studium 0.10.1
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- checksums.yaml +7 -0
- data/README.md +1982 -0
- data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
- data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
- data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
- data/bin/d10 +7 -0
- data/bin/d100 +7 -0
- data/bin/d15 +7 -0
- data/bin/d20 +7 -0
- data/bin/d25 +7 -0
- data/bin/d3 +7 -0
- data/bin/d30 +7 -0
- data/bin/d5 +7 -0
- data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
- data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
- data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
- data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
- data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
- data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
- data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
- data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +7 -0
- data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
- data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
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- data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
- data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
- data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
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- data/bin/solved +9 -0
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- data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
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- data/bin/ufind +7 -0
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- data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
- data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +81 -0
- data/doc/HOW_TO_ADAPT_THIS_PROJECT.md +43 -0
- data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +47 -0
- data/doc/README.gen +1965 -0
- data/doc/TODO_FOR_STUDIUM_GEM.md +113 -0
- data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
- data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +294 -0
- data/doc/elegant_colours.md +20 -0
- data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
- data/lib/studium.rb +5 -0
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- data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +84 -0
- data/lib/studium/base/cliner.rb +58 -0
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- data/lib/studium/base/constants.rb +34 -0
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- data/lib/studium/base/directory_to_the_exam_topics.rb +23 -0
- data/lib/studium/base/editor.rb +28 -0
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- data/lib/studium/base/esystem.rb +23 -0
- data/lib/studium/base/minimal_prototype.rb +66 -0
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- data/lib/studium/base/unicode.rb +95 -0
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- data/lib/studium/boku/README.md +4 -0
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- data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
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- data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +38 -0
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- data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +16 -0
- data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
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- data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
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- data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +74 -0
- data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
- data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator.rb +171 -0
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- data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +37 -0
- data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +127 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/ects_parser.rb +179 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +140 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +148 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/erledigt.rb +131 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +147 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +185 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/noch_zu_absolvieren.rb +172 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +58 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +202 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +540 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +210 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +254 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +143 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +24 -0
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- data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +133 -0
- data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +150 -0
- data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +150 -0
- data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +79 -0
- data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
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- data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +10 -0
- data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +224 -0
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- data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +962 -0
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- metadata +1079 -0
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# Fluorescence in-situ hybridization
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# =========================================================================== #
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- Was heisst <one>M-FISH</one>? <one>Multicolor Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung</one>.
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- Nenne einen Nachteil von "FISH" in der mikrobiellen Ökologie. A: Das Detektionslimit liegt bei nur etwa 10 ** 3 Zellen pro ml.
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- What means "FISH" Technique? Fluorescence in situ hybridization.
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- Nenne ein Problem von "FISH" in der mikrobiellen Ökologie. A: Die Hintergrundfluoreszenz vieler Proben erschwert den Nachweis.
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- What does the abbreviation "MAR-FISH" stand for? This is the combination of "microautoradiography" and "fluorescence in situ hybridization".
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- Was heisst "GISH"? genomic in-situ hybridization
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- What does "Q-FISH" stand for? Quantitative FISH.
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- Why is "Fiber FISH" useful in Cytogenetics? Because it allows us to assess the length of DNA probes; Fibre-FISH can distinguish two probes separated by 1 kb on a DNA fibre.
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- In FISH we need a "target-specific probe". How long are these oligonucleotides typically? About 20 oligonucleotide pairs.
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- In FISH, when we design a probe, we have two competing constraints to consider. Which ones? (a) The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target. (b) The probe must not be so large as to impede the hybridization process.
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- In FISH, when may we wish to use probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome? This can be used to count how often a certain chromosome appears.
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- Was heisst "M-FISH"? Multicolor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.
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- What means "CARD-FISH"? Catalyzed reporter deposition.
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- How long does FISH take in order to complete? About 3 days.
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- What is the advantage of using Flow-FISH? We can quantify the copy number of specific repetitive elements in genomic DNA. It is a combination of flow cytometry and cytogenetic fluorescent in situ hybridization staining protocols.
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# =========================================================================== #
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# === Fluorescence Microscopy
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# =========================================================================== #
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- <one>Jablonski diagrams</one> may show the <tomato>vibrational state</tomato>, and what more (on the right side of the diagram)? The <one>electronic energy levels</one>.
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- Die <one>Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie</one> kann auch benutzt werden aus Sicht der Biochemie, wenn Proteine untersucht werden. Nenne ein Anwendungsbeispiel hierzu. A: Man kann mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie bestimmen, ob zwei Proteine in einer Zelle co-lokalisieren.
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- The <one>Stokes shift</one> is quite important in fluorescence microscopy. Sir Stokes found this in which year? <one>1852</one>.
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# =========================================================================== #
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# === Food Microbiology and Food Biotechnology
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#
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# The questions stored here may be shuffled into different files after
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# the exam.
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#
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# For now this file also contains information about toxigenic algae
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# and associated illnesses.
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# =========================================================================== #
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- <one>Aspartam</one> wurde in welchem Jahr entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>1965</one>.
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- <one>Toxigenic algae</one> may <two>bioaccumulate toxins</two> in ... which other species? <one>Large fish</one>.
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- Dormig: How do we call toxins from algae? "Phycotoxins".
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- Dormig: Name a "hepatotoxin" produced by toxigenic algae. A: The "yessotoxin".
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- Beim Brauen von Bier: woher stammt typischerweise das Mazl? Aus <one>Gerste</tomat>, nach der Keimung der Gerste.
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- Die Untergärung von Bier erfolgt typischerweise bei wieviel Grad Celsius? 0-2° Celsius.
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- <one>Sake</one> hat <one>n%</one> Alkoholgehalt (von, bis)? <one>16-18%</one>.
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# =========================================================================== #
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# === Forensik (forensik tag)
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# =========================================================================== #
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- Die Schlüssel zur Erkennung spurenarmer Tötungsdelikte sind Fehler, die dem Täter unterlaufen. Wie nennen wir dies noch? <one>Situationsfehler</one>.
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- Die <one>Totenstarre</one> an einer menschlichen Leiche tritt <two>zuerst</two> wo auf, anatomisch betrachtet? Im <one>Kieferbereich</one>.
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- Nenne zwei <one>späte Leichenerscheinungen</one>. A: (1) <one>Verwesung</one> (2) <one>Mumifikation</one>
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- Welche <one>Berufsgruppe</one> ist mitunter häufig als <two>Salzleiche</two> zu finden? <one>Verunglückte Bergleute</one>.
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- Die Liegezeitschätzung einer Leiche erfolgt häufig nach welcher Regel? Nach der <one>Casper'schen Regel</one>.
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- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine konservierende Leichenveränderung. A: <one>Fettwachsbildung</one>.
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- Fördert eine zentrale Lage im Massengrab die Skelettierung? Nein, im Gegenteil - sie verzögert die Skelettierung.
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# =========================================================================== #
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# === Forstwirtschaft
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#
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# Also vor allem Wissen über Bäume.
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# =========================================================================== #
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- Anteil des <one>Schutzwaldes</one> in Österreich, in Prozent? <one>19% der Waldfläche</one>.
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- In der <one>Forstwirtschaft</one>: was sind <two>Wuchsgebiete</two>? Wuchsgebiete sind <one>Großlandschaften</one> (Naturräume) mit weitgehend einheitlichem Klimacharakter und einheitlichen, geomorphologischen Grundeinheiten.
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- Was ist ein "Forst"? Dies ist "ein Altersklassenbestand an Bäumen" aus einer Monokultur.
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- Was ist die dominante Laubbaumart in Mitteleuropa? Die Rotbuche.
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- Sind Forststraßen im Wald Teil des Waldes? Ja.
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- Eine "Bringungsanlage" im Sinne des Forstgesetzes ist, abgesehen von einer Forststraße, was noch? Eine "forstliche Materialseilbahn".
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- Anteil, in %, des öffentlichen Waldes in Österreich? 18%.
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- Nenne die beiden verbreitesten Bäume in Österreich, zu etwa 60% und 10% jeweilse. A: (1) Fichte (2) Buche
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- Unter den Laubbäumen haben wir in Österreich am meisten Buchen, mit wieviel % Anteil? Etwa 10%.
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- Was meinen wir mit der "Walderschließung"? Dies ist die Summe aller Einrichtungen und Maßnahmen zusammen, die dazu dienen, (a) den "Zugang" zu den einzelnen Waldflächen (b) die "Zuführung" von Betriebsmitteln und (c) den "Abtransport" der erzeugten Forstprodukte, zu erleichtern.
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- Wie hoch wird die Fichte in etwa? 55 Meter hoch.
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- Wieviel Prozent der Holzproduktion in Österreich gehen in den Export? Etwa 70%.
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- Wald und Holz machen etwa n% des österreichischen Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) aus? Etwa 4%.
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- In Österreich, etwa 2010, wieviele Menschen leben von "Wald und Holz"? Etwa 300.000.
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- Wieviel Prozent des österreichischen Waldes ist in Privatbesitz? 82%.
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- Wächst in Österreich mehr Holz nach als geerntet wird? Ja.
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- In Österreich, wieviel Prozent seiner Fläche ist von Wald bedeckt? Etwas mehr als 47%, zumindest im Jahre 2011.
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- In Hektar, wieviele Waldfläche hat Österreich? Etwa vier Millionen Hektar Wald.
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- Beim "forstlichen Ingenieurwesen", wie nennen wir den Vorgang, bei dem wir Holz aus einem Wald produktiv nutzbar machen? Erschließungstechnik.
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- Abgesehen von der erhöhten Produktivität, nenne einen Vorteil der "vollmechanisierten Holzernte" gegenüber der "motormanuellen Holzernte". A: Es gibt "weniger Arbeitsunfälle" bei der vollmechanisierten Holzernte.
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- Historisch betrachtet gilt, "keine Forstwissenschaft ohne ... "? Holzmangel.
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- Was ist das "Ziel eines forstlichen Produktionssystems"? Holz - und zwar "in einer bestimmten Menge", in einer "bestimmten Qualität" sowie zu einem "bestimmten Zeitpunkt".
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- In der Forstwirtschaft, bei der Beurteilung von Produktionssystemen, nenne 3 Einteilungen hierzu wie man diese Produktionssysteme nach unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten einteilen kann. A: (1) Die Wirtschaftlichkeit (2) Die Umweltverträglichkeit (3) Die Sozialverträglichkeit
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- Wie vermehrt sich allgemein der "Niederwald"? Der Niederwald zeigt eine "vegetative Vermehrung".
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- Transportsysteme in der Forstwirtschaft bestehen aus welchen zwei Komponenten? (1) Ortsfesten Erschließungsanlagen, die permanent im Gelände angelegt sind (2) Transportmittel, die mobil im Gelände eingesetzt sind.
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- Gib 1 Beispiel für eine "forstliche Bringungsanlage" im Sinne des Bundesgesetzes. A: Forststraßen.
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- Sollten Bäume eher im Sommer oder im Winter gefällt werden? Im Winter, da hier die Baumqualität meistens besser ist.
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- Ein Forstgebiet mag natürliche Resourcen bieten aber für deren Abbau ist in der forstwirtschaftlichen Praxis was wichtig? Die "Zugänglichkeit" zu diesen Ressourcen.
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- Wie nennen wir die "Erntemaschine des Waldes"? Harvester.
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- Bei der Rückung des Holzes, wer hat mit 53,1% Anteil den hierbei höchsten Wert? Schlepper, inklusive Traktoren.
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37
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- Wie hat man früher, vor den Maschinen, Bäume gemeinschaftlich gefällt? Mit Hilfe der "Zugsäge".
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- Beim Fällen eines Baums, in welche Richtung zeigt das Fallkerb? In die Fällrichtung.
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- Nenne 3 Naturgefahren in alpinen Regionen. A: (1) Hochwasser (2) Muren (3) Lawinen
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- Beim integralen Risikomanagement in der Forstwirtschaft, nenne 3 Punkte hierzu. A: (1) Risikoanalyse (2) Risikobewertung (3) Risikomanagement
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- Wer definierte den Begriff "Forstwissenschaft"? Johann Heinrich Cotta.
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- Wann gab es das erste, österreichische Forstgesetz? 1852.
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- In der Forstwirtschaft, was ist das "Normalwaldmodell"? Dies ist ein Konzept zur "Sicherung der nachhaltigen Holzproduktion".
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- Gibt es in Österreich mehr Nadelwald oder mehr Laubwald? Viel mehr Nadelwald; etwa 71.4%.
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- Nenne 4 Waldfunktionen. A: (1) Nutzwirkung (2) Schutzwirkung (3) Wohlfahrtswirkung (4) Erholungswirkung
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- Haben wir in Österreich mehr Laubholz oder mehr Nadelholz? Mehr Nadelholz: 66.95%.
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- In Österreich nimmt der Holzvorrat zu. Welche 2 Gründe sind hierfür ausschlaggebend? (1) die Waldfläche nimmt zu (2) der Wald wird geringer genutzt
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48
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- Zunahme der Waldfläche in Österreich, in ha / Jahr? 7.500 ha/Jahr.
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- Nenne einen "natürlichen Feind" des Waldes. A: Der "Borkenkäfer".
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- Was meinen wir mit der Aussage "der Borkenkäfer, wie der Buchdrucker, ist ein Sekundärschädling"? Das er den Wald zum Beispiel nach einem Sturmereignis schädigt.
|
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+
- Im Jahr 2010, bei Holz und Holzprodukten, wie hoch war der Überschuss für Österreich gegenüber Importen und Exporten? 3.42 Mrd. Euro.
|
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- Nenne eine "Pflicht" in der Forstwirtschaft. A: Die "Wiederbewaldungspflicht".
|
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# =========================================================================== #
|
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# === Fortgeschrittene Genetik
|
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#
|
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+
# AMG2 tag, gem2. Also includes a focus on "DNA repair". DNA2 tag.
|
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# Auch AMG1 von Jantsch, molekulare Tiergenetik auf der BOKU, das
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# Management genetischer Ressourcen.
|
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# =========================================================================== #
|
8
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+
|
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- Das <one>lac-Operon</one> besitzt wieviele verschiedene Operatoren? <one>3</one> - <two>O1</two>, <two>O2</two> und <two>O3</two>. (Als das lac-Operon Modell 1961 aufgestellt wurde, war nur O1 bekannt. O2 und O3 werden mitunter die "minor operators" genannt.)
|
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+
- Name an important biochemical step that occurs during the <one>interphase</one>. A: The <one>replication of the DNA of each chromosome</one>.
|
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+
- Nenne ein Beispiel wie eine <one>intragenische Mutation</one> entstehen kann. A: Zum Beispiel aufgrund einer <one>Punktmutation</one>.
|
12
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+
- In der Genetik: bei Translokationen können wir zwischen welchen zwei Formen unterschieden? (1) reziprok (2) nicht reziprok
|
13
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+
- Die zwei wichtigsten Formen einer Mutation in der Genetik sind ... ? (1) eine <one>chromosomale Mutation</one> (2) eine <one>Punktmutation</one>
|
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+
- In der Genetik: wie wird der Wildtyp gekennzeichnet? Durch ein <one>+</one> Zeichen.
|
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- Is the <one>SSB-Protein</one> able to bind to ssDNA? In general yes - but <one>not when there are intramolecular base pairs</one> of that DNA. []
|
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+
- Was ist das <one>Transkriptom</one>? Dies ist <one>die Gesamtheit aller Transkripte</one>, also <two>mRNA</two>, in einer Zelle zu einem gegebenen Zeitpunkt. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome []
|
17
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+
- Nenne vier Elemente des <one>Centromers</one> (<three>von innen nach aussen</three>). A: (1) <one>innere Platte</one> (2) <one>mittlere Platte</one> (3) <one>äussere Platte</one> (4) <one>Corona</one> []
|
18
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+
- What does the name <one>Thiouracil</one> imply? That we have a molecule that is similar to <one>Uracil</one>, which also contains a <cadetblue>S (sulfur) atom</cadetblue> instead of the regular <two>-C=O group</two> there. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Thiouracil []
|
19
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+
- Das Pendant zum <one>Degradosom</one> in Eukaryoten ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom</one>.
|
20
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+
- In genetics: data in a <one>complementation matrix</one> can conveniently be analyzed by ... ? By <one>arranging the mutant genes in the form of a circle</one>. []
|
21
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+
- Name a <one>human gene</one> that has <three>overlapping exons</three>. A: The gene <royalblue>TOE1</royalblue> has <one>overlapping exons</one> with the gene <royalblue>MUTYH</royalblue>, at the <one>5' end</one>. (Mnemonic: <three>die erste, mutige Zehe</three>) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOE1
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22
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+
- Define the word <one>Episome</one>. A: An <one>episome</one> is <two>an exogenous genetic element</two> not necessary for cell survival. The difference towards a Plasmid is that the term <one>Episome</one> is often used in conjunction with "temperate phages" that carry DNA which can integrate into bacterial DNA.
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23
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+
- Wenn wir Exons mit einer Länge von 54 bp, 45 bp, 108 bp und 99 bp sehen, was können wir daraus schliessen? Das diese Exons wohl aus einem Exon hervorgegangen sind, das für 3 Codons kodiert (3 Codons zu je 3 Aminosäuren ergibt 9; 54, 45, 108 und 99 sind alle ohne Rest durch 9 teilbar).
|
24
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- In genetics: a <one>complementation test</one> brings ... what together? <one>Two mutant genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_(genetics) []
|
25
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+
- Name one curious feature of the <one>Mariner-like elements</one> Transposons. A: This <one>class II transposable element</one> is known for <two>its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species</two>. []
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+
- Die Rolle des Degradosom ist ... ? Als <one>RNA decay machine</one> zu wirken - also RNA abzubauen.
|
27
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- Das am besten untersuchte eukaryotische Exosom ist ... ? Das <one>Exosom aus der Hefe</one>.
|
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+
- Was ist das grosse Problem wenn wir DNA-Schäden über <one>nonhomologus-end joining</one> reparieren? Es geht <one>DNA-Material verloren</one>. []
|
29
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+
- What do we mean with the term <one>functional epistasis</one>? These are the <one>molecular interactions</one> that <one>proteins</one> have with one another. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis_and_functional_genomics []
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- In genetics: the mutant <one>R408W</one> in the PAH gene means ... ? That the <one>codon 408</one> in the PAH polypeptide chain has been changed from one coding for arginine (R) to one coding for tryptophan (W). []
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31
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+
- Was sind <one>GC-Boxen</one>? Nenne ein Protein das daran bindet. A: Folgen von <one>GGGCGG</one> (Merkhilfe: <one>GGG|CGG</one>); somit sollten wir sie eigentlich <three>G-Boxen</three> nennen. Das Protein <royalblue>Sp1</royalblue>, ein Transkriptionsfaktor, bindet daran. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor []
|
32
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+
- <one>Genes specify proteins</one> by means of ... ? <one>a genetic code</one>. []
|
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+
- Name a famous, synthetic organism. A: <one>syn3.0</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_laboratorium []
|
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+
- In genetics: the wildtype of a trait occurring in a natural population is typically also ... ? The <one>most common form of a trait</one>.
|
35
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+
- The <one>largest protein of E. coli</one> codes for n amino acids? <one>2383 AA</one>. []
|
36
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+
- Wer stellte die <one>Präformationstheorie</one> auf? <one>Nicolaas Hartsoeker</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Hartsoeker []
|
37
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+
- In the <one>IUPAC code for nucleotides</one>: what does <three>W</three> represent? <one>W</one> stands for <one>weak</one> - and is thus synonymous to <two>A</two> and <two>T</two>.
|
38
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+
- Name two different mutations, in two different organisms, affecting <one>eye development</one>. A: (1) the <two>Drosophila</two> <one>eyeless mutant</one> (2) <one>Pax 6 mutation</one> causing <peru>aniridia</peru>
|
39
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+
- The <one>SSB-Protein</one> is attracted to ... ? <one>single-stranded DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stranded_binding_protein []
|
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- <one>LINES</one> are related to ...? <one>Retrotransposons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon []
|
41
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+
- Wo genau ist die <one>Wobble position</one> zu finden? Am <mediumseagreen>5' Ende</mediumseagreen> des <one>tRNA Anticodons</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble-Hypothese []
|
42
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+
- Why does the <one>Telomerase</one> require a <three>RNA component</three> (<two>TERC</two>)? Because this RNA is used as a <one>template for telomeric DNA synthesis</one>.
|
43
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+
- What is meant with the term <one>genetic admixture</one>? When <one>individuals</one> from two (or more) <two>previously separated populations</two> begin to <three>interbreed</three>. []
|
44
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+
- Each DNA strand has <one>a polarity</one>. Provide another name for this word. A: A <one>directionality</one>. []
|
45
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+
- Welche Substanz verwendete <one>Francis Crick</one> um Mutationen einzuführen? Den <two>Acridinfarbstoff</two> <one>Proflavin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflavin
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46
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- In genetics: the abbreviation <one>SNRPN</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SNRPN []
|
47
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+
- In genetics: are <one>risk factors</one> cumulative? Typically <one>yes</one>. []
|
48
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+
- Die <one>Ribonuklease H</one> (<two>RNase H</two>) hydrolysiert RNA in <three>RNA</three>/<three>DNA Duplexen</three>. Spaltet RNase auch <three>RNA</three>/<three>RNA Nukleotide</three>? Nein. []
|
49
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+
- In genetics: <one>complex traits</one> interplay between which two parts? (1) the <one>genetics side</one> (2) <one>environmental factors</one> []
|
50
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+
- What information does the <one>mutation rate</one> provide? It <one>provides information about how often a mutation arises</one>. []
|
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- In genetics: the mutant <one>M1V</one> means ... ? That the codon for M, which is methionine, at amino acid position 1 has been changed to a codon for V, which is valine.
|
52
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+
- Die Base <one>Inosin</one> kann mit welchen anderen Basen paaren? <two>U, C, A</two> (Mnemonic: <one>USA</one>). []
|
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+
- <one>MULEs</one> refers to which genetic elements? <one>Mutator-like transposable elements</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499845/ []
|
54
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- What exactly is an <one>allele</one>? <two>An allele</two> is one of a number of <one>alternative forms of the same gene</one>.
|
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- In DNA the <one>mirror repeat</one> exists. Technically, where does it occur? DNA mirror repeats <one>must occur in the same DNA strand</one>, such as: <two>TTAGCAC</two> and then <two>CACGATT</two> - <three>as if we would have put a mirror into the DNA between these two sequences</three>.
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- Wie heisst das <one>SSB-Protein in Eukaryoten</one>, beziehungsweise dessen Pendant? <one>RPA</one>: <two>Replication protein A</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_protein_A
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- Are <one>transposons</one> replicons? No. []
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- Give another name for the word <one>retrotransposons</one>. A: <one>Class </one><peru>I</peru><one> transposable elements</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#Types []
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59
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- What is meant with the term <one>disease gene</one>? This is a gene which, <two>when mutated</two>, <one>causes a (specific) disease</one>. []
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60
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- Unter welchen Bedingungen wird <one>agouti</one> produziert? Wenn es <one>einzelsträngig vorliegt</one> (sprich wenn es nur als ein Allel vorliegt). Ist die Maus hingegen <two>homozygot</two> für das <three>Agouti yellow allele</three> so ist sie erst gar nicht lebensfähig! []
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61
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- <one>1927</one> stellte Muller welche zwei Dinge fest? (1) <one>Röntgenstrahlung kann Mutationen verursachen</one> (2) <one>grössere Gene werden eher davon betroffen als kleinere Gene</one> []
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62
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- Was heisst <one>p</one>/<one>q Nomenklatur</one>? <one>p</one> steht für <two>petite</two> (== klein) und <one>q</one> steht für <two>queue</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome []
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63
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- Was mag mit dem Begriff <one>Hotspot Mutation</one> gemeint sein? Dies sind <two>Mutationen</two>, die die <one>Kinase Aktivität</one> erhöhen. []
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64
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- <cadetblue>ENU</cadetblue> ist was für eine mutagene, chemische Subtanz? <royalblue>Ethylnitrosoharnstoff</royalblue> (<one>Ethyl-nitroso-harnstoff</one>; ENU ist die Abkürzung für <three>ethyl nitroso urea</three>). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethyl-N-nitrosoharnstoff []
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65
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- In der Genetik: was bedeutet <one>Heteroplasmon</one> und wo mögen wir dies, allgemein betrachtet, finden? Dies ist eine <one>eukaryote Zelle</one> mit 2 Typen von Chloroplasten- oder Mitochondrien-DNA. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
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66
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- The <one>operational definition of a gene</one> can occur through ... ? <one>Genetic complementation</one>. []
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67
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- Wovon ist das <one>Schmelzverhalten der DNA</one> primär abhängig? Von dem <one>prozentualen Anteil an GC-Paaren</one>. []
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68
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- Was bewirkt der maternale Faktor <one>Dextral-Protein</one> bei Weinschnecken? Das <three>Dextral-Protein</three> bestimmt die <one>Schlagrichtung von Cilien in der Morphogenese</one>. Das Dextral-Protein bestimmt so indirekt die <two>rechtsgängige Drehrichtung des Gehäuses</two>, indem die Wachstumsfaktoren gerichtet gespült werden.
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69
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- The <one>close relationship between genotype and phenotype</one> is often demonstrated by ... ? The <one>sickle cell anemia</one> - a disease caused by a single, changed amino acid. []
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70
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- Give another name for <one>Geminin</one>, in genetics. A: <one>DNA replication inhibitor</one>.
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71
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- Wann wird <one>Geminin</one> abgebaut? Am <one>Ende der Mitose</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin []
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72
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- In der DNA: das wichtigste <one>Phosphodiester bond</one> kann wo genau gefunden werden? A: Zwischen <one>C3'</one> und <one>C5'</one>. []
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73
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- <one>Homologous recombination</one> may naturally take place in/during ... ? <one>Crossing over</one>. []
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74
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- What are <one>imperfect DNA mirror repeats</one>? <two>Imperfect DNA mirror repeats</two> (<two>IMRs</two>) are mirror repeats that are <one>less than 100% symmetrical</one>. []
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75
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- Define the term <one>knockout mice</one>. A: These are mice which have had both copies of a particular gene <peru>inactivated</peru>, by <one>genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse []
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76
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- Was ist die sogenannte <one>A-Rule</one> in der Genetik? Bei <royalblue>Mutationen</royalblue>, bei denen es zu einem <one>Verlust von Basenpaaren</one> kommt, werden bevorzugt <one>Adenine</one> eingebaut. Daher der Name <two>A-Rule</two> - zumindest beim <one>replicative bypass of lesions in DNA</one>-Reparaturweg. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2029269 []
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77
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- In der Genetik: was ist mit einer <one>neutralen Mutation</one> gemeint? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn <one>ein Codon</one> in <two>ein synonymes Codon</two> umgewandelt wird.
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78
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- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>β-Untereinheiten</one> von Pol III? <one>Ringklemme</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating-Cell-Nuclear-Antigen
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79
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- Who or what recognizes <one>methylated 5'-CG-3'</one>? <one>MeCPs</one>: <two>methylcytosine-binding proteins</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding_domain []
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80
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- Give another name for the word <one>transposon</one>. A: <one>Transposable element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element []
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81
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- Wo im Genom mögen wir <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> finden? (1) Am <one>Centromer</one> (2) an den <one>Telomerbereichen</one> der Chromosomen []
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82
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- Warum der Name <one>messenger RNA</one>? Weil die <one>mRNA</one> ein <royalblue>Messenger</royalblue> ist - sie trägt die <two>gene message</two> an ein <one>Ribosom</one>, also die Information darin. []
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83
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- How do we call <one>the catalytic subunit of the telomerase</one>? <one>hTERT</one>: <two>human Telomerase reverse transcriptase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase []
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84
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- Which polymerase adds an <one>extra A</one> to the <three>3' end</three>? The <one>Taq polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase []
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85
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- Name five characteristics studied by <one>Gregor Mendel</one>. A: (1) <one>seed colour</one> (2) <one>seed shape</one> (3) <one>pod colour</one> (4) <one>pod shape</one> (5) <one>stem length</one> []
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86
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- Das <one>Nukleotid</one> besteht aus ... (nur die Kurzform nennen, also zwei Bestandteile)? Einem <one>Nukleosid</one>, das mit <one>Phosphat</one> verknüpft ist. []
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87
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- Bei einer <one>Plastidenvererbung</one>: was geschieht bei Kreuzungen die zur Diploidie führen? Es erfolgt hier sofort die <one>Meiose</one>. []
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88
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- A single <one>tRNA</one> typically has a molecular weight of ... n kDa? <one>25 kDa</one>. URL: https://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/tRNA/trna_text.htm []
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89
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- In general: where can <one>origins of replication</one> in a given genome be found? In <one>noncoding-regions</one>. []
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90
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- Did <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> win a nobel prize? Yes - in the year <one>1933</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#Awards_and_honors []
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91
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- In the maize genome, the <one>Ac mobile genetic element</one> (a <two>transposon</two>) contains n bp? About <one>4.6 kb</one> (<one>4600 bp</one>). []
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92
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- Wann wurde <one>DNA Fingerprinting</one> erstmalig vor Gericht zugelassen und durchgeführt? Im Jahre <one>1987</one>. []
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93
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- How do we call the phenomen that the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype? <one>Incomplete penetrance</one>. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/792352 []
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94
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- Wie schreiben wir <one>7-Methylguanosine</one> in kurzer Notation? <one>m7G</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Methylguanosine []
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95
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- Are <one>complementation tests</one> possible in <three>Neurospora</three>? Yes, due to the <one>multinucleate nature of the filaments</one>.
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96
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- Das <one>Cry-Gen</one> kodiert für ... ? Für ein <one>crystallines Protein</one>. []
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97
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- What is the <one>pfu</one> (<three>plaque forming units</three>)? This is <one>the number of functional phages per volume</one>. []
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98
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- <one>Gene fusion events</one> typically lead to which immediate outcome in regards to proteins? <one>Gene fusion events</one> lead to <two>longer proteins</two>. []
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99
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- Define the term <one>linking number</one> in genetics. A: How often one DNA strand crosses over the other DNA strand. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Mathematical_description []
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100
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- What is meant with the expression <one>the subunits of the genes</one>? This refers to the <one>nucleotide base pairs</one>. []
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101
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- What happens when a <one>RNA polymerase</one> travels into a replication fork? A conflict arises which is not easily resolvable; <one>the cell might die as a consequence</one>. []
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102
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- Genfusion: die <one>Dihydrofolate Reductase</one> hat sich mit welchem Gen verbunden? Mit der <one>Thymidylate Synthase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase []
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103
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- Give one example for a <one>retrotransposon</one> in the human genome. A: The <royalblue>Alu sequence</royalblue>, also called the <one>Alu element</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_element []
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104
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- When was the <one>Punnett square</one> invented? A: In the year <one>1906</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square []
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105
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- In rare cases, <one>translation in eukaryotes</one> can be initiated from codons other than <one>AUG</one>. Give one specific example. A: The <two>ribosomal P protein</two> <one>of a fungus</one> makes use of a <three>GUG start codon</three>.
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106
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- If <one>Purvalanol A</one> enters the human body, what may happen? <two>Purvalanol A</two> is a <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</one>. URL: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04751 []
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107
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- What is the main promise of <one>systems biology</one>? <one>To understand and predict complex systems</one>. []
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108
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- Compared to <one>LINES</one>, what do <one>SINES</one> lack? They <one>do not encode their own reverse transcriptase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element []
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109
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- Wie ist <one>Inosin</one> mit <one>Adenin</one> strukturell verwandt? Inosin ist wie Adenin, bei dem eine <one>NH₂-Gruppe</one> entfernt wurde. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosin []
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110
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- Wie nennen wir <one>Satelliten-DNA</one> auf Englisch? <one>Tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_repeat []
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111
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- Erkläre den Slogan <one>DNA-Methylierung als Altersvorsorge</one> mit einem konkreten Beispiel. A: Bei den <one>Bienen</one> lebt die <two>Bienenkönigin</two> länger - dank <three>DNA-Methylierungsmuster</three>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienenk%C3%B6nigin []
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112
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- Finden wir die <one>Alu-Sequenzen</one> im menschlichen Genom eher in den <three>G-Banden</three> oder in den <three>R-Banden</three>? Eher in den (<two>genreichen</two>) <one>R-Banden</one>. []
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113
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- Das <one>amber codon</one> ist ...? <one>UAG</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code#Amber_codon_suppression []
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114
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- Das <one>p53 Gen</one> kodiert für ein Protein das wie viele Aminosäuren besitzt? <one>390</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53#Gene []
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115
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- Welche Aufgabe hat das <one>telomere POT1-protein</one>? Es <one>stabilisiert die D-loop</one>. (<two>POT1-D-Loop</two>) []
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116
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- Give another name for <one>Histone H1</one>. A: <one>Linker histone</one>. []
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117
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- Die Chemikalie <one>Kethoxal</one> interagiert mit welcher <three>ribosomalen Untereinheit</three>? Mit der kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheiten, der <one>30S Untereinheit</one>. []
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118
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- Das Protein <one>L1</one> bindet was? <one>RNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659579 []
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119
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- <one>Genetic analysis</one> would not be possible without ...? <one>Variants</one>. []
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120
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- Nenne zwei verschiedene RNA-Typen, die eine Rolle bei der <one>genome defense</one> spielen. A: (1) <one>piRNA</one> (2) <one>siRNA</one> []
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121
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- The <one>human mtDNA-L strand</one> can base pair with ...? With the <one>7S DNA strand</one>. []
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122
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- <one>Transmission of DNA</one> is the link between ... ? <one>generations</one>. []
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123
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- What is meant with the expression <one>extrahelical configuration</one>? When <one>bases are flipped out</one> from the double helix. []
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124
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- Bei der <one>Initiation in eukaryoten Organismen</one>: es braucht welche <two>3 Faktoren</two> um das <three>AUG Initiations Codon</three> zu exponieren? <one>eIF4</one> <two>A</two>, <two>B</two> und <two>G</two>. []
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125
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- Definiere den Begriff <one>tautomerization</one>. Welche Form findet man in der DNA und welche Form findet man seltener? A: Jede Base in DNA kann in verschiedenen Formen vorkommen (== <one>Tautomers</one>). Die <two>Keto-Form</two> ist normalerweise präsent, es gibt aber auch die <three>Imino Form</three> und die <three>Enol Form</three>. Mnemonic: <four>KeImEno</four>. []
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126
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- Name <three>a protein</three> that is generated in two different forms, based on a <one>C to U RNA editing</one> event. A: The <one>apolipoprotein B</one> protein (<two>APOB</two>). []
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127
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- Give an example for <one>a natural, conditional mutation</one>. A: A <one>temperature-sensitive mutation</one>. []
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128
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- The <one>insertion of selenocysteine</one> occurs <two>during translation</two>. How is this specific step called? <one>Recoding</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004526/ []
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129
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- The <cadetblue>belgian blue bull</cadetblue> has a mutation in ...? In the <one>Myostatin gene</one>. URL: http://futurismic.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/belgian-blue-cow.jpg []
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130
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- Die <three>DNA-Polymerase</three> <one>Gamma</one> findet man wo? In den <one>Mitochondrien</one> (Mnemonic: <two>'gamma-mito'</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLG []
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131
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+
- Welchen Einfluss hat <one>CAP</one> auf das <three>lac-Operon</three>? Einen <one>hemmenden Einfluss</one> - aber <two>nur wenn Glucose vorhanden ist</two>. []
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132
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- <one>Isoforms</one> have different ... domains? Different <one>functional domains</one>. []
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133
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- Bezeichnung für die Erscheinungsform des <one>lagging strands</one> im <two>Trombone Modell</two>? A: Der <peru>lagging strand</peru> hat eine charakteristische Struktur, die via <one>looping</one> entsteht. URL: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-trombone-model-of-DNA-replication []
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134
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- The <one>SRB proteins in yeast</one> are usually associated with which other protein? The <one>RNA polymerase II holoenzyme</one>. []
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135
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- What did the <one>Lederberg and Zinder experiment</one> show? That a <royalblue>phage</royalblue> is responsible for <one>generalized transduction</one>. URL: https://jb.asm.org/content/198/21/2899 []
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136
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- Der <one>AB0 Locus</one> kodiert für ... ? Der <two>AB0 Locus</two> kodiert für die <one>Galactosyl-Transferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_%28gene%29 []
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137
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- How many <one>mutant crop varieties</one> have been officially released <three>world-wide</three> (from-to)? Between <one>3000</one> and <one>4000</one>. []
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138
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- What is the relation between <one>LexA</one> and <one>RecA</one> and what is the outcome of this event? <two>RecA</two> stimulates <three>LexA</three> to inactivate itself by <one>self-cleavage</one>. This, in turn, will <one>induce the SOS response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_response []
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139
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- We can convert <one>cysteine</one> into <one>alanine</one>, on a <two>tRNA</two>, if we employ ... what kind of <three>Nickel</three>? A <one>Raney Nickel</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel []
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140
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- How is a <one>Hfr cell</one> created? By <one>F-Plasmid Insertion</one> into the <two>bacterial chromosome</two>. []
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141
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- Verändert die <one>Bisulfit-Sequenzierung</one> <cadetblue>5-Methylcytosin</cadetblue>? Nein - <one>die Methylgruppe schützt diese Cytosine</one>. []
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142
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+
- Name a famous theory established by <one>Thomas Morgan</one>. A: <one>The chromosomal theory of heredity</one>. URL: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php
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143
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- In genetics: give a specific example for <one>variable expressivity</one>. A: <one>Piebald spotting</one> in <royalblue>beagles</royalblue>. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22090/ []
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144
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+
- What is <one>aDNA</one>? This abbreviation refers to <one>ancient DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_DNA []
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145
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- Wann haben die französische Molekularbiologin <one>Emmanuelle Charpentier</one> und ihre US-Kollegin <one>Jennifer Doudna</one> <two>CRISPR</two> / <two>Cas9</two> entdeckt? Im Jahre <one>2012</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#Cas9 []
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146
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- Der Blutgruppen <one>ABO Locus</one> kodiert für <three>welches Enzyme</three>? A: <one>Galactosyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosyltransferase []
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147
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- In gene therapy, we attempt to control where a gene inserts into. One general approach is to use <one>homologous integration</one>, but also name one additional novel approach. A: Make use of a <one>zinc finger nuclease</one> to <two>determine the site of integration</two>. []
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148
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- Give another term for <one>fluctuation</one>, in genetics. A: <one>High variation</one>. []
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149
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- Abstand innerhalb der <one>minor grove</one>, und innerhalb der <one>major grove</one> (in Angstrom) angeben? <one>12 Angstrom</one> beziehungsweise <one>22 Angstrom</one>. []
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150
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+
- Bei den <one>Wirbeltier-Genomen</one> ist nur welche Base wo methyliert? In der <one>CpG Folge</one> - wobei nur das <two>Cytosin</two> methyliert ist. []
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151
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- Das etwa 50 kDa <one>La-Protein</one> bindet an das <two>3' Ende</two> neu synthetisierter, kleiner RNAs (small RNAs). Welche Funktion hat das <three>La-Protein</three> vermutlich? Es <one>schützt</one> diese RNAs vor <two>Exonukleasen</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045101 []
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152
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- Nenne <three>zwei natürliche Möglichkeiten</three> wie ein Mensch, der ja diploid ist, auf einmal <one>haploid</one> gelten kann (auf genetischer Ebene). A: (1) bei <one>imprinted genes</one> (2) bei der <one>Meiose</one> []
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153
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+
- Welche Proteine gelangen in das <one>26S Proteasom</one>? <one>Ubiquitin-markierte Proteine</one>, im Zuge der <two>zellulären Proteolyse</two>. []
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154
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- Entfernt das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> die <two>Ubiquitin-Kappe</two> von Proteinen? <one>Ja</one>. []
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155
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- Bei einem Enzym: welche Stellen werden bei <one>sequenzspezifischen Mutagenen</one> vor allem modifiziert? All jene Aminosäuren, die an der <one>Substratbindung</one> beteiligt sind. []
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156
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+
- How many aminoacids can be found in <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one>? <one>928</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_I []
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157
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+
- Welches <one>Histon</one> ist <three>am stärksten konserviert</three> bei den verschiedenen Lebewesen? <one>Histon H1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1 []
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158
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+
- Nenne <one>drei ungewöhnliche Basen in der tRNA</one>. A: (1) <one>Dihydrouridin</one> (2) <one>Pseudouridin</one> (3) <one>Ribothymidin</one> []
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159
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+
- Give another expression for the term <one>genes that display disturbed, normal Mendelian ratios</one>. A: <one>Epistasis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis []
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160
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- Name three different <one>point mutation types</one> in <three>dsDNA</three>. A: (1) <one>Transition</one> (2) <one>Transversion</one> (3) <one>InDel</one> []
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161
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+
- Welche der drei Polymerasen verwendet <one>interne Promotoren</one>? Die <two>Promotoren</two> der <one>Polymerase III</one>. []
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162
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- In der Humangenetik: nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>Monosomie</one>. A: Das <one>Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom</one>, zum Beispiel <royalblue>45, X0-</royalblue> hier fehlt ein <one>Gonosom</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome []
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163
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- What is meant with the term <one>replicon</one>? A <one>replicon</one> is <two>a segment of DNA that undergoes replication</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon_(genetics) []
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164
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+
- Does a gene code for a <one>diffusible product</one>? Yes, of course - either <one>RNA</one> or a <one>protein</one>. []
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165
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- Give another term for <one>transcriptome-wide structure determination in vivo</one>. A: The <one>RNA structurome</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797096 []
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166
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+
- Genetisch betrachtet entstehen <one>Genfamilien</one> oft über ... ? Ungleiches <one>crossing over</one>. []
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167
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+
- Finden wir <one>CpG-Inseln</one> in Nachbarschaft zu <three>Pol-III Genen</three>? Ja. []
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168
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+
- A sequence of nucleic acid <one>lacking stop codons</one> is called ... ? <one>an open reading frame</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame []
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169
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+
- Wie entsteht <one>5-Methylcytosin</one>? Durch <two>Anheften einer Methylgruppe an Cytosin</two>, durch eine <one>DNA Methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine []
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170
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- What does the abbreviation <one>LINE</one> in Genetics stand for? <one>Long interspersed elements</one>, also known as <one>Long interspersed nuclear element</one>. They were first discovered in the year <two>1980</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element []
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- Why do we shy away from <one>insertional mutagenesis</one> on <two>human chromosomes</two>? Insertional mutagenesis may result in <one>carcinogenesis</one>. []
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- Wofür eigentlich steht die Abkürzung <one>Recombineering</one>? <one>Recombination-mediated genetic engineering</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering []
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- Do <one>Introns</one> increase eukaryotic gene expression? Yes. []
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- Welche Erbgänge erlauben einen <one>intermediären Phänotyp</one>? <one>Kodominante Erbgänge</one>. []
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- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Chi</one>. A: Ein <one>ssDNA Cofactor</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111999005648 []
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- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>codominant</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gleichberechtigt</one>. []
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177
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- Die <one>Nukleosomen-linker-DNA</one> ist wie lange, in <three>n bp</three>? <one>54 bp</one>.
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- Which three major classes of <one>heat shock proteins</one> exist in <two>E. coli</two>? (1) <one>Hsp10</one> (2) <one>Hsp60</one> (3) <one>Hsp70</one> []
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- Wie lang, in etwa, sind die <one>Alu Sequenzen</one> im Genom der Primaten? Etwa <one>300 bp</one> lang. []
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- Does a <one>minimal medium</one> contain nutrients? Yes. It contains the (minimal) nutrients that are essential for growth of the organism.
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- Was <one>entlässt</one> das <two>26S-Proteasom</two>? <one>Kurze Peptide</one>, die etwa <two>7-8 Aminosäuren</two> lang sind. []
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182
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- Nenne die zwei <one>Histon-Gruppen</one> mitsamt ihren Mitgliedern. A: (1) <one>Core-Histone</one>: <mediumseagreen>H2A, H2B, H3, H4</mediumseagreen> (2) <one>Linker-Histone</one>: <mediumseagreen>H1</mediumseagreen> []
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- <one>ColE1</one> hat etwa n bp? <one>~6500 bp</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColE1 []
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- <one>Base Flipping</one> may lead to ..? An <one>extrahelical configuration</one>. []
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- Name <one>a protein that can bind to methylated DNA</one>. A: <one>MeCP2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2 []
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- What do we mean with <one>meDNA</one>? This word refers to <one>methylated DNA</one>. []
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- In Genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>VNTRs</one> stand for? <one>Variable number tandem repeats</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_number_tandem_repeat []
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- <one>Meiosis</one> is associated with ... ? <one>Gamete formation</one>. []
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- Was heisst <one>isopyknisch</one>? <royalblue>Dieselbe Dichte</royalblue>. []
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- <lightseagreen>How</lightseagreen> can we create <one>synthetic mRNAs</one> in a cell? Via the enzyme <one>polynucleotide phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase []
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- Das <one>Klenow-Fragment</one> besteht aus ... ? (1) <one>DNA-Polymerase I</one> (2) <one>3' → 5' Exonuclease</one> []
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- <one>TdT</one> catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the ... <two>which terminus</two> of a DNA molecule? A: To the <one>3' terminus</one>. []
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- In the <one>human genome</one>: are the <three>3' terminal exons</three> usually larger than <one>internal exons</one>? Yes. []
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- Definiere ein Gen <one>altmodisch</one>, in Bezug auf das Chromosom. A: Ein Gen ist ein <one>uninterrupted length of DNA</one>. []
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- Konnte <one>Thomas Hunt Morgan</one> <three>Chiasmata</three> beobachten? Ja. []
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- Give another term for <one>transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Jumping genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element []
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- Nenne zwei Antibiotika, die den <one>A-Ort</one> des Ribosoms blockieren können. A: (1) <one>Streptomycin</one> (2) <one>Tetracyclin</one> []
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198
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- <one>Directed Evolution</one>: welche 3 Schritte um ein Enzym zu verbessern? (1) <one>Mutagenese</one> (2) <one>Screening</one> (3) <one>Selektion</one> []
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199
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- The <one>average length of a human gene</one> is, <three>in bp</three> ... ? <one>27.000 bp</one>. []
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- Why is it important to know about the <one>copy number of plasmids</one>? This may influence features such as <one>the level of antibiotic resistance</one>. []
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- Wie heissen die 3 <one>Regeln von Mendel</one> (deutsche Bezeichnung)? Mnemonic: <royalblue>UniSpaltUng</royalblue> oder <royalblue>USU</royalblue> (1) <one>Uniformitätsregel</one> (2) <one>Spaltungsregel</one> (3) <one>Unabhängigkeitsregel</one> []
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- Does <one>dsDNA</one> absorb more UV light than <one>ssDNA</one>? No - <one>melted DNA</one> absorbs more UV-light, hence <one>ssDNA</one>. []
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203
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- What is meant with the term <one>dominant negative</one>? This essentially means <one>a loss of function</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_%28genetics%29#Dominant-negative_mutations []
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- Wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>Dscam</one>? <one>Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSCAM []
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- In genetics: what does the abbreviation <one>nDNA</one> stand for? <one>Nuclear DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA []
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- Wo findet man <one>CENP-A</one>? Diese <one>Histonvariante</one> kommt in Chromatin am <royalblue>Centromer</royalblue> vor, bei den <mediumseagreen>H3 Histonen</mediumseagreen> beziehungsweise als deren Ersatz. []
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- Welche Aufgabe hat das Hormon <one>EPO</one> (<three>Erythropoietin</three>)? <two>Erythropoietin</two> regt die <one>Produktion von Erythrocyten</one> an. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin []
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208
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- Welche <one>zwei Mutationen</one> unterscheidet ein Genetiker bei einem vielzelligen Organismus? (1) <one>Somatische Mutationen</one> (2) <one>Keimbahn-Mutationen</one> []
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209
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- <three>Wie viele Chromosomen</three> besitzen die <one>Schimpansen</one>? <one>48</one>. []
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- What is <one>genetics</one>? <one>The study of all aspects of genes</one>. []
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- <two>1928</two>: <one>Frederick Griffith</one>, verwendete welches Bakterium und was wurde dadurch nachgewiesen? <one>Streptococcus pneumoniae</one>. Er wies damit <one>Transformation</one> nach. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s_experiment []
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- Für eine <one>DNA-Topoisomerase</one>: <two>welche Aminosäure</two> ist am wichtigsten? <one>Tyrosin</one>. []
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213
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- <one>Meiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks</one> are catalyzed by which enzyme? <one>Spo11</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo11 []
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- Moderne, Genomweite ...-screens. A: <one>RNA-Screens</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311596 []
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- In a genetic map: when can it be claimed that <one>two genes are linked</one>? When their <one>recombination frequencies</one> are <one>below 50%</one>. []
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- Kann <one>C. elegans</one> eingefroren aufbewahrt werden? Ja. []
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- What is a <one>forward mutation</one>? A <one>forward mutation</one> is a mutation of a <two>wild-type allele</two> to a <two>mutant allele</two>. []
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- Nenne ein Beispiel für eine <one>genetische Kodominanz</one>. A: Das <one>menschliche Blutgruppensystem</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-System []
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219
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- Wann liegt <one>Epistasie</one> vor? Sie liegt dann vor, wenn ein Gen die <one>phänotypische Ausprägung</one> eines anderen Gens unterdrücken kann. []
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220
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- In general: where may we be able to observe <one>Theta-replication</one>? In <one>circular DNA</one>. []
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- Give an example for <one>a homozygous lethal gene</one>. A: The <one>tailless Manx phenotype</one> in <mediumseagreen>cats</mediumseagreen>. []
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- <one>Genetics</one> is not only the study of all aspects of genes, or the study of heredity, but also the study of ... ? <one>Variation</one>. []
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- Die wichtigste Domäne in einem <one>nuklearen Rezeptor</one> ist ... ? Die <one>hochkonservierte DNA-Bindedomäne C</one>. []
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- What does the term <one>hemizygous</one> (in german: hemizygot) mean in Genetics? That <one>one allele is missing</one>, in an otherwise diploid organism. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/hemizygous []
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- How does a <one>Hfr strain</one> arise/result? It results from the integration of the <one>F factor</one> into the chromosome. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell []
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226
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- Nenne die zwei <one>Haupt-Histon-Chaperone</one> in einer Zelle. A: (1) <one>CAF1</one> (2) <one>ASF1</one> []
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227
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- What is the <one>phenotypic ratio</one> in F2 characteristic for Epistasis? <one>9:3:4</one> (so <mediumseagreen>16</mediumseagreen> in total). []
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228
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- <one>Watson and Crick's evidence</one> was based on which <one>two major kinds of evidence</one>? (1) <one>X-ray diffraction pattern</one> (2) <one>Erwin Chargaff's rule</one> []
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- Warum werden beim Menschen nur <one>maternale Mitochondrien</one> vererbt? Da die Mitochondrien des Spermiums nicht in die Oocyte eindringen können. []
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- In the year <three>2016</three>, Craig Venter and his group created the artificial <one>Syn3.0 cell</one>. How many genes does it use? <one>473</one> genes / gene products. []
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231
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- How to remember the <one>amber stop codon</one>? <royalblue>You Are Gone, Amber!</royalblue>. Aka: <one>UAG</one>. []
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- Anderes Wort für das <one>Volkin Experiment</one>? <one>Pulse-Chase Experiment</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22071/ []
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233
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- Was können <one>oligomere Bruchstücke</one> auf zellulärer Ebene bewirken? <two>Oligomere Bruchstücke</two> können <one>die verstärkte Synthese von Exoenzymen</one> bewirken. Sie <three>induzieren daher die Synthese</three>. []
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- Arrangiert die <one>Desaminierung</one> oder die <one>Depurinierung</one> mehr Atome neu? Die <one>Depurinierung</one>. Es geht ja ein kompletter Nukleotid-Teil weg; bei der <one>Desaminierung</one> hingegen geht nur NH₂ verloren beziehungsweise wird gegen -O ausgetauscht. []
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- Andere, schönere Bezeichnung für die <one>Telomerase</one>? <one>Unsterblichkeitsenzym</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase []
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- Which <one>human cells</one> reside in the <three>GO Phase</three> all the time? <one>Human brain cells</one>. []
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- Wo findet man die <one>astralen Mikrotubuli</one>? Astrale Mikrotubuli findet man rund um den <one>Zellpol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_microtubules []
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- <one>Pyrimidine</one> haben eine höhere Absorption als <one>Purine</one>? Nein. <one>Purine > Pyrimidine</one> in Bezug auf die Absorption. []
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- Distinguish between the two terms <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> and <one>facultative heterochromatin</one>. A: (1) <one>constitutive heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that are invariably heterochromatic; it contains highly repetitive sequences of DNA that are <two>genetically inactive</two>. (2) <one>facultative heterochromatin</one> is chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that become heterochromatic in certain cells and tissues; for example, the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells. []
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- In der Genetik: was sind <one>Rekombinanten</one>? Das sind <one>Filialgenerationen</one>, die sich vom <two>Genotyp der Eltern</two> unterscheiden.
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- The human genome contains <one>n genes</one> that encode <two>selenoproteins</two>? <one>25</one>. []
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- <three>Enzyme</three>, die <one>Ubiquitine an bestimmte Protein übertragen können</one>, nennt man ... ? <one>Ubiquitinligasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase []
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- Give another name for <one>the substrate for translation</one>. A: <one>mRNA</one>. []
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- How are <one>exitrons</one> produced? <two>Exitrons</two> are produced through <one>alternative splicing</one>. []
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- A <one>promoter-trap plasmid</one>, such as <three>pSCH03</three>, typically contains a gene that has which characteristic feature? It is a <one>promoterless gene</one>. []
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- Give another term for <one>stop codon</one>. A: <one>Chain-termination signal</one>. []
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- In der Genetik: nenne einen allgemeinen Spezialfall der <one>inverted repeats</one>. A: Das <one>Palindrom</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrom []
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- Name a big mechanistic difference between <one>Type I</one> and <one>Type II</one> DNA-Topoisomerases. A: (1) <one>Type I DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut only one strand</two>. (2) <one>Type II DNA-Topoisomerases</one> <two>cut both strands</two>. (Mnemonic hint: Type I cuts "one" strand; Type II cuts <one>two</one> strands) []
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- The <one>transposition pathway of the MULEs</one> (<three>Mutator-like transposable elements</three>) resembles that of ... ? The <one>V(D)J recombination reaction</one>. []
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250
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- Ist <one>Chloroform</one> mutagen? Ja. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform []
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- Können <three>Mäuse</three> an <one>Parkinson</one> erkranken? Ja - <one>zumindest im Labor</one>. []
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- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>YACs</one> (auf deutsch)? <one>Künstliche Hefechromosomen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome []
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- Wie konnte man im Jahre <one>1961</one> <three>synthetic RNA</three> erstellen? Mit Hilfe des Enzyms <one>Polynucleotide Phosphorylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase []
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- Nenne drei <one>ungewöhnliche Chromosomenformen</one> in der Plural-Form. A: (1) <one>B-Chromosomen</one> (2) <one>Lampenbürstenchromosomen</one> (3) <one>Mikrochromosomen der Vögel</one> []
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- Gegeben ist ein beliebiges Gen in einem Genom das ich verändern möchte. Ich kann jedoch nur eine einzige, beliebige Punktmutation in diesem Gen durchführen (die Startstelle des Gens bleibt jedoch unverändert; somit verändern wir nur eine Stelle im Gen selbst). Welche Stelle würde ich warum nehmen? <royalblue>Stelle Nummer 2</royalblue>, in einem beliebigem Codon. An Position 1 gibt es eine <one>96% Chance</one> für eine Veränderung. An Position 2 hingegen gibt es eine <one>100%ige Chance</one> auf eine Veränderung. Und an Position 3 gibt es lediglich eine <one>30% Chance</one> auf Veränderung. []
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- Name of <one>CAS genes</one> stands for? <one>CRISPR-associated genes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR []
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- Wie wird <one>DnaA-Protein</one> aktiviert? Durch <one>(gebundenes) ATP</one>. []
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- Name a cell in which <one>DNA rearrangement</one> may take place. A: The <one>B-cell</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell []
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- Das <one>längste Gen im menschlichen Genom</one> ist ... ? Das <one>Dystrophin-Gen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin []
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- <one>Osteoblasts</one> und <one>Osteoclasts</one> sind ...? <one>Osteocytes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteocyte []
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- The portions of DNA that <one>encode rRNA</one> are collectively referred to as ... ? <one>NOR</one>: the <two>nucleolus organizer region</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus_organizer_region []
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- Welche Enzyme sind essenziell für <one>DNA Kompaktierung</one> allgemein? Die <one>DNA Topoisomerasen</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase []
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- How is the <one>attachment of pseudouridine</one> onto a <two>tRNA</two> called? <one>Pseudouridylation</one>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939918301949 []
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- When a human being has a mutation in the <one>OCA2 gene</one>, what may be the result of this? That this human being may have <lightblue>blue eyes</lightblue>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCA2 []
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- The <one>C-value paradox</one> is well known - but what is the <cadetblue>G-value paradox</cadetblue>? The <two>G-value</two> is <one>the number of genes in a given genome</one>. We predict that the number of genes correlate with the complexity of an organism, but this is not correct.
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- Which <one>cell types</one> can we find in <three>S. cerevisiae</three>? (1) <one>a</one> (2) <one>alpha</one> (3) <one>a</one>/<one>alpha</one> []
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267
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- Was passiert bei einer <one>Überexpression von Cyclin D</one>? Die Zelle ist einem <one>vermehrten Proliferationsdruck</one> ausgesetzt. []
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- Nenne ein <one>'feature'</one> der <two>HeLa-Zellen</two>. A: <one>Wenig RNAse im Zellkern</one>. []
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- Nenne eine wichtige Auswirkung von <one>UV-Strahlung auf DNA</one>. A: Induktion von <one>Pyrimidindimeren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Reparatur []
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- Nenne zwei wichtige <one>Charakteristika von Histonen</one>. A: (1) Sie besitzen einen hohen Anteil an <one>Lysin</one> und <one>Arginin</one>. (2) Sie <one>sind sehr stark konserviert</one>. <royalblue>H4</royalblue> von <two>Rind</two> und <two>Erbse</two> unterscheidet sich nur in einer einzigen Aminosäure. []
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- Bei der Telomerase gibt es etwas genannt <one>TERC</one>. Was heisst das? <one>Telomerase RNA component</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_RNA_component []
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- The maize <one>Ds element</one> depends on ... ? <royalblue>Ac</royalblue>. (Ac ist hier <one>standalone</one>. Merkhilfe: <two>Ds depends on Ac.</two>). []
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- Nenne einen Unterschied zwischen einem <one>Hydrogenosom</one> und einem <one>Mitochondrium</one>. A: <two>Hydrogenosomes</two> enthalten <one>keine DNA</one>. []
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- In genetics: what do we mean with <one>G4</one>? This refers to a <one>G-quadruplex secondary structure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-quadruplex []
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- What does a <one>siRNA</one> achieve, briefly stated? It <one>silences the gene that produces it</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA []
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- Welche Aufgabe hat <one>Geminin</one>? <one>Geminin prevents MCM from binding to DNA</one> and reinitiate replication at that origin.
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- Name the two components of a <one>ssDNA hairpin</one>. A: (1) <one>stem</one> (2) <one>loop</one> []
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- Nenne ein menschliches Gen, das etwas mit <one>Pigmentierungen der Haut</one> zu tun hat. A: Das Gen <one>OCA2</one>. URL: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OCA2 []
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- Die Alge <one>Chlamydomonas</one> bildet <three>bei Stickstoffmangel</three> was? <one>Isogameten</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet#Gametentypen []
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- Mit welchem Experiment beziehungsweise Experimenten konnte man nachweisen, das der genetische Code in Triplets abgelesen wird? Mit Hilfe des <one>Triplettbindungsversuch</one> (<two>triplet binding assays</two>). []
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- Was genau bezeichnet der Begriff <one>Autogamie</one>? <one>Selbstbefruchtung</one> - eine Form der <one>sexuellen Fortpflanzung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogamie []
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- Are <one>Okazaki Fragments</one> <three>DNA-fragments</three> or <three>RNA-fragments</three>? <two>Okazaki fragments</two> consist of <one>DNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments []
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- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>quantitative Genetik</one>? Die <one>Genetik nicht-diskreter Merkmale</one>. []
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- Are <one>alternative synonymous codons</one> used with <two>equal frequencies</two>? No. []
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- <one>AU-Elemente</one> werden oft auch ... genannt. A: <one>Destabilisierungselemente</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AU-rich_element []
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- Wo finden wir die <one>gRNA</one> (guide RNA) genau in <seagreen>Trypanosomen</seagreen>? Exprimiert im <one>mitochondrialen Genom</one>. []
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- Der <one>Psp-Promotor</one> liefert was für eine RNA? Die <one>pRNA</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102588 []
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- How do we call the enzymes that catalyze <one>site-specific recombination</one>? <one>Recombinases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase []
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- Are <one>amphidiploids</one> (having a diploid chromosome set derived from each parent) fertile? Yes. []
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- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie eine Zelle selbst <one>die Mutationsrate erhöhen könnte</one>. A: Indem sie die <one>Überwachungs-</one> und <one>Reparaturmechanismen</one> verringert. DNA Schäden werden so weniger oft beziehungsweise weniger gut beseitigt. []
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- Was ist die <one>Polydaktylie</one>? Die <one>Vielfingrigkeit</one> - also <two>das Vorkommen von insgesamt mehr als 10 Fingern an einem Menschen</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly []
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- Wo genau funktioniert das <one>himalayan allele</one>? In jenen Teilen des Körpers, in denen <one>die Temperatur reduziert ist</one>. []
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- In genetics: give another word for <one>to transpose</one>. A: To <one>excise</one>. []
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- Give another expression for <one>less favorable mutations</one>. A: <one>Deleterious mutations</one>. []
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- How can the term <one>locus</one> be defined? A <one>locus</one> is <two>a gene's physical location on a chromosome</two>. []
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- Die <one>enol-Form</one> von <three>Thymin</three> kann womit paaren? Mit <one>Guanin</one>. []
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- Vergleiche die <one>Mutationsrate</one> in mtDNA mit der des normalen zellulären Genoms. A: Die Mutationsrate ist in der mtDNA etwa <royalblue>20x höher</royalblue> als die Mutationsrate, die in der <one>chromosomalen DNA</one> gefunden werden kann. []
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- <one>Menschliche Mitochondrien</one> besitzen wie viele Stop Codons? <one>4</one>. []
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- When one mutation causes a protein to change, and to no longer function as a consequence, and another mutation in another protein restores the original function again, what may we conclude from this observation? That <one>these two proteins somehow interact</one>. []
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- <one>Shugoshin</one> protects what exactly in the cell? <one>Shugoshin</one> protects <two>centromeric cohesin</two>. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067405001523 []
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- <one>Bisulfit</one> auf DNA angewandt führt zu ... ? <one>C → U</one> Veränderungen. []
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- <one>DnaA</one> ist <one>das Initiatorprotein in Bakterien</one>. Dessen <two>Domain IV</two> besitzt eine DNA-Bindedomäne. Nenne zwei <violet>Sequenzmotive</violet> die man in dieser Domäne finden kann. A: (1) eine <one>Alpha-Helix</one> (2) <one>Arg399</one> []
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- In what year was the <one>genetic code</one> deciphered? In the year <one>1966</one>. URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/geneticcode.html#poly-u-experiment []
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- Im <three>Gal-Pathway</three>, kann Galaktose aufgenommen werden. Über welches Molekül erfolgt dann <one>die Einspeisung in die Glykolyse</one>? Über <one>Glucose-1-phosphat</one>. []
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- What do we mean with a <one>RNA homopolymer</one>? These are RNA molecules containing only one type of <one>ribonucleotides</one>. []
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- Wieviele <one>tRNAs</one> besitzt das <three>Säugetier-Mitochondrium Genom</three>? <one>22 tRNAs</one>. []
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- The <one>MDM2 gene</one> is controlled by ... ? <one>p53</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221809/ []
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- In <one>genetics</one>: give another name for the <two>Chambon's rule</two>. A: The <one>GT-AG rule</one>. []
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- Give another term for the expression <one>codon bias</one>. A: <one>Codon usage</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias []
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- Anderer Begriff für die <one>ex-situ-Erhaltung</one> einer Pflanzenart? <one>Genbank</one>. URL: https://www.pflanzenforschung.de/de/themen/lexikon/genbank-734 []
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- Was mag <two>schneller</two> sein - die <one>unidirektionale</one> oder die <one>bidirektionale Replikation</one>? <one>Bidirektionale Replikation</one>. []
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- The <one>CDAR enzyme</one> can convert which two nucleotides? <one>C → U</one>. []
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- Welche 5 Annahmen nimmt das Hardy-Weinberg Modell an? (1) Keine Migration in oder aus der Population (2) keine neuen Allele durch Mutationen (3) keine Selektion (4) die <one>Population is unendlich groß</one> (5) die <one>Paarung erfolgt zufällig</one> aka <two>random mating</two>
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- In any given genome, <one>different mutagens</one> may have different ...? <one>Hotspots</one>. []
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- Kann ein Gen <one>mehrere TATA Boxen</one> besitzen? Ja. []
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- Give another term/word for the <one>DNA helicase loader</one>. A: <one>DnaC</one>. (Mnemonic: <peru>C</peru> ... <three>heli</three><royalblue>C</royalblue><three>ase</three>.) []
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- Was sind <one>alkylierende Agenzien</one>? Nenne ein Beispiel. A: Stoffe wie <one>Senfgas</one>, die Alkylgruppen wie "-CH3" oder <two>-CH2CH3</two> abgeben können.
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- Nenne einen <one>Organismus</one> (<two>Eukaryot</two>), der <three>lediglich ein Chromosom</three> hat. A: <one>Myrmecia pilosula</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant []
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- Wen oder was meinen wir mit <one>poky-Mutanten</one>? Dies sind <one>langsam wachsende Neurospora-Mutanten</one>. Dafür verantwortlich ist eine Hemmung in ihrer mitochondrialen Funktion aufgrund <two>Defekte in der kleinen ribosomalen Untereinheit</two> in den Mitochondrien während der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase.
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- In genetics: what is meant with an <one>oriTS</one>? This is <one>a temperature-sensitive ori</one>. URL: https://plos.figshare.com/articles/_Bacterial_strains_and_plasmids_used_in_the_study_/1549283 []
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- Das <one>rot fluoreszierende Protein</one> stammte aus welchem Organismus? Aus der <one>indopazifischen Seeanemone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discosoma []
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- Definiere kurz <one>klassische Genetik</one> (classical genetics)! A: Dies ist das Studieren von Genetik durch die <one>Analyse von Nachkommen</one>. []
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- Bei <three>Säugetieren</three>: welches Enzym sorgt für <one>Neumethylierungen</one>? Nenne den vollständigen Namen dieses Enzyms. A: <one>DNA-Methyltransferase 3a</one>/<one>3b</one>. []
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- What is meant with the term <one>parasexual mechanisms</one>? (1) <one>conjugation</one> (2) <one>transduction</one> (3) <one>transformation</one> []
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- Warum der Name <one>Isogamete</one> bei, zum Beispiel, <two>Chlamydomonas</two>? Diese <one>haploiden Zellen</one> sehen zwar ident aus - besitzen jedoch an ihrer Oberfläche eine <two>unterschiedliche chemische Substanz</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas
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- Give another word for a <one>heteroplasmon</one>. A: A <one>cytohet</one>. A <one>cytohet</one> ist an eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic genome is heterozygous. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet []
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- <one>DNA</one> and <one>proteins</one> are products of ... ? <one>Evolution</one>. []
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- <one>Type I restriction enzymes</one> consist of n subunits? <royalblue>5</royalblue> - they are <one>pentameric proteins</one>, with separate restriction (<two>R</two>), methylation (<two>M</two>) and DNA sequence-recognition (<two>S</two>) subunits. []
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- Name a <lightseagreen>chemical Cdk inhibitor</lightseagreen> starting with the letter <one>p</one>. A: <one>Purvalanol</one> (Mnemonic: hat somit zwei <one>l</one>). URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purvalanol []
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- Give another expression for <one>mutations that inactivate a gene</one>. A: <one>Forward mutations</one>. URL: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/forward+mutation []
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- What is meant with <one>the Crick strand</one> typically? This refers to <one>the DNA coding strand</one>. []
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- Womit beginnt die <one>homologe Rekombination</one>? Mit einem <one>Einzelstrangbruch</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekombination_(Genetik)#Homologe_Rekombination []
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- Welche Reaktion, und wo, führt die <one>Ribonucleotide-Reductase</one> durch? Dieses Enzym konvertiert <one>Ribose</one> zu <one>Deoxyribose</one>, durch <two>Reduktion der OH-Gruppe</two> am <three>2-Strich-Carbon</three> (<three>2'C</three>).
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- Welchen Vorteil hat <one>recombineering</one> gegenüber <two>konventioneller Gentechnik</two>? Man kann damit auch <one>sehr grosse DNA-Moleküle handhaben</one>, da es auf <two>homologen Sequenzen</two> basiert. []
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- Welche biologischen Systeme verwenden <one>fMet</one>? Nur <one>Bakterien</one>. Eukaryoten und Archea hingegen verwenden kein fMet. []
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- The disease <one>PKU</one> is caused by ...? PKU is caused by the defective enzyme <one>phenylalanine hydroxylase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase []
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- Why may we need <one>conditional mutations</one> in genetics? So that we can <one>isolate mutations in otherwise essential genes</one>. []
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- In genetics we can find <one>everted repeats</one>. Give another name for these. A: <one>Inverted palindromes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7625727 []
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- What is the main function of the <one>ubiquitin protein ligases</one>? These ligases are enzymes that target other proteins to be broken down (<one>degraded</one>) within cells. []
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- Wie lange ist das <one>menschliche Genom ausgestreckt</one> (dessen <three>physikalische Länge</three>)? Etwa <one>1.80 Meter</one>. Siehe URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom#Genomgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen []
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- Was heisst <one>GOI</one> in der Genetik? <one>Gene of Interest</one>. []
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- The <one>Ty3 retrotransposon</one> also has another trivial name. Which one? <one>Gypsy</one> (<two>Ty3-Gypsy</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon#LTR_retrotransposons []
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343
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- <one>Which subunit</one> of Pol III ensures its high processivity? The <one>beta-prime subunit</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_III_holoenzyme []
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- <one>SL 1</one>, der <lightseagreen>Selectivity factor</lightseagreen>, spielt eine Rolle bei welcher RNA-Polymerase? <one>RNA-Polymerase I</one>. []
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- Der <one>Shelterin-Komplex</one> besteht aus wievielen verschiedenen Proteinen? Aus <one>6</one>. []
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- Was heisst <one>WNT</one>? A: <one>Wingless</one> und <one>Int-1</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway []
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- How many different <one>blood types</one> are known in humans? <royalblue>4</royalblue>: <one>A</one>, <one>B</one>, <one>AB</one>, <one>0</one>. []
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348
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- <one>UGA</one> kodiert auch für ...? <one>Selenocystein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenocysteine []
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- <two>Francis Crick</two> is rumoured to have said: <one>"DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein, and proteins make ... "</one>? <one>us</one>. []
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- What is meant with the expression <one>the exome</one>? This is <one>the part of the genome formed by exons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome []
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- Nenne ein <one>Retrotransposon</one> in Drosophila. A: <one>Copia</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21254/ []
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- <three>Welche zwei Nukleotide</three> <one>wobblen NICHT</one>? (1) <one>Cytosin</one> (<two>C</two>) (2) <one>Adenin</one> (<two>A</two>) []
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- <one>CENP-A</one> ist eine Variante des Histons ... ? <one>H3</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENPA []
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- Wenn ich <one>zuwenig Plasmide</one> für ein Experiment besitze (in einer bakteriellen Zellpopulation), welche Strategie verwende ich dann? <two>Plasmidamplifikation</two> durch <one>Chloramphenicol</one>. Die Plasmide können weiter replizieren. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol#Mechanism_of_action []
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- Welche Person entdeckte die <one>Restriktionsenzyme</one>? <one>Werner Arber</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Arber []
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- <two>Why</two> was the <one>onc strain</one> of mouse created? This strain has been genetically engineered to be <one>susceptible to many forms of cancer</one>. These mice were then used to study cancer development and <two>the design of new anticancer drugs</two>.
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- Aus Sicht der Genetik: was meinen wir mit der <one>sexuellen Vermehrung</one>? Die <one>Vermischung der Genome zweier Individuen</one>.
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- Was versteht man unter der <one>genetischen Erosion</one>? Genetische Erosion bezeichnet den <one>Verlust von genetischem Material</one>.
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- Erkläre den Unterschied zwischen <one>Penetranz</one> und <one>Expressivität</one>. A: (1) <one>Penetranz</one> beschreibt, ob ein Merkmal sichtbar wird oder nicht. (2) <one>Expressivität</one> bestimmt das Maß, in dem ein Merkmal ausgeprägt wird.
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- In der Genetik: was können wir dank des <one>LOD Score</one> erreichen? Diese <royalblue>statistische Methode</royalblue> kann uns helfen, um aus einem Datensatz zu schließen, ob zwei Loci miteinander verknüpft sind. Positive LOD Werte deuten auf einen <one>gekoppelten Locus</one> hin, negative LOD Werte hingegen gehen von keiner Kopplung aus. Ein LOD Wert von <one>3.0 oder mehr</one> wird als Beweis für Kopplung angesehen; bei einem Wert <one>geringer als -2.0</one> gibt es keine Kopplung. (Kurzfassung: <two>+3 bei Kopplung, -2 keine Kopplung</two>).
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- What is the typical, ultimate goal in <one>gene knockout</one>? To <one>determine the function of the given gene</one>.
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- Was besagt die <one>GT-AG-Regel</one>? <two>Introns</two> beginnen (fast) immer mit einem <one>GT</one>; und enden mit einem <one>AG</one>. Dies wird auch die <royalblue>Chambon-Regel</royalblue> genannt. URL: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6754-9_7198
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- <one>Syncytin-1</one> is encoded by which gene ... ? By the <one>ERVW-1 gene</one>: <two>endogenous retrovirus group W envelope member 1</two>.
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- In der Genetik: den <one>Exkonjugant</one> findet man bei welchem Vorgang genau? Bei der <two>Rekombination</two> - und zwar während der <one>Konjugation</one>. URL: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/konjugation/36846
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- Name three different ways how, at the least since 2018, <one>transposable elements can be discovered</one>. A: (1) <one>de-novo using raw reads</one> (2) <one>de-novo using an assembled genome</one> (3) <one>repository-based annotation</one>
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- Give a specific example for <one>a pseudogene</one> in the <two>human genome</two>. A: The <one>PTEN gene</one>, a known <two>tumor suppressor gene</two>, or rather a PTEN-pseudogene. This gene is very similar in its genetic sequence to the wild-type gene of PTEN (a known tumor-suppressor gene). However had, PTENP1 has a missense mutation which eliminates the codon for the initiating methionine and thus prevents translation of the normal PTEN protein.
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- Wieso wird die <one>pseudoautosomale Region</one> im <lightseagreen>Y Chromosom</lightseagreen> bei Säugern benötigt? Sie wird für die <one>meiotische Paarung</one> von <two>X-Chromosom</two> und <two>Y-Chromosom</two> benötigt.
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- Why is <one>recombination</one> an extremely important genetic process? Because <one>it increases genetic variation</one>.
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- Give another name for <one>defective transposable elements</one>. A: <one>Non-autonomous transposable elements</one>.
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- Was heisst <one>Dnmt1</one>? A: <one>DNA Methyltransferase 1</one>.
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- Was genau machen die <one>HDACs</one>? Sie <one>entfernen Acetylgruppen von Histonen</one>, was zu einer <one>Kompaktierung der DNA</one> führt.
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- Kann ein Mensch gleichzeitig sowohl <one>rhesus-positiv</one> als auch <one>rhesus-negativ</one> sein? Ja, das kann vorkommen wenn in ein und derselben Person eine spontane genetische Mutation stattfindet, die dieses Resultat bedingt.
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- <one>Base Flipping</one> can be observed in which two different types of enzymes? (1) In enzymes whose activity is related to <one>DNA Repair</one>. (2) In enzymes whose activity is related to <one>homologous recombination</one>.
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- Warum treten <one>Bakterien</one> in die <two>stationäre Phase</two> ein? Weil die <one>Nährstoffversorgung</one> geringer wird.
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- How does <one>Avastin</one> work? <two>Avastin</two> can block the protein called <royalblue>VEGF</royalblue> (<one>vascular endothelial growth factor</one>).
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- What is the popular sequencing enzyme <one>Sequenase</one>? <royalblue>Sequenase</royalblue> is a modified form of the <one>T7 DNA polymerase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_DNA_polymerase#Sequenase_%28DNA_sequencing%29
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- What is a <one>cosmid</one>? A <three>cosmid</three> is a type of <two>hybrid plasmid</two> that contains a <one>Lambda-phage cos sequence</one>.
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- Nirenberg and others decoded the genetic code, starting with <one>poly-UUU</one>. But normally, a mRNA not starting with a start codon (AUG usually), would not be translated. Why did the experiment still work? The <mediumseagreen>protocol</mediumseagreen> used for protein synthesis used by Nirenberg and Matthaei happened to <one>contain twice the natural amount of magnesium</one>, an anomaly that was later found to <three>override the need for a start codon</three>.
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- In <one>Sp1 knockout mouse embryos</one>: the expression of which <two>protein</two> is also decreased significantly? <royalblue>MeCP2</royalblue> (<one>methyl-CpG binding protein</one>).
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- What happens during the <one>Anaphase</one> with the chromatides? <mediumseagreen>Sister Chromatids</mediumseagreen> move to <one>opposite ends</one> of the cell. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitose#Anaphase
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- Name <one>two</one> large classes of <two>transposons</two>. A: (1) <one>DNA transposons</one> (2) <one>Retrotransposon</one>
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- The common SINE family <one>Alu</one> probably originated from ... ? A <cadetblue>7SL RNA gene</cadetblue>. It is assumed that a central sequence was deleted here. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu-Sequenz
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- Was konnte das <one>U-Tube Experiment</one> von <two>Bernard Davis</two> zeigen und wie wurde es durchgeführt? Das <two>U-Tube Experiment</two> belegte, das ein <one>Zell-zu-Zell Kontakt</one> notwendig war, um genetisches Material zwischen zwei Bakterienstämmen auszutauschen. In der Mitte des U-Rohres war ein Filter platziert, der Bakterien herausfiltern konnte. Wasser und kleine Substanzen hingegen konnten den Filter passieren. Diese physikalische Trennung verhinderte direkte Zell-Zellkontakte zwischen Bakterien. Man beobachtete, das sich die Bakterienstämme nicht änderten, und interpretierte dies als Beweis, das <one>für den DNA-Austausch räumliche Nähe vonnöten war</one>.
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- The <cadetblue>argonaute genes</cadetblue> can be divided into which two subfamilies? (1) <one>Ago subfamily</one> (2) <one>Piwi subfamily</one>
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- Give another word for expressing <one>more than one codon</one>, in genetics. A: <one>Degeneracy</one>.
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- Nenne zwei konkrete Beispiele für <one>Basenanaloga</one> und gib weiters an, welchem Nukleotid diese jeweils entsprechen. A: (1) <royalblue>2-Aminopurin</royalblue>: für <one>Adenin</one> (2) <royalblue>5-Bromuracil</royalblue>: für <one>Thymin</one>
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- In Genetics: how is the phenomenon <one>position effect variegation</one> caused? By taking a gene from <one>euchromatin</one> - and transposing it into <one>heterochromatin</one>.
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- Welche zwei Arten von <one>suppressor mutations</one> existieren? (1) <one>intragenic suppression</one> (2) <one>intergenic suppression</one>
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- Welche <one>Gefahr</one> bringt der <two>genetische Drift</two> in Populationen mit sich? Der <one>Verlust der genetischen Variation</one> - <two>vor allem bei kleinen Populationsgrößen</two>.
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- Is the <one>APOBEC1 gene</one> dangerous? Well - <one>it can cause tumors</one>, in particular <two>a huge liver cancer</two> - at the least in mice. It is thus an <one>oncogene</one>.
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- The <one>decoding center</one> on the <two>prokaryotic ribosome</two> senses ... ? It can sense the fit between the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the incoming charged tRNA.
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- How do <one>pseudogenes</one> arise? Pseudogenes typically arise from the <one>accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene</one>.
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- What is <one>the main function of a polymerase</one>? The main function of a polymerase is <one>to copy a template nucleic acid strand, in order to produce a daughter strand</one>.
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- Gegeben sind <one>zwei verschiedene Hunderassen</one>, beide fruchtbare Rassen; die eine sehr gross, die andere sehr klein. Was mag, genetisch betrachtet, der Unterschied sein zwischen diesen Rassen? Die grössere Hunderasse mag ein viel aktiveres Gen für den <one>Wachstumsfaktor IGF-1</one> (insulin-like growth factor 1), auf Chromosom 15, besitzen als die kleinwüchsigen Hunderassen.
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- Was ist ein <one>Regulon</one> im genetischen Kontext? Eine Gruppe <royalblue>gemeinsam regulierter Gene</royalblue>. Mit anderen Worten, <mediumseagreen>die Transkription dieser Gene</mediumseagreen> kann von einem <one>gemeinsamen Regulator</one> (<one>Repressor</one> oder <one>Aktivator</one>) kontrolliert werden. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulon
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396
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- Aufgabe der <one>Uracil-DNA-Glycosidase</one> und Zweck dahinter? <orange>Entfernt Uracil aus DNA-Strängen</orange> und schützt so vor "spontaner Deamination der Cytosine". (Uracil wird aktiv herausgeschnitten indem die N-glykosidische Bindung gespalten wird, bevor der "Base-Excision Repair" (BER) Pathway gestartet wird.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase
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- <one>Welche Substanz</one> wird jeweils durch das <two>Ia</two> beziehungsweise das <two>Ib Allel</two> an die <three>H-Substanz</three> angeheftet? A: (1) <one>IA</one>: <two>N-Acetylglucosamin</two> (2) <one>IB</one>: <two>Galactose</two>
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398
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- What is a <one>chromid</one>? This term derives from combining the word <one>chromosomes</one> and <one>plasmid</one>. We here refer to <three>very large accessory chromosomes</three>, a <royalblue>megaplasmid</royalblue>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080407
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- Welche Auswirkungen kann eine <one>Punktmutation</one> auf DNA-Ebene auf das Protein haben? Es gibt hier <one>vier mögliche Veränderungen</one>. Am besten merkt man sich dies in <two>steigendem Auswirkungsgrad</two>. (1) kodierend für <three>synonyme Codons</three>: dies hat logischerweise keine Auswirkung (2) "kodierend für eine andere Aminosäure": dies mag ein Problem sein oder auch nicht (3) "Nonsense mutation", also STOP: dies mag zu einem verkürzten Protein führen, das jedoch ab und an noch teilweise funktionieren mag, vor allem bei längeren Proteinen (4) <three>Frameshift mutation</three>: dies führt eigentlich zu einem völlig anderen Protein
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400
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- Nenne 3 Wege in der Genetik, wie wir <one>genetische Pathways</one> analysieren können. A: (1) Komplementation (2) Epistasis-Analyse (3) Suppressor screen
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401
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- In <one>CRISPR</one>: welche Aufgabe haben die <one>mature crRNAs</one>? Sie werden als guide für den "Cas complex" benutzt, um mit eindringender Nukleinsäure zu interferieren.
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402
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- Was ist <one>genetische Kopplung</one>? Das beschreibt <one>die Tendenz eines Lokus gemeinsam mit einem anderen Lokus vererbt zu werden</one>.
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403
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- The <one>human genome</one> carries the <two>phosducin</two>-gene. This gene does encode for ...? It encodes for a <one>phosphoprotein</one>. This phosphoprotein interacts with the retinal G-protein "Transducin", thus playing a vital role for the rod cells of the retina. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosducin URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5132
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- <one>DNA</one> that gets into a bacterial cell has, aside from being degraded, which 3 choices? (1) it may be <one>degraded</one> by restriction enzymes (2) it may <one>replicate</one> itself (3) it may <one>recombine</one> with the host genome
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405
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- <one>Licensing factors</one> bind to the ORC during G1 before they load MCM2-7. Name two of these factors. A: (1) <royalblue>CDC-6</royalblue> (2) <royalblue>CDT-1</royalblue>
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406
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- What is a <one>phosphorothioate group</one>? A central P, 3 O, and one S atom (or 35S atom, rather; Mnemonic: <royalblue>SOOOP!</royalblue>).
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407
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- What is a <one>synthetic phenotype</one>? The phenotype shows only in the presence of a second mutation.
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408
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- <one>Nucleolin</one> (<two>NCL</two>) is a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein. It is involved in which cellular process? <peru>Nucleolin</peru> is involved in the <one>synthesis and maturation of ribosomes</one>.
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409
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- Welchen Effekt hat <one>die Sumoylierung von Histon-Proteinen</one> auf die <one>Genexpression</one>? Sie führt zur <one>Deacetylierung</one> und dadurch zur <two>Bildung von geschlossenem Chromatin</two>. Dies <one>inhibiert die Expression</one>.
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410
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- <one>Nitrosamine</one> enstehen aus welchen zwei Komponenten? (1) <one>Nitrit</one> <peru>+</peru> (2) <one>Proteinen</one>
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411
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- What can happen between <one>two transposons</one>? <one>Inversions</one>.
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412
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- Welche <one>Abfolge</one> von 3 Schritten charakterisiert den Vorgang bei <two>forward genetics</two>? (1) Mutation (2) Gene Discovery (3) DNA Sequence and Function.
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413
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- Was passiert wenn ein <one>Rec BCD-Protein</one> an eine Chi-Sequenz gelangt? "Rec D" geht verloren, Rec BC verliert dadurch seine Endonuclease-Aktivität, wirkt aber weiterhin als DNA-Helikase und entwindet bis zu 1000 weitere bp.
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414
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- Give an abstract analogy of what <one>genetic mutations achieve</one>. A: <peru>Mutations</peru> occasionally produce a <one>new playing card</one>.
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415
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- What does the term <one>expressivity</one> mean in genetics? Also provide <peru>a specific example</peru> to explain this term. A: Expressivity means that a trait is "not manifested uniformly" among the individuals that show it. The <royalblue>Lobe eye mutation</royalblue> in Drosophila is an example for it.
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416
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- <yellow>Homozygot gelb</yellow> ist tödlich in Mäusen. Warum führt die Fellfarbe zum Tod? Das Gen, das für die Fellfarbe verantwortlich ist, wird immer zusammen mit dem <one>MERC-Gen</one> (<two>maternally expressed hnRNPC-related gene</two>) vererbt, das an RNA binden kann. Dieses Gen ist in der Embryonalentwicklung von Bedeutung und kann eine "Deletion" aufweisen, die wiederum "rezessiv letal" ist.
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417
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- Ist die zelluläre <one>DNA Polymerase III</one> ein perfektes Enzym? Nein, denn sie braucht die <one>DNA Polymerase I</one> um <one>RNA Primer zu entfernen</one>, die im Zuge der Synthetisierung der <peru>Okazaki-Fragmente</peru> gebildet werden. Nur die DNA Pol I hat die korrekte 5 Strich zu 3 Strich Exonuclease Aktivität.
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418
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- What is the natural function of the enzyme <royalblue>DNA ligase</royalblue>? It <one>repairs broken phosphodiester bonds</one>.
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419
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- Was geschieht wenn <one>ionisierende Strahlung</one> auf DNA einschlägt, mit einem konkreten Beispiel? Freie Radikale wie <peru>.OH</peru> (<one>Hydroxylradikal</one>) werden gebildet.
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420
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- What is the job of <one>Geminin</one>? Geminin prevents re-assembly of MCM proteins on fresh DNA by binding Cdt1 and inhibiting it. Geminin is degraded during the mitotic cell division upon ubiquitination through the APC to allow response to licensing factors in the next S phase.
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421
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- Wann kann man nicht zwischen <one>Wildtyp</one> oder <one>Mutant</one> unterscheiden? Wenn es <one>mehrere multiple Allele</one> gibt, wie zum Beispiel dem <peru>AB0 Blutgruppensystem</peru>.
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422
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- Das Protein <one>Ruv C</one> macht was? <one>Ruv C</one> bindet als Dimer an die <two>Holliday-Struktur</two>.
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423
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- <one>Initiationsfaktor-1</one> und <one>Initiationsfaktor-2</one> kooperieren. Was ermöglichen diese Faktoren? Sie stellen sicher, das an die P-Stelle eines Ribosoms nur itRNA (<one>Initiator</one>) andocken kann.
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424
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- Name two <peru>specific</peru> <one>promoter-proximal</one> elements in higher eukaryotes. A: (1) <one>GC-rich box</one> (2) <one>CCAAT-Box</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAT_box
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425
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- What does the term <one>incomplete penetrance</one> mean? That <one>not every individual with a certain genotype expresses the corresponding phenotype</one>.
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426
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- Das Gen <one>traA</one> kodiert für ...? Für Proteine des <one>Sexpilus-Pilins</one>.
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427
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- Was ist eine <one>Genommutationen</one>? Gib auch ein konkretes Beispiel hierzu an. A: Eine <one>Veränderung des gesamten Genoms</one>, zum Beispiel <one>Trisomie 21</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
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428
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- Welche Rolle hat das <one>FUT1-Gen</one>? Es heftet <royalblue>Fucose</royalblue> an den <one>Vorläufer der H-Substanz</one> an.
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429
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- Is the <one>lin-4 gene</one> important for C. elegans? Yes. It is essential for the normal temporal control of postembryonic development in the nematode C. elegans.
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