studium 0.10.1

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Files changed (882) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +1982 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  15. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  16. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  18. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  19. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  20. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  21. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
  22. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  23. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  24. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  25. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  26. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  27. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  28. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  29. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  30. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  31. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  32. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  33. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  34. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  35. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  36. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  37. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  38. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
  39. data/doc/HOW_TO_ADAPT_THIS_PROJECT.md +43 -0
  40. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +47 -0
  41. data/doc/README.gen +1965 -0
  42. data/doc/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +113 -0
  43. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  44. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +294 -0
  45. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +20 -0
  46. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  47. data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
  48. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  49. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +84 -0
  50. data/lib/studium/base/cliner.rb +58 -0
  51. data/lib/studium/base/colours.rb +307 -0
  52. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments.rb +64 -0
  53. data/lib/studium/base/constants.rb +34 -0
  54. data/lib/studium/base/curriculum.rb +329 -0
  55. data/lib/studium/base/directory_to_the_exam_topics.rb +23 -0
  56. data/lib/studium/base/editor.rb +28 -0
  57. data/lib/studium/base/encoding.rb +36 -0
  58. data/lib/studium/base/esystem.rb +23 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/base/minimal_prototype.rb +66 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/misc.rb +854 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/base/mode.rb +92 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/base/obtain.rb +145 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/base/opnn.rb +46 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +92 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/base/readlines.rb +55 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/base/replace.rb +110 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/base/reset.rb +77 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/base/run.rb +17 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/base/src_dir_at_home.rb +20 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/base/time.rb +634 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/base/unicode.rb +95 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/base/word_wrap.rb +58 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/boku/README.md +4 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/boku/boku_biotechnology_all_master_lectures.rb +142 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/boku/boku_/303/266ffnungszeiten.rb +29 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/boku/show_three_pillars_of_these_lectures.rb +96 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/boku/three_pillars.rb +232 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +11 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +149 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +107 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +197 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +171 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +570 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +40 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +38 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +76 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +25 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/commandline/constants.rb +16 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/commandline/help.rb +152 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/commandline/initialize.rb +27 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +760 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/commandline/misc.rb +707 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/commandline/reset.rb +24 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/commandline/run.rb +20 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/constants/boku_wien.rb +52 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +25 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/constants/delay.rb +28 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/constants/editor.rb +28 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/constants/exam_topics.rb +183 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/constants/file_constants.rb +875 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +216 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/constants/last_question_asked.rb +38 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/constants/lecture_types_that_are_mandatory_continuous_assessment.rb +47 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/constants/misc.rb +163 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/constants/namespace.rb +14 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/constants/newline.rb +14 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/constants/regexes.rb +35 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/constants/return_file_for_this_curriculum.rb +411 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/constants/roebe.rb +173 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/constants/time.rb +52 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/constants/tu_wien.rb +39 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/constants/uni_wien.rb +24 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/constants/unicode.rb +27 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/constants/week.rb +138 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/constants/www_constants.rb +23 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +199 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +279 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +38 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +77 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +16 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +138 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +402 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +131 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +62 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +89 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +336 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +316 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator.rb +171 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +16 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +242 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +140 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +67 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +37 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +127 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_parser.rb +179 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +140 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +148 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/ects/erledigt.rb +131 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +147 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +185 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/ects/noch_zu_absolvieren.rb +172 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +58 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +202 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +540 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +210 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +254 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +143 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +24 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +54 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +133 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +150 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +150 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +79 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +762 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +192 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +25 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +453 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +44 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +51 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +52 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +101 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +61 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +70 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +49 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +73 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +855 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +417 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +131 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +248 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +289 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +115 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +747 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +41 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +81 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +10 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +224 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +955 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +125 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +381 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +78 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +56 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +22 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +475 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +152 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +134 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +106 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +46 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +139 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +345 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +441 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +154 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +962 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +208 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +59 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +74 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +70 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +486 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_graphics +5 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +269 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +25 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +37 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +506 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +105 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +33 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +53 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +27 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +313 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +210 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +353 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +88 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik +8 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +541 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +92 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +327 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +177 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +125 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +323 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +17 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +52 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +429 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +189 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +78 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +150 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +205 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +863 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +66 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +5 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +610 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +94 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +34 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +95 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +42 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +23 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +122 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +191 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +224 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +88 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +888 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +95 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +20 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +30 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +55 -0
  298. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +440 -0
  299. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +10 -0
  300. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  301. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +27 -0
  302. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +206 -0
  303. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  304. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Virologie tag (Basic Virology)
3
+ #
4
+ # Vir tag. Virus tag. Vi tag. Viro tag. Viren tag.
5
+ #
6
+ # Vakzinierung/Impfung wird langfristig in eine eigene Datei ausgelagert.
7
+ # =========================================================================== #
8
+
9
+ - Nenne 3 Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) Rubella virus (2) Semliki Forest virus (3) Sindbis Virus
10
+ - Wer genau besitzt <one>v-onc Gene</one>? <one>Akut transformierende Retroviren</one>.
11
+ - Give an example for a virus whose virions contain ribosomes. A: The <one>arenavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenavirus#Structure []
12
+ - What are the primary cell targets for the <one>influenza virus</one> in humans? The epithelial cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
13
+ - The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> belongs to which Family? It belongs to the <one>Flaviviridae</one>.
14
+ - The <one>NDV virus</one> is ... ? The <one>Newcastle Disease Virus</one>.
15
+ - Name <one>three problems of antiviral therapy</one>. A: (1) viral infection is detected too late in the course of disease (2) there is a massive proliferation and an overwhelming intervention by viruses (3) viruses can evolve rapidly, due to the high mutation rate of viral nucleic acid polymerases
16
+ - How do we call the major virus capsid protein in <one>adenovirus</one>? The <one>hexon protein</one>.
17
+ - Was heisst virale <one>RDRP</one>? <one>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</one>.
18
+ - What is <one>the most important clinical characteristic of a herpesvirus infection</one>? <one>Latency</one>.
19
+ - Der Wirkstoff <one>AZT</one> kann die reverse Transkriptase hemmen. Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>AZT</one>? <one>Azidothymidin</one>.
20
+ - A. W. für <one>viral spikes</one>? Peplomer (plural: peplomers). Siehe auch URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer
21
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>segmented ssRNA Virus</one> A: <one>Influenza</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza []
22
+ - Some virus families make use of a single large protein (<one>polyprotein</one>), which is then cleaved by proteases into the individual proteins. Which virus family in particular is known to do so? The "positive stranded RNA viruses" (<two>+ssRNA viruses</two>).
23
+ - All viruses are parasites of ... <one>which machinery</one>? Of the <one>host protein synthesis machinery</one>.
24
+ - Biosafety Level 4: nenne einen Virus hier, der mit dem Buchstaben <one>L</one> beginnt. A: Das <one>Lassa virus</one>.
25
+ - The Hepatitis A virus belongs to which family? The <one>Picornavirus family</one>.
26
+ - A virus is an organism with two phases. What is meant with this? (1) a Virion, which is the infectious particle (2) an infected cell, which is used for the virus to replicate
27
+ - In 1957, there was the <one>Asian Flu</one>, an Influenza strain. Which H and N type did it have? <one>H2N2</one>.
28
+ - In virology: what is the <one>CFR</one>? This is the <one>Case Fatality Rate</one>.
29
+ - Was sind die meisten <one>mystery viruses</one>? Viren die Respirationsprobleme verursachen.
30
+ - Nenne ein Virus mit <one>ikosaedrischer Symmetrie</one>. A: Das <one>Poliovirus</one>. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/4/44/Pv_structure.jpg/250px-Pv_structure.jpg
31
+ - Wieviele <one>Influenza HA-Subtypen</one> sind bekannt? 16 (oder 18 - das muss aktualisiert werden + URL Referenz).
32
+ - Der <one>HI-Virus</one> hat das gp160 Protein. In welche 2 Teile wird es gespalten? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> []
33
+ - Name <one>two viruses</one> that can cause hemagglutination. A: (1) Influenza VIrus (2) <one>measles virus</one>
34
+ - Nenne ausser den "Influenza-A-Viren" noch eine Virusgruppe die "Reassortanten" bildet. A: Die <one>Reoviren</one>.
35
+ - A. W. für <one>Warzenvirus</one>? "Papovaviren". Stimmt aber wohl nicht ganz, das wurde getrennt in Papillomaviridae und Polyomaviridae.
36
+ - The "semliki forest virus" belongs to which group? It belongs to the <one>Togaviruses</one>.
37
+ - Historic name for <one>rabies</one>? <one>Hydrophobia</one> (<two>fear of water</two>).
38
+ - The <one>capsid-size of the Poxviruses</one>, in nm (max)? <one>360nm</one>.
39
+ - The <one>SV40 virus</one> has a protein called "large T antigen". Why the <three>T</three> there? <one>T</one> ... stands for <one>Transplantation</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6175086
40
+ - Do <one>viruses</one> contain PAMPs? No. []
41
+ - Do <one>Coronaviruses</one> contain a <three>positive-sense</three> or a <three>negative-sense RNA genome</there>? <two>Coronaviruses</two> contain a <one>positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome</one>. []
42
+ - Why are <one>nucleoside analog drugs</one> given in non-phosphorylated form? So that we can get the drugs across the membrane.
43
+ - Which 5 <one>Virus-Orders</one> exist? (1) Caudovirales (2) Herpesvirales (3) Mononegavirales (4) Nidovirales (5) <one>Picornavirales</one>
44
+ - <one>Wann</one> gelang die Kristallisation von TMV? Bereits im Jahre <one>1935</one>.
45
+ - Der <one>Norovirus</one> hat was für ein Genom? Ein (+)ssRNA Genom.
46
+ - In der Virologie: wo vor allem finden wir <one>segmentierte Genome</one>? In den Genomen der <one>dsRNA Viren</one>.
47
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>DNA Transposons</one>? "Class 2 Transposons".
48
+ - In der Virologie: was genau heisst <one>IRES</one>? <one>Internal ribosome entry site</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRES_%28Biologie%29 []
49
+ - <one>Retroviral-virions</one> have a complex between their 2 RNAs. How is that complex called? The <one>kissing-loop complex</one>. []
50
+ - Aside from <one>gag</one>, pol and env genes, HIV may also have which other genes? Name at the least three more. A: (1) "tat" (2) "rev" (3) "nef" (4) "vpr" (5) "vif" (6) <one>vpu</one>
51
+ - Warum waren <one>well-characterized cell cultures</one> so wichtig in der Virologie? Sie erlaubten die Identifizierung von Viren wie Adenovirus, die keine Tierwirte hatten.
52
+ - Nenne einen <three>wichtigen Unterschied</three> zwischen <one>Viren</one> und <one>Plasmiden</one>. A: Viren besitzen eine <one>extrazelluläre Form</one>, Plasmide hingegen nicht. []
53
+ - <one>HPV16</one> and HPV18: name two cancers associated with these two serotypes. A: (1) <one>cervical carcinoma</one> (2) <one>anal carcinoma</one>
54
+ - <one>Wieviele Eckpunkte</one> hat ein Adenovirus-Capsid? <one>12</one>.
55
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>pleomorphen Viruspartikeln</one>? Dies sind <one>Viruspartikel die sich hinsichtlich Größe und Form stark voneinander unterscheiden</one>.
56
+ - The <one>poliovirus</one> uses <three>n different VP-proteins</three>? About <one>4</one>. []
57
+ - Insbesondere <one>welcher HPV-Typ</one> ist mit <three>Cervikarzonima</three> assoziiert? <one>HPV 16</one>.
58
+ - Nenne zwei konkrete, endozytische Mechanismen von Viren mit jeweils einem spezifischen Beispiel hierzu. A: (1) "Caveolin" mit "SV40" (2) <one>Clathrin</one> mit <two>Adenoviren</two>
59
+ - A <one>common cause of Gastroenteritis</one> may be caused by which virus? <one>Rotaviruses</one>.
60
+ - Why may the presence of <one>grazers</one> <three>stimulate viral proliferation</three>? There is an increased availability of nutrients and other growth substrates available when bacteria die.
61
+ - The <one>seasonal flu</one> kills how many people per year globally, taken together? About <two>650.000 per year</two> (primarily due to <one>respiratory causes</one>). []
62
+ - The <one>spanish flu</one>, aka <three>the 1918-pandemic influenza strain</three>, had which H-N designate? <one>H1N1</one>.
63
+ - <one>Human rhinovirus</one> consists of a single gene whose translated protein is cleaved by "virally encoded proteases", into how many different proteins? <one>11</one>.
64
+ - <one>ITAFs</one> are associated with IRES. The abbreviation ITAFs stands for ... ? <one>IRES trans-acting factors</one>.
65
+ - Welche morphologische Form weisen die <one>Baculoviren</one> auf? <one>Baculoviren</one> sind <two>stäbchenförmig</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviren []
66
+ - Nenne zwei Gründe wieso das Leben der Virologen schwerer ist als das der Bakteriologen. A: (1) Viren sind obligate, intrazellulare Parasiten, daher ist der Nachweis von Viren oft schwieriger. (2) Zudem sind Viren <one>kleiner</one> als Bakterien.
67
+ - Die HPV/Papillomaviren haben das "L1-Protein" und das "L2-Protein". Gib jeweils ein anderes Wort für diese beiden Proteine. A: (1) "L1-Protein": "major capsid protein" (2) <one>L2-Protein</one>: <two>minor capsid protein</two>
68
+ - Sometimes a virion may include enzymes. Some of these enzymes are necessary for the virus life-cycle, but another group of enzymes that is quite important, is tasked with ... ? Modulation of cellular physiology and the cellular immune system.
69
+ - In HIV: does the gp120 first bind to CCR5 or to CD4? gp120 first binds to CD4.
70
+ - Name two cellular molecules used by viruses to enter a eukaryotic cell. A: (1) ICAM-1 (Intracellular adhesion molecule 1) by human rhinoviruses (2) Integrins, used by the foot-and-mouth disease virus
71
+ - In <one>wasps</one>: what is the PDV virus, the abbreviation? <one>Symbiotic polydnaviruses</one>.
72
+ - Name <one>the three types of capsid symmetry</one>. A: (1) <one>helical</one> (2) <one>icosahedral</one> (3) <one>complex</one>
73
+ - Welche Viren produzieren <one>occlusion bodies</one>? Die <one>Baculoviren</one>. []
74
+ - Give two examples for <one>Flaviviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>West Nile Virus</one> (2) <one>Hepatitis C Virus</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridae
75
+ - Which <one>Influenza virus</one> infects only humans? Influenza B Virus.
76
+ - Name one <one>structural parameter</one> that may limit the evolution of a virus. A: The <one>viral capsid</one> almost always limits the size of nucleic acid that can be packaged.
77
+ - <one>Ribonucleaseaktivität</one> bei den Retroviren finden wir wo? In der <one>reversen Transkriptase</one>, bei der <two>RNase H</two>.
78
+ - <one>Influenza</one> belongs to which family? The Orthomyxovirus family.
79
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>umhüllten RNA Virus</one>. A: <one>HIV-1</one>.
80
+ - <one>Cidofovir</one> wird wo eingesetzt? Zur Behandlung von Cytomegalie-Retinitis, <one>bei AIDS-Patienten</one>.
81
+ - The <one>HIV-1 Vpr protein</one> has how many amino acids? The <one>Vpr protein</one> contains <two>96 amino acids</two>.
82
+ - In <one>viral therapy</one>: <two>ACV</two> (<two>Acyclivor</two>) acts in which three different ways? (1) competes with GTP (2) chain terminator (3) <one>remains bound</one>
83
+ - How many <one>Influenza B Virus subtypes</one> have been described? <one>None</one> - <two>there are no subtypes</two>.
84
+ - In Virology for the Herpesviridae: what does the greek word <one>herpein</one> mean? <one>To creep</one>. This refers to the latent, recurring infections typical for this group of viruses.
85
+ - <one>Coronaviruses</one> typically tend to cause diseases in which two eukaryotic groups? (1) <one>birds</one> (2) <one>mammals</one>
86
+ - Wieviele Serotypen von Adenovirus sind bekannt? A: Mindestens <one>47</one>, mittlerweile (Jahr: 2017) aber bereits mehr.
87
+ - Nenne <one>drei Anforderungen an ein Vakzin</one>. A: (1) Hervorrufen höchstens milder Symptome (2) Stimulation einer effektiven und lang andauernden Immunität (3) genetische Stabilität
88
+ - Wo in einer Zelle replizieren die Pockenviren? Diese DNA-Viren replizieren <one>im Cytoplasma</one>.
89
+ - Most viruses on planet earth have DNA or RNA genomes? The vast majority of viruses have <one>RNA genomes</one>.
90
+ - In der Virologie: wieso die Bezeichnung <one>Negativ-Färbung</one>? Weil hier der Hintergrund eingefärbt wird, und das Virus selbst relativ unberührt bleibt.
91
+ - Name <one>an eukaryotic virus that does NOT polyadenylate its mRNA</one>. A: The <one>reoviruses</one>.
92
+ - Name <one>two picoRNA-viral virulence factors</one>. A: (1) <one>FMDV Lb pro</one> (2) <one>HRV2 2A pro</one>
93
+ - Nenne den <one>bekanntesten Vertreter der Lentiviren</one>. A: <one>HIV</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus []
94
+ - <one>A virus can kill its host cell</one>. How is this called scientifically? <one>Cytolytic killing</one>.
95
+ - Besitzen <one>Flaviviren</one> eine IRES Struktur? Nein.
96
+ - <one>Polioviren</one> degradieren welchen Initiationsfaktor? <one>eIF4G</one>.
97
+ - How can some <one>viruses</one> attach to microtubules? They have sequences that allow them to attach to microtubules.
98
+ - Why is the <one>smallpox virus</one> called "small"? So that it could be distinguished from the <one>great pox</one> (aka "syphilis").
99
+ - <one>Worldwide</one>, how many people are living with HIV? About <one>36.9 million</one> (at the least in 2016).
100
+ - Where do most <one>animal viruses</one> replicate intracellular? In the <one>nucleus</one>. []
101
+ - <one>Plant viruses</one> have usually which form/morphology? They are <one>of helical symmetry</one>.
102
+ - Wo (strukturell) findet man <one>IRES</one>? In der <one>5'-UTR</one>. []
103
+ - Erkennen <one>Antikörper</one> den HIV-Virus (also dessen Virion)? Ja. []
104
+ - Was genau ist die <one>Wurfgröße</one> in der Virologie? Die durchschnittliche Anzahl der pro infizierten Zelle freigesetzten Phagen.
105
+ - When the <one>reverse transcriptase</one> converts the viral RNA (of a retrovirus infecting eukaryotic cells) into a proviral DNA, what is "lost"? The <one>Poly-A tail</one>.
106
+ - The <one>human cytomegalovirus</one> produces a protein called <three>VL18</three>. This protein is homologous to ... ? <one>HLA class I molecules</one>.
107
+ - Has the <one>measles virus</one> been eradicated from planet earth? No - for example, they were noticed in Graz and also other parts of Austria in the year 2018 and 2019. []
108
+ - Unterscheidung der <one>ssRNA-Viren</one>? <one>+ Strang</one> und <one>- Strang</one>.
109
+ - Name <one>two satellite viruses</one> that <one>can be found in animals</one>. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one> (2) <one>Adeno-associated virus</one>
110
+ - Das <one>Adenovirus-Capsid</one> besteht aus <orange>n Hexonen</orange>? <one>240</one>.
111
+ - Wo mögen wir die <one>Geschichte von Virusattacken</one> finden? In <one>Introns</one>. []
112
+ - Wie kann man <one>Tierviren quantifizieren</one>? Durch Bestimmen der <one>lethal dose</one>.
113
+ - <one>Poxviruses</one> are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytosol. They express numerous proteins to subvert the host immunity. Vaccinia virus A46 is especially important and can target different cytosolic adaptor proteins, such as MyD88, TRIF or TRAM. It can also suppresses the activation of NF-kappa-B. Which domain can we find in these cytosolic adaptors? A <one>TIR domain</one>.
114
+ - A <one>delayed emergence of potato</one> may be caused by what virus? <one>Tobacco rattle virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus
115
+ - Wo genau replizieren <one>Flaviviren</one> intrazellulär? An der Membran des endoplasmatischen Reticulums.
116
+ - In Virology: what can we achieve with <one>Disoxaril</one>? We can inhibit the uncoating of Poliovirus.
117
+ - Der <one>Verlauf einer HIV Infektion</one> im Patienten lässt sich in n Phasen einteilen? <one>3</one>.
118
+ - Das <one>Tollwut-Virus</one> ist ein ... ? Das <one>Rhabdovirus</one>.
119
+ - What does it mean to find a <one>pandemic virus</one>? That a virus occurs in many nations simultaneously world wide.
120
+ - Bei einem <one>Mausembryo</one>: wann wird der Retrovirus-Vektor eingesetzt? Im <one>8 Zell-Stadium</one>. []
121
+ - Wann gelang erstmals der erste Nachweis eines tierpathogenen Virus? <one>1898</one>.
122
+ - What is an <one>oncovirus</one>? An oncovirus is <one>a virus that can cause cancer</one>. []
123
+ - What is the genome size of "human rhinoviruses"? About <one>7.200 ssRNA</one>.
124
+ - Why the name <one>ambiviruses</one>? Because <one>their genome is a ssRNA genome</one>, half of which is in the plus-orientation, and the other half being in the minus orientation.
125
+ - <one>Interferon-alpha</one> could be used to treat which viral infection? <one>Hepatitis B infection</one>, for example.
126
+ - Wir haben einen positiven Nachweis von Antikörpern bei einer Herde Rinder. Was mag dies bedeuten (2 Möglichkeiten)? (1) Die Rinder wurden gegen einen Krankheitserreger geimpft (2) Es hat eine <one>Feldinfektion</one> stattgefunden
127
+ - There is the <one>ATV virus</one> (Acidianus two-tailed virus). What is the trigger for the tail formation? <one>High temperature</one>.
128
+ - Das berühmteste <one>Rhabdovirus</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Rabiesvirus</one>.
129
+ - Was sind <one>virulente Viren</one>? Dies sind <one>Viren, die eine Zelle nur lysieren können</one>.
130
+ - Are <one>rabies viruses</one> enveloped? Yes.
131
+ - Das <one>HPV-Genom</one> kodiert für das E1 Protein. Dieses Protein hat Ähnlichkeiten zu welch anderem viralen Protein? Zum grossen T-Antigen von SV40.
132
+ - In <one>icosahedral viruses</one>: how does the genome enter the procapsid? Through a channel located at a site that will become one of the vertices of the icosahedron.
133
+ - Viruses were actually discovered in the year <one>1892</one>, by which person? <one>Dimitri Ivanowski</one> (a Russian botanist).
134
+ - <one>DNA Viren</one> bevorzugen normalerweise welche Phase des Zellzyklus ihrer Wirtszelle? Die <one>S-Phase</one>. []
135
+ - <one>Subacute sclerosis panencephalitis</one> can arise through which viral infection? Through a <one>measles infection</one>.
136
+ - Die mit einer <three>HPV-Erkrankung</three> verbunden örtliche Verdickung der Haut bei einer <one>Warze</one>, ist worauf zurückzuführen, klinisch betrachtet? Auf die <one>Induktion lokaler Zellproliferationen</one>.
137
+ - <one>RNA viruses</one> in general deserve what reputation? RNA viruses deserve their reputation as <one>Natures swiftest evolvers</one>.
138
+ - Can the <one>Herpes simplex virus</one> evade the immune system? Yes, by interference with MHC class I presentation of antigen.
139
+ - <one>Lysis</one> (<one>of viruses</one>) in general is facilitated by which two type of proteins? (1) <one>endolysins</one> (2) <one>holins</one> []
140
+ - Name the two distinct infectious particles of the <one>Poxvirus</one>. A: (1) the "intracellular mature virion" (MV) (2) the "extracellular virion" (EV)
141
+ - Was ist die Methode der <one>Kokultivierung</one> in der Virologie? Dies ist die Zugabe von Indikatorzellen zu Gewebekulturen, die durch Auftreten eines "cytopathischen Effekts" die erfolgte Replikation eines Virus anzeigen.
142
+ - Give an example of the <one>error threshold concept</one> being applied in order to treat a specific viral disease. A: The compound <one>ribavirin</one> is used to treat "hepatitics C virus" infection (which is a RNA-virus).
143
+ - Für einen <one>pathogenen Virus</one>: welche 4 grundlegenden Wechselwirkungen sind mit dem Wirt möglich? Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: Der "LACP Slogan": (1) latent: Herpes (2) akut: Masern (3) chronisch: Hepatitis B (4) persistierend: Poliovirus
144
+ - The <one>Influenza-virus</one> can <three>undergo antigen drift</three> - but in which proteins? (1) <one>hemagglutinin</one> (2) <one>neuraminidase</one>
145
+ - Name a major difference between bacterial and animal viruses. A: <one>Animal viruses</one> have <two>a longer growth cycle</two>, at about 5-15 hours for completion.
146
+ - Wie viele Nukleotide hat das <one>Poliovirus</one>? A: <one>7500</one> bp.
147
+ - Kodieren <one>Viroide</one> für ein Protein? Nein. []
148
+ - Woran bindet das <one>Hämagglutinin</one> von Influenza? An endständige N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäurereste komplexer Oligosaccharide.
149
+ - Why might we conclude that <one>dHerelle</one> was not the brightest scientist? Because he favoured the hypothesis that only one phage attacked all bacteria.
150
+ - Why do many <one>DNA viruses</one> encode for a gene which influences the cell cycle? Because a virus needs the S-phase for reproduction, and most animal cells are in G1 or G0 phase.
151
+ - Give one example for an <one>enveloped DNA virus</one>. A: <one>HSV-1</one>.
152
+ - <one>Human Rhinoviruses</one> belong to which genus? They belong to the <one>genus Enterovirus</one>.
153
+ - <one>Which virus</one> do <three>HeLa cells</three> include in their genome? <one>HPV-18</one>.
154
+ - Trivialname für "aktive Immunisierung"? <one>Schutzimpfung</one>.
155
+ - Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie der <one>physiologische Level an Interferon</one> hochgehalten werden könnte. A: Durch <one>häufige Virusinfektionen</one>.
156
+ - The <one>Sin Nombre</one> virus actually refers to ... ? The <one>hantavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus []
157
+ - Nenne zwei Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) <one>sindbis virus</one> (2) <one>rubella virus</one>
158
+ - <one>Retroviruses</one> are adept at ... ? <one>Acquiring random pieces of a cell's genome</one>.
159
+ - Name the main surface protein of <one>Influenza</one>. A: <one>Hemagglutinin</one>.
160
+ - <one>Who</one> <three>discovered viruses</three>? <one>Dmitry Ivanovsky</one> in 1892. Martinus Beijerinck then gave them the name <two>viruses</two>, though.
161
+ - Das <one>gp160</one> von HIV wird gespalten in gp120 und gp41, <three>durch welche Protease</three>? <one>Furin</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774724
162
+ - The <one>HIV-1 Tat-Protein</one> binds to ..? <one>TAR-Elements</one> at the viral 5'-mRNA region. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activation_response_element_(TAR)
163
+ - Aside from HIV, name <one>a human retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>Hepatitis B Virion</one>.
164
+ - The <one>Rhinovirus</one> belongs to <three>which viral family</three>? The Rhinovirus belong to the <one>Picornaviridae family</one>.
165
+ - Bei den <one>Influenza-Viren</one>: wieviele Subtypen an HA und NA gibt es jeweils? A: (1) <one>HA</one>: <two>16 Typen</two>. (2) <one>NA</one>: <two>9 Typen</two>.
166
+ - Name 4 ways how human papilloma virus can be transmitted (via <one>physical contact</one>). A: (1) <one>sexual contact</one> (2) contact sport (3) children's games (3) during birth, from the infected mother to her child
167
+ - Was zeigt <one>eine hohe Neopterinkonzentration im Blut</one> an? Das <one>eine Virusattacke stattfindet</one>.
168
+ - Die <one>HIV-Protease</one> ist eine ...? <one>Aspartatprotease</one>.
169
+ - Nenne ein <one>Flavivirus</one>. A: The <one>yellow fever virus</one>. []
170
+ - Give an example of a virus showing <one>multiple infections</one>. A: <one>Varicella zoster virus</one>.
171
+ - <one>Amantadin</one> hat welches molekulare Ziel in Influenza? Das virale <one>M2-Protein von Influenza</one>.
172
+ - <one>Wie attenuierte Pasteur</one> seine <two>Viren</two>? Er <one>entfernte Rückenmark des Hasen</one> und liess dieses <two>altern</two>.
173
+ - Das <one>M2-Protein</one> von Influenza hat welche Funktion? Das M2-Protein agiert als <one>Protonenkanal</one>.
174
+ - In <one>Virology</one>: what do we mean when we speak about a <three>zoonosis</three>? This is <one>a virus that is transmitted from an animal to a human</one>.
175
+ - Das <one>Sendai Virus</one> besitzt was für ein Genom? <one>ssRNA</one>.
176
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele für Viren mit <one>segmented genomes</one>. A: (1) der <one>Influenza Virus</one> (2) der <one>Brome Mosaic Virus</one> []
177
+ - Das Immunsystem bekämpft eine "Hepatitis B Virus Infektion" vor allem über ... ? <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one>.
178
+ - Kann <one>HIV-1</one> beim Stillen von der Mutter auf das Kind übertragen werden? Ja.
179
+ - Name two disadvantages if we wish to detect <one>negatively stained virions</one>. A: (1) high cost of equipment (2) limited sensitivity
180
+ - <one>Oseltamivir</one> kann gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Influenza virus</one>.
181
+ - <one>HIV gp160</one> wird gespalten in ...? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> []
182
+ - <one>Welches Protein</one> ist für <three>SV40</three> sehr wichtig <two>um die DNA Replikation zu starten</two>? Das <one>Large-T Antigen</one>. []
183
+ - Was ist die <one>Passive Immunisierung</one>? Dies ist <one>die Zuführung körperfremder Antikörper</one> zur Bekämpfung einer akuten Infektion. Dies mag auch als eine kurzfristige "Urlaubs-Immunisierung" seine Verwendung finden.
184
+ - Das <one>Mers-Virus</one> ... wofür steht MERS? <one>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome</one>.
185
+ - Can <one>Viruses</one> code for <three>membrane channels</three>? Yes - the so called <one>viroporins</one>.
186
+ - We have <one>isolated a new viruse</one> and now we wish to determine whether this virus is a <two>RNA virus</two> or a <two>DNA virus</two>. How can we proceed? We can employ a <one>ribonuclease</one> and a <one>deoxyribonuclease</one>, and thus test the susceptibility of our material at hand to these enzymes.
187
+ - If a drug would block the <one>Influenza NA</one> component, what would we expect to see happen? The <one>newly formed viruses could not escape from the host cells</one>. Thus, <two>viral spread to other cells is inhibited</two>.
188
+ - Das <one>env-gene product</one> von Retroviren wird während der Maturation in welche Produkte geschnitten? (1) "transmembrane domain" (2) <one>surface domain</one>
189
+ - Name two viruses that could be called early model organisms for research. A: (1) the <one>T phage</one> (2) the <one>lambda phage</one>
190
+ - <one>Human rhinoviruses</one> have how many groups? <one>3</one> (A/B/C).
191
+ - Nenne zwei Hemmstofe die das aktive Zentrum der <one>HIV-Revertase</one> (=reverse Transkriptase) blockieren! A: (1) "Delavirdin" URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delavirdin (2) <one>Nevirapin</one>
192
+ - Was für ein Genom haben die <one>Flaviviridae</one>? <one>(+)ssRNA</one>, <two>linear</two>.
193
+ - Wann wurden die <one>IRES</one> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1988</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site []
194
+ - Name the <one>most prominent virus</one> that has a "thymidine kinase" gene. A: The <one>herpes simplex</one> virus.
195
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>m.o.i</one>? <one>Multiplicity of infection</one>. []
196
+ - What are the two most popular modes of action for <one>bacteriocin</one>? (1) damaging the cell membrane (2) destroying nucleic acids
197
+ - Englischer Begriff für die <one>Virusausschüttung</one>? <one>Virus shed</one>.
198
+ - Name a virus group with a <one>brick-shaped virion</one>. A: <one>Poxviridae</one>.
199
+ - Das <one>HIV-Virus</one> bindet nur an Zellen die welches Oberflächenprotein besitzen? <one>CD4</one>. []
200
+ - The <one>HIV Vpr protein</one> can induce cell cycle arrest, in which stage? In <one>G2</one>.
201
+ - <one>Which phage</one> relies on a thymine-less DNA containing uracil rather than thymine? The <one>bacteriophage PBS 1</one>/<one>2</one>.
202
+ - Was ist die <one>Eklipsephase</one>? Der Zeitraum vom Beginn der Infektion bis zum Ende der Synthesephase.
203
+ - Die <one>Thogotoviren</one> besitzen n Genomsegmente? <one>6</one>.
204
+ - Are the <one>coronaviruses</one> <three>enveloped</three>? Yes. []
205
+ - Was sind <one>ambisense</one> Genome? Genome deren ORFs in beide Richtungen abgelesen werden können. Es gibt einen Mix von + und - Polarität innerhalb des Genoms.
206
+ - Nenne <one>zwei raffinierte Wege eines Virus zu überleben</one>. A: Als <1> <one>Teil der DNA</one> und <2> als trojanisches Pferd in Immunzellen.
207
+ - In <one>helikalen Viren</one>: wovon hängt die Länge der <three>helical capsid</three> ab? Von der Länge der Nukleinsäure die darin zu finden ist.
208
+ - Gibt es einen allgemeinen Unterschied zwischen DNA Viren und RNA Viren, mit Ausnahme der Genom-Grösse? <one>DNA-Viren</one> verwenden häufig <two>zelluläre Polymerase</two>, <one>RNA-Viren</one> kodieren häufig für ihre eigene Polymerase.
209
+ - When was <one>smallpox</one> eradicated? In <one>1977</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox
210
+ - The diameter of the <one>Pithovirus</one> virion is ... ? <one>500 nm</one>.
211
+ - Nenne einen Vertreter der class I Baltimore Viren. A: <one>Feline parvovirus</one>.
212
+ - Das Influenza-Nucleocapsid besteht vor allem aus dem NP-Protein. Welche Aminosäuren finden wir hier vor allem? <one>Arginin</one> - also eine basische Aminosäure.
213
+ - Das Medikament <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen welchen Virus? <one>Relenza</one> wirkt gegen den <two>Influenza-Virus</two>. []
214
+ - <one>Retrovirus-Partikel</one> haben welche "gp-Proteine"? (1) <one>gp41</one> (2) <one>gp120</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120
215
+ - By what <one>transmission route</one> does the Influenza virus spread? By the <one>oral-fecal route</one>.
216
+ - Häufigste Verursacher von Magen-Darm-Erkrankungen bei den Viren, insbesondere beim Dünndarm, ist/sind ... ? Die <one>Noroviren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus
217
+ - Wer entwickelte den <one>Totimpfstoff</one>? <one>Salk</one>.
218
+ - Nenne einen Vertreter der <one>Alphaviren</one>. A: Das <one>Sindbis-Virus</one>.
219
+ - The <one>human rhinovirus</one> has the Capsid Proteins VP4/VP3/VP2/VP1. What is the successor of these? <one>P1</one>.
220
+ - The <one>diameter of coronaviruses particles</one> is n nm? About <one>120 nm</one>.
221
+ - Das Genom von <one>SV40</one> umfasst, in etwa, wieviele Basenpaare? Etwa <one>5000bp</one>.
222
+ - <one>Influenza B</one> only undergoes genetic drift, not genetic shift. Why? Probably because they <one>lack an animal reservoir</one>.
223
+ - Warum wird eine <one>chronische Infektion</one> häufiger bemerkt als eine <one>persistierende Infektion</one>? A: Bei <one>persistierenden Infektionen</one> hat meistens einen niedrigeren Titer als die chronische Infektion.
224
+ - Can <one>viruses</one> skip the <three>extracellular state</three>? Yes, animal viruses like "polio" can skip the extraceullular stage when moving from cell to cell within the same organism.
225
+ - Wann wurde das <one>Adenovirus</one> erstmals isoliert? Im Jahre <one>1953</one>.
226
+ - Historically, <one>viruses were classified according to</one> ... ? According to people observing their effects, e. g. by <one>studing human diseases caused by viruses</one>.
227
+ - Wie sieht das <one>5' Ende von Picornaviren</one> aus? Keine Cap, aber das <one>Vpg protein</one>. []
228
+ - A. W. für <one>viral sex</one>? <one>Genetic reassortment</one>.
229
+ - Which virus has <one>two protein coats</one>? The <one>Rotavirus</one>.
230
+ - Der <one>Hepatitis-B-Virus</one> hat n verschiedene Genotypen? <one>8</one>; A-H.
231
+ - Which <one>body fluids</one> are important for viruses? (1) blood (2) semen (3) saliva (4) respiratory fluids (5) <one>feces</one>
232
+ - <three>dsRNA-Viruses</three> can be recognized in the cytoplasma through <one>RNA helicases</one>. Give one example for such a RNA helicase that can achieve that. A: <one>RIG-I</one>.
233
+ - Nenne einen Nachteil von <one>Ganciclovir</one> gegenüber <one>Acyclovir</one>. A: Ganciclovir kann in zelluläre DNA eingebaut werden, Aciclovir hingegen nicht.
234
+ - Name two ways how <one>Influenza A</one> can change its antigenic properties. A: (1) <one>antigenic drift</one> (2) <one>antigenic shift</one> []
235
+ - <one>Influenza</one> besitzt das "NEP"-Protein NS2. Was heisst "NEP"? <one>Nuclear Export Protein</one>.
236
+ - Aside from the giant viruses like the Mimi-virus, name a non-giant virus that can be seen with a light microscope. A: The <one>Poxvirus</one>. []
237
+ - Wieviele Menschen sterben in Deutschland jährlich an <one>Influenza-A</one>? Etwa <one>10.000</one>.
238
+ - Gibt es <one>lysogene Viren in Hefen</one>? Nein. []
239
+ - <one>Autographa california</one> ist ein natürliches Pathogen einer ... ? Einer <one>Motte</one>, die sich von Luzerne ernährt.
240
+ - A. W. für <one>Durchfallviren</one>? <one>Noroviren</one>.
241
+ - Aside from influenza, name 4 viruses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. A: (1) "yellow fever virus" (2) "tick-borne encephalitis virus" (3) "rabies virus" (4) <one>ebola virus</one>
242
+ - What <one>orientation</one> does the <three>Retrovirus genome</three> have? It is in the <one>plus (+) orientation</one>. []
243
+ - Do <one>Archaea</one> have viruses? Yes. []
244
+ - To which family does the <one>vesicular stomatitis virus</one> belong to? To the <one>rhabdovirus family</one>.
245
+ - The genome of the <one>Influenza A virus</one> encodes for <two>n genes</two>? <one>11</one>.
246
+ - The first papillomavirus to be studied in detail was ... ? <one>BPV</one> (<two>bovine papillomavirus type 1</two>).
247
+ - Name one constraint of the <one>reverse transcriptase</one>. A: This enzyme <one>requires a primer</one>.
248
+ - Wann war <one>ein Vakzin</one> für das "Yellow Fever Virus" erhältlich? <one>1935</one>.
249
+ - <one>Retroviren</one> haben eine RNA und eine DNA-Form. Vor allem die Enden sind hier unterschiedlich. Wie genau? (1) RNA-Form: hat U5 und U3, sowie jeweils R (2) <one>DNA-Form</one>: hat zusätzlich U5 bei U3 und U3 bei U5; nennt man hier dann LTR
250
+ - Was sind <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small-round-structured viruses</one>.
251
+ - Wann wurde das <one>Poliovirus</one> <three>erstmals de-novo synthetisiert</three>? Im Jahre <one>2002</one>. []
252
+ - Das <one>TMV</one> hat n Nukleotide (+/- 100 reicht als Antwort)? <one>6395</one>.
253
+ - What are the <one>two most important criteria used for classification of viruses</one>? (1) <one>phage morphology</one> (2) <one>nucleic acid properties</one>
254
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>burst size</one> in der Virologie? <one>Wurfgröße</one>.
255
+ - Das <one>Cytomegalie-Virus</one> gehört zu welcher Virusgruppe? Es gehört zur Familie der <one>Herpesviridae</one>.
256
+ - The human body produces <one>antibodies against which Influenza protein</one> in particular? Against the <one>major surface protein</one> - <two>hemagglutinin</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin
257
+ - Warum gelten <one>rekombinante Baculoviren</one> als sicher? Da sie ihre Gene nicht in andere als in Invertebraten-Zellen integrieren können.
258
+ - Give an example for a <one>complex retrovirus</one>. A: The <one>human immunodeficiency virus</one>. []
259
+ - How does <one>HIV gp120</one> <three>protect itself against antibodies</three>? (1) <one>glycan shield</one> (2) molecular occlusion (3) conformational masking
260
+ - Lateinisch für <one>Wildtypvirus</one> und "Impfvirus"? (1) Wildtypvirus: "virus de rue" (2) <one>Impfvirus</one>: <two>virus fixe</two>
261
+ - Die <one>Oberfläche eines Stecknadelkopfes</one> bietet n Rhinoviren Platz? <one>Fünfhundert Millionen</one> (<one>500 Millionen</one>).
262
+ - In an <one>early HIV infection</one>, what symptoms may we see, if we see any at all? We may see <one>fever-like symptoms</one>.
263
+ - Was ist die <one>Tenazität</one>? Das ist die <one>Widerstandsfähigkeit</one>.
264
+ - Name three different diseases caused by the <one>Picornaviruses</one>. A: (1) "Polio" (2) "foot-and-mouth disease" (3) <one>common cold</one>
265
+ - Nenne einen gewichtigen <one>Vorteil eines Lebendimpfstoffes</one>. A: Lebendimpfstoffe aktivieren sowohl das humorale als auch das zelluläre Immunsystem.
266
+ - Give 1 example for a <one>dsRNA virus group</one> among the animal viruses. A: The <one>Reoviruses</one> (example: rotavirus).
267
+ - Welche <one>drei virale Hauptreplikationsorte</one> gibt es <three>im menschlichen Körper</three>? (1) <one>Mucosale Oberflächen</one> des respiratorischen Trakts und des GI Trakts. (2) Infektion in mucosalen Oberflächen gefolgt von systemischer Ausbreitung über Blut, Lymphe und/oder Neuronen, um dann in die Organe zu gelangen (3) Direkte Infektion der Blutbahn über Nadel oder Bisse mit folgender Ausbreitung in die Organe
268
+ - In welchem Tier finden wir <one>Isaviren</one>? Bei <one>Lachsen</one>. (Merkschema: <two>Lachse in der Isar</two>). []
269
+ - What is the <one>Virosphere</one>? <one>The world of all viruses on the planet</one>.
270
+ - Wann wurde erstmals gezeigt das <one>Warzen</one> durch infektiöse Agenzien hervorgerufen werden können, wie zum Beispiel durch "Papillomaviren"? Im Jahre <one>1894</one>, durch Variot. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299882055_Genitale_Infektionen_mit_humanen_Papillomviren_HPV_und_genitale_Tumoren_Diagnostische_Uberlegungen
271
+ - Why the name <one>Pandora</one> in Pandoravirus? They are from the <one>Pandora box</one>, which is not a box but a flask; and the Pandoravirus are "flask-like in shape".
272
+ - Wie nennen wir die <one>Ausbeute</one> in der normalen Virusproduktion? <one>Burst size</one>
273
+ - Give two different examples of paramyxoviruses that are <one>human pathogens</one>. A: (1) <one>mumps</one> (2) <one>measles viruses</one>
274
+ - <one>AIDS</one> hat man, per Definition, bei ... ? Weniger als "200 T-Helferzellen pro Mikroliter Blut".
275
+ - Infektionen mit Cytomegaloviren, die gegen Ganciclovir resistent geworden sind, werden womit behandelt? Mit <one>Cidofovir</one>.
276
+ - Name one common complication seen in people affected by <one>influenza</one>. A: <one>Pneumonia</one>.
277
+ - The <one>HongKong 1968 Influenza strain</one> hat which composition? <one>H3N2</one>.
278
+ - Wieso ist es schwierig Therapien gegen Viren zu etablieren, verglichen mit Bakterien? Weil Viren den <one>zellulären Stoffwechsel</one> verwenden müssen.
279
+ - Nenne <one>3 Vertreter der Flaviviridae</one>. A: Mnemo: Flavi... f ... fever, two fever. (1) <one>Yellow Fever Virus</one> (2) <one>Dengue-Fever</one> (3) <one>FSME</one> (<two>tick-borne encephalitis</two>)
280
+ - Bei der <one>chemischen Desinfektion, gegen Viren</one>: unterscheide <two>viruzid</two> und "begrenzt viruzid". A: Letzteres meint nur behüllte Viren.
281
+ - Die <one>Adenoviridae</one> umfassen wieviele Subgenera? <one>6</one> - und zwar A bis F.
282
+ - Im Jahre <one>2014</one> kam welcher neue Influenza-Stamm auf? <one>H5N8</one>.
283
+ - The <one>Picornavirus Virion</one> contains how many mature proteins (from, to)? <one>11-14</one>.
284
+ - What is the most important requirement for a virion (aside from containing the genome)? A virion must be a <one>stable structure</one>.
285
+ - <one>Rimantadine</one> ist ein antivirales Medikament. Gegen welchen Virus wird es eingesetzt? <one>Influenza A</one>.
286
+ - <one>Welcher Virus</one> verursacht den normalen <three>Schnupfen</three>? <one>Rhinovirus</one>. []
287
+ - If we pick a <one>random virus</one> from anywhere, is it more likely that said virus will infect bacteria or eukarya? Eukarya.
288
+ - What does the term <one>fitness landscape</one> in Virology mean? Each sequence of a RNA Virus (or for any other combination of sequences) has a <one>specific reproduction rate</one>, which is another term for <two>fitness</two>.
289
+ - The virions of <one>Adenoviruses</one> have spikes. How long can these spikes be? Up to about <one>80 nm</one>.
290
+ - Es existieren auch "komplexe Retroviren". Ein Vertreter hiervon ist "HIV". Nenne einen weiteren Vertreter der "komplexen Retroviren". A: <one>HTLV</one>: <two>human T-cell lymphotropic virus</two>
291
+ - Nenne einen viralen Erreger, der ein <one>Virusakanthom</one> hervorrufen mag. A: <one>HPV</one> (<two>Humane Papillomviren</two>).
292
+ - Wieviele Basenpaare finden wir bei Polyomaviren? Etwa 5000 Basenpaare (<one>5291 bp</one>).
293
+ - Was heisst <one>SV40</one> und zu <three>welcher Familie</three> gehört dieser Virus? <one>Simian Virus 40</one>, member of the <two>polyomavirus family</two>. []
294
+ - Warum verwenden wir <one>Aspirin</one> bei Virusinfektionen? <one>Aspirin</one> wirkt als ein <two>entzündungshemmendes Schmerzmittel</two>.
295
+ - Name a virus that is transported via microtubules. A: The <one>Vaccinia virion</one>.
296
+ - In <one>marine viral ecology</one>: what means <two>DOM</two>? <one>Dissolved organic matter</one>.
297
+ - Which <one>virus family</one> has <three>gapped DNA</three>? The <one>Hepadnaviridae</one>.
298
+ - Wann konnte <one>Iwanowski</one> indirekt TMV nachweisen? <one>1892</one>.
299
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>pleomorphe ssRNA-Virus Familie</one>. A: Das <one>Paramyxovirus</one>.
300
+ - What is an <one>emergent virus</one>? An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus.
301
+ - Durchmesser der <one>Parvovirus</one> (von-bis)? <one>18 - 28 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus
302
+ - Wann gab es in Deutschland das erste Impfgesetz? <one>1874</one>.
303
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>Satellite Virus</one>. A: Das <one>Hepatitis delta virus</one>. []
304
+ - Was heisst <one>contagium vivum fluidum</one>? <one>Löslicher lebender Keim</one>.
305
+ - Name one important difference between a <one>bacterial toxin</one> and a <one>virus</one>. A: A <one>virus can reproduce</one>.
306
+ - Was besagt die <one>error threshold</one> in der Virologie? <one>Too many mutations lead to a non-viable virus</one>.
307
+ - <three>Durchmesser</three> eines typischen <one>Pox Virion</one>? <one>200nm</one>. []
308
+ - What do we mean with <one>v-fos</one>? <one>Viral fos gene</one>.
309
+ - How can we, from a practical point of view, differentiate between <one>Influenza A</one> and <one>Influenza B</one>? We can use <one>Antisera</one>.
310
+ - Name <one>two viruses</one> that are transmitted via the "respiratory route", aside from rhinoviruses. A: (1) "influenza A virus" (2) <one>measles virus</one>
311
+ - Seit wann ist <one>Azidothymidin</one>zur Therapie von HIV zugelassen? Seit dem Jahre <one>1987</one>.
312
+ - Which general <one>taxonomic groups</one> are missing for viruses? (1) <one>class</one> (2) <one>phylum</one>
313
+ - <one>Amantadin</one> wurde früher gegen welchen Virus eingesetzt? Gegen <one>Influenza-A Viren</one>. Es verhinderte das <two>Uncoating</two>.
314
+ - Können <three>AAVs</three> in das <one>Wirtschromosom</one> integrieren? Ja.
315
+ - Name a virus that is shaped like a bullet. A: The <one>Rabies virus</one>.
316
+ - What is the <one>RNA-Bullet</one>? That is the <one>Rhabdovirus</one> (like <two>Rabies virus</two>). []
317
+ - Do <one>viruses</one> exist that code for <two>tRNA</two>? Yes, <one>T4</one> and <one>phycodnaviruses</one> do.
318
+ - What does the term <one>virulence</one> mean, in regards to viruses? This describes <one>the capacity of a virus to cause disease</one>.
319
+ - In virology: what is meant with a <one>permissive cell</one>? This is <one>a cell that will permit the replication of the virus</one>.
320
+ - Welche 2 Typen von Membranfusionen existieren bei Viren? Gib auch jeweils ein Beispiel. A: (1) acid-triggered fusion, wie bei Influenza. (2) <one>ph-independent</one>, wie beim <two>Herpesvirus</two>
321
+ - Schön geflammte Tulpen durch welchen Virus? <one>Poty Virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potyvirus
322
+ - Warum treten Mutationen meist häufiger bei <one>RNA Viren</one> auf? RNA Viren besitzen <one>keine Proofreading-Funktion</one>. []
323
+ - Does <one>antigen shift</one> more often occur for <two>neuraminidase</two> or for <two>hemagglutinin</two>, <three>in Influenza</three>? It occurs more often in <one>hemagglutinin</one> (<two>HA</two>). []
324
+ - Why do <one>Reoviruses</one> have an 'O' in their name? Because for <one>orphan virus</one>.
325
+ - Inkubationszeit (von-bis) beim Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus, in Tagen? <one>2-3 Tage</one>.
326
+ - What is <one>the definitive characteristic of transducing retroviruses</one>? The presence of <one>cellular oncogenes</one>.
327
+ - The <one>largest known DNA viruses</one> <two>infect</two> <three>which target cell</three>? <one>Acanthamoeba</one>.
328
+ - Name a virus that has a <one>Cyclophin</one>. A: The <one>HI-Virus</one>.
329
+ - Nenne die zwei <one>Unterfamilien der Retroviridae</one>. A: (1) <one>Spumavirinae</one> (2) <one>Orthoretrovirinae</one>
330
+ - How many viruses have been described in detail so far? At least <one>5.000</one>.
331
+ - Do <one>circular viral</one> genomes exist? Yes. []
332
+ - The <one>Influenza avian virus</one> bind to what exactly? To sialic acids attached to galactose in an Alpha-2,3 linkage. This is different to human cells, and thus thought to be the basis for the very inefficient transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans.
333
+ - Wer ist der <one>Hauptwirt für Ebola</one>? Der <one>Nilflughund</one>.
334
+ - What is the goal of <one>virus maturation</one>? It <one>prepares the virus for infection of the next cell</one>.
335
+ - Gegen welchen Virus kann <one>Cidofovir</one> eingesetzt werden? Gegen den <one>Cytomegalovirus</one>.
336
+ - <one>Rituximab</one> interagiert wie mit seiner Zielzelle? Über <one>CD20</one>.
337
+ - The <one>HPV genome</one> is surrounded by ... ? An <one>icosahedral capsid</one> (<two>T = 7</two>).
338
+ - <one>Alle Grippeviren vom Typ Influenza A</one> hatten ihren <two>Ursprung</two> in ...? <one>Wasservögeln</one>.
339
+ - Nenne eine Virusgruppe die <one>IRES</one> verwendet, inklusive einem Vertreter hierzu. A: Das <one>Picorna-Virus</one> (zum Beispiel <two>Poliovirus</two> als ein Vertreter hierzu).
340
+ - In der (medizinischen) Virologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Vektorkontrolle</one>? Dies ist die Kontrolle durch Überträger von Viren wie bestimmten Arthropoden (Gelse, Zecke, Sandfliege etc..).
341
+ - If <one>a pigeon</one> may walk in circles or look at the sky ("stargazing"), which viral infection may be the cause for this erratic behaviour? An infection with a <one>paramyxovirus</one>.
342
+ - Name <one>two constraints</one> why viruses ought try to keep their genome small. A: (1) Must fit into the capsid (2) larger genome requires more time to replicate
343
+ - The <one>kissing disease</one> is caused by which virus? By a <one>herpes virus</one> called <two>EBV</two> (<two>Epstein-Barr Virus</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
344
+ - Give one example for a <one>ssRNA virus genome of positive sense</one>. A: The <one>Poliovirus</one>.
345
+ - The order of the <one>Caudovirales viruses</one> is also known as ... ? The <one>tailed bacteriophages</one>.
346
+ - The <one>HPV capsid</one> consists of "how many different structural proteins"? Two: the "major protein L1" and the <one>minor capsid protein L2</one>.
347
+ - Bei der <one>Negativ-Färbung</one> färbt man was ein? Den <one>Hintergrund</one>. Das Virus selbst hingegen lässt man relativ unberührt. []
348
+ - The <one>Hepadna Family</one> has how many members? <one>5</one>.
349
+ - Where do HSV-1 and HSV-2 hide in the body, from the immune system? They hide in the <one>cell bodies of neurons</one>.
350
+ - Name <one>a virus family</one> that is similar, in name, to an old computer game. A: The <one>pacmanviruses</one>.
351
+ - Warum lösen <one>manche Retroviren</one> <three>Krebs</three> aus? <one>Retroviren</one> tragen ein <two>virales Onkogen</two>, das ein Protein kodiert, das an der "onkogenen Transformation" beteiligt ist.
352
+ - <one>HIV</one> zielt auf welche Zellen ab? Auf <one>TH Zellen</one> die einen <two>CD4⁺ Rezeptor</two> besitzen.
353
+ - Was ist das <one>Virioplankton</one>? Dies sind <one>alle im Wasser vorkommenden Viren</one>.
354
+ - Give 3 examples for <one>cellular receptors</one> that are structurally related to immunoglobulines. A: (1) CD4 (2) CD155 (3) <one>ICAM-1</one>
355
+ - Name a super-simple way for a virus to protect itself against <one>UV inactivation</one>, aside from being integrated into the host cell genome. A: Simply increase the amount of G+C in its genome.
356
+ - Name <one>a major difference</one> between retroviruses and other viruses with RNA as their genetic material. A: The retroviruses also have a <one>DNA intermediate</one> step in their replication cycle.
357
+ - What means <one>lysosomotropic</one>? A <one>drug</one> that is able to penetrate the lysosomes of cells.
358
+ - Nenne zwei Viren beziehungsweise virale Krankheiten die durch <one>Gelsen</one> übertragen werden. A: (1) Das <one>Gelbfieber Virus</one> (von den Affen auf den Menschen) (2) Das <one>Dengue Virus</one> (von Menschen auf den Menschen)
359
+ - Beim <one>MERS Coronavirus</one>: was heisst <three>MERS</three>? <one>Middle East respiratory syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus []
360
+ - Wie nennen wir allgemein die <one>Untereinheiten der (viralen) Capside</one>? <one>Capsomere</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsomere []
361
+ - <one>HIV</one> hat eine Lipidschicht mit zwei Glykoproteinen. Welches davon durchspannt die Membran? <one>gp41</one> durchspannt die Membran.
362
+ - Welche Zellen infiziert <one>HSV-1</one> (Herpes simplex virus 1)? (1) Epithelzellen (2) <one>Neuronen</one>
363
+ - Are <one>Arboviruses</one> a polyphyletic group? Yes.
364
+ - Die <one>Bornaviren</one> gehören zu welchem Typ von Viren? A: <one>RNA-Viren</one>. []
365
+ - Beim <one>Piercing</one> und bei <one>Tätowierungen</one> kann <two>welches Virus</two> übertragen werden? Das <one>Hepatitis C-Virus</one>.
366
+ - Anderer Begriff für das <one>Pockenvirus</one>? <one>Variola-Virus</one>. []
367
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>The capsid paradox</one>? That <one>the capsid has a dual role</one>: <two>Protection</two> and <two>delivery</two>.
368
+ - Wie behandeln wir <one>Herpes-simplex</one>? Mittels <one>Aciclovir</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
369
+ - Was sind <one>Enzymbiotics</one>? Dies sind zum Beispiel <one>phage endolysins</one>.
370
+ - Können <one>Röteln</one> gefährlich sein? Ja, für <one>Schwangere</one>. Es kann zu <two>Embryopathien</two> kommen. []
371
+ - Nenne einen Virus der auch <one>Ribosomen</one> <three>besitzt</three>. A: Das <one>Arenavirus</one>. []
372
+ - Why does <one>SV40</one> require the large T-antigen? Because SV40 DNA replication is initiated by binding of large T-antigen to the origin region of the genome, hence the large T-antigen is required.
373
+ - People in <one>rural areas</one> may, in general, be more vulnerable to which types of infection? <one>Zoonotic infections</one>.
374
+ - Give one specific example of a <one>DNA virus</one> of eukaryotes that replicates in the cytoplasm. A: The <one>Iridovirus</one>.
375
+ - Which advantages may <one>segmented genomes</one> have? A <one>more rapid evolution</one>.
376
+ - Was sind <one>hitchhiking mutations</one>? Dies sind Mutationen, die den Virus keinen direkten Vorteil verschaffen, aber auch nicht nachteilig sind. So mögen langfristig neue Viren entstehen.
377
+ - The <one>poliovirus</one> uses which cellular receptor? <one>CD155</one>.
378
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>virale Proteinhülle</one>? <one>Capsid</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid []
379
+ - Bei den <one>Picornaviren</one>: was heisst <three>VPGL</three>? <one>Viral Protein Genome linked</one> []
380
+ - Infektion mit dem <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> führt oft zur Progression zu HCC. Was ist damit gemeint? <one>HCC</one>: <two>Hepatocellular carcinoma</two>
381
+ - Give an example for a <one>Togavirus</one>. A: The <one>Rubella virus</one>.
382
+ - Name a <one>multicellular change</one> that may be induced by/after a viral infection. A: <one>Syncytium formation</one>; aka <two>fusion of cell</two> events.
383
+ - Bei <one>Gelbfieber</one> entwickeln die betroffenen Personen nicht nur "Gelbsucht", sondern haben oft noch welch anderes Problem? <one>Blutungsneigungen</one>.
384
+ - The name <one>Papovavirus</one> derives from ...? <one>Pa</one> for Papillomavirus, <one>Po</one> for Polyomavirus, <one>Va</one> for Vacuolating Agent (SV40)
385
+ - How can we easily detect the <one>mosaic disease of tobacco plants</one>? By the distinct <one>discoloration of the leaves</one>.
386
+ - <one>Which cancer</one> can be caused - or made worse - by <three>HPV</three>? <one>HPV</one> is <two>the primary etiological agent in cervical cancer</two>. []
387
+ - The <one>mammalian hepadnavirus</one> uses which sequence for its "polyadenylation signal"? TATAAA (which is also a TATA box!)
388
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für virale, <one>morphologische Einheiten</one>? <one>Capsomere</one>. []
389
+ - Name one common mechanism how metastabile particles are produced. Give one example in viruses. A: By <one>proteolysis of a viral protein</one>. Influenza HA0 protein becomes HA1 + HA2.
390
+ - Nenne einen Virus, der in 2 verschiedenen Wirten repliziert. A: Der <one>Alphavirus</one>: dieser Virus repliziert in Mammalia und Insekten.
391
+ - How do we call the self-assembly of the TMV virus? <one>Scaffold-assisted assembly</one>.
392
+ - The <one>herpesvirus genome max length</one> is ... ? <one>230kb</one>.
393
+ - Was sind die <one>SRS-Viren</one>? <one>Small-round-structured virus</one>.
394
+ - Beim <one>Poliovirus</one>: wie lange ist dessen <three>VPg Protein</three>? <one>22 Aminosäuren</one>. []
395
+ - Name a <one>Satellite virus</one> that infects <three>ameba</three>. A: <one>Sputnik</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_virophage
396
+ - Was heisst <one>Mimivirus</one>? A: <one>Microbe Mimicking Virus</one>. []
397
+ - Wieviele Viren waren im Jahr ~2014 mindestens bekannt? Mindestens <one>5000</one>.
398
+ - A. W. für <one>Spumaviren des Affen</one>? <one>Simian-Foamy Virus</one>.
399
+ - Der <one>Reovirus</one> besitzt n Gene? <one>22</one>.
400
+ - What is <one>cap snatching</one> in Virology? This is <one>a transcription initiation process</one>. A sequence between 10 and 20 nt in size is cleaved away from the 5-prime end of host mRNAs, by an endonuclease activity - i.e Influenza RdRp.
401
+ - The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> has infected how many people, globally? <one>170 million people worldwide</one>.
402
+ - In Virology: what is the <one>minimum infective dose</one>? The minimum amount of virus required for infection of a host.
403
+ - Is the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> more infectious than the <three>HIV</three> virus? Yes it is. []
404
+ - Welches <one>keyword</one> ist mit dem <three>SV40 T-Antigen</three> assoziiert? <one>Alternative Splicing</one>.
405
+ - Nenne einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied im <one>Virenbefall</one> zwischen Prokaryoten und Eukaryoten. A: Das Virusgenom dringt in die bakterielle Zelle ein, die Proteinhülle bleibt außerhalb des Wirts. Bei den Viren, die eukaryote Zellen befallen, wird das gesamte Virus durch Endocytose aufgenommen. Die Trennung von der Proteinhülle findet im Wirt statt.
406
+ - Nenne ein Medikament das gegen das Uncoating eines Virus vorgeht. A: <one>Amantadin</one>.
407
+ - Der erste potente Wirkstoff gegen <one>Herpes-Viren</one> war ...? <one>Acyclovir</one>.
408
+ - <one>Adenovirus</one> bind to which primary receptor, via their fibers? <one>CAR</one>: <two>Coxackie and Adenovirus Receptor</two>.
409
+ - In Virology: what are <one>antimutators</one>? These are mutations located in genes encoding viral polymerases that "reduce the frequency of incorporation errors".
410
+ - <one>Rhinoviren</one> verwenden den ICAM-1 Rezeptor. Wie nennen wir diesen Rezeptor im CD System? <one>CD54</one>.
411
+ - Was sind <one>pleomorphe Virionen</one>? <one>Viruspartikel</one> die in Größe und Form stark unterschiedlich sind. []
412
+ - Bei <one>Influenza</one>: welche 2 Hämagglutinin-Subtypen sind die Erreger der klassischen Geflügelpest? <one>H5</one> und <one>H7</one>.
413
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>TCID</one>? <one>Tissue Culture Infection Dose</one>.
414
+ - Wofür steht das <one>T</one> in <three>T7</three>? <one>Type</one>. []
415
+ - Das <one>Maul-und-Klauenseuche-Virus</one> ("foot and mouth disease") gehört zu welcher Familie? <one>Picornaviridae</one>.
416
+ - What are the <one>largest animal viruses</one> (<three>metazoa</three>)? The <one>Poxviruses</one>.
417
+ - Can viruses degrade the <one>MHC I</one>? Yes. []
418
+ - Das <one>Tabakmosaikvirus</one> (<two>TMV</two>) hat ein Genom aus ...? <one>ssRNA</one> (<royalblue>einzelsträngiger RNA</royalblue>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus []
419
+ - Do we find <one>reverse transcriptase</one> <three>only in Retroviruses</three>? No - for example the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> also employs <two>reverse transcriptase</two>.
420
+ - What means <one>structural plasticity</one> in Virology? This refers to virions that can tolerate many amino acid substitutions in their structural proteins - and <one>still remain infectious</one>.
421
+ - Name a virus that can attack (and damage) the central nervous system. A: The <one>herpes simplex virus</one>.
422
+ - The (major) <one>surface protein of HIV</one> is? <one>gp120</one>. []
423
+ - Nenne <one>drei Vertreter der Minus-Strang-RNA-Viren</one>. A: (1) <one>Orthomyxoviren</one>: <two>Influenza</two> (2) Paramyxoviren: Masern (3) Rhabdoviren: Rabiesvirus
424
+ - Can a virus induce apopptosis? Yes.
425
+ - The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> can lead to an infectious mononucleosis. This is also called ... how? <one>Kissing disease</one>.
426
+ - Manche Viren lassen sich nicht in Icosahedral oder helical einteilen, das sind die <one>komplexen Viren</one>. Nenne 2 Familien dazu! A: (1) <one>Poxviridae</one> (2) <one>Retroviridae</one>
427
+ - Der <one>Chikungunya-Virus</one> ist ein Vertreter welcher Virusfamilie? Der "Togaviridae". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya
428
+ - David Vetter, the <one>bubble-boy</one>, died due to which virus ultimately? The <one>Epstein-Barr</one> virus.
429
+ - Why do we require two injections of killed viruses? So that they provide a primary and then <one>a secondary immune response</one>.
430
+ - A subset of <one>coronaviruses</one>, such as the <three>betacoronavirus subgroup A</three>, have a shorter spike-like surface protein called HE, which is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Hemagglutinin esterase</one>.
431
+ - Largest RNA viruses in bp + Example? 32.000 bp, found in <one>coronaviruses</one>, like the SARS virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus
432
+ - Beim <one>Corona-Virus</one>: wieso das Wort <three>Corona</three>? <two>Corona</two> steht für <one>Krone</one>.
433
+ - <one>Togaviruses</one> typically contain <three>two ORFs</three>. What do these two ORFs encode in general? One encodes structural proteins, the other one encodes non-structural proteins.
434
+ - <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> has sufficient affinity to ACE2 receptors. ACE2 stands for ... ? <one>Angiotensin converting enzyme 2</one>.
435
+ - Is <one>Ebola</one> <three>transmitted through semen</three>? Yes - even for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. []
436
+ - The <one>Influenza pandemics</one> were caused by which H-subtypes only? (1) <one>H1</one> (2) <one>H2</one> (3) <one>h3</one>
437
+ - Give an example each for a <one>transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</one> (TSE), in sheep and in humans. A: (1) <one>scrapie</one>: in sheep (2) <one>Kuru</one>: in humans
438
+ - Name a major difference between the <one>retroviruses</one> and <three>other +ssRNA viruses</three>. A: The retrovirsues use a special protein called <one>reverse transcriptase</one>.
439
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele wo Viren als <one>Pestizide</one> verwendet werden. A: (1) "Baculoviren": control "insects". (2) "Myxoma virus": control <two>rabbits</two>.
440
+ - The <one>Ebolavirus</one> belongs to ... which family? It belongs to the <one>Filoviridae</one>. []
441
+ - Do people affected by the <one>Ebola disease</one> show a symptom of a sore throat? Yes. []
442
+ - Wie geht die <one>NLS-Sequenz</one> des <three>SV40 virus</three>? <one>P-P-K-K-K-R-K-V</one>.
443
+ - What are <one>ca Influenza</one>? These are <one>cold-adapted</one> <two>influenza viruses</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10578119 []
444
+ - Erweiterungen des <one>Kochschen Postulats</one>? Evans Postulat.
445
+ - Welche Besonderheit des Genoms weisen <one>Papillomviren</one> auf? Sie besitzen histonähnliche Proteine, die mit der DNA assoziiert sind und dem Chromatin eukaryoter Zellen ähneln.
446
+ - Sole members of the <one>Baltimore class VI</one>? The <one>Retroviruses</one>.
447
+ - Was sind sogenannte <one>Clara-Zellen</one>? Dies sind sekretorisch-aktive Epithelzellen des Lungenkapillarnetzwerkes.
448
+ - Is the <one>Polio virion</one> stable at an acid of pH 3? Yes.
449
+ - Für einen <one>antigen shift</one>, in <two>Influenza</two>, muss welches Ereignis eintreten oder geschehen? Eine <one>Doppelinfektion einer Zelle</one>.
450
+ - Der <one>Influenza – GAU</one> wurde durch welchen Subtyp verursacht? <one>H5N1</one>.
451
+ - Nenne <one>ein Enzym</one>, das an der <two>Virusfreisetzung</two> beteiligt ist. A: Die <one>Neuraminidase</one>. []
452
+ - The sequence <one>Gly-Asp-Asp</one> in a virus may indicate ...? <one>RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity</one>.
453
+ - The <one>Human metapneumovirus</one> (<one>HMPV</one>) can cause significant upper and lower respiratory disease in all age groups worldwide. Does this virus have a RNA genome or a DNA genome? This virus has a <one>RNA genome</one> (ssRNA; about 13.3 kb in size).
454
+ - <one>Slow virus</one> Infektionen wirken sich vor allem wo im Körper aus? Im <one>zentralen Nervensystem</one>.
455
+ - The cellular molecule usd by SV40 for attachment is ... ? The major histocompatibility complex class I molecule.
456
+ - The <one>Herpes simples virus type I</one> (<two>HSV-1</two>) makes use of which cellular molecule for attachment? <one>Heparan sulphate</one>.
457
+ - Nenne zwei Krankheiten, die durch das <one>FSME-Virus</one> verursacht werden. A: (1) <one>Meningitis</one> (2) <one>Enzephalitis</one>
458
+ - Die <one>Asfarviridae</one> sind Viren, deren Mitglieder vornehmlich Schweine infizieren. Als Genom haben diese Viren <two>RNA</two> oder <two>DNA</two>? <one>DNA</one>.
459
+ - The first IRES sequence was discovered in 1988, in the lab of Nahum Sonenberg. Which viral RNA contained this sequence? The <one>Poliovirus RNA</one>.
460
+ - <one>SV40</one> requires which protein for its replication? The <one>large T antigen</one>.
461
+ - Wann in etwa wurde das <one>Influenza-Virus</one> entdeckt (+/- 5 Jahre sind ok)? Im Jahre <one>1933</one>.
462
+ - The <one>poliovirus</one> requires n days to begin before it infects the central nervous system? About <one>3 full days</one>.
463
+ - Nenne drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der <one>viralen Veränderung</one>. A: (1) <one>Mutationen</one> (2) "Rekombination" (3) "Reassortment"
464
+ - Name <one>a Neuraminidase inhibitor</one> against <two>Influenza</two> beginning with the letter "P". A: <one>Peramivir</one>.
465
+ - Nenne <one>eine Erkrankung</one> die durch das Flavivirus hervorgerufen werden kann. A: Das <one>virale hämorrhagische Fieber</one>.
466
+ - Mnemonic für die Genuse der <one>Picornaviren</one>? <royalblue>RACHE</royalblue> - "R"hino, "A"phtho, "C"ardio, "H"epato, "E"ntero.
467
+ - Does the <one>bird flu</one> infect humans? Usually not.
468
+ - Name the three known subtypes of human influenza viruses. A: (1) <one>H1N1</one> (2) <one>H1N2</one> (3) <one>H3N2</one>
469
+ - What is the <one>host range of a virus</one>? The host range of a virus is the spectrum of host cells that virus can infect.
470
+ - Which virus causes <one>shingles</one>? The <one>varicella-zoster virus</one>.
471
+ - Name a virus that can "snatch caps from cellular mRNA". A: The <one>Bunyavirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyavirales
472
+ - What does <one>Rubella</one> mean? It comes from latin and means "little red".
473
+ - In welchem Jahr wurde das "Tabakmosaikvirus" zuerst entdeckt? <one>1892</one>.
474
+ - Rabies virus tend too use which cellular receptor for attachment? The <one>acetyl-choline receptor</one>.
475
+ - The poliovirus genome contains the VPg protein, at which of its ssRNA-end? At its <one>5' end</one>.
476
+ - Are polioviruses single or double stranded? They are single stranded (<one>+ssRNA</one>).
477
+ - Say that we see a random, helical animal virus. What can we further assume about such a virus, structure-wise? That this virus will most likely have a lipid envelope.
478
+ - Most virions are too small to be studied with a light microscope, so why is this microscope still used in virology? Because we could observe "cytopathic effects" still.
479
+ - <one>Hepatitis B</one> is a viral infection that attacks ... what part of the body? The <one>liver</one>.
480
+ - Beim "<u>Influenza A virus</u>", welches Protein bildet den "ion channel"? Das <one>M2 Protein</one>.
481
+ - Can we find <orange>superantigens</orange> in viruses? Yes.
482
+ - In virology, what do we mean with a "prolate shape"? This is essentially the shape found in bacteriophages such as T2, where these phages have an icosahedral head and a long tail filament.
483
+ - <one>Influenza</one> gehört zu welcher Gruppe? "Orthomyxoviren".
484
+ - Name a very important <orange>viral evasin</orange> that can block antigen presentation by preventing peptide movement through the TAP peptide transporter. A: US6.
485
+ - A. W. für "Reassortment" bei Viren? <orange>Virus Sex</orange>.
486
+ - The <orange>highest mutation rate</orange> can be found in which genetic element? In "<u>Viroids</u>".
487
+ - Nenne einen Virus mit "internal Lipid Membrane"! A: <orange>Iridovirus</orange>.
488
+ - Can "<u>AAV</u>" infect non-dividing cells? Yes. It can infect neurons in the brain, for instance.
489
+ - Was genau heisst "<u>segmentiertes Genom</u>"? Die viralen Gene sind auf verschiedene RNA-Segmente verteilt.
490
+ - Why the name "<u>adeno-associated virus</u>"? Because it "depends on a helper virus" (i.e. adenovirus) for its replication.
491
+ - Wo im menschlichen Körper vermehren sich "Polioviren"? Im lymphatischen Gewebe des Darms.
492
+ - Nenne einen Vertreter der "<u>einfachen Retroviren</u>". A: Das "avian leukosis Virus".
493
+ - Das "West-Nil-Virus" ist seit welchem Jahr bekannt? 1937.
494
+ - Das "Cauliflower mosaic virus"-Genom ist ... ? Ein "<u>dsDNA-Genom</u>".
495
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für Viren mit "teilweise doppelsträngigem DNA-Genom". A: Die "Hepadnaviren".
496
+ - What is "<u>the prototype virus</u>" of the "Herpesvirus-family"? The "Herpes simplex" virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus
497
+ - Nenne eine Virusgruppe die fäkal-oral übertragen wird und die zu schweren Durchfallerkrankungen führen kann. A: Die "Noroviren".
498
+ - Name "a virus of rabbit-tumors". A: The "myxoma virus". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus
499
+ - The "human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I" belongs to which family? It belongs to the "retrovirus family".
500
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für einen Virus, bei dem wir "<u>negrische Einschluss-Körperchen</u>" sehen mögen. A: Bei den "Rhabdoviren".
501
+ - Name three ways/targets how a virion may become inactivated, "by <u>damage to a particular component</u>". A: (1) surface protein (2) nucleic acid (3) internal protein
502
+ - Give a term for RNA viruses that explicitly exclude the "retroviruses". A: "Riboviruses".
503
+ - Name one "inhibitor of Neuraminidase". A: "Tamiflu".
504
+ - The Hong Kong outbreak of 1997, Influenza A, had which combination of H + N? "H5N1".
505
+ - The "SV40 large T antigen" codes for a "dominant-acting oncoprotein". In particular, it can "induce malignant transformation" of a variety of cell types. It will modify which two cellular proteins? (1) "retinoblastoma" (pRb) (2) "p53 tumor suppressor"
506
+ - Unterschied zwischen "HIV-1B" und "HIV-1A"? HIV-1B infiziert sehr spezifisch Zellen in der Darmschleimhaut.
507
+ - Durchmesser des Tabakmosaikvirus, in nm? Etwa "15-18 nm".
508
+ - Das "Hepatitis-Delta-Virus" Genom umfasst n Nucleotide? ~1700.
509
+ - Woher kommt der Name für die "Hantaviren"? Vom Fluss "Hantaan" in Südorea. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaan_River_virus
510
+ - Name three different enzymes that could be found in a "retroviral virion". A: (1) "reverse transcriptase" (2) "integrase" (3) "protease"
511
+ - What do we mean with an "<u>acute infection</u>"? This refers to a rapid production of infectious virions, followed by rapid elimination of the infection.
512
+ - Was demonstrierte "Andre Lwoff" in Paris? Die Existenz eines viralen Genoms in einem Prophagen.
513
+ - Nenne zwei endozytotische Mechanismen und je 1 Vertreter hierzu! A: (1) "Caveolin" mit "SV40" als Vertreter (2) "Clathrin" mit "Adenovirus" als Vertreter.
514
+ - HIV-2 ist womit verwandt? Mit dem "SIV" von Mangabey-Affen.
515
+ - Welcher Virus wurde 2012 in Deutschland bekannt da er über Lebensmittel übertragen wurde? Der "Norovirus". Man vermutet das Noroviren relativ hitzestabil sind.
516
+ - Name two different viruses that have the name "thread". A: (1) "Filovirus" (2) "Closterovirus"
517
+ - The "Sendai virus" uses which initiation codon? "ACG".
518
+ - Name one famous theory of "capsid design". A: The "Caspar-Klug theory". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Caspar
519
+ - Wann wurde das "Tabakmosakivirus" erstmals kristallisiert? Im Jahre "1935".
520
+ - Nenne zwei verschiedene Zelltypen die der "Herpes simplex virus 1" (HSV-1) infiziert. A: (1) "Epithelzellen" (2) "Neuronen"
521
+ - Wo repliziert ein <u>Viroid</u>? Im "Zellkern der Wirtszelle".
522
+ - Rotaviruses belong to which family? "Reoviridae".
523
+ - Does the "Herpes simplex virus type 1" have a "tegument"? Yes it does.
524
+ - "Skern": Name the four possible types of polymerases. A: (1) "RNA-dependent DNA polymerases" (2) "RNA-dependent RNA polymerases" (3) "DNA-dependent DNA polymerases" (4) "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases"
525
+ - In addition to a "<u>high mutation rate</u>", many viruses also have a high ... ? A: They may have a "high rate of replication".
526
+ - Ist der "Poliovirus" umhüllt? Nein.
527
+ - How many people die per year due to "influenza-related causes"? "36.000".
528
+ - The Rhinovirus belongs to which genus? It belongs to the genus "Enterovirus".
529
+ - Der "Pestivirus" gehört zu welcher Familie? "Flaviviridae".
530
+ - Name a virus that clusters in a rosette. A: "SSV" (Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus).
531
+ - Viren können über ein "Durchbrechen der Hautbarriere" in den Menschen gelangen. Nenne hierzu drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten. A: (1) "Arthropode" als Vektoren (zum Beispiel eine "Gelse") (2) "Injektion", zum Beispiel über eine Spritze (3) "Piercings"
532
+ - Name a drug that could be used against the influenza virus. A: "Tamiflu" (aka "seltamivir").
533
+ - Gibt es das "Quasispezies Konzept" auch bei DNA-Viren? Ja.
534
+ - The diameter of the "HPV capsid" is n nm? "55 nm".
535
+ - Bei Viren, was heisst "VPg"? "Viral priming protein" beziehungsweise "Virus Protein, genome linked".
536
+ - Das "HIV-Vakzin" aus dem Jahre 2005 basierte auf welchem Virus? "Adenovirus".
537
+ - The "human papillomaviruses" use how many genome strands for transcription? Only one.
538
+ - Influenza-C-Viren besitzen als rezeptorzerstörendes Enzym keine Neuraminidase sondern ... ? Eine "Esterase".
539
+ - The genome of the "Hepatitis C virus" is ... ? Positive ssRNA Genome ("+ssRNA Genome").
540
+ - The concept of "quasispecies" was established when? "1978".
541
+ - Name three diseases that are caused by "Adenoviruses". A: (1) conjunctivitis (2) respiratory diseases (3) infant diarrhea
542
+ - Benötigt das "SV40 large-T Antigen" ATP? Ja. Dieses Protein besitzt eine "ATP-abhängige Helicase"-Aktivität.
543
+ - What is the most commen vector of "plant viruses"? "Aphids".
544
+ - Das SV40 Genom kodiert für das "Large-T Antigen". Wie beeinflusst dieses Protein die Apoptose? Es "inhibiert die Apoptose".
545
+ - In the "SV40 genome", we can find a small-T and a large-T. The Large-T antigen - does it belong to the "early" or to the "late" transcription stage? It belongs to the early genes that are transcribed.
546
+ - Given the "SV40 genome": if we have to group this genome into two general areas, which ones could we use? The "early" part; and the "late" part of the genome.
547
+ - Does the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) particle contain histones? Yes.
548
+ - The French microbiologist "Charles Chamberland" invented the Chamberland filters, which had pore sizes smaller than bacteria, thus we could filter away bacteria. Since what year? Since the year "1884".
549
+ - Which two proteins determine the "antigenic properties of Influenza A"? A: (1) "Hemagglutinin" (2) "Neuraminidase"
550
+ - Does "poliovirus" require a nucleus? Not really - it "can replicate in enucleated cells".
551
+ - Which virus was the first human virus ever isolated, in "1902"? The "yellow fever virus".
552
+ - Die "<u>Schweinegrippe</u>" hat welchen Subtyp? H1N1.
553
+ - Nenne zwei verwandte Folgekrankheiten des "HBV". A: (1) "Leberkarzinom" (2) "Leberzirrhose"
554
+ - "Skern": A viral polymerase typically consists of how many subunits? Just one; viral polymerases tend to be active as a single protein.
555
+ - Name two viruses that are released from lesions. A: (1) herpes simplex virus (2) food and mouth disease virus
556
+ - Nenne drei Sekundärstrukturen viraler RNA! A: (1) "pseudokknot" (2) "bulge" (3) "loop"
557
+ - Für die Entstehung von Krebs bei HTLV-Infektionen ist welches HTLV Protein wichtig? Das HTLV-1 Protein "Tax".
558
+ - Who is the governing body für the Taxonomy of Viruses? The "ICTV", the "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses
559
+ - Vergleiche allgemein die Mutationsraten von "DNA Viren" mit "RNA Viren". A: DNA Viren haben allgemein eine niedrigere Mutationsrate als RNA Viren; dies erlaubt auch "grössere Genome".
560
+ - Name a plasmid with "dual personality". A: The "P1 plasmid". It can remain as a plasmid, or act as a lytic virus.
561
+ - Nenne eine Virusgruppe, die den Menschen infizieren kann und das Phänomen der "Latenz" zeigen kann. A: Die "Herpesviren".
562
+ - Nenne den bekanntesten Virus der ein "Flavivirus" ist, und dessen Name auch mit dem Buchstaben "F" beginnt. A: Der "FSME-Virus" (im englischen "TBEV - tick-borne encephalitis virus" genannt).
563
+ - In "HIV" we can see a phase where there are, at best, only "minor symptoms". How do we call this phase? This is the "asymptomatic phase".
564
+ - It was quite simple to understand the gene expression patterns of the polyomaviruses. Why was it much harder to study papillomaviruses? It was very difficult to grow these viruses in cell culture systems.
565
+ - "HIV" contains the "Vpr" gene/gene product. What does Vpr stand for? Vpr stands for "Viral Protein R".
566
+ - Name one cellular molecule used by the "rabies virus" for attachment. A: "Acetyl-choline receptor".
567
+ - Die Retrovirus gag-proteins inkludieren "PR". Was ist damit gemeint? Dies ist eine "Protease".
568
+ - Angenommen wir haben ein "Larynxpapillom". Wir möchten dieses entfernen. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten "IFN-Alpha" und "IFN-Beta" injizieren.
569
+ - Viruses could be used to "act as a pesticide", e. g. to "control a rabbit population". Name one such virus group that could be used for this. A: "Myxoma virus". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma_virus
570
+ - The "Bluetongue virus" tends to infect which animal? "Sheep".
571
+ - Leatherjackets (invertebrates) may be infected with "invertebrata ... virus"? "Iridescent virus". URL: http://www.trevorwilliams.info/Iridovirus.htm
572
+ - What is the average diameter of parvovirus (give only one value)? "20nm".
573
+ - In general, what is meant with the term "satellite virus"? These are viruses that are unable to replicate, unless the host cell is also infected with a so-called "helper virus".
574
+ - HIV hat eine Strukturelement im Genom, genannt "TAR". Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Diese Abkürzung steht für "tat responsive element".
575
+ - In general - a virus modifies the intracellular environment of its host ... why? So as to "enhane the efficiency of its replication process".
576
+ - Finden wir in jedem "Cervixkarzinom" ein Papillomavirusgenom in integrierter Form? Nein; zumindest nicht in einer nachweisbaren Form.
577
+ - "<u>HPV5</u>" (ein Papillomavirus) ist assoziiert mit welcher interessanten Erkrankung? "Epidermodysplasia verruciformis".
578
+ - Papillomaviren wie HPV binden an "Heparansulfate". Welches virale Protein ist hier für diese Viren wichtig? Das "L1-Protein".
579
+ - Für Viren, was sind oft "late transcripts"? Dies sind häufig "Capsid-Proteine".
580
+ - Warum der Name "L-Protein" bei Papillomaviren, zum Beispiel bei den Proteinen L1 und L2? L steht hier für "Late".
581
+ - How is the poliovirus VPg modified? It is "uridylated".
582
+ - Name four "side-effects of interferon treatment" against viral infections? (1) fever (2) tiredness (3) muscle pains (4) sickness
583
+ - A "viral genome" can be in which of 3 (physical) forms? Give an example for each. A: (1) "circular": Polyoma (2) "linear": Adeno (3) "segmented": Influenza
584
+ - Nenne ein zelluläres Protein das von Papillomaviren im Capsid mitverpackt werden kann. A: "Zelluläre Histonproteine".
585
+ - Wieviele verschiedene "humane Papillomavirustypen" (HPV) sind heute in etwa bekannt? Weit "über 100".
586
+ - Name a plant virus that has a DNA genome. A: "Cauliflower mosaic virus".
587
+ - Das HPV L1-Protein besteht aus wievielen Untereinheiten? 5 - es ist ein "Pentamer".
588
+ - What does "<u>virus interference</u>" mean? This is a phenomenon in which infection with one virus interferes with subsequent infection by another virus.
589
+ - Does "HIV" insert its genome into DNA? Yes.
590
+ - Name the prototype representative of the "<u>human parvovirus</u>". A: The "AAV" ("Adeno-associated virus"), a "dependoparvovirus". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus
591
+ - Der "Measel Virus" verwenden welchen Zellrezeptor? A: "CD150".
592
+ - Orthomyxoviren, wie "Influenzaviren", haben was für eine Orientierung ihres Genoms? Deren Genom ist in "Negativstrangorientierung" vorliegend.
593
+ - Family of the "Human papillomaviruses" ("HPVs")? The "Papovaviridae family".
594
+ - Ein "virales Vakzin" muss was bewirken können? Es muss Schutz vor einem pathogenen Virus induzieren können ohne selbst die Krankheit auszulösen.
595
+ - Most HPV virions appear to enter the cell via a ... endocytic mechanism. A: "clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanism".
596
+ - The HPV particle interacts with the cell surface via interaction of its major capsid protein (L1) with ... which target? It interacts with "heparan sulfate proteoglycans".
597
+ - Warum war es mitunter tragisch das die PCR-Methode zu empfindlich war, im Zuge der "SARS-Epidemie" in Hong Kong? Da einige Personen gesund waren - sich im Krankenhaus jedoch mit dem SARS Virus infizierten.
598
+ - A "<u>pseudoknot</u>" usually occurs in ...? ssRNA.
599
+ - Welchen Typ von Genom haben "Potyviren"? Potyviren sind "Pflanzenviren" mit einem ss(+)-RNA Genom.
600
+ - Das "Influenza-Genom" hat am 3-prime Ende welche 3 Proteine komplexiert? (1) "PB1-Protein" (2) "PB2-Protein" (3) "PA-Protein"
601
+ - Nenne einen Virus der die Blutgefäße zerstören kann. A: Das "Ebola-Virus".
602
+ - Was meinen wir mit "Patient-0"? Dies ist der erste Mensch der bei einer Epidemie ein Virus in sich trägt und auch sein direktes Umfeld ansteckt.
603
+ - Wer oder was überträgt am häufigsten "Gelbfieber" - also das Gelbfiebervirus? Mosquitos.
604
+ - The "HIV-1 pol gene" encodes ... ? A "reverse transcriptase".
605
+ - The SV40 large T antigen binds how many p53 molecules? 6, as it is a "homohexamer".
606
+ - The "SV40 large T antigen" consists of how many subunits? 6; it is a "hexamer protein" ("hexamer").
607
+ - "Skern": Welche Viren haben eine Polymerase im Partikel? (1) Poxvirus: repliziert im Cytoplasma und hat eine eigene Polymerase (2) Hepatitis B virus: kodiert für eine DNA polymerase
608
+ - "Skern": Name a dsDNA virus that replicates through an RNA intermediate. A: The "Hepatitis B virus". It carries a "virally encoded reverse transcriptase".
609
+ - Wie lässt sich eine Rhinovirusinfektion verhindern? Durch "Gabe von Interferon".
610
+ - Viruses can change their host-range, in order to enter a different species. Give an example for this. A: SIV virus moving into the human species, aka HIV-1.
611
+ - TMV hat n identische UE? "2130".
612
+ - Give two examples for which viral nucleic acid does not code for. A: (1) "ribosomes" (2) "mitochondria"
613
+ - Genes shared among the herpesviruses are important how, usually? They are important in "viral reproduction".
614
+ - The B genes of the HSV1 genome are important for ... ? DNA replication of this virus. URL: https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/11/6371
615
+ - The "HSV1 genome" has n genes? It has "70 genes".
616
+ - The "rubella virus" belongs to which family? Rubellavirus belongs to the "Togaviridae".
617
+ - Vergleiche wieviel Energie von einer Zelle ein Phage, und ein Tiervirus wie Influenza, von dieser Zelle abzieht, in Prozent. Erkläre den Unterschiede hierbei. A: Tierische Zellen produzieren mehr Energie, und sind auch grösser, somit ziehen die Viren nicht so viel Energie ab, in %, verglichen zu einer bakteriellen Zelle. (1) "Bakteriophagen": 40-50% der Energie der Zelle. (2) "Influenza": 1% der Energie der Zelle.
618
+ - Nenne ein Medikament das gegen den "Herpes simplex virus" eingesetzt werden kann. A: "Acyclovir".
619
+ - Nenne ein "viruscodiertes Enzym" beginnend mit dem Buchstaben T ...? Die "Thymidinkinase".
620
+ - Given HSV-1 and HSV-2, who of these two familie sproduce most of the "genital herpes"? "HSV-2".
621
+ - Können Influenzaviren "Myokarditis", also eine Herzmuskelentzündung, verursachen? Ja.
622
+ - In Virology, what do we mean with "binal symmetry"? This is a phage with a head that resembles an icosahedron, and additionally a tail that is helical.
623
+ - Nenne eine "M13 Technik"? Phage Display.
624
+ - Which viruses, in general, employ "extrusion through the cell surface"? "Filamentous phages".
625
+ - How many people worldwide are infected with "Hepatitis B"? About two billion people.
626
+ - Welche 3 mögliche Orientierungen kann ein virales Genom haben? (1) "positiv" (2) "negativ" (3) "ambisense"
627
+ - In general, for humans, do RNA viruses or DNA viruses present a greater "disease burden"? "RNA viruses".
628
+ - Viruses that belong to Baltimore class I have what kind of genome? They have a "dsDNA genome".
629
+ - Dauer des Vermehrungszyklus des "Poliovirus" (von-bis)? "5-10 Stunden".
630
+ - "HIV" can bind to CD4 because of ... ? "gp120".
631
+ - Wo (in seinem Genom) beginnt die Replikation des Retrovirus? Im 5 Strich LTR Abschnitt.
632
+ - What may be the relevance of "pseudoknots"? (1) "enzyme activity" (2) "ribosomal frameshifting"
633
+ - Minimaler Durchmesser der Circoviren? "16 nm".
634
+ - Which protein of the Sendai Virus is responsible for the fusion process? The "F protein".
635
+ - What is the causative agent of "poliomyelitis"? The "Poliovirus". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus
636
+ - Nenne einen Virus, der ein "S-förmiges Capsid" besitzt. A: Der "Pockenvirus".
637
+ - Nenne einen Virus, der ACG als Initiationscodon verwendet! A: Der "Sendai-Virus".
638
+ - Gib zwei konkrete Beispiele, wo wir das "hammerhead ribozyme" finden können? (1) In "plant viroids" (2) In satellite RNAs of plant RNA viruses
639
+ - Ab wann sprechen wir, klinisch betrachtet, von AIDS? Ab einer Konzentration von "weniger als 400 Helferzellen pro ml Blut" (400 / ml).
640
+ - Durchmesser der "Rotaviren" (von-bis)? "70nm-80nm".
641
+ - Vitravene is an antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of which "viral infection"? "Cytomegalovirus infection".
642
+ - Where in/on a picornavirus can we find VP4? VP4 lies on the inside of the virus particle.
643
+ - Name a "DNA-virus with a circular genome". The "DNA hepatitis B virus".
644
+ - Why is the 3'-ntr required in the Poliovirus genome? It is necessary for the "synthesis of negative-strand RNA".
645
+ - Picornaviruses contain "n protomers" and "n structural proteins"? 60 Protomers and 4 structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4).
646
+ - Parechovirus can cause which disease? "Diarrhoea". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea
647
+ - What is a "viremia"? These are viruses in the blood. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viremia
648
+ - Adults infected with "Hepatitis A" usually develop ... ? Jaundice. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice
649
+ - Picornavirus belong to what Baltimore class? IV.
650
+ - Was genau finden wir in Picornavirus innen? (1) "VPg" (2) "ssRNA"
651
+ - Name a virus that is a "cap snatcher"?. A: "Influenza".
652
+ - Die Influenza-"Schweinegrippe" von 2009 hatte welche Konstitution? "H1N1".
653
+ - The foot-and-mouth disease virus has "Lpro". What is meant with that? This is the leader proteinase".
654
+ - If there is a "species barrier" for viruses, can we conclude something from this? That a human viral disease will rarely "originate from a zoonotic origin".
655
+ - 1846 brach auf den Faroe Islands was aus? Measles, mittels des "Measles virus".
656
+ - Main host cells for the Epstein-Barr-virus (in Humans)? "B-cells".
657
+ - Name a virus that has, at the least, two distinct (and different) life cycles. A: "Arboviruses" - they have both insects and vertebrates as hosts.
658
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für einen nicht-umhüllten RNA Virus. A: Der "Poliovirus".
659
+ - A. W. für "viral penetration"? "Viral entry".
660
+ - Is the "adeno-associated virus" an Adenovirus? No- it is a "parvovirus".
661
+ - Salk und Sabin-Impfstoff. Einer ist ein Totimpfstoff, der andere ein Lebendimpfstoff. Wie kann man sich das merken? "Happy Saby"! (1) "Sabin" ist der "Lebendimpfstoff". (2) "Salk" ist der "Totimpfstoff".
662
+ - Which virus causes "smallpox"? "Variola major".
663
+ - Nenne einen viral kodierten Transkriptionsfaktor! A: "HSV VP16".
664
+ - An eukaryotic virus must attach to a cell surface molecular. How do we usually call this molecule? The "cellular receptor".
665
+ - Who defines the "nomenclature for viruses"? The "International Committee Taxonomy of Viruses", the "ICTV". URL: https://talk.ictvonline.org/
666
+ - INRS stehen für 4 Drogen die gegen AIDS eingesetzt werden. Welche sind dies? A: (1) "Indinavir" (2) "Nelfinavir" (3) "Ritonavir" (4) "Saquinavir"
667
+ - Bekanntester Vertreter der "Flaviviren"? Das "Gelbfiebervirus".
668
+ - In Virology - what does HERV stand vor? Human endogenous retroviruses.
669
+ - The genome of Rubella-virus is? A "ssRNA of positive polarity" (enclosed by an "icosahedral capsid").
670
+ - Poliovirus belongs to which family? Picornavirus.
671
+ - When was AIDS first revealed? In 1981. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
672
+ - Das "Baltimore Scheme" beginnt mit ...? dsDNA Viren.
673
+ - Name one advantage for a virus to make use of a vector? They can "cross a strong membrane", such as a plant cell.
674
+ - Wohin wandern "Herpesviren" intrazellulär? Intraaxonal zu "sensorischen Ganglien".
675
+ - Is the Poliovirus enveloped? No, it is a "non-enveloped RNA virus".
676
+ - Die "klassische Virusdiagnostik" beruht auf ... ? Dem "Nachweis von Antikörpern", die der Patient infolge der Infektion gegen das Virus bildet.
677
+ - Minimale und maximale Virion-Grösse (Angabe in nm)? (1) Min: "Parvovirus" 18 nm. (2) Max: "Mimivirus" 400 nm.
678
+ - Nenne einen Virus, den wir nur beim Menschen finden können. A: Das "Masernvirus".
679
+ - Die rII Region von T4 umfasst wieviele bp? 4000 bp.
680
+ - Trivialname für "Norwalk virus", auf englisch? "Winter vomiting virus".
681
+ - Viruses, in general, can exist in which phases? (1) extracellular (2) intracellular
682
+ - Die bei Rindern tödlich verlaufende Krankheit "mucosal disease" wird von welchem Virus hervorgerufen? Von einem "Flavivirus".
683
+ - Nenne eine Möglichkeit, wie "Herpesviren", die bereits eine Zelle infiziert haben, wieder aktiv werden können. A: Zum Beispiel durch einen "Sonnenbrand".
684
+ - Welcher Bereich im "Adenovirus-Genom" ist für die Virusreplikation verantwortlich? Die "E1 Region".
685
+ - Name an "antiviral mechanism" that can be found in both animals and plants. A: RNA interference (RNAi). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference
686
+ - Wo innerhalb der Zelle replizieren die Rhabdoviren? Sie replizieren innerhalb des Cytoplasmas einer Zelle.
687
+ - Gibt es Viren die kleiner sind als ein Ribosom? Ja.
688
+ - Das E1A-Protein der Adenoviren bindet an welches Wirtsprotein? An das "Rb-Protein".
689
+ - Woher kommt der Name "Norovirus"? Vom "Norwalk Virus", der auch zugleich der einzige Vertreter in diesem Genus ist.
690
+ - Allgemein, wie können wir Viren aufbrechen? Mit Hilfe von "chaotropen Agenzien".
691
+ - Give an example for a virus that has a colour as part of its name. A: Bluetongue virus-infected sheep.
692
+ - What is a "tegument"? This is a cluster of proteins that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid, of all herpesvirus. URL: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg
693
+ - "Dendritic cells" can process protein antigens by which two pathways? (1) exogeneous (2) endogeneous
694
+ - Gib 1 spezifisches Beispiel für eine "virale, vertikale Übertragung" beim Menschen. A: Das Rötelnvirus -> schwangere Frau -> Übertragung auf das Baby.
695
+ - The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) capsid is constructed using a single type of protomer. How many amino acids does this protomer have? 159 amino acids. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_597750.1
696
+ - Nenne 3 Mechanismen wie Viren evolvieren können. Gib jeweils ein Beispiel an. A: (1) Mutation: HIV-1 (2) Recombination: Poliovirus (3) Reassortment: Influenza
697
+ - How can we define "giant viruses"? These viruses are "visible by light microscopy".
698
+ - Nenne eine virale Krankheit, die über einen "Arthropoden-Vektor" übertragen wird. A: Gelbfieber.
699
+ - Where may we find HIV-2? In "western Africa".
700
+ - Welche Krankheit wird durch das "Epstein-Barr-Virus" verursacht? Das "Pfeiffersche Drüsenfieber".
701
+ - What is "viral uncoating"? The complete or partial removal of the capsid in order to release the viral genome.
702
+ - How abundant are "marine viruses" in the seawater, per mL? 10 ** 7 virions / mL
703
+ - What is the "human virome"? The human virome is the collection of "all the viruses in the human body".
704
+ - The "tobacco rattle virus", what is its genome type? It is a +ssRNA virus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus
705
+ - Beim AIDS-Test, was wird hier getan? Zuerst erfolgt ein ELISA, dann ein Western-Blot. Beide weisen Antikörper gegen HIV-Proteine nach.
706
+ - The eclipse phase of a virus has two important periods. Name them. A: (1) the "adsorption period" (2) the "maturation period"
707
+ - Welcher Vorteil hat das CRISPR-System gegenüber RNAi in der "natürlichen Umgebung"? RNAi funktioniert nur gegen RNA-Viren, CRISPR hingegen funktioniert sowohl gegen RNA- als auch DNA-Viren.
708
+ - Gib 1 Beispiel für ein "re-emerging virus". A: Das "Hantavirus".
709
+ - In Virology, what do we mean with a "dead-end host"? This is a host where the virus can not continue its life-cycle. When this term is applied to humans, this means that in this case there will be no human-to-human transmission of said virus. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394705/
710
+ - Name the most famous virus that can be used to "fuse eukaryotic cells". A: Sendai Virus.
711
+ - Wieviele Pflanzenviren wurden beschrieben? Etwa 1000.
712
+ - Die meisten Pflanzenviren haben was für ein Genom? ssRNA.
713
+ - Welche Genom-Klasse der Viren kann direkt als mRNA fungieren? Klasse IV Genome.
714
+ - Woraus besteht das "Nucleocapsid"? Capsid + virales Genom (== "viral head").
715
+ - Was ist ein "kryptisches Virus"? Dies ist ein Virus welcher die Fähigkeit verloren hat, seine Wirtszelle zu verlassen.
716
+ - In welcher Phase liegen extrazellulär keine infektiösen Viren vor? In der "Latenzperiode".
717
+ - Retroviruses can be divided into "simple" and "complex". This distinction is based on what? It is based on the "organization of their genomes".
718
+ - Nenne 2 "PicoRNA Viren"! A: (1) Poliovirus (2) Foot and mouth disease virus des Aphthovirus-Genus (URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease)
719
+ - Nenne einen Vorteil eines "Peptidimpfstoffes". A: Er ist frei von Nucleinsäuren.
720
+ - Do we have "antiviral therapies" against "human rhinoviruses"? No.
721
+ - Was ist "HTLV I"? Ein menschliches Retrovirus.
722
+ - Why does the Influenza genome require a cell nucleus? Because their genomes require the "cell splicing marchinery".
723
+ - Give 2 examples for a "satellite virus" in small viruses. A: (1) hepatitits delta virus (2) adeno-associated virus
724
+ - Nenne 6 Übertragungsmechanismen der Viren (primär zwischen Menschen)! A: (1) oral-fäkal (2) Mutter-Kind (3) respiratorisch (4) Hautbarriere durchbrechen (5) Kontakt mit Urin (6) allgemein Körperkontakt zu anderen Menschen
725
+ - Nenne eine Virus der tRNAs besitzt! A: Die Virionen von Retroviren.
726
+ - Leatherjackets können durch welche Viren besonders infiziert werden? Durch "Tipula-Viren". URL: http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/10490
727
+ - Nepovirus wird wodurch übertragen? A: Durch Nematoden. (Mnemonic: Ne... Nematoden)
728
+ - Introns were discovered where? In Adenoviruses.
729
+ - Wieviel Fremd-DNA kann man in einen Retrovirus reinpacken? 8kb an DNA.
730
+ - How many receptors does a virion require? At least the "main receptor", often also a "co-receptor". Binding to the main receptor often causes a conformational change in the virion that enables it to bind to the co-receptor.
731
+ - In der klinischen Virologie, wie mögen wir eine Reinfektion mit Poliovirus bemerken? Durch einen "Wiederanstieg der Antikörperkonzentration".
732
+ - What form does the Reoviruses capsid have? They have an icosahedral capsid.
733
+ - Sind Viren haploid? Ja, bis auf die "diploiden Retroviren", die 2 fast idente Kopien des viralen Genoms besitzen.
734
+ - What are "metastabile particles"? These are Particles which have not yet reached their "lowest energy level".
735
+ - Iridoviruses can cause which disease? "African swine fever".
736
+ - Norovirus-Virionen sind wie gross (von, bis)? ca. 25nm-35nm
737
+ - What happens to the herpesvirus when it infects a cell? The linear herpesvirus genome becomes circularized.
738
+ - MS2 hat wie viele Nukleotide? 3569 bp.
739
+ - Kann man das Pocken-Virus mit dem Lichtmikroskop sehen? Ja.
740
+ - Was war das erste "Onkogen"? src, aus dem "Rous Sarkomvirus".
741
+ - Which "novel virus" caused severe respiratory disease in Saudi-Arabia in 2012/2013? The Mers-Virus.
742
+ - Ribavirin is used against which virus? Ribavirin is used against "hepatitis C virus".
743
+ - Beschreibe ganz kurz die Aufgabe von Hämagglutinin und Neuraminidase bei Influenza. A: (1) Hämagglutinin heftet das Virus an den zellulären Rezeptor (2) Neuraminidase hilft bei der Freisetzung des Virus aus der Zelle
744
+ - Wann wurde Poliovirus zuerst isoliert? A: 1908, von Landsteiner.
745
+ - How many different classes of viral fusion proteins have been identified to date (2015)? 3 different classes.
746
+ - Wieviele Aminosäuren hat Vpg? A: 22
747
+ - Who is the "winter virus"? Influenza virus.
748
+ - The receptor for the Ebola Virus is ...? TIM-1.
749
+ - Name a viral protein that can inhibit p53. A: HPV E6.
750
+ - Nenne einen recht alten und einfachen Test zum Virusnachweis. A: Den Hämagglutinationstest.
751
+ - Nenne 3 subviral agents? (1) Prions (2) Viroids (3) Satellites
752
+ - In Virology, we know the M protein. What does M stand for in this context? M for "matrix protein".
753
+ - Name the most characteristic feature of a virion. A: It is "metabolically inert".
754
+ - Der Wirkstoff "Zanamivir" wirkt gegen welchen Virus? Gegen das "Influenza" Virus.
755
+ - Give 1 example for a viral gene with lots of introns. A: Gene K15 of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesivurs has 7 introns.
756
+ - Compare the size of polyoma and papillomavirus virions (their diameter). A: Papillomavirus: 50-55 nm / Polyomavirus: 40-45 nm
757
+ - The HPV E7 protein can interact with which cellular protein? pRB.
758
+ - In order to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, we use "sorafenib". What type of drug is it? It is a "multi-kinase inhibitor".
759
+ - Andere (systematische) Bezeichnung für das "Epstein-Barr Virus"? Human Herpesvirus 4 (HHV4)
760
+ - Delavirdin wirkt gegen HIV. Wie schafft es dies? Es bindet an die große Untereinheit der reversen Transkriptase, und hemmt dadurch deren Aktivität.
761
+ - Bei der HIV-Kombinationstherapie verwenden wir welche 2 Wirkstoffe? (1) Protease-Inhibitor (2) Reverse Transkriptase-Hemmer
762
+ - Erster Wirkstoff gegen "Herpes"? Aciclovir. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir
763
+ - In Virology, define "multipartite virus". A: A multipartite viruses has its genomes fragmented into two or more segments, each packed into a separate capsid. Such viruses require complementation, because each genomic segment must be complemented with the rest of segments in order to produce viable viral offspring.
764
+ - Wieviele Pflanzenviren sind bekannt? Etwa 600 Arten.
765
+ - Knockout Mouse. Es gibt 3 verschiedene Resultate nach Aufnahme des Plasmids. Welche? A: (1) nonrecombination (2) homologous recombination (3) nonspecific-recombination
766
+ - Give two examples for "membrane fusion" used by viruses. A: (1) pH-independent fusion (2) acid triggered fusion
767
+ - Is successful entry of a virion the most important step? No, the virus could be inactivated still, before replication, through "lysosomal enzymes" for instance.
768
+ - Durchmesser der Rhinoviren (von-bis)? 25-30nm.
769
+ - An welchem Virus wurde das Phänomen der Interferenz entdeckt? Gelbfiebervirus.
770
+ - Wie nennen wir den "Impfvirus" und den "Wildtypvirus" lateinisch? (a) Impfvirus: virus fixe (b) Wildtypvirus: virus de rue
771
+ - In der Virologie verwenden wir Zellkulturen. Welche 2 Typen können wir hier unterscheiden? (1) primäre Zellen (2) kontinuerliche Zellinien
772
+ - What do Viroids lack? They lack a "protein coat".
773
+ - Wann wurde das Poliovirus erstmals (künstlich) synthetisiert? 2002.
774
+ - Wann wurde das Maul und Klauenseuche Virus entdeckt? 1896.
775
+ - Welches adenovirale Protein dient während des Zusammenbaus der Hexon-Capsomere als Scaffold-Protein? Das adenovirale Protein L4-100KD.
776
+ - Nenne einen Virus bei dem eine geringe infektiöse Dosis ausreicht damit eine Krankheit manifest wird. A: Das "Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus".
777
+ - In which organism can we find the "large T antigen"? In the Simian virus 40, SV40.
778
+ - Nenne 1 zelluläres Enzym, welches durch "Ribavirin" gehemmt wird. A: Die zelluläre "Guanylyltransferase".
779
+ - Nenne 1 Nachteil der HIV-Detektionssysteme. A: Das "diagnostische Fenster". Patienten in einem sehr frühen Infektionsstadium werden nicht erkannt.
780
+ - Which virus causes the "Kaposi sarcome"? A herpesvirus.
781
+ - We may encounter "hydrophobic sequences" in a virus. This may indicate? Membrane association.
782
+ - An Icosahedron has n axis of rotational symmetry? (1) 5-fold (2) 3-fold (3) 2-fold
783
+ - Pandoravirus holds what record? It has the largest genome of any viral genus.
784
+ - Length of Pithovirus? 1.5 µm.
785
+ - Was ist Influenza-C "HEF"? Das ist ein Hämagglutinin-Esterase Fusionsprotein.
786
+ - Ein Picornavirus kodiert normalerweise für wieviele Proteine? Zwischen 11 und 14.
787
+ - Können Retroviren in das Virusgenom ihrer Wirtszelle integrieren? Ja.
788
+ - Rhinoviren binden an welchen zellulären Rezeptor? An ICAM-1.
789
+ - In einem Milliliter Meerwassen finden wir wieviele Viruspartikel? Etwa 10 Millionen (10 ** 10).
790
+ - Name 2 representatives (genus) of the Sendai virus. A: (1) Morbillivirus (2) Rubulavirus
791
+ - How many major types of CRISPR systems exist? 3.
792
+ - What is the "virosphere"? The virosphere is all those places where viruses are found or in which they interact with their hosts.
793
+ - In sea water, how many virions may we find per millileter? About 9x 10 ** 8 virions per milliliter.
794
+ - In the Baltimore scheme, which virus classes use DNA? Class I, II and VII.
795
+ - How many orders exist for the Viruses? 5.
796
+ - "Rimantadine" wirkt gegen Influenza Virus. Wie? Es verhindert wahrscheinlich das Uncoating der Virus-Hülle und des Capsids. Das virale "M2 protein", ein Ionenkanal-Protein, wird wahrscheinlich von Rimantadine inhibiert.
797
+ - Why does Hepatitis C virus have a lipoprotein coat? It helps it enter hepatocytes.
798
+ - Why do RNA viruses oftenly employ segmented genomes? Because this works to compensate for high error-rates. An error in a single-component genome would incapacitate the entire genome.
799
+ - The ssDNA circoviruses code for how many proteins? For two.
800
+ - Chamberland filter diameter (von, bis)? 100-500 nm.
801
+ - Adenovirus has how many capsomeres? 252.
802
+ - Name 4 diseases caused by Picornaviruses. A: (1) common cold (2) polio (3) hepatitis A (4) foot and mouth disease
803
+ - Why may it be harder to work with plant viruses than with animal viruses? Their study sometimes requires the whole plant.
804
+ - The human rhinovirus genome has how many basepairs? This ssRNA virus has approximately 7.200 bp.
805
+ - What disease is caused by a rhinovirus? The "common cold".
806
+ - SV40 hat wieviele Gene? 6.
807
+ - Wann wurde die Struktur des Influenza HA-Komplexes durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt? 1981.
808
+ - The "abortive infection systems" in bacteria do what? They can cause premature bacterial cell death upon phage infection. This decreases the number of progeny particles and thus limits spread of viruses to other cells. The bacterial population is hence more likely to survive.
809
+ - What does "viral recombination" allow the virus? It allows viable virus to be generated from two defective genomes.
810
+ - Which disease can the "feline parvovirus" cause in cats? Panleukopenia.
811
+ - What are "simple retroviruses"? These are retroviruses that have a fairly simple lifestyle, characterized by the presence of at most one coding region in addition to those encoding the common virion proteins encoded by gag, pro, pol, and env.
812
+ - Give two examples for "complex retroviruses". A: (1) lentiviruses (2) spumaviruses
813
+ - Why does Influenza require a low pH? Because a low pH causes a conformational change in HA.
814
+ - What is "viraemia"? This is the presence of viruses in the blood.
815
+ - Give 1 example for a chemical "RNA mutagen". A: Ribavirin.
816
+ - A. W. für "live" und "killed" virus particles? live = infectious, killed = non-infectious.
817
+ - Wer sollte allgemein immer zuerst geimpft werden? Risikogruppen.
818
+ - Auf welche Art kann eine "aktive Immunisierung" durchgeführt werden? (1) Lebendimpfstoff (2) Totimpfstoff
819
+ - Which virus can provoke a "Burkitts lymphoma"? The Epstein-Barr virus.
820
+ - Ausser möglicher Krankheitssymptome bei der aktiven Immunisierung, nenne einen weiteren möglichen Nachteil. A: Sie dauert einige Zeit, und muss daher "zeitkonform" durchgeführt werden.
821
+ - A. W. für FSME-Impfung? "Zeckenimpfung".
822
+ - Nenne 3 Gründe wieso sich Viren eignen Evolutionsprozesse zu untersuchen. A: (1) kurze Generationszeit (2) grosse Zahl an Nachkommen (3) einfache Struktur
823
+ - How many people die per year in the USA because of Influenza? 36.000
824
+ - Welches zelluläre Gen trägt ein Flavivirus? Das Gen für die Synthese von Ubiquitin.
825
+ - HIV-2 entwickelt sich aus ..? Dem "Simian Immunodeficiency Virus" (sooty mangabey).
826
+ - Influenza makes use of "cap snatching". Where inside of the cell does this happen for Influenza? Inside the nucleus.
827
+ - During which season does Influenza-A + Influenza-B cause disease? During winter season only.
828
+ - Gib ein Beispiel für einen Virus der überlappende Leserahmen verwendet. A: Hepatitis-B-Virus.
829
+ - Name 3 viruses which can cause long-term infections, aside from the HI-Virus. A: (1) Hepatitis B virus (2) Hepatitis C virus (3) Herpes simplex virus type I
830
+ - A. W. für "Dengue fever"? "breakbone fever". This name came from the associated muscle and joint pains.
831
+ - Zu welcher Baltimore-Gruppe gehören die "Flaviviridae"? Zur Baltimore Gruppe 4.
832
+ - Give 5 examples for body fluids where we can find viruses and give one example each. A: (1) blood: hepatitis B virus (2) faeces: poliovirus (3) semen: HIV-1 (4) respiratory droplets: Influenza A (5) saliva: Eppstein-Barr virus
833
+ - Nenne 1 Nachteil des ELISA-Tests für den Virennachweis. A: Anti-Virus Antikörper lassen sich erst nach Wochen in nachweisbaren Mengen nachweisen.
834
+ - What does a virus lose when it is effectively neutralized by an antibody? Its "infectivity".
835
+ - HIV-1 tat ("transactivator of transcription") bindet woran? An stem-loop structure at 5-prime end of HIV-1 mRNA.
836
+ - What is "transovarial transmission"? Transmission into the next generation through an egg.
837
+ - Wieviele Menschen sind weltweit mit dem Hepatitis-B-virus infiziert? 350 Millionen.
838
+ - What are "fusion proteins"? These are "envelope glycoproteins" that have an external hydrophobic sequence that can be inserted into the target membrane.
839
+ - What exactly are "arboviruses"? These are viruses that have a life cycle alternating between an insect vector and a vertebrate host.
840
+ - Was ist das "Post-Polio Syndrom"? Symptome die erst 15-40 Jahre nach der ursprünglichen Polioerkrankung auftreten.
841
+ - Gibt es einen Impfstoff gegen das Epstein-Barr Virus? Nein.
842
+ - In Virology, what means the term "tropism"? The restriction of replication of specific viruses to certain tissues and cells.
843
+ - SSPE ("Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis") is caused by which virus? Measles virus.
844
+ - Welche Funktion haben die "inclusion bodies" der Poxviruses? Die Virionen werden hier assembliert.
845
+ - Was bedeutet der Begriff "Quasispecies" in der Virologie? Die Nachkommen eines RNA-Virus sind eine Population aus sehr nahe verwandten Sequenzen, aufgrund mangelnder Proofreading-Aktivität.
846
+ - Bezogen auf das HI-Virus, was heisst "CFRs"? Circulating recombinant forms.
847
+ - Was sehen wir oft wenn ein Virus einen neuen Wirten befällt? Der Virus ist oft viel virulenter im neuen Wirt, verglichen mit dem alten Wirt.
848
+ - What means "species specificity" in Virology? Different species of animals show different susceptibility to various viral infections.
849
+ - What is the job of the HIV protease? It cleaves an HIV precursor protein, necessary in "virus maturation".
850
+ - Lebenszyklus eines Retrovirus beschreiben. A: Infektion der Wirtszelle, Produktion einer DNA Kopie des RNA Genoms mit Hilfe der RevTranskriptase, Transport viraler DNA in den Zellkern, Integration der viralen DNA in das Wirtsgenom (ziemlich random), Transkription der viralen DNA in mRNA, gesteuert von einem starken Promoter in der 5 Strich LTR Sequenz, Translation von gag,pol env im Ctyoplasma, Produktion des Capsids das mit 2 RNA Strängen und einigen Molekülen RevTranskriptase, beladen wird, Freisetzung der Virionen durch "budding".
851
+ - Welche 2 Gruppen an Substanzen können wir unterscheiden, die die Genomvermehrung der Viren hemmen? (1) Nucleosidanaloga (2) nicht nucleosidische Hemmstoffe
852
+ - Nenne einen konkreten Virus der einen "Decoy-Mechanismus" verwendet. A: Der Hepatitis B virus.
853
+ - What was the fatality rate of Variolation? 1-2%.
854
+ - Was fehlt den LTR-Retrotransposons? Die env-Region.
855
+ - The drug "Ribavirin" is used to treat what? Hepatitis C virus, a ssRNA virus, in combination with Interferon Alpha.
856
+ - Nenne eine Virusgruppe die mindestens 2 ORFs verwenden. A: Togaviren.
857
+ - What does an "orphaned virus" mean? When a virus can no longer find susceptible host cells, usually because these host cells are no longer existing, perhaps even extinct.
858
+ - Is SV40 a dangerous virus? Yes, for monkeys, as it can cause cancer.
859
+ - Are "positive strand" or "negative strand RNA viruses" more widespread? Negative stranded RNA-Viruses are more widespread.
860
+ - Das Medikament "Zovirax" wirkt gegen welchen Virus? Gegen den "Herpes-simplex virus".
861
+ - Was ist das "Virioplankton"? Alle im Wasser schwebenden Viren. In der Ökologie spricht man von allen Viren in aquatischen Ökosystemen. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98987/
862
+ - Nenne 2 kleine DNA-Viren. A: (1) Polyomaviren (2) Papillomaviren
863
+ - Nenne die 3 bösartigen HPV-Viren. A: 16,18,32.
864
+ - A. W. für "reverse Transkriptase"? Revertase.
865
+ - HIV Tat stands for? "Trans-Activator of Transcription".
866
+ - Zu welcher Familie gehört Hepatitis B virus? Zur Hepadnavirus familie.
867
+ - A. W. für "virales Genom"? Viral recipes.
868
+ - Name a virus, other than Adenovirus, that is able to cause diarrhea. A: Rotavirus.
869
+ - Das VPg bei Poliovirus hat n AA? 22 AA.
870
+ - What does the herpes simplex virion host shutoff protein do? It reduces the stability of mRNAs in infected cells.
871
+ - In Virology, when may we speak of a "chronic infection"? When the infected host continues to release viral progeny over a longer period of time, perhaps even over several generations (when bacteria are infected).
872
+ - Give an example in E. coli of a two-component abortive infection system. A: The Rex system.
873
+ - Are viruses killers? Not quite so; they have not made their hosts extinct after all.
874
+ - Was können wir über die Chromosomen von "small viruses" sagen? Deren Chromosomen sind single-stranded.
875
+ - When are both viral and bacterial transcripts made (+ specific example)? In a nonlytic-bacteriophage such as M13.
876
+ - What means "viral shunt"? This is a hypothesis in where viruses living in the ocean killing their microbial hosts redirect carbon and nutrients away from larger organisms and back toward other microorganisms.
877
+ - Which Virus has the largest genome? The <one>Pandoravirus</one>.
878
+ - Name an awful virus that attacks rabbits. A: Myxomatosis URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomatosis
879
+ - What is the ultimate virus-host co-evolution? When the virus genome becomes permanently integrated into the genome of its host.
880
+ - Warum wollen wir bei einer Tier-Herde immer den gesamten Bestand impfen? Da wir so den "Infektionsdruck" senken können.
881
+ - Influenza repliziert wo? Im Zellkern einer eukaryoten Zelle.
882
+ - Nenne 1 Virus der "transovarial transmission" verwendet! A: "Yellow fever virus", in Mosquito.
883
+ - What are the host cells of papillomaviruses? Keratinocytes.
884
+ - Nenne 3 Gründe warum Viruspartikel gebraucht werden. A: (1) schützt Genom durch stabiles "Einpacken" (2) hat oft Adhäsionsstrukturen ("attachment molecules") und (3) kann Enzyme mitschleppen
885
+ - Why does "Herpes simplex" virus code for its own "thymidine kinase"? The virus cannot grow in neural cells because they are not proliferating (not making DNA). Although purine/pyrimidines are present, levels of phosphorylated nucleosides are low. Allows virus to grow in cells that are not making DNA. "Thymidine kinase" is a misnomer - the name should actually be "Deoxynucleoside kinase".
886
+ - Does HPV integrate into the genome? Yes.
887
+ - Wieso wirkt Ganciclovir gegen Herpesviren? Herpesviren besitzen eine Thymidin-kinase, die Ganciclovir phosphoryliert.
888
+ - What is the "morbidity"? This is the relative incidence of a particular disease.
889
+ - Which was the first human disease shown to be viral in nature? Yellow fever (or perhaps Polio, which was shown in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner to be viral in nature).
890
+ - The large T-Antigen of SV40 binds to ..? To the ori region of SV40.
891
+ - Schlussfolgerung: Ein Virus der im test tube self-assembly zeigt ... A: ... wird dies wahrscheinlich auch in der Zelle zeigen (in-vivo).
892
+ - Gib 1 Beispiel eines Virus das "Negrische Einschlusskörperchen" zeigte. A: Rhabdoviren.
893
+ - Wieviele Viruspartikel des MKS-Virus (Maul Klauenseuche) benötigen wir um ein Tier zu infizieren? Weniger als 10.
894
+ - Baculoviren können wieviel Fremd-DNA aufnehmen? Bis ca. 15 kb.
895
+ - Genom-Typ des MKS-Virus (Maul und Klauenseuche)? Das Maul-und-Klauenseuche Virus ist ein ss(+)RNA Virus.
896
+ - W. h. das "MNPV" in "Autographa californica MNPV"? Multivirion Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.
897
+ - Wieso mutagenisieren wir einen Virus bei genau 32 Grad? Weil wir hier selektieren auf temperatur-sensitive Viren, die im oberen respiratorischen Trakt, aber nicht im unteren respiratorischen Trakt wachsen können.
898
+ - Where do most RNA viruses of eukaryotes replicate? In the cytoplasm.
899
+ - When was the first virus purified by "differential centrifugation"? 1933, by Schlessinger.
900
+ - Nenne 3 Mitglieder von Flavivirus. A: (1) Hepatitics C virus (2) yellow fever virus (3) tick-borne encephalitis virus
901
+ - What is "scrapie"? A disease of sheep and goats that has been known since a long time.
902
+ - Nenne 3 verschiedene Ursprünge einer Mutation. A: (1) spontan (2) chemisch induziert (3) physikalisch induziert
903
+ - In Virology, what is a "minichromosome"? SV40 DNA with bound nucleosomes.
904
+ - Was heisst "pleomorph"? Keine definierte Form.
905
+ - Nenne einen Virus, ausgenommen Influenza, dessen Genom segmentiert vorliegt. A: Reovirus.
906
+ - Give one example for "viral footprints". A: Inclusion Bodies.
907
+ - Why is Ribavirin so useful to treat certain viruses? It can raise the "viral mutation rates" over the error threshold.
908
+ - What is the general goal in "viral chemotherapy"? Stopping the virus without killing the cell.
909
+ - The gp120 Protein of HIV has 3 faces. Name them. A: (1) silent face (2) neutralizing face (3) non-neutralizing face
910
+ - In Virology, the Antigenicity of Influenza-Virus (such as the strain H3N2), is essentially determined how? By the structure of hemagglutinin.
911
+ - What concept limits the RNA Length of RNA viruses? The error-threshold limits RNA length.
912
+ - What means the term "RNA Quasispecies"? RNA from inaccurate reproduction is NOT an ensemble of identical molecules!
913
+ - Allgemein, welche Virusgruppen gibt es? Unterscheidung anhand des Genoms: (1) ssDNA (2) dsDNA (3) ssRNA (4) dsRNA
914
+ - Prionen sind vermutlich Erreger der ... ? Spongiformen Encephalopathien.
915
+ - Was bewirkt "Aciclovir"? Strangabbruch bei der Replikation des viralen Genoms.
916
+ - Was heisst "hämatogene Verbreitung"? Eine Streuung über den Blutweg.
917
+ - Nenne 2 Genomvertreter die ambisense sind. A: (1) Geminiviruses (ssDNA) (2) Arenaviruses (ssRNA)
918
+ - What is a "peplomer"? A glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer
919
+ - Name two possible causes for antigenic shift. A: (1) Recombination (2) Reassortment
920
+ - Lateinisch für "Rötelnvirus"? Rubella.
921
+ - W. i. ein "cryptic virus"? One that has lost the ability to leave its host genome.
922
+ - First step of HIV-1 entry? Binding of the gp120 surface molecule to its receptor, the CD4 molecule.
923
+ - Name three hypothesises explaining the origin of viruses, without explaining these hypothesises. A: (1) Regressive hypothesis (2) Cellular origin hypothesis (3) Coevolution hypothesis
924
+ - Unterschied zwischen der Genom-Struktur von Retroviren und Ty1 Elementen? A: Ty1 fehlt die env Gruppe. Ansonsten sind die Strukturen sehr ähnlich.
925
+ - Smallest, nondefective animal virus genome? Circovirus.
926
+ - Durchmesser eines Papillom-Virus? 55 nm.
927
+ - In der Virologie, was bedeutet es wenn wir sagen das das Capsid "Economy of Genetic Information" zeigt? Wenn das Capsid nur aus einem Protein besteht, brauchen wir auch nur ein Gen das dafür kodiert. Das ist effizient, wir können dieses eine Protein ja wiederverwenden.
928
+ - gp120 von HIV bindet an welchen Rezeptor? An den CD4-Rezeptor.
929
+ - How many microbes in the Earths ocean are detroyed each day by viruses (in percent)? About 20%.
930
+ - Wer entwickelte das "Konzept der Viren"? Beijerinck.
931
+ - Durchmesser Phi X174? 27 nm.
932
+ - Das HTLV Tax-Protein interagiert mit welchen 2 Faktoren? (1) NF Kappa Beta (2) CREB
933
+ - Die Cre-Rekombinase aus P1 bindet an? loxP Sequenzen.
934
+ - Das "Kaposi-Sarkom Virus" ist was für ein Typ? Herpesvirus Typ 8.
935
+ - Merkslogan der 9 Genera bei Picornaviridae? Entero, Rhino, Cardio, Kobu, Tescho, Aphtho, Parecho, Hepato, Erbo.
936
+ - Hämagglutinin hat eine hohe Affinität zu? Sialinsäureresten auf der Wirtszelloberfläche.
937
+ - Herpesviren Durchseuchungsrate (des Menschen)? 95%.
938
+ - Nenne 1 Nucleotidanalogen Hemmstoff der HIV-Revertase! A: Aciclovir.
939
+ - HIV zerstört was? T-Helferzellen.
940
+ - Durchmesser M13? 9 nm.
941
+ - A. W. für "Pocken"? "Variola".
942
+ - Was heisst "virus de rue"? Wildtypvirus.
943
+ - Warum sind WT Retroviren gefährlich? Sie können in Gene inserieren.
944
+ - Wer verursacht Warzen? Papilloma-Virus.
945
+ - Wer prägte den Begriff "Virus"? Beijerinck.
946
+ - Das T antigen findet man wo? Im Monkey Virus SV 40.
947
+ - Gib 1 konkretes Beispiel bei Viren wo alternative Splicing auftritt? Beim SV40 T-Antigen.
948
+ - Wann kam HAART Treatment of AIDS auf? 1997.
949
+ - Gib je 1 anderes Wort an für Klasse V, VI und VII Virus-Genome! A: V minus-strand RNA, VI Retrovirus, VII Pararetrovirus.
950
+ - Nenne einen Virus der ICAM-1 verwendet! A: Rhinovirus.
951
+ - Nenne 5 Retrotransposons in verschiedenen Organismen! A: (1) MoMLV (2) Rous sarcoma virus (3) Ty1 in Yeast (4) Copia in Drosophila (5) L1 in humans
952
+ - Können Viren vergesellschaftet sein? Ja, das Mimi-Virus hat einen Satelliten-Virus der nur 1/10 so gross ist wie das Mimi-Virus und "Sputnik" genannt wird.
953
+ - Give 2 examples of "endocytotic mechanisms" used by viruses. A: (1) caveolin-mediated endocytosis (2) clathrin-mediated endocytosis
954
+ - Wie funktionieren Reverse Transkriptasen? Sie synthetisieren von einer einzelsträngigen RNA einen RNA-DNA-Hybridstrang mittels einer RNA-abhängigen DNA-Polymerase-Aktivität. Danach bauen sie den RNA Anteil ab über die RNase H Aktivität. Anschliessend erfolgt die Konvertierung der ssDNA zur dsDNA durch eine DNA-abhängige DNA-Polymerase.
955
+ - Durchmesser Adenovirus (von, bis)? A: 60-90 nm.