one>? A: Yes, this is <one>valid syntax</one>. We can provide a String as input to Scanner() too. []
+- In Java: can <three>Arrays</three> hold <one>heterogeneous element</one>? No. []
+- In Java: <one>shift left</one> is actually like a multiplication with ... ? <one>2</one>.
+- Does Java include a <one>default constructor</one> for all (custom-defined) classes? Yes. []
+- In Java: which method is used when two strings ought to be compared? The <one>.compareTo()</one> method. []
+- Ruby has <one>.each</one>. What would the equivalent look like in java? <one>x.forEach(item -> {</one>
+- In Java: bei einer <one>verkürzten for-Schleife</one>, kann diese Liste beim Durchlaufen verändert werden? Nein. []
+- In Java: how can we check for equality of Strings while disregarding the case of a variable? We can use <one>string.equalsIgnoreCase("y")</one>, thus via <two>.equalsIgnoreCase()</two>.
+- In a Java class, is this syntax valid: <one>public static final int LIFESPAN = 100;</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: <one>die Wurzel einer Zahl</one> ziehen wir mit ... ? <one>Math.sqrt()</one>. URL: https://www.javatpoint.com/java-math-sqrt-method []
+- <one>Errors</one> are typically called how, in Java? <one>Exceptions</one>. []
+- In Java: how do we add the key <one>"cat"</one> and the value <two>"tom"</two> to a Hash? Use <one>hash.put(a, b)</one> as in <one>hash.put("cat", "tom");</one>.
+- In Java: how to remove all numbers from a given String? Use <one>string.replaceAll("[0-9]","");</one>.
+- Does Java have <one>multiple inheritance</one>? No. []
+- In Java: if we wish to represent an object as a string, what can we do? We can define a <one>.toString()</one> method. []
+- In Java: can we use <one>==</one> to compare two strings to one another? <two>No</two>; we have to use the <one>.equals()</one> method instead. []
+- In Java: show how to create an <one>abstract class</one> called <three>Foobar</three>. A: <one>public abstract class Foobar {</one> []
+- In Java: <one>can a class exist without a constructor</one>? No. []
+- In Java: how to convert a String such as <one>"12"</one> into an <two>Integer</two>? Use <one>Integer.valueOf("12");</one> (or <one>Integer.parseInt("12");</one>). []
+- Who is considered to be <one>the father of the Java programming language</one>? <one>James Gosling</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gosling []
+- In Java: what does the <one>final</one> keyword mean when applied onto a variable? That a variable is <one>unchangeable</one>, aka <two>read-only</two> - <three>it can not be modified afterwards</three>. []
+- In Java: name a simple way how to check for a string stored in the variable <one>x</one> being equal to several conditions at the same time. A: <one>if (x.matches("b|break|quit"))</one>
+- In Java: how do we call the variable foo in the following code? <one>String[] foo = { "A", "B", "C" };</one>? A: This is an <one>array</one>. []
+- In Java: is this valid syntax? <one>var stringList = List.of("one", "two", "three");</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: can a program have <one>more than one execution thread</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: a <one>keyword that specifies the accessibility of program units and their components</one> is called ... ? a <one>visibility attribute</one>.
+- In Java: how can we <one>upcase</one> a String, as stored in the variable <three>x</three>? Via <one>x.toUpperCase()</one>. []
+- In Java: how to find out whether a String stored in the variable <one>x</one> begins with a given substring? Use <one>.startsWith</one>, as in: <two>String x = "Hello"; str.startsWith("He");</two>. []
+- To execute a Java program on a machine, the machine needs an installation of ... ? <one>the Java Running Environment</one> (<two>JRE</two>).
+- In Java: ergibt <one>System.out.println(0.1 + 0.3 == 0.4);</one> true? Nein. []
+- In Java: given the class <one>public class Human {</one>, how would the associated constructor be called, syntax-wise? <one>public Human() {</one>, inside the <two>public class Human {</two> part. []
+- Java hat <one>wieviele binäre Operatoren</one>? 5 - und zwar <one>+</one>, <one>-</one>, <one>*</one>, / sowie <one>%</one>.
+- In Java: how do we declare <one>annotations</one>? Via the <two>@</two> <one>symbol</one>.
+- In Java: what do we mean with <one>class attributes</one>? <two>Class attributes are variables within a class</two>. Example: <one>public class Foobar { int x = 5; }</one>
+- In Java: if we make use of the <one>switch()</one> statement, do we also have to use <three>break</three> to terminate each case statement? Yes. []
+- In Java: <one>Module</one> existieren seit welcher Version von Java? Seit <one>Version 9</one>. []
+- In Java: how does the method <one>foobar()</one> accept a string as its main argument? <one>String foobar(String x) {</one>. []
+- In Java: can a <one>primitive</one> be <three>dereferenced</three>? <one>No</one>. []
+- In Java: if we have <one>an integer value for a character</one>, <three>char</three>, such as: <three>char character = 'a';</three>, how can we return the associated number? <one>int ascii = (int) character;</one> []
+- In Java: is <one>byte x = 10;</one> valid syntax? Yes. []
+- In Java: how to import all of <one>java.util</one>? Use <one>import java.util.*;</one> []
+- In Java: is the <one>String class</one> mutable? No - the <two>String class</two> in Java is <one>immutable</one>. []
+- In Java: what will the result of this code be: <one>"10" + 20</one>? <one>"1020"</one>. []
+- In Java: is this syntax valid? <one>String x = null;</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: ist folgende Syntax gültig? <one>Integer.parseInt("");</one>? A: Nein. []
+- In Java: is <one>new</one> a keyword? Yes. []
+- In Java: is the code <one>long x = 3_123_456L;</one> valid syntax? Yes. []
+- In Java: wird die Anzahl der Elemente eines Arrays bei der Deklaration festgelegt? Nein. []
+- Is <one>float x = 75.5f;</one> valid Java code? Yes. []
+- In Java: can <one>immutable objects</one> be modified? No. []
+- What does the keyword <one>final</one> mean in Java, applied onto a method? That <one>this method can not be overridden</one> and it will not change during the execution of the program.
+- In Java: <one>can a class have multiple constructors</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: <one>-19.99</one> is called ... ? A <one>float</one>. []
+- In Java: is this code true? <one>(Integer.MAX_VALUE+1) == Integer.MIN_VALUE</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: can we compare <one>floats</one> and <one>doubles</one> using <three>==</three>? No. []
+- In Java: is it possible to <one>cast</one> objects? Yes. []
+- In Java: in a given class, <one>numeric variables</one> (of a given field) are initialized to some value? Yes, to <one>0</one>. []
+- In Java: can <one>an interface</one> be instantiated? No. []
+- In Java: for <three>user-input</three> we often include the <one>Scanner class</one>. This class can be found where? In <one>java.util</one>. []
+- Is an <three>enum</three> <one>final</one> by default, in Java? Yes. []
+- In Java: how can we get rid of all elements in an Array stored in the variable <one>x</one>? Use <one>x.clear();</one>. []
+- In Java: we can make use of <one>interfaces</one>, and let a class refer to it. If the class is named Foo, and the interface is named Bar, how would we write a class that follows this interface, syntax-wise? Use <one>public class Foo implements Bar {</one>. []
+- In Java: is the following code valid? <one>interface Foo { interface Bar</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: can constructors contain <one>parameters</one>? Yes, of course. Example: <one>Foobar(double i) { x = i; }</one> []
+- In Java: sollten wir eher <one>int[] number;</one> oder <one>int number[];</one> verwenden? Eher <one>int[] number;</one>.
+- In Java: wann ergibt <one>x || y</one> sofort true? Sofern <one>x == true</one> - es reicht somit bereits wenn <two>x</two> true ist. []
+- In Java: how to determine whether a given String called <one>x</one> is empty? <one>x.isEmpty()</one> []
+- In Java: does <one>Date</one> respond to <three>.getTime()</three>? Yes. []
+- How is the <one>.index</one> method called in Java? <one>.indexOf()</one>. []
+- The programming language C makes use of <one>printf()</one>. Does Java have an equivalent? Yes, called <one>System.out.format()</one>.
+- What is <one>the size of a char in Java</one>? <one>16 bits</one>. []
+- What is <one>Scanner</one> used for in Java? <two>Scanner</two> in Java <one>obtains user input</one>. []
+- In Java: can <one>fields</one> have <two>different types</two>? Yes. []
+- In Java: gibt es einen Array, der sowohl <one>int</one> als auch <one>float</one> Elemente besitzt? Nein. []
+- In Java: does a <one>boolean variable</one> have a default? Yes, which is set to <one>false</one> - at the least for <two>an instance variable</two>. []
+- Does Java have <one>templates</one>? No. []
+- <one>Which comments</one> are available in Java? (1) // comments (2) /<one>* *</one>/ multiline comments []
+- In Java: is this syntax legal? <one>switch("two")</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: ist ein <one>int</one> grösser als ein <one>long</one>? Nein; <one>long ist grösser</one> als int. []
+- In Java: is <one>code completion</one> available in <three>JShell</three>? Yes - hit the <one>tab</one> key on the keyboard for this. []
+- In Java: is the following code valid: <one>int x = 15; x = 20;</one>? Yes - <one>x</one> will simply have the value <one>20</one>. []
+- In Java: how to import all classes from the <one>util package</one>? Via <one>import java.util.*;</one>. []
+- In the <one>Java JDK</one>: there are which two classes that can be used to read user data from the command line? (1) <one>java.util.Scanner</one> (2) <one>java.io.Console</one>
+- In Java, the <one>main()</one> method is required. What is the default argument given to it? <one>String[] args</one>. []
+- In Java: <one>every application begins with a class name</one>. This class-name has which constraint? <one>The class name must match the filename</one>. []
+- In Java: kann eine <one>switch-Variable</one> auch ein <three>ENUM</three> sein? Ja. []
+- In Java: ist diese Syntax valide? <one>Collection<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In Java: can we declare a whole class via <one>final</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: is it possible to subclass from the <one>Object class</one>? <one>Yes</one>. In fact, this will happen anyway if no specific superclass is specified. Every new class will, by default, inherit directly from Object, unless another superclass has been specified.
+- In Ruby we can use begin/rescue. In Java, <one>begin</one> would be equal to ... ? <one>try</one>, such as in <two>try {} catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(); }</two>. []
+- In Java: kann eine <one>short</one>-Variable den Wert <two>100000</two> speichern? Nein. Der maximale Wert einer short-Variable ist <one>32767</one>.
+- In Java: the String class is immutable. If we need a mutable string, what should we use instead? class <one>StringBuffer</one>. []
+- Is <one>(Object)</one> valid syntax in Java? Yes. []
+- Is <one>double d1 = 12E4d;</one> valid in Java? Yes. []
+- Is <one>var</one> a keyword in Java? No, <one>var</one> is not a keyword in Java. []
+- Does Java have to be translated to <one>machine language</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: ist folgende Syntax gültig? <one>double a, b;</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In Java: name a big difference between an <one>Array</one> and an <one>ArrayList</one>. A: <one>Arrays</one> have <two>a fixed size</two> whereas <one>ArrayLists</one> have <two>a variable size</two>.
+- In Java: ist folgender Code gültig? <one>boolean a = !!false;</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In Java: a normally spaced hello world program, has <one>how many different lines of code</one>? <one>5</one>. []
+- In Java: how to convert the string <one>"10"</one> into the integer <two>10</two>? <one>String number = "10"; int result = Integer.parseInt(number);</one> []
+- In Java: is it possible to pass a char array into <one>new String()</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: how can we declare an <one>Array</one> holding different string objects? We make use of <one>[]</one>, such as in: <two>String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};</two>.
+- Is Java <one>case sensitive</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: wie überprüfen wir auf <one>das folgende Element bei einem Iterator</one>? Via <one>.hasNext()</one>. []
+- In Java: is <one>.6</one> valid syntax? Yes - it stands for the value <one>0.6</one>, a float. []
+- In Java: how can we eliminate an entry from the Array called <one>foo</one>? We can use <one>.remove()</one>, as in <one>foo.remove(index);</one>.
+- In Java: does <one>indentation</one> count? No. []
+- In Java: what is <one>this</one>? In Java <one>this</one> is <two>a reference to the current object</two>.
+- In <two>Java</two> we typically see code such as <one>public static void main(String[] args) {</one>, but this can also be modified by more code afterwards the <two>()</two>, but before the <two>{</two>. Give a specific example for this. A: <one>public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {</one> []
+- <one>Javadoc comments</one> should use which syntax? /<one>**</one> and /<one>*</one>. []
+- In Java: which one of the following two variants is the way to go about specifying a String: <one>String[] args</one> or <one>String args[]</one>? Only the first variant, <one>String[] args</one>, should be used. (Both are valid because Java once tried to appeal to C++ programmers, who used the second variant.) []
+- In Java: die <one>verkürzte for-Schleife</one> kann verwendet werden, wenn das ... Interface implementiert wird. A: <one>Iterable</one>. URL: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Iterable.html []
+- How to <one>output text</one> in Java? Via <one>System.out.println()</one>. []
+- Name the <one>two main Java build tools</one>. A: (1) <one>Gradle</one> (2) <one>Maven</one> []
+- In Java: ist die folgende Syntax gültig? <one>String[] x = new String[3];</one>? A: Ja. []
+- In Java: <one>Classes are templates for</one> ... ? <one>Creating objects</one>. []
+- In Java: wie überprüfen wir ob ein Array möglicherweise nicht mit einem String belegt ist? <one>if (t != null) {</one>. []
+- In Java: are <one>arrays</one> part of the collections framework? Yes. []
+- In Java: how to return all but the first token in a String? Use <one>foobar.substring(1)</one>. Leaving the second argument out defaults to the full length of the string. []
+- In Java: is it <one>faster</one> to perform a search on <three>sorted arrays</three> than it is to search on <three>unsorted arrays</three>? Yes. []
+- Does Java have <one>global variables</one>? No. []
+- Java uses which type conversion? A: (1) <one>automatic type conversion</one> (2) <one>explicit type conversion</one> []
+- Name <one>a famous java motto</one>. A: <one>Write it once, run it everywhere.</one> []
+- In Java: <one>what kinds of methods</one> apply to all objects of a class rather than an individual object? <one>Class methods</one>. []
+- In Java: how can we <one>upcase</one> (capitalize) a String? Via <one>string.toUpperCase()</one>. []
+- In Java: for a string, and the method called <one>.substring()</one>, does the second parameter there include the specified character? No, it works in an <one>exclusive</one> manner.
+- <one>Inheritance</one> introduces which two types of classes? (1) <one>superclass</one> (2) <one>subclass</one> []
+- In Java: is the following syntax valid? <one>String[] foo = { "one", "two", "three", "fourth" };</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: we can iterate through an <one>enum</one>, by calling which method specifically? <one>.values()</one>, such as in <two>for (EnumNameHere entry : EnumNameHere.values()) {</two>. []
+- In Java: how to convert the string <one>'foobar'</one> into <one>'FOOBAR'</one>? Via <one>string.toUpperCase()</one> []
+- In Java: does the value of a class variable affect all its instances? Yes. []
+- In Java: show code how to create a String variable that is <one>not 'initialized'</one>. A: <one>String x = null;</one>. []
+- In Java: say that we wish to create a class Foo, which should be a subclass of class Bar. How to do so? <one>class Foo extends Bar {</one>. []
+- In Java: <one>JARs</one> is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Java Archives</one>. []
+- How to <one>exit</one> in java? Use <one>System.exit(0);</one>. []
+- In Java: is an <one>int</one> bigger than a <one>short</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: how can we avoid that <three>an attribute</three> such as <one>public class Foo {</one> <two>int x = 10;</two><one> }</one> is changed at a later time? We can use <one>final</one>, as in: <two>final int x = 10;</two>. []
+- In Java: which <one>loop-constructs</one> are used? (1) <one>for</one> loops (2) <one>while</one> loops (3) <one>do-while</one> loops []
+- Does <one>the Java compiler</one> allow a <three>re-declaration</three> of the same variable? No, it does not allow for this. []
+- In Java: can we jump to the next iteration of a <one>for loop</one>? Yes, via a <two>continue</two> <one>statement</one>. []
+- In Java: the minimal syntax to define an Array is ... ? <one>[]</one> []
+- In Java: is a <one>public class</one> visible to all classes everywhere? Yes. []
+- In Java: is <one>char</one> a <three>unicode char</three>? Yes. []
+- Are <three>arrays</three> <one>objects</one>, in Java? Yes. []
+- In Java: is this valid syntax? <one>5d</one> / <one>3</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: how to set and print a string called <one>foobar</one>? <one>String foobar = "foo"; System.out.println(foobar);</one> []
+- In Java: can the hyphen, aka <one>-</one>, be used in a <two>Java package name</two>? No. []
+- <one>Iterators</one> are used in Java to browse through ... ? <one>Collections</one>. []
+- In Java: does <one>JavaFX</one> support <three>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</three>? Yes. []
+- In Java: what is an <one>inner class</one>? This is a class declared <one>nested within another class</one>. []
+- In Java: can <one>the size of arrays</one> be changed after it was created? No. []
+- In Java: ist <one>;</one> alleine eine Anweisung? <two>Ja</two> - es ist eine <one>leere Anweisung</one>. []
+- In Java: can we extend a class that has been <one>final</one>ized? No we can not. <one>A final class cannot be extended</one>. []
+- Besitzt Java <one>anonyme Klassen</one>? Ja. []
+- In Java: syntax-wise, <one>exception handling</one> begins with ... ? <one>try {</one>. []
+- Do classes in java make use of <one>super()</one>? Yes. []
+- In Java: whenever we make use of a <one>switch</one> statement we should never forget to do what? To <one>include a</one> <two>default</two> <one>statement</one>. []
+- In Java: what is the <one>class method</one> <three>Math.max()</three> doing? It will take two arguments and then return the larger of the two. []
+- In Java: can an <one>interface</one> be declared within a class? Yes. Example: <one>class Foo { interface Bar {</one>. []
+- In Java: wie erhalten wir den <one>Maximalwert eines Integers</one>? <one>Integer.MAX_VALUE</one> []
+- Java makes use of which <one>comments</one>? (1) // (2) /* */ []
+- In Java, what does <one>JAR</one> mean? <one>JAR</one> stands for <two>Java Archive</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAR_%28file_format%29 []
+- Does Java have a <one>continue</one> statement? Yes. []
+- In Java: sind <one>primitive Datentypen</one> Klassen? Nein. []
+- In Java: does the following code work, syntax-wise? <one>"car".equals(null)</one>? A: Yes. []
+- In Java: werden <one>Array-Elemente</one> automatisch initialisiert? Ja. []
+- What is the difference, in java, between <one>File().mkdir()</one> and <one>File().mkdirs()</one>? The second variant will also <one>create subdirectories</one>, as/if necessary. []
+- Java has which primitive types for <one>floating-point numbers</one>? (1) <one>float</one> (2) <one>double</one> []
+- In Java: beginnen <one>Schlüsselwörter</one> immer mit einem <three>Kleinbuchstaben</three>? Ja.
+- In Java: can <one>for</one> loops make use of a function, such as <three>foobar()</three>? Yes.
+- In Java: can <one>Boolean values</one> be used in a <three>casting operation</three>, e. g. to cast it into another type of variable? No.
+- In Java: give another name for the <one>conditional operator</one>. A: The conditional operator is also called <one>the ternary operator</one>.
+- In Java: can an <one>int</one> method <two>return null;</two>? No.
+- In modern Java it is possible to use a <one>for-each</one> loop. Give an example for this, by making use of the following Array called <two>foobar</two>: <three>String[] foobar = { "Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda" };</three>. A: <one>for (String i : foobar) { System.out.println(i); }</one>
+- In Java: if we wish to add elements to <one>a linked list</one> at the first and at the last position, what should we do? Make use of <one>x.addLast("C")</one> and <one>x.addFirst("D")</one>.
+- In Java: a block creates ... ? <one>a scope for the local variables created within that block</one>.
+- In Java: show how to create a multidimensional Array with 52 elements each storing 7 elements, in a variable called <one>foo</one>. A: <one>int[][] foo = new int[52][7];</one>
+- In Java: if an array has 10 slots, and we try to access slot 11, what error will be issued? <one>ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException</one>.
+- In Java: all arrays have which <one>instance variable</one>? <one>.length</one>
+- In Java: how to create an Array of Strings with 10 elements? <one>String[] foo = new String[10];</one>
+- In Java: <one>what operator</one> is used to call an object's constructor method, and create a new object? <one>new</one>
+- In Java: how to find out the name of a String class, stored in the variable <one>foo</one>? <one>foo.getClass().getName();</one>.
+- In Java: does a <one>subclass</one> contain more behavior than the corresponding superclass</one>? Typically yes.
+- In Java: given code such as <two>int z</two> = (int)(x / y);, is the <one>precedence of casting</one> higher than that of arithmetic calculation? Yes it is.
+- In Java: what does <one>String.valueOf()</one> return? A <one>string</one>.
+- In Java: what is <one>String.valueOf()</one> used for? We can convert different types, such as int, or double, <one>into a String</one>.
+- In Java: <one>System.out</one> is a class variable that contains an instance of the class ... ? <one>PrintStream</one>.
+- In Java: how do we <one>define class variables</one>? By making use of the <one>static keyword</one> before the variable itself. Example: <two>static String surname = "Mendoza";</two>
+- Provide another name for the word <one>encapsulation</one>. A: <one>Information hiding</one>.
+- In Java: kann eine Klasse mehr als nur eine <one>main-Methode</one> besitzen? Nein.
+- In Java: how do we catch multiple exceptions in one go? A: Example: via <one>catch (NullPointerException|IOException exception)</one>
+- In Java: <one>float</one> and <one>double</one> are not equivalent. One difference is the number of bits necessary. How many bits do these two types occupy each? (1) <one>float</one>:  <two>32 bits</two> (2) <one>double</one>: <two>64 bits</two>
+- In Java: <one>public class Sample {</one> is actually a shortcut for ... ? <one>public class Sample extends Object {</one>.
+- In Java: we can use <one>try</one>/<one>catch</one> statements. What other statement can follow the catch-statement? The <one>finally</one> clause.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>fundierten, rekursiven Methode</one>? Wenn es eine <one>erreichbare Abbruchbedingung</one> gibt.
+- In Java: are <one>local variables</one> by default initialized to a (default) value? No they are not. They are <one>always uninitialized</one>.
+- ... is <one>the superclass of all errors</one> that can be thrown in a Java application. A: <one>Throwable</one>.
+- In Java: what does a <one>leading zero</one> denote, for a number-literal such as <three>012</three>? That this is an <one>octal</one> value, aka a <two>base-8 number</two>.
+- In Java: <one>which keyword</one> is used to refer to the current object? <one>this</one>.
+- In Java: related to <one>null</one> is which exception in particular? The <one>NullPointerException</one>. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Java_Programming/Preventing_NullPointerException
+- What is a <three>blank</three> <one>final variable</one> in Java? This is a final variable that is not initialized during declaration. Example: <two>final int i;</two><one> i = 30;</one>.
+- Die <one>Iterator-Form</one> einer for-Schleife wird, in Java, auch wie genannt? <one>foreach</one>-Schleife.
+- In Java: <one>the java compiler</one> turns the source code, stored in a .java file, into ... ? <one>Byte code</one>, with a <lightgreen>.class</lightgreen> file extension.
+- In Java: what is meant with an <one>abstract</one> class? This is <one>a class that cannot be used to create objects</one>. We can, however had, inherit this class from another class and thus access its code.
+- In Java: <one>how to obtain user input</one>? Use <one>Scanner user_input = new Scanner(System.in); String name = user_input.nextLine();</one>.
+- In Java: wie erreichen wir das eine Array-Variable, wie zum Beispiel <one>foobar</one>, nicht mehr referenziert wird? Verwende <one>foobar = null;</one>.
+- In Java: how do we call the <one>{}</one> part, officially? <one>Block delimiters</one>.
+- In Java: we can divide its <one>data types</one> into which two general groups? (1) <one>Primitive data types</one> (2) <one>Non-primitive data types</one>
+- How can we check whether two float values in Java are <one>equal</one>? We can use <one>Float.compare(f3, 4.4f) == 0</one>.
+- In Java: what is the typical default value for reference types? <one>null</one>
+- In Java: how are <one>dynamic arrays</one> called? <one>ArrayLists</one>.
+- In Java: ist folgender Code gültig? <one>int Int;</one>? A: Ja.
+- In Java: the code <one>int i = 3;</one> is the same as ... ? <one>int i = +3;</one>
+- In Java, by default: <one>how to create a new directory</one>? Use something like <one>import java.io.File; new File(this_directory).mkdir();</one>.
+- Give an example in Java for a simple <one>for-loop</one>. A: <one>for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(i); }</one>
+- In Java: the result of <one>Math.round(2.2)</one> would be ... ? <one>2</one>.
+- Does Java deal with <one>pointers</one>? No - it makes use of <one>automatic memory management</one>, so developers do not have to worry about memory management.
+- In Java: show a concise way how to create an <one>array</one>. A: <one>int array[] = {1,4,3,2};</one>.
+- In Java: how can we <one>add items to a Hashmap</one>? Via the <one>.put()</one> method, such as in: <two>hash_map_here.put("foo", "bar");</two>
+- In Java: can we compare a <one>boolean</one> to an <one>integer</one>? No.
+- Java also calls <one>instance variables</one> how? <one>Object variables</one>.
+- Is this syntax valid, in Java? <one>boolean break = false;</one>? A: No, this is not allowed, as <one>break</one> is a <two>keyword</two>.
+- In Java: ist dies gültiger Code? <one>double foo(double a, b, c) {</one>? A: Nein.
+- In Java: warum gibt es hier keinen Fehler? <one>int x = 'A';</one>. A: Da <one>eine implizite Umwandlung</one> des char-Wertes 'A' in den int-Wert <two>65</two> stattfindet.
+- In Java: how to convert a String such as <one>"cat"</one> into an array containing ['c','a','t']? Use <one>.toCharArray()</one>, as in <three>"cat".toCharArray()</three>.
+- In Java: how could we define what a <one>static variable</one> is or why it is used? A static variable is one that <one>can be used without the need to instantiate a class</one>.
+- In Java: how to shorten <one>Math.PI</one> to <one>PI</one>? Use: <one>import static java.lang.Math.*;</one>
+- In Java: give an example how to subclass from <one>Thread</one>. A: <one>public class Foo extends Thread</one>
+- In Java: <one>scanner</one> can be used to input input data from a program. For example, <two>.nextLine()</two> can be used to <three>read a string input</three>. Name two other methods that can be used on <one>scanner</one>, that also begin with the word next. A: (1) <one>nextInt()</one>:   to read in an integer input (2) <one>nextFloat()</one>: to read a float number input
+- In Java: is there a trade-off when working with <one>BigInteger</one>? Yes - the operation may be <one>slow</one>.
+- In Java: when do <one>unchecked exceptions</one> show up? An unchecked exception typically <one>shows up during program execution</one>.
+- The exceptions covered by the <one>Java APIs</one> are called ... ? <one>Built-in exceptions</one>.
+- There are at the least two ways in Java how to create a new <one>string</one>. One would be: <two>String s = "Welcome";</two> and the other would be <two>String s = new String("Welcome");</two>. How are these two ways called, respectively? The first one is <two>a string literal</two>; the second one is by instantiating a new String object, via <one>new</one>.
+- In Java: how do we call the <one>action of handling an unexpected event</one>? This is called <one>catching the exception</one>.
+- In Java: why is a float often written like so? <one>float x = 123.45F;</one>? A: This <one>avoids a conversion step</one> which would otherwise happen if the <one>F</one> is omitted. Thus <two>it helps save a bit of time</two>.
+- In the <one>IntelliJ IDEA editor</one>: what is indicated when a font is striked through? That this is <one>a deprecated API</one>.
+- In Java: is this valid syntax? <one>while(true) {</one>? A: Yes.
+- In Java: how to convert an <one>Integer</one> to a String? Via <one>Integer.toString(int)</one>.
+- Name a <one>'pool'</one> used by Java. A: The <one>Java String Pool</one>.
+- In Java: wir können die Position eines Zeichens, in einem String, mittels <one>.indexOf()</one> überprüfen. Wie geht dies von rechter Seite des Strings her? Via <one>.lastIndexOf()</one>.
+- The <one>short</one> data type in Java begins at <two>-128</two> or at <two>-32768</two>? It begins at <one>-32768</one>.
+- In Java: is the <one>main()</one> method mandatory for running a java-program? Yes. If it is missing then the error <one>"main method not found in the class"</one> will be issued.
+- In Java: given <one>public class Foobar {}</one>, how is the constructor called, syntax-wise? <one>public Foobar() {}</one>
+- In Java: the code <one>i = 1; j = i++;</one> will have what values for i and j? <two>i</two> will be <one>2</one> and <two>j</two> will be <one>1</one>.
+- In Java: how do we in general call <one>a class that does not need to be instantiated</one>? This is <one>an abstract class</one>.
+- In Java: what is meant with the term <one>single inheritance</one>? This refers to the fact that each Java class can <one>have only one superclass</one>. 
+- In Java: given a class such as <one>public class Foo {}</one>, how do we call the instructor for this class? <one>public Foo(parameters_here) {}</one>
+- In Java: wann ist <one>return;</one> sinnvoll? Zum Beispiel wenn wir eine <one>void-Methode</one> vorzeitig beenden möchten.
+- In Java: was ist der Unterschied zwischen dem <one>Präinkrement-Operator ++a</one> und dem <one>Postinkrement-Operator a++</one>? (1) Beim <one>Präinkrement-Operator</one> wird die Variable <two>vor</two> ihrer weiteren Verwendung <one>um 1 erhöht</one>. (2) Beim <one>Postinkrement-Operator</one> wird die Variable <two>nach</two> seiner weiteren Verwendung <one>um 1 erhöht</one>.
+- Java can run, without modification, in many different computing environments. How is this feature called, in general? <one>Platform neutrality</one>.
+- In Java: ist <one>int x = "abc";</one> erlaubt? Nein; dies würde einen <one>Fehler</one> verursachen.
+- Show an example how to use <one>a boolean</one> in Java. A: <one>boolean foo = true;</one>
+- In Java: what are <one>mocks</one>? Mocks are objects that register calls they receive.
+- In Java: können <one>lokale Variablen</one> durch andere Methoden verändert werden? Nein.
+- In Java: for a given method in a given class, is it possible to define the same method name, such as two times <one>public void foobar()</one>? Yes - there still has to be a difference between these two methods, such as <two>different argument types</two>. Example: <one>public void foobar(char c)</one> and <one>public void foobar(char c, int number)</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>optionalen Modifikatoren</one> in Java? Das ist zum Beispiel <one>public</one> oder <one>private</one> bei einer <two>Methode</two>.
+- In Ruby we can check whether we have an integer via <one>.is_a? Integer</one>. How can we do this in Java? <one>if (x instanceof Integer)</one>
+- In Java: wird der Speicherplatz für ein Array bei der Deklaration reserviert? Nein.
+- In Java: wie würde eine Klassenvariable <one>foobar</one> aussehen, von der Syntax her betrachtet? <one>public class A { private static int foobar;</one>
+- In Java: ist folgende Syntax valide? <one>return;</one>? A: Ja. Sie ermöglicht <one>ein vorzeitiges Beenden einer void-Methode</one>.
+- How to create a new String in Java, syntax-wise? <one>String str = "abc";</one>
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>destruktive Zuweisung</one> gemeint? Dies ist <one>eine Zuweisung</one>, die den Wert, den eine Variable vor der Zuweisung gehabt hat, ändert.
+- In Java: is this valid syntax? <one><ArrayList>Integer</one>? A: No - it should rather be <one>ArrayList<Integer></one>.
+- In Java: the two values <one>0</one> and <one>0.0</one> are different. How so? The one with the <one>0.0</one>, aka with the decimal point, is <two>more precise</two>.
+- In Java, every application begins with ... ? A <one>class name</one>.
+- In Java: show what is meant with <one>unary, postfix</one>. A: For example, <one>i++</one>.
+- In Java: show an example for <one>class Foobar</one> how a simple field is defined, <three>syntax-wise</three>. A: <one>public class Foobar { String xyz;</one>
+- Show an <one>enhanced for loop</one> in Java, for the variable <three>x</three>. A: <one>for (String entry : x) {</one>
+- Why may <one>rounding</one> be problematic in Java? Because it <one>can cause a loss of precision</one>.
+- In Java: <one>String concatenation</one> is implemented through which class? Through the <one>StringBuffer class</one> and its <two>.append()</two> method.
+- In Java: would <one>Integer.parseInt("abc")</one> throw an error? <two>Yes</two>. The string it accepts must consist of <one>numbers only</one>.
+- In Java: can a <one>set</one> include <two>duplicates</two>? No.
+- In Java: how to do a <one>strip</one> on a String, like we may do in ruby? Use <one>string.trim()</one> - but actually we <two>can</two> also use <one>string.strip()</one>.
+- In Java: is the following syntax valid? <one>new Continent().print();</one>. A: <one>Yes</one>.
+- What is the Java motto in regards to <one>portability</one>? <one>„Write once, run everywhere."</one>.
+- In Java: is <one>class foobar</one> a valid name? Yes - <one>the first character may be lowercased</one>.
+- In Java: how to <one>sort an Array</one>? Use <one>Arrays.sort();</one>.
+- In Java: nenne zwei Listen, die jeweils mit dem Buchstaben <one>A</one> respektive <one>L</one> beginnen. A: (1) <one>ArrayList</one> (2) <one>LinkedList</one>
+- In Java: do we need to use <one>forward declarations</one>? No.
+- In Java: wie nennen wir eine <one>teilweise Auswertung</one>? Dies bezeichnet eine <one>short circuit evaluation</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Schlüsselwörter</one>, mit denen wir den Ablauf von Schleifen beeinflussen können in Java. A: (1) <one>continue</one> (2) <one>break</one>
+- In Java we should have the filename be the same as the name of the (main) class at hand, but this is only valid for ... ? For when it is a <one>public</one> class.
+- In Java: give an example for <one>a non-primitive data type</one>. A: A <one>String</one>.
+- In Java, what do <one>setters</one> return? They <one>return nothing</one>.
+- In Java: wie nennen wir <three>Sprachkonstrukte</three> wie <one>if-Anweisungen</one> und <one>while-Schleifen</one>? <one>Kontrollstrukturen</one>.
+- In Java, there are <one>three types of variables</one>. Name them. A: (1) <one>fields</one> (2) <one>local variables</one> (3) <one>static variables</one>
+- In Java: the minimum value for a <one>byte</one> is ... ? <one>-128</one>.
+- In Java: consider that we have syntax such as this: <one>public static void main(String... args) {</one>. What do the three <three>...</three> indicate here? The three dots are referred to as <one>varargs</one>. They allow us to pass several Strings to the method at hand.
+- In Java: show an example how to define an <one>octal number</one>. A: <one>int octal = 0144;</one>
+- In Java: nenne eine statische Methode aus <one>Math</one>. A: <one>Math.round(d);</one>
+- In Java: ist folgende Syntax gültig? <one>Integer.parseInt("-1");</one>? A: Ja.
+- In Java: do <one>arrays</one> perform better than <three>lists</three>? Yes.
+- In Java: show the required syntax how to create an Array with three values. A: <one>int[] x = { 1, 2, 3 };</one>
+- Give a specific example for <one>an annotation in Java</one>. A: <one>@Override</one>. URL: https://beginnersbook.com/2014/07/override-annotation-in-java/
+- In Java: before we make use of, for instance, <one>scanner.nextInt()</one>, we should do ... ? Use <one>scanner.hasNextInt()</one>.
+- In Java: the <one>String Pool</one> has a default size of ... ? <one>1009</one>.
+- In Java: what is <one>the default value of a String variable</one>? <one>null</one>.
+- In Java: do <one>Interfaces</one> have a constructor? No.
+- In Java: give an example for a <one>setter</one> method. A: <one>public void setFoo(String i) { this.foo = i; }</one>
+- In Java: what is meant with the <one>Singleton Pattern</one>? That <one>a class only has one instance</one>.
+- In Java: how can we convert the hex number <one>int hex = 0xA;</one> to <two>char</two>? Via <one>System.out.println((char) hex);</one>.
+- In Java: how to specifically call another <one>constructor</one>? Via <one>this()</one>. Longer example: <two>public Foobar(String name, int age, float height) {; this(name, age);</two>
+- Java does not really have multiple inheritance, but we can sort of simulate that via ... ? <one>Interfaces</one>.
+- In <one>modern Java</one>: is this code valid? <three>final var x = 1001;</three>? A: Yes.
+- In Java: show code how to return a number between (and including) 1 to 10. A: <one>import java.util.Random; return new Random().nextInt(10)+1;</one>
+- In Java: can the <one>new</one> keyword be used to create arrays? Yes.
+- In ruby we can use <one>puts "hi"</one>. How would the equivalent Java code be? <one>System.out.println("hi");</one>
+- In Java: wie konvertieren wir den String <one>"ABC"</one> zu <one>"abc"</one>? <one>"ABC".toLowerCase()</one>
+- In Java: what should be kept in mind when <one>Arrays.binarySearch()</one> is used? That it works only for <one>sorted Arrays</one>.
+- The <one>byte data type</one> in Java ends at ... ? <one>127</one>.
+- In <one>1997</one>, with the release of <two>Java 1.1</two>: how many Java developers were about, world-wide? Approximatively <one>400,000 Java developers</one>.
+- In Java: what would this code yield? <one>System.out.print("Hello" + 4);</one>? A: It would print the String <one>"Hello4"</one>.
+- In Java: ist folgender Code gültig? <one>string x = "abc";</one>? A: Nein. <one>string</one> muss gross geschrieben sein, also als <one>String</one>.
+- In Java: creating an object based on a class is called ... ? <one>Instantiation</one>.
+- In Java we have the <one>AWT</one>, which stands for ... ? <one>Abstract Window Toolkit</one>.
+- In Java: how to test if a String is at the end of another string? Use <one>.endsWith</one>.
+- In Java: how to convert a String to a double? Use <one>Double.parseDouble()</one>, such as in <two>Double.parseDouble("1")</two>.
+- In Java: what do <one>setters</one> return? <two>Setters</two> in Java return <one>nothing</one>.
+- In Java: the <one>byte</one> data type can store whole numbers from ... to ... ? From <one>-128</one> to <one>127</one>.
+- In Java: if we have two integer values, 3 and 4, how to determine which one of these is higher? Use <one>Integer.max()</one> such as in <two>int max = Integer.max(2, 7);</two>.
+- In Java: was könnten wir als ein <one>Abstraktionswerkzeug</one> betrachten? <one>Methoden</one>.
+- In Java: ist dieser type cast notwendig? <one>byte x = (byte)(125 + 100);</one>? A: Ja.
+- What is a <one>nested loop</one>? This is <one>a loop within another loop</one>.
+- In Java: at the top-level, which <one>access modifiers</one> can be used? (1) <one>public</one> (2) <one>none</one>
+- In Java: die wrapper-Klasse zu <one>float</one> ist ... ? <one>Float</one>.
+- A <one>Set</one> in Java should actually be called ... ? A <one>HashSet</one>.
+- In Java: show an example how to set a <one>char</one> variable. A: <one>char a = 'A';</one>
+- In Java: was passiert <one>am Ende der main-Methode</one>? Hier <one>terminiert</one> das Programm.
+- In Java: we can combine two strings via <one>+</one>, or via which method? Via <one>.concat()</one>.
+- In Java: how can we include every class from a given package? We use a trailing <one>asterisk</one>, aka <two>*</two>, at the end of the Java library.
+- In Java: ist ein <one>short</one> grösser als ein <one>byte</one>? Ja.
+- The <one>first Java version</one> was officially released in ... ? <one>1996</one>.
+- In Java: can the <one>package declaration</one> include <three>numbers</three>? Yes.
+- How to determine the size of a string, such as for <one>x = "abc"</one>, in Java? <one>x.length()</one>
+- In Java: nach aussen hin keinen sichtbaren Seitenffekt sehen wir zum Beispiel bei ... ? <one>void</one> Methoden.
+- In Java: how to convert a String to an int? Use <one>Integer.parseInt()</one>.
+- In Java: to <one>access a value in a HashMap</one>, which method is used? The <one>.get()</one> method, such as in <two>foo.get("key_goes_in_here");</two>
+- In Java: how to iterate over a <one>List</one> called <three>foobar</three>? <one>foobar.forEach(item -> {</one>
+- In Java: how many <one>package</one> statements can there be in a given source file? <one>Only one</one>.
+- Ruby has <one>hash.has_key?</one>. What would be <three>the equivalent method in Java</three>? <one>hash.containsKey("key_goes_in_here")</one>
+- In Java: how do we typically <one>generate a random number</one>? We will make use of <one>Math.random()</one>.
+- In Java: <one>Interfaces</one> that declare no method definitions are called ... ? <one>Marker interface</one>.
+- In Java: if we wish to use a <one>currency</one>, what should we use specifically? <one>java.math.BigDecimal</one>.
+- In Java, a <one>class variable</one> is associated with ... ? The class, rather than an instance.
+- In Java: how to extract a shorter string from a longer string, given a variable called <one>x</one>? <one>x.substring(20, 30)</one>.
+- In Java: is it possible to use <one>static</one> when making use of the <three>import</three> statement? Yes - we can use <one>import static java.lang.Math.PI;</one>, for instance. <one>import</one> comes <two>before static</two> here.
+- In Java, for a given class: how can we avoid that the default constructor is called upon instantiation? We simply declare an <one>explicit constructor</one>.
+- In Java: does the <one>constructor</one> to a class use a <three>return type</three>? No; it may not even have one assigned to itself.
+- In Java: how is <one><></one> called? This is the <one>diamond operator</one>.
+- In Java: <one>float x = 75.5f;</one> is valid syntax. What would be the case if the <two>f</two> would be missing? Then this would be a <one>double</one> instead.
+- In Java: do <one>Arrays</one> have a <three>fixed size</three>? Yes.
+- Does <one>Java</one> make use of switch/case statements? Yes.
+- In Java: <one>a class</one> groups which two aspects? (1) <one>fields</one> (2) <one>methods</one>
+- In Ruby we can use <one>self.foo =</one>. In Java, this would be ... ? <one>this.foo =</one>
+- In Java: ist <one>int i = 20 % 6;</one> gültiger Code? A: Ja. <two>i</two> hat danach den Wert <one>2</one>.
+- Can we use <three>HTML markup</three> in <one>JavaDoc</one>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadoc
+- In Java we can use the <one>short</one> data type. So if we have code like this, <two>short x = 5000;</two>, how big could x actually be? <one>-32768 to 32767</one> - so, a maximum of <two>32767</two>.
+- In Ruby we can create a new array via <two>Array.new</two>. How would we do the same in Java, with the variable name being <one>foobar</one>? We can use <two>ArrayList()</two>, as in <one>List foobar = new ArrayList();</one>.
+- In Java: is the following code valid and will it work: <one>int x = 5; System.out.println("abc "+x);</one>? Yes, it will work. Numbers become Strings upon using <one>+</one>.
+- In Java: how to <one>print an error-line</one>? Use <one>System.err.println()</one>.
+- In Java: how is the <one>!= operator</one> called, in general? This is a <one>comparison operator</one>.
+- In Java: how to compare a variable <one>x</one> to the string character called <two>"a"</two>? <one>if (x.equals("a")) {</one>
+- In Java: given that we have something like: <one>public class Foobar { int x = 10;</one>. How can we <three>forbid</three> any modification to <two>x</two>? Use the <one>final</one> keyword. Example: <two>final int x = 10;</two> URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/g-fact-48/
+- When was the programming language <one>Java</one> created? In the year <one>1995</one>.
+- In Java: a class that does not need to be instantiated, but groups together fields and methods for other classes to inherit, or provide a concrete implementation for, is called ... ? An <one>abstract class</one>.
+- <one>Java</one> has <three>how many primitive data types</three>? <one>Eight</one> (<one>8</one>).
+- In Java: given a string such as <one>"abcabc"</one>, how to we convert all the <two>c</two> into <three>d</three>? Via <one>.replace('c', 'd')</one>.
+- In Java: is the following valid: <one>double a, b, c;</one>? Yes. We can put several variables after we specified the type to them.
+- In Java: show which methods should be used for an Array, to <one>find the maximum value of integers in said Array</one>, via a <three>stream</three>. A: <one>Arrays.stream(array).max().getAsInt();</one>
+- In Java: the <one>char</one> type ranges from <three>0</three> up to ... ? <one>65535</one>.
+- In Java: do <one>abstract classes</one> have a <three>constructor</three>? Yes.
+- In Java: <one>Character.MIN_VALUE</one> specifically holds which value? <one>'\u0000'</one>
+- In Ruby we may check for a nil value via <one>x.nil?</one>. How would the equivalent look in Java? <one>(x == null)</one>.
+- In Java: what is <one>String[]</one>? This is a <one>simple String array</one>.
+- In Java: why is <one>List.of()</one> used? So that we can add multiple entries to an Array (the list at hand). Example: <one>List.of("one", "two", "three");</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>linksassoziativ</one>? Das zum Beispiel 3 + 4 + 5 eigentlich (3 + 4) + 5 ist.
+- In Java: show the code for an Array of Strings, called <one>foobar</one>, that is being initialized. A: <one>String[] foobar = new String[] { "one", "two", "three" };</one>
+- In Java: how do we convert an <one>int</one> to a float value, such as starting from the integer value 12? Use <one>float x = Integer.valueOf(12).floatValue();</one>
+- In Java: the <one>TreeSet</one> will sort data by ... ? <one>value</one>.
+- In Java: the maximum value for an <one>int</one> is ... ? <one>2_147_483_647</one>
+- Why is <one>compacting</one> used in Java? This will <one>reduce the number of import-lines used</one>. Example: <two>import static java.lang.Math.PI;</two> <two>import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;</two> versus <two>import static java.lang.Math.*;</two>
+- In Java: how can we use <one>varargs</one>, syntax-wise? By making use of three <one>.</one>, aka <one>...</one>. Example: <two>public static void foobar(int ... a)</two>
+- In Java: wird ein <one>Referenztyp</one> durch eine Java-Klasse implementiert? Ja.
+- In Java: show how to create a <one>two-dimensional Array</one>. A: <one>int[][] foobar = {{1, 0}, {0, 1}};</one>
+- In Java: when <one>new</one> is used to create a new object, where is this object stored? It is <one>stored inside the heap memory</one>.
+- In Java: how to load other files? Via, for instance, <one>import java.util.Scanner;</one>
+- Ruby has <one>class Hash</one>. In Java this is equivalent to ... ? <one>Map</one>, aka <two>java.util.Map</two>, which can be used as a data container for <three>key-value pairs</three>.
+- In Java: given code such as <one>private boolean done;</one>, how would the <three>getter-method</three> for this look like? It would look like <one>public boolean isDone() {</one>.
+- In Java: what is <one>transient</one> used for? Transient will <one>mark data that should not be serialized</one>.
+- In Java: was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Implizite Typumwandlung</one> gemeint? Dies ist eine Typumwandlung bei der ein elementarer Typ mit einem kleineren Wertebereich zu einem elementaren Typ mit einem größeren Wertebereich konvertiert wird, zum Beispiel <one>short</one> <two>→</two> <one>int</one>.
+- In Java: was meinen wir mit <one>elementaren Typen</one>? Dies sind Typen die nicht weiter zerlegbar sind, wie zum Beispiel <one>byte</one>.
+- Say that we have a button, in <one>Java's swing toolkit</one>. How can we add an on-button-click-event? We use <one>button.addActionListener()</one>, for example.
+- In Java: how to split a String stored in the variable called <one>x</one> into an Array of one character each? <one>String[] splitted = x.split("");</one>
+- In Java: what is meant with <one>serialization</one>? When the state of an object state <one>can be saved to a (local) binary file</one>.
+- In Java: how to count from <one>0</one> to <one>5</one>, <three>without</three> using a <two>for loop</two>? <one>int i = 0; while (i < 5) { System.out.println(i); i++; }</one>
+- In Java: we can have <one>an error message</one> stating <two>Binary Numeric Promotion</two>. What is this and how does it occur? This means that even though a program has variables with data type as a <one>short</one>, these variables will be converted to an <one>integer</one> (int) during execution.
+- In Java: given a List, such as <one>foobar</one>, how can we add an element on the last position? Via <one>foobar.set(index - 1, 99);</one>.
+- In Java: give a specific example for an <one>enum</one>. A: <one>public enum Gender { FEMALE, MALE, UNDEFINED }</one>
+- In Java: when creating a <one>constructor</one>, is the () mandatory? Yes. Example: <one>public Foobar() {}</one>
+- In Java: the class <one>class Computer {</one>'s constructor is ... ? <one>Computer() {</one>, inside that class definition.
+- In Java: can we declare our own annotations? Yes, via the <one>@ symbol</one>, <two>followed by the annotation's name</two>.
+- In Java: <one>static variables</one> are typically used how or where? They are <one>used as constants</one>. To keep them constant they are also typically defined via <two>final</two> as well.
+- In Java: why may we wish to make use of <one>static</one> when it comes to <three>import-statements</three>? So that we can avoid having to type, for example, Math.PI. Example: <one>import static java.lang.Math.PI;</one>
+- In Java: the <one>char</one> data type is used to store ... ? <one>A single character</one>. Example: <two>char x = 'X';</two>.
+- What is <one>type inference</one>? This is when we derive the type of a variable or an expression from the context of its use. 
+- In Java: the <one>java.util.Sets</one> includes three interfaces used to represent sets. Which ones are these, in alphabetical order? (1) <one>HashSet</one> (2) <one>LinkedHashSet</one> (3) <one>TreeSet</one>
+- <one>Java</one> is <three>a statically typed language</three>. What does this mean? A language is statically typed, <one>if the data type of the variables are known at compile time</one>.
+- In Java: show syntax how to create a <three>Hash</three> that stores keys and values as Strings, via the variable <one>foo</one>. A: <one>import java.util.HashMap; HashMap<String, String> foo = new HashMap<String, String>();</one>
+- In Java: name two different methods to compare Arrays. A: (1) <one>java.utils.Arrays.equals()</one> (2) <one>java.util.Arrays.deepEquals()</one>
+- In Java: how can we initialize a new Array that holds the same content for all of its fields? Via the <one>java.util.Arrays.fill() method</one>. A more concise example would be: <two>Arrays.fill(numbers, 0);</two>
+- In Java: name a string-related method for Arrays. A: <one>java.util.Arrays.toString()</one>.
+- In Java: show an alternative to the following code, without using a String literal. <one>String s = new String("Hello");</one>. A: <one>var s = new String("Hello");</one>.
+- In Java: give another name for <one>explicit type casting</one>. A: <one>Narrowing</one>.
+- In Java: can annotations such as <one>@SuppressWarnings</one> have parameters? Yes; parameters such as <one>overrides</one>.
+- In Java: what will <one>@SuppressWarnings</one> effectively do? It will make the compiler hide the possible warnings that will be defined in the annotation's parameters.
+- Is this code valid, in Java? <one>int foo = 0; int foo = 0;</one>? A: <one>No</one> - Java will notify that the variable foo is already defined in the scope.
+- In Java: how does an <one>Array</one> typically look like? <one>String[] foobar;</one>
+- In Java: we can extract a substring from a given string, via <one>.substring()</one>. What will be the case when we provide only one argument, aka <two>x.substring(20)</two>? Then this will mean <two>to include the remaining part of the string</two>. In Java parlance this will be <one>x.length() - 1</one>.
+- In Java: the <one>switch</one> keyword requires what argument? The <one>variable that is to be checked</one>.
+- In Java: why can we not use <one>==</one> to compare two Strings? Because <one>==</one> with String objects just checks whether they are the exact same object.
+- In Java: give a specific example for <one>compacting import statements</one>. A: <one>import static java.lang.Math.*;</one>
+- In order to <one>create a directory in Java</one>, name a concise way how this could be done past Java 7. A: <one>Files.createDirectories()</one>, such as in <one>Files.createDirectories(Paths.get("</one>/<one>path</one>/to/directory<one>"));</one>
+- In Java: does the <one>main method</one> need to be <three>static</three>? Yes, due to the way how the <one>Java Virtual Machine</one> works. Otherwise it would not be possible to execute the file/code at hand.
+- In Java: <one>Object types</one> are organized in ... ? <one>Packages</one>.
+- In Java, we can use try/catch to catch errors. Show the whole <one>catch-line</one> as an example. A: <one>} catch (Exception e) {</one>.
+- In Java: how to typically iterate over a collection? <one>items.forEach(item -> {</one>
+- In Java, <one>non-primitive data types</one> are also called <two>reference types</two>. Why? Because <one>these types refer to objects</one>.
+- Why do we use the <one>final</one> keyword in Java? The <one>final</one> keyword is useful whenever we wish to have a variable store the very same value, such as the constant "PI" being 3.14159 (and so forth).
+- In Java: what is meant with the term <one>static method</one>? This is a method that can be accessed without creating an object of the class.