studium 0.10.1

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molecular_biology_of_plants

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS
+#
+# Alles über die Molekularbiologie in Pflanzen, insbesondere von der
+# BOKU. Stressphysiologie-Antwort bei Pflanzen. molplant tag, molplants tag.
+# plantmol tag. Auch Plant Pathogens. Molplant. Mol_plant.
+# molplantstag. molplanttag. molpltag.
+#
+# Auch "Plant Chromosome Structure and Evolution" und Phytohormone.
+#
+# Plant development biology will be covered in another file.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>Chlorophyll a</one> appears in which colour, typically, to us humans? In <one>green</one>.
+- Do we find <one>intermediate filaments</one> in plant cells? No.
+- Give an example, in <lightgreen>plants</lightgreen>, for <one>inverted vacuoles</one>. A: Salt bladders.
+- Das <one>Weizen-Genom</one> ist wie gross? <one>16.5 gigabase pairs</one>.
+- <one>Arabidopsis</one> has how many phytochrome genes? Arabidopsis has <one>five</one> (5) phytochrome genes; PHY (A - E) e. g. PHY-A, PHY-B etc.
+- Besitzen Pflanzen eine <one>Na-K-Pumpe</one>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- In Planzenzellen: worauf beruht die <one>Plasmaströmung</one>? Auf der Wechselwirkung des Cytoskelett-Proteins "Aktin" mit dem Motorprotein "Myosin".
+- <one>Gibberellins</one> are synthesized via which pathway? Gibberellins are synthesized via the <one>mevalonic acid pathway</one>.
+- Give an example of <one>plant hormones</one> that are <two>diterpenes</two>. A: The <one>Gibberellins</one> are diterpenes.
+- <one>Chlorophylle</one> absorbieren Licht im welchen Wellenbereich? (1) <one>rote  Wellenlänge</one> (2) <one>blaue Wellenlängen</one>
+- Give two examples for <one>redox-modifications</one> in plants. A: (1) S-nitrosylation (2) <one>S-glutathionylation</one>
+- <one>Chloroplast movement</one> ist ein Schutzmechanismus vor Schäden bei starken Lichtintensitäten, abhängig von Photorezeptoren. Wovon hängt dieser Schutzmechanismus zellulär ab? Von <one>Actin</one>.
+- In plants: how is the <one>flowering time</one> determined in general? Flowering time is determined by quantifying the number of "rosette leaves".
+- Eine Pflanze mag versuchen, ihre Zellwand mittels <one>Callose</one> zu verstärken. Was ist <one>Callose</one>? Callose ist das "Beta-1,3 Polymer der Glucose".
+- <one>2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure</one> ähnelt welchem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Auxin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigs%C3%A4ure
+- Telomer-Struktur bei <one>Arabidopsis</one>? <one>TTTAGGG</one>. (7 Nukleotide in Summe.)
+- In plant genetics: what does the "tfa" gene stand for? <one>Things falling apart</one>.
+- Plants need <one>Glucose</one> for ...? Synthesis of the "plant cell wall".
+- Welche <one>Aminosäure</one> schützt vor <two>Austrocknung</two>, in Pflanzen? <one>Prolin</one>.
+- <one>Pectin</one> consists of <two>how many different polymers</two>? Of <one>3</one>.
+- <one>Cytokinins</one> are compounds with a structure resembling ...? <one>Adenine</one>.
+- Wie wirkt "Gibberellin" molekularbiologisch? Es <one>entfernt den Repressor von dem Transkriptionskomplex</one>.
+- Which <one>plant gene</one> is essential for cold- and salt tolerance? The <one>MKK2 gene</one>.
+- Beim <one>Herzstadium</one> eines pflanzlichen Embryos: was sind die beiden Auswölbungen des Herzen? Dies sind <one>die späteren Cotyledonen</one>.
+- In general: how do <one>organic osmolytes</one> accumulate mechanistically in plants? The rate at which they are synthesized, is increased.
+- Ist <one>pflanzliche Stärke</one> optisch aktiv? Ja.
+- In plant biology: why were the <one>cytokinins</one> named that way? Because due to <one>their ability to promote cytokinesis</one> (= cell division).
+- Gibt es Pflanzen, die ohne Photosynthese überleben können? Ja - zum Beispiel die Alge <one>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</one>.
+- In 1864, the <one>triple response</one> was first observed, caused by ethylene. What are the 3 parts of the triple response? (1) stunting of growth (2) twisting of plants (3) abnormal thickening of stems
+- Wieso besitzen <one>Chloroplasten</one> ein sehr kleines Genom? Weil die meisten Funktionen durch "Kerngene" bereitgestellt werden.
+- Phototropin is a <one>light-activated autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinase</one> that binds what exactly, for this to function as "blue light-absorbing chromophores"? <one>Two flavin mononucleotide</one> (FMN) molecules.
+- Nenne ein <one>Alkaloid</one>, das als <two>Hustenmittel</two> Verwendung findet. A: <one>Codein</one>.
+- Bei <one>Kren</one> wird Sinigrin in der Vakuole gespeichert. Wenn die Vakuole zerstört wird kommt Sinigrin mit dem Enzym ...  in Kontakt und scharf riechendes Isothiocyanat wird freigesetzt. A: Das Enzym ist <one>Myrosinase</one>.
+- Das Phytohormon <one>Zeatin</one> hat wieviele C-Atome? 5.
+- Gemeinsamkeit von Trn1 und trnA? Sie flankieren das <one>16S rRNA Gen</one>.
+- Wie können in Pflanzenzellen Organellen entlang der Mikrotubuli des Zellskelettes bewegt werden? Dank <one>Motorproteine</one>. 
+- Chlorophyll a und b unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, dass das Chlorophyll a am 2. Pyrrolring eine Methylgruppe und das Chlorophyll b an derselben Stelle ...  hat. A: eine <one>Aldehydgruppe</one>.
+- Name two plants that show <one>cytoplasmic male sterility</one>. A: (1) <one>sorghum</one> (2) <one>maize</one>
+- Was war früher der beste <one>Zusatz für eine pflanzliche Zellkultur</one>? <one>Kokosmilch</one>.
+- Es gibt das Phytohormon <one>Auxin</one>. Das Wort stammt vom lateinischen "augere". Was heisst "augere"? <one>Wachsen</one>.
+- What is the general role of the <one>flavonoids</one> in plants? Flavonoids act as <one>UV protectants</one>.
+- What is <one>the main driving force</one> of <two>intercellular auxin transport</two>? The <one>pH level</one>.
+- Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have a <two>symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria</two>? No.
+- Name 4 ways how <one>bacteria</one> can invade a plant cell. A: (1) through the stoma (2) through a wound (3) through a hydathode (4) through a <one>nectarthode</one>
+- How many enzymes are, in general, required in plants for the synthesis of <one>anthocyanin</one>? <one>4</one>.
+- In pathogenicity, including plant pathogenecity: what does <one>AUDPC</one> stand for? The <one>area under the disease progression curve</one>.
+- Can we find <one>linker histones</one> in plants? Yes. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941478/
+- What effect should be the case if <one>a pathogenicity gene</one> is lost? This should lead to the "complete loss of pathogenicity".
+- <one>Brachypodium distachyon</one> ist verwandt mit ...? <one>Weizen</one> und <one>Gräsern</one>.
+- What is <one>the family</one> of the <two>Arabidopsis thaliana</two>? The <one>Brassicaceae</one>.
+- When was the first cytokinin ("kinetin") isolated and discovered? In "1955", by Miller et al.
+- Durch die Kartoffelfäule starben wieviele Iren vor 1900? Etwa "500.000".
+- In Pflanzen, wofür steht die Abkürzung für das Enzym "DFR"? "Dihydroflavinol-Reduktase".
+- Carotine haben eine gelbe oder orange Farbe. Molekular betrachtet, wovon hängt diese Färbung ab? Von der Anzahl an konjugierten Doppelbindungen.
+- High concentrations of "auxin" stimulate the production of which other phytohormone? Auxin stimulates the production of "ethylene", at high concentrations.
+- Den gleichen Aufbau wie die "Chlorophylle" haben die ... ? "Phäophytine" - jedoch besitzen sie "kein Zentralatom" und sind deshalb ungeladen.
+- "Chlorophyll" absorbiert welches Licht welcher Wellenlänge? (1) "blau": bei "480nm" (2) "rot":  bei "700nm"
+- Durch die Thylakoidmembran wird das Innere des Chloroplasten in welche zwei Kompartimente geteilt? (1) das "Thylakoidlumen" (2) das "Stroma"
+- "Glyphosat" hemmt was? Die "EPSP-Synthase".
+- Was bestimmt letzten Endes die "Grenzen der pflanzlichen Entwicklung" (ausgenommen Energie oder Wasser)? Das "planzliche Genom".
+- The plant can synthesize Ethylene from which aminoacid? "Methionine".
+- Welche "enzymatische Akvititäten" vereint RUBISCO? (1) "Carboxylase-Aktivität" (2) "Oxygenase-Aktivität"
+- Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) has "2n" ... ? It has 10 chromosomes in 2n ("2n = 10").
+- Most SUMO-modified proteins, at the least in plants, contain a consensus motif. How many aminoacids? This motif is a "tetrapeptide"; thus it contains four aminoacids.
+- Which plant hormone is involved in "fruit ripening"? "Ethylene".
+- Nenne zwei Auswirkungen von Wassermangel in Pflanzenzellen, also auf "zellulärer Ebene". A: (1) eine Verminderung der Membranintegrität (2) Veränderung in der Raumstruktur der Proteine
+- If we take the relatively small Arabidopsis genome, how much percent of the DNA is composed of various repetitive elements? About "20%".
+- Pflanzen können durch Pathogene angegriffen werden. Nenne ein Zellwandprotein, das auf der Innenseite der Zellwand abgelagert wird. A: "Extensin".
+- Welches Phytohormon ist für das "Streckungswachstum" bei Pflanzen hauptverantwortlich? "Gibberellin".
+- Wie sehen Monopteros-Mutanten in Arabidopsis aus? Ihnen fehlt der "Unterteil" des Embryos.
+- Das "tmr Gen" im Ti-Plasmid kodiert für? Die "Isopentenyltransferase".
+- Phytochrome absorbieren bei welchen zwei Wellenlängen? (1) 660 nm (2) 730 nm
+- Phytochrome, in Pflanzen, existieren in zwei Varianten. Welchen? (1) "Hellrot-absorbierende Form" (Pr) (2) "Dunkelrot-absorbierende Form" (Pfr)
+- Nenne eine Pflanzengruppe die "pokilohydre" ist. A: Die "Pteridophyta".
+- Findet man Hox-Gene in Pflanzen? Nein.
+- Prolamellarkörper finden wir, zum Beispiel, in ...? Etioplasten.
+- Aus einem "Etioplasten" mag ein ... plast werden. A: Chloroplast.
+- What may be the role of RNA polymerase IV and V in plant cells? They create an inhibitory chromatin structure by small interfering RNAs.
+- Plant cells usually have how many different RNA-Polymerases? 5.
+- Wie nennen wir, auf englisch, die Transformation einer Arabidopsis-Pflanze mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens, im Labor? "floral dip".
+- Welche zwei Phytohormone steuern das "Wachstum von Pflanzenzellen"? (1) Auxin (2) Cytokinin
+- Can "phytochromes" move into the nucleus? Yes.
+- What happens when a "mature chloroplast" ages? A "Gerontoplast" arises.
+- RUBISCO hat wieviele Subunits? Ist es symmetrisch? 16 subunits. 8 identische grosse und 8 identische kleine Subunits. RUBISCO ist ein symmetrisches Molekül.
+- Aquaporine in Pflanzen: sind diese beeinflussbar? Ja - Phosphoyleriung der Aquaporine kann die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserbewegung beeinflussen.
+- Welcher pflanzliche Plastid ist degeneriert? Der "Gerontoplast".
+- RUBISCO Enzymtyp? Lyase.
+- Give an example, in plants, for a relatively young "allopolyploid species". A: Rapeseed, aka "Brassica napus".
+- Genomgröße von "Arabidopsis thaliana"? 135 MB. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana#Use_as_a_model_organism
+- Nenne einen "roten Farbstoff" der Pflanzen. A: "Phycoerythrin".
+- Die "SAR-Antwort" (Systemic Acquired Resistance) der Pflanze wird durch welche Substanz ausgelöst? Salicylsäure. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_acquired_resistance
+- Fungal plant pathogens produce "HSTs". What does this abbreviation stand for? "Host-selective toxins".
+- ACC synthases are important for the synthesis of which plant hormone? Ethylene.
+- Is PS I or PS II more susceptible to "photodamage"? PS II.
+- Which light-colours do "phytochromes" and "cryptochromes" make use of? (1) cryptochromes: blue light (2) phytochromes:  red  light
+- Functionally, we can differ between which 2 variants of phytochromes? (1) light-labile (2) light-stable
+- Are the "gibberellins" more acidic or basidic compounds? They are more "acidic compounds".
+- Plants possess a unique class of CDKs, designated ...? B-type CDKs.
+- Phototropin has a chomophore. What colour of the light does this absorb? It absorbs "blue light".
+- Welches Phytohormon setzen "dehydrierte Mesophylzellen" frei? Abscisinsäure.
+- What are the "GUN mutants"? GUN stands for "genome uncoupled".
+- Aus dem "Proplastiden" können 7 andere Plastiden werden. Welche? (1) Leucoplast (2) Elaioplast (3) Amyloplast (4) Chromoplast (5) Gerontoplast (6) Etioplast (7) Mature chloroplast
+- Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces ... in plants. A: photodamage.
+- The absorbance maximum for phytochrome is at n nm? About 650-670 nm.
+- Phytochrome consists of two identical chains, A and B. Each chain has two domains. Which ones? (1) PAS domain (2) GAF domain
+- "Arabidopsis thaliana" hat n Chromosomen? 5.
+- Haben Pflanzen eine "angeborene Immunabwehr"? Ja.
+- Nenne eine Region am Gibberellinrezeptor. A: Die F-Box.
+- Das Pathogen "Erwinia amylovora" greift zum Beispiel welche Pflanzen an? Äpfel und Birnen.
+- Warum ist das "Sporopollenin" in der Außenwand der Pollenkörner so besonders? Sporopollenin ist der chemisch am widerstandsfähigste Naturstoff überhaupt.
+- Most plants contain more "chlorophyll a" or "chlorophyll b"? Most plants contain more chlorophyll a.
+- RUBISCO kann wieviele CO2 Moleküle in der Sekunde fixieren? 3.
+- Stress can "reduce the average plant productivity" by ...? 60-80%.
+- Wieviele Untereinheiten besitzt ein Phytochrom? 2.
+- Ein Chloroplast entsteht woraus und wie? Durch eine "lichtinduzierte Entwicklung" aus einem Proplastiden.
+- C4-Pflanzen, warum dieser Name? Das erste Zwischenprodukt der Photosynthese bei C4-Pflanzen ist "Oxalacetat", welcher aus vier Kohlenstoff-Atomen besteht.
+- Was sind "Phycobilisomen"? Dies sind große Proteinkomplexe, die Cyanobakterien, Rotalgen und Cyanellen bei der Photosynthese nutzen.
+- "Phytochrome" absorbieren vor allem welches Licht? Hauptsächlich "Hellrotlicht". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome
+- Ein "Chlorophyll-Molekül" hat wieviele Stickstoffatome? 4.
+- Wichtigstes, charakteristisches Enzym der "Leguminosen"? Nitrogenase.
+- Was ist das erste Entstehungsprodukt von "RUBISCO"? 3-Phosphoglycerat.
+- Wer erzeugt, ausgehend von "Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat", mehr direkte Produkte - die "Oxygenase" oder die "Carboxylase"? Die Oxygenase; sie erzeugt "3-Phosphoglycerat" and "2-Phosphoglycolat".
+- Nenne ein Enzym das PPT ("Phosphinothricin") modifiziert. A: Die "PPT-Acetyltransferase".
+- Woraus besteht ein "Phragmoplast"? Er besteht aus "Mikrofilamenten" und Mikrotubuli. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast
+- In the "ABC gene flowering model, we may also have "D genes". What is the function of the D genes? Function D specifies the identity of the ovule.
+- Chromosomensatz der Kartoffel? Sie ist tetraploid.
+- Auxin entsteht aus welcher Aminosäure? Tryptophan.
+- Bei Pflanzen, was meinen wir mit den "corticalen Mikrotubuli"? Dies sind Mikrotubuli, die unter dem Plasmalemma liegen.
+- Die Form einer Pflanzenzelle wird von den Mikrotubuli bestimmt. Wieso? Bei der Bildung der Zellwand werden die Zellulosefibrillen stets parallel zu den Mikrotubuli angelegt; dies bestimmt somit die spätere Form der Zelle.
+- Das "Arabidopsis Genom" enthält n Gene, die mit der Zellwandsynthese in Zusammenhang stehen? Über 1000 Gene.
+- Wie wirken "Brassinosteroide" auf die Pflanze? Sie "fördern die Sprossstreckung".
+- Was ist der Unterschied/Grund zwischen Pflanzen mit grossem und kleinem Genom? Der Unterschied ist vor allem im "Gehalt an mobilen genetischen Elementen" (Transposons) begründet.
+- Welches pflanzliche Hormon bewirkt das Schließen der Stomata? Die "Abscisinsäure" (ABA).
+- A. W. für "pflanzliche Jugendhormone"? Cytokinine.
+- Which "plant hormone" is associated with "the triple response"? Ethylene.
+- Abscisic Acid has which functional effect on "shoot growth" of a plant, in general? Abscisic Acid inhibits "shoot growth" of a plant.
+- Does the movement of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants not exhibit polarity, like auxins? No. ABA is capable of moving both up and down the stem.
+- Name 2 genes that are induced during ripening of fruits. A: (1) the enzyme "cellulase" (2) the enzyme "polygalacturonase"
+- Violaxanthin is a carotenoid that is important for biosynthesis of "abscisic acid". How many carbons does it have? It has 40 (forty) carbon atoms.
+- Name a phytohormone that is partially synthesized in the chloroplasts. A: Abscisic Acid (ABA). As a consequence, biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves.
+- The production of ABA is accentuated by stresses such as ... (give 2 examples). A: (1) water loss (2) freezing temperatures
+- Abscisic Acid (ABA) is what chemical type? ABA is a "sesquiterpenoid" (15-carbon).
+- Degradation of cytokinins, in plants, occurs largely due to which enzyme? The "cytokinin oxidase".
+- Wie wirken Cytokinine, zumindest in Pflanzen? Sie "stimulieren die Zellteilung".
+- Where in a plant are "cytokinin concentrations" the highest? They are the highest in "meristematic regions".
+- What was the first cytokinin that was discovered? Kinetin.
+- CAM Pflanzen fixieren CO2 in der Nacht, an Phosphoenolpyruvat (PEP). Welches Enzym führt diese Fixierung durch? Eine cytosolische "PEP-Carboxylase".
+- What is the general effect of auxin in regards to "flower parts" of a plant? Auxin stimulates the growth of flower parts.
+- Welches Gen kodiert für den "Acetosyringon-Rezeptor"? VirA.
+- Flavonoids can be synthesized by plants. Which amino acid is the precursor there? The amino acid "phenylalanine".
+- A. W. für "plant steroids"? Brassinosteroids. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid
+- Anthocyanins are synthesized from which amino acid? Phenylalanine.
+- Die Gibberelline der Pflanzen gehören zu welcher sehr häufigen Klasse, chemisch gesehen? Sie gehören zu den "Diterpenen".
+- Welches Phytohormon ist für die Apikaldominanz verantwortlich? Auxin.
+- Wie wurde das Phytohormon "Auxin" entdeckt? Durch Untersuchungen zum "Phototropismus".
+- Nenne 6 Phytohormone. A: (1) Auxine (2) Cytokinine (3) Gibberelline (4) Abscisinsäure (5) Ethylen (6) Brassinosteroide
+- Nenne die fünf Hauptklassen von Phytohormonen. A: (1) Abscisinsäure (2) Auxine (3) Cytokinine (4) Ethylen (5) Gibberelline
+- Was bewirkt eine höhere Auxinkonzentration, beim Spross, einseitig? Das die beschattete, andere Seite rasch wächst, so das sich die Spitze eines Sprosses zum Licht hin krümmt.
+- Kommt "Monopteros" in Tieren vor? Nein.
+- Das Enzym RUBISCO hat n Untereinheiten und n aktive Zentren? 16UE, 8 katalytische Zentren.
+- Welches Phytohormon verzögert den Blattfall? Auxin.
+- "Auxin" ähnelt in seiner molekularen Wirkung welch anderem "Phytohormon"? Gibberellin.
+- Zink (Zn) ist wichtig für welches Phytohormon? Auxin (Auxin-Synthese).
+- Kann ein "physikalischer Reiz" die Induktion eines Phytohormons bewirken? Ja, zum Beispiel bei der Ethylenbildung.
+- Welches Gas wirkt als "Ethylenantagonist"? CO2.
+- What do we mean with "DH plants"? These are "double haploid" plants.
+- Name a "tetraploid plant", that is quite important in central europe. A: potato.
+- When does the phragmoplast form? During "late cytokinesis".
+- Fördert oder hemmt Abscisinsäure das Wachstum bei Pflanzen? Es hemmt das Wachstum.
+- Ist das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" oder das Genom von "Oryza sativa" grösser? Das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" ist grösser.
+- Name a typical and very important, "quantitative trait" for plant breeders. A: Yield.
+- Plants subject to "salt stress" accumulate ...? Organic osmolytes.
+- Welches Phytohormon hilft beim Schliessen der Spaltöffnungen? Abscisinsäure.
+- Where in plants does fatty acid biosynthesis take place? Within plastids.
+- In the biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway, what is very important for a plant cell? The plastids.
+- What is the final product of the shikimate pathway? Chorismic acid.
+- In "plant genetics", what can acetosyringone induce? It can induce the "vir-genes" of the Ti-plasmid.
+- Many plant nuclear genomes contain "accessory chromosomes". Give another word for these. A: "B chromosomes".
+- Welches Enzym ist bei Pflanzen wichtig für die "Zellwandsynthese"? Die "Cellulose-Synthase".
+- In plant cells, where can we find the "individual Golgi stacks"? Adjacent to the ER exit sites.
+- Nenne 3 Substanzen, die von einer Pflanze der Außenwelt ausgesetzt sind. A: (1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) Wachs
+- The "chloroplast genome of higher plants" contains about n genes? About 120 genes.
+- Was ist cpSRP? Der "chloroplast signal recognition particle".
+- Why is a "phragmoplast" required? The phragmoplast is required for the subsequent formation of a new cell wall, which will separate the two daughter cells.
+- Falls Pathogene in das Xylem eindringen kann sich eine Pflanze wie wehren? Indem diese Leitgefäße durch Thyllen verschlossen werden.
+- Cutin besteht aus ... ? Hydroxyfettsäuren.
+- What effect should there be if a "virulence gene" is lost? There should be a "slower development of disease syptoms", which can be measured via AUDPC, the "area under the disease progression curve".
+- In plant-pathogen setups, what does the abbreviation "VIGS" refer to? This is "Virus induced gene silencing".
+- Plants lives are very stressful. Name two "stress hormones" in plants. A: (1) ethylene (2) ABA
+- Heat stress in "Triticum aestivum" can result in ...? "leaf senescence".
+- The "maize HM1 gene" provides protetion against ... ? The lethal "leaf blight and ear mold disease".
+- How does "H2O2" get into the plant cell? Via the "apoplast".
+- Name a resistance gene in maize. A: HM1.
+- How can we detect "SUMOylation"? Via Immunoblotting, through "anti-SUMO antibodies".
+- Auxin steuert die Expression von anderen Genen in Pflanzen. Im molekularen Kontext interagiert Auxin mit AUX/IAA. AUX/IAA wiederum interagiert mit welch anderem Protein? TPL, aka Topless.
+- S-nitrosylation is what exactly? This is the "reversible coupling of an NO moiety" to a critical cysteine residue.
+- Most SUMO-modified proteins contain a tetrapeptide consensus motif. Name the single aminoacid that is invariant and always the same, within that motif. A: Lysin.
+- The filamentous fungus "Cochliobolus carbonum", a pathogen, is exceptionally virulent against which plant? Maize.
+- "Hybrid plant pathotypes" can be created how? By "protoplast fusion".
+- Which phytohormone is important for "abiotic stress signalling"? Abscisic acid (ABA). It will accumulate.
+- Name two factors that can be responsible for "osmotic stress" in plants. A: (1) drought (2) salinity
+- Sensitivity to the "Alternaria alternata" toxin in citrus occurs because of ...? Altered mitochondrial RNA processing.
+- Name a plant that has the "T-urf13 gene". A: Maize. 
+- What is "cytoplasmic male sterility"? Cytoplasmic male sterility is the total or partial male sterility in plants as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions. The affected plants can not produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes.
+- Does "Arabidopsis thaliana" have "arbuscular mycorrhiza"? No.
+- Nenne 1 Abwehrmolekül der Pflanzen, das Pathogene direkt angreifen kann. A: Phytoalexine.
+- Pflanen haben "Avr-Gene". Warum dieser Name? Avirulenzgene.
+- Warum mag "zu viel Wasser" ein Problem für Pflanzen sein? Wasser kann die Sauerstoffdiffusion in die Wurzeln hinein stark einschränken.
+- Water deficit is lethal below ...? Below the "permanent wilting point".
+- How do we denote "gene overexpression" via symbol? "o/e".
+- Name 4 "environmental stress factors" that affect plant growth and may pose a threat to "sustainable agriculture". A: (1) drought (2) elevated temperature (3) salinity (4) rising CO2
+- Plants that are subjected to "salt stress", protect themselves against this how? By accumulating "organic osmolytes", in particular proline, ectoine and myo-inositol. These accumulate in the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
+- Name 2 different strategies for stress survival in plants. A: (1) Stress tolerance (2) Stress avoidance
+- Biotic and abiotic stresses can reduce avarage plant productivity by ... , depending on the crop? 60-80%.
+- Warum ist Arabidopsis ein gutes Modellsystem? Weil sie ein kleines Genom hat, und weil sie schnell wächst.
+- In Arabidopsis thaliana gibt es etwas das "CONSTANS" genannt wird. Was ist dies? Ein Transkriptionsfaktor.
+- A. W. für "Monopteros"? ARF5 - auxin response factor 5 (At1g19850)
+- Arabidopsis mitochondria genome has which length? 368 kb.
+- Wie heisst die "mature Arabidopsis Plant"? Sporophyte.
+- "Arabidopsis thaliana" hat mindestens wieviele CDKs? 12.
+- Do we find "RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases" in plant cells such as Arabidopsis? Yes.
+- Nenne eine "pflanzliche miRNA"! A: "miR172" in Arabidopsis.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/molekulare_medizin

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Molekulare Medizin
+#
+# Prüfungsfragen und Übungsfragen zu "genetischen Krankheiten" sollten in
+# der Datei "genetische_krankheiten" gespeichert werden.
+#
+# Molekulare Medizin. Molmed tag. Molmed2 tag. Molmed1 tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Who or what is the <one>causative agent of malaria</one>? <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum
+- In <one>recombineering</one>: what do we use as substrate? Linear DNA substrates containing the desired change, and short homologies to the target DNA.
+- Eine bestrahlte Maus kann man heilen durch ... ? Die Übertragung von Knochenmarkszellen.
+- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about n% of the world's population? ABout 1%.
+- The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is dangerous because Malaria may spread as a consequence. Name a "molecular marker of artemisinin resistance". A: The "propeller domain gene of K13".
+- Nenne eine Krankheit beziehungsweise einen Krankheitstyp der durch "aberrantes splicing" verursacht werden mag. A: "Autismus".
+- Amyloidosen behindern ... ? Die "Mikrozirkulation".
+- Wieviele Aminosäuren haben die "Opsine"? 364.
+- Welches Strukturmotif finden wir in einem "Amyloid" primär? Es sind im Amyloid überwiegend Beta-Faltblatt-Strukturen als Sekundärstruktur zu finden.
+- 80% der Bluter fehlt welches Protein? "Faktor VIII" ("Faktor 8").
+- Name a famous person that suffered from "colour blindness". A: "John Dalton".
+- Name a substance that can increase the activity of the ENaC-receptor. A: AVP ("Vasopressin)".
+- Name a substance that can be used to block the actions of NCC ("Na+Cl-cotransporters"). A: "Thiazide".
+- Der "ENaC Rezeptor" ist gekoppelt mit ... ? "NCC" ("Na + Cl - cotransporter"). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392439/
+- Die hormonelle Regulation des ENaC Kanals erfolgt durch ... ? "Aldosteron".
+- Besitzen die Nieren "ENaC Rezeptoren"? Ja; zur teilweisen Rückgewinnung von Natrium.
+- Nenne eine loss-of-function mutation des ENaC Rezeptors. A: PHA1 ("Pseudohypoaldosteronism").
+- Nenne eine gain-of-function Mutation des "ENaC Rezeptors". A: Das "Liddle's syndrome" (Hypertension, also hoher Blutdruck).
+- Warum ist der ENaC Rezeptor so wichtig? Er ist für den "Geschmacksinn" wichtig, vor allem den Salzgeschmack.
+- Nenne eine Substanz, die den ENaC Rezeptor blockieren kann. A: "Amilorid". URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilorid
+- Wo finden wir typischerweise den ENaC Rezeptor? Im Epithelgewebe; vor allem Lunge, aber auch bei den Nieren.
+- Wieviele Untereinheiten hat "ENaC" (epithelial sodium channel)? Vier - Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel
+- Name a "transcription factor" for "osteoblast differentiation". A: "Osterix".
+- Was genau ist "Puromycin"? Ein starker "Inhibitor der Protein-Biosynthese".
+- Welches Enzym stellt Laktat her? Die "Lactat-Dehydrogenase".
+- Foisner: Nenne zwei Kennzeichen des "metabolischen Syndroms". A: (1) "vermehrtes abdominales Fettgewebe" (2) "Bluthochdruck"
+- Hofbauer: Nenne eine "angeborene neurometabolische Erkrankung", die die Mitochondrien betrifft, also den Metabolismus. A: Einen "Pyruvat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel".
+- Hofbauer: Ein Patient mit "Pearson Syndrom", die Mitochondrien betreffend, könnte im Alter welches Syndrom entwickeln? Das "Kearns-Sayre Syndrom".
+- Hofbauer: welche zwei Formen der Mitochondriopathien können unterschieden werden? (1) vererbte Mitochondriopathien (2) durch Umwelteinflüsse erworbene Mitochondriopathien
+- "Octanoat" hat wieviele C-Atome? Es ist eine "C8 Fettsäure".
+- What is the ultimate aim of molecular medicine? To understand human physiologies at the molecular level - and to apply this knowledge in curing disease.
+- Was für einen Schnitt machen "gene-editing nucleases"? Einen "Doppelstrangbruch".
+- Eine menschliche Leberzelle hat wieviele Mitochondrien? Etwa "2000".
+- Foisner: Name two "laminopathies" associated with "premature aging". A: (1) Hutchison-Gilford Progeria (2) Atypical Werner-Syndrome
+- Foisner: Give another term for "Laminopathies". A: "Nuclear Envelopathies".
+- Um eine Laktatazidose feststellen zu können muss man den Laktatwert herausfinden. Wie machen wir das? Mittels des Enzyms "Lactat-Dehydrogenase".
+- Der Transkriptionsfaktor CREB wird durch welches medizinisch-relevante Protein beeinflusst? Durch "Hintingtin".
+- Woran genau bindet der Transkriptionsfaktor MeCP2? An "methylierte CpG Inseln".
+- Martinez: When RNA decay outcompetes RNP assembly, how do we call such diseases? "RNP hypo-assembly disease".
+- Cholesterin wird wo produziert? In der "Leber".
+- Nenne einen spezifische Farbstoff für "lebende Mitochondrien". A: "Rhodamine 123".
+- Martinez: Give an example for a "RNP hyper-assembly disease". A: "ALS": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
+- Martinez: The assembly of specific RNPs is generally in kinetic competition with ... ? "RNA degradation".
+- "Sphingosin" has how many C-atoms, usually? 18.
+- Was ist eine "farnesyl group"? Dies ist ein "Isoprenoid" das 15 C Atome hat.
+- Wann wurden Mitochondrien erstmals intakt isoliert? Im Jahr "1948".
+- Was ist "SIRT3"? Eine wichtige "mitochondriale Proteindeacetylase".
+- Do Ceramide have an influence on tumors? Yes; Ceramide have "tumor suppressor functions".
+- The proteins ERK1/2 and Raf1 can be found in which pathway? They are part of the "MAP-Kinase cascade".
+- Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren sind proto-Onkogene oder Tumor-Suppressorgenen wichtiger? Bei der Cancerogenese durch DNA-Tumorviren spielt primär die "Inaktivierung von Tumor-Suppressorgenen" und erst in zweiter Linie die Aktivierung von Onkogenen eine Rolle.
+- Nenne eine Droge gegen "Malaria". A: "Artemisinin".
+- What role do "type B lamins" have? These lamins are situated between the "inner nuclear membrane" and "peripheral heterochromatin". This suggests that they "provide a docking site for chromatin".
+- Weltweit hatten wir 2006 wieviele Millionen Menschen die mit Malaria infiziert waren? "247 Millionen Menschen".
+- n% of sexually active adults in the U.S. have "genital warts". A: "1%".
+- Wie kann man Polymorphismen im Genom molekularbiologisch detektieren? Mittels "PCR" oder "Southern Blotting".
+- Mit welcher funktionellen Gruppe kann man fatty acids an carnitine binden? Über dessen "OH-Gruppe".
+- Andere Bezeichnung für "Nucleinsäuren als therapeutisch wirksame Stoffe"? "Gentherapie".
+- In HbS, "Valin-6" mutations generate a ... patch? "Hydrophobic patch".
+- Each red blood cell ("RBC") contains how many Hb molecules? About "280 million Hb molecules".
+- In molecular medicine, what do we mean with "LADs"? "Lamina associated domains".
+- What means the word "mitogenic"? An "agent that induces mitosis".
+- What means the disease SCN and what is it? SCN means "Severe Congenital Neutropenia". This is a condition that causes affected individuals to "be prone to recurrent infections". People with this condition have a shortage of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in inflammation and in fighting infection.
+- Welche Krankheit ist mit dem "RUNX1-Gen" assoziiert? Die "akute, lymphatische Leukämie". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX1
+- Wie nennen wir die C16 Fettsäure? "Palmitate".
+- In molecular medicine, what are the "LAPs"? "Lamin-associated Proteins".
+- Die "Sporozoiten" von "Plasmodium falciparum" wandern wohin, im menschlichen Körper? In die Leber des Menschen; dort entwickeln sie sich zu "Merozoiten".
+- Lamin A kann mit einem Protein verbunden sein das einen sehr coolen Namen trägt. Wie heisst dieses Protein? "SUN".
+- The Pingelap island was famous for which disease? "Achromatopsia".
+- HbS/HbS patients are treated with ... ? "Hydroxy urea". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide#Medical_uses
+- Welche Blutgruppe schützt am besten vor Malaria? Blutgruppe Null.
+- In Deutschland waren im Jahr 2015 wieviele Menschen von Parkinson betroffen? Etwa ~300.000.
+- Two proteins can be targeted in Alzheimer Disease. Name them. A: (1) The "Tau-Protein" (2) The "Amyloid-beta peptide"
+- In der molekularen Zellbiologie, auch wichtig für die Therapie, gibt es "EAAT2". Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? Excitatory amino acid transporter 2.
+- Which "nuclear lamin proteins" exist? A, B, and C.
+- Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff "Gynäkotropie"? Dies bedeutet, das von einer Erkrankung oder Fehlbildung, bevorzugt das weibliche Geschlecht betroffen ist.
+- What do we mean with "Aquired Drug Resistance (ADR)"? This means that an initial drug response works, but is lost during the therapy, such as in leukemias.
+- Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria is caused by which modification on the protein? A 50 amino acid deletion.
+- Farnesyl-groups are attached to which amino acid? Cysteine.
+- How does Progeria develop from a molecular point of view? It develops due to the activation of a cryptic splice site.
+- Wie nennen wir Krankheiten die durch das Mitochondrium verursacht werden? "Mitochondriopathien".
+- What are "Lamininopathies"? These are diseases linked to lamin mutations.
+- Name a very important post-translational processing of lamins. A: Farnesylation.
+- Why does "Targeted Therapy" work in Cancerbiology? Tumor cells often depend on a dominant oncogenic pathway, also called "oncogenic addiction". This means that the cellular signaling is reorganized by a dominant oncogene.
+- Sind Addukte an der DNA reversibel? Nein, sie sind praktisch irreversibel.
+- How can we treat HbS/HbS? With "hydroxyurea", which encourages the synthesis of HbF.
+- Both HbS and HbC can confer protection against sickle cell anemia. Difference? HbC only protects as a homozygote, HbS on the other hand can protect as a heterozygote (HbS/HbA).
+- What does Haemoglobin do? (1) Oxygen (2) Carbon dioxide
+- Nenne ein Motif das wir carboxyterminal bei Laminen finden. A: Das CaaX motif.
+- Farnesylation happens according to which sequence information? It happens due to a "CaaX motif" sequence motif. These 4 amino aids are at the carboxyl terminus of a protein.
+- Laminopathies result in which defect? Muscle Diseases.
+- Welche 2 Typen an "gene-editing nucleases" existieren? (1) Zink-finger nucleases (2) TALENs
+- Nenne ein Produkt der "Carnitin Acetyltransferase". A: CoA, ausgehend von Acetyl-CoA.
+- Warum ist Carnitine für den Menschen wichtig? Carnitine transportiert langkettige, acylierte Fettsäuren in das Mitochondrium.
+- Carnitine entsteht biosynthetisch aus welchen 2 Aminosäuren? (1) Lysin (2) Methionin
+- Wofür steht "MELAS" im MELAS Syndrom? (a) Mitochondriale (b) Enzephalomyopathie (c) Laktatazidose (d) Schlaganfall-ähnliche Episoden
+- Beim MELAS-Syndrom, was ist die Ursache für die "Laktatazidose"? Eine allgemeine Gewebshypoxie.
+- How can we identify cardiomyocytes morphologically? By using Alpha-actinin staining.
+- Was ist die "Suicide Gene Therapy"? Man versucht über den Virus als Vektor ein Enzym in die Tumorzellen einzuschleusen, das Substanzen in cytotoxische Substanzen umwandeln kann (Bsp: Hermes-Simplex Thymidin-Kinase).
+- Was ist "Alopecia"? Haarausfall.
+- Was ist eine "Laktatazidose"? Ein Übersschuss an Laktat im Blut.
+- Im NER-Repair Pathway, der für die Krankheit "Xeroderma Pigmentosum" hauptverantwortlich ist, gibt es vier Enzyme die nacheinander wirken. Nenne diese. A: (1) Nuclease (2) DNA helicase (3) DNA polymerase (4) DNA ligase
+- Nenne eine rein mitochondrial vererbte Krankheit im Menschen. A: "LHON" -> Lebers hereditary optic Neuropathy.
+- What is the aim of "Exome sequencing"? The aim is to selectively sequence the coding regions of the genome.
+- Why did "exome sequencing" become popular? It was cheaper than whole genome sequencing, but still fairly effective.
+- Was passiert allgemein bei einer "spezifischen Immuntherapie" SIT? Bei der SIT werden dem Körper über einen definierten Zeitraum regelmäßig Allergene zugeführt. Ziel: Normalisierung einer bestehenden Überempfindlichkeit.
+- Was ist die "Allergen spezifische Immuntherapie"? Der Patient enthält das Allergen, gegen das er sensibilisiert werden soll, entweder in Form von Spritzen unter die Haut appliziert, oder in Form von Tabletten oder Tropfen die unter die Zunge appliziert werden, ein. Ziel ist es, das Immunsystem an das Allergen zu "gewöhnen". Im Anschluß daran sollte ein paar Jahre später eine "Erinnerungsdosis" verabreicht werden.
+- Nenne 3 nukleophile in der Zelle. A: (1) R-SH (2) R-OH (3) R-NH2
+- Nenne 1 Syndrom das mit einem p53 Defekt assoziiert ist. A: Das Li-Fraumeni Syndrom.
+- Nenne 3 Nebenwirkungen einen Cytostatikatherapie beim Menschen. A: (1) Haarausfall (2) Blutbildschädigungen (3) starkes Erbrechen
+- Wie unterscheidet sich eine "Genom-Mutation" von einer "Chromosomen-Mutation"? Bei einer Genom-Mutation verändert sich die Chromosomenzahl pro Genom, wie z. Bsp bei einer "Aneuploidie". Bei einer "Chromosomen-Mutation" hingegen verändert sich nur ein einzelnes Chromosom.
+- How does the Botulinum toxin work? It blocks the release of acetylcholine.
+- Was ist "TReg"? Eine regulatorische T-Zelle.
+- In 1864, Oscar Liebrich argued that brain tissue was composed of a single giant molecule. What name did he give it? "Protagon".
+- Warum der Name "pap smear"? Dieser Text auf Krebszellen der Cervix heisst auch "Papanicolaou test". Er wurde von einem griechischen Doktor namens "Georgios Papanikolaou" entwickelt.
+- Wie lange leben normal die Erythrocyten? 4 Monate.
+- Name the 6 Barriers to Malignant Transformation according to Weinberg. A: (1) Evading Aptoptosis (2) self-sufficiency in growth signals (3) insensitivity to anti-growth signals (4) tissue invasion and metastasis (5) limitless replicative potential (6) sustained angiogenesis
+- Was sind "onkolytische Viren"? Dies sind Viren die Tumorzellen infizieren und lysieren können.
+- What is the basic concept of gene therapy? Introduce a replacement for a defective gene.
+- How many people died due to malaria in 2010? About 660.000, plus minus 200.000.
+- Papovavirus can cause what disease in mammals? Neoplasms.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/nanotechnologie

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Nanotechnologie
+#
+# Nanotech tag. Nano tag. Includes both Nanotech and Nanobiotech.
+# Bionanotech. And nano-interfaces and Biomaterials as well.
+# Inkludiert zudem Nanomedizin (nanomedicine).
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nanotechnology seeks to "... rebuild the world ... " ? <one>One molecule</one>/atom at a time</one>.
+- The <one>strongest known material in the world</one> is ... ? <one>Graphene</one>.
+- Give another term for <one>the carbon future</one>. A: <one>Graphene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene []
+- Is <one>a biomaterial</one> a viable substance? Not really - it is typically non-viable, e. g. when it is used in a medical device.
+- In the <one>bottom-up approach</one> in nanotechnology: what plays a central role in self-assembling systems made by equilibrium methods? <one>Entropy</one>. []
+- The <one>natural environment of biomolecules</one>, including (natural) <three>nanoparticles</three>, is ... ? <one>Water</one>. []
+- Name <three>a lithography method</three> that works by <one>writing pixel-by-pixel</one>. A: The <one>dip-pen lithography</one>. []
+- Die <one>Biomolekulare Korona</one> in der Nanomedizin hat wieviele Schichten? Zwei - die <one>konstante Schicht</one> und die <one>dynamische Schicht</one>.
+- <one>Nanoparticles</one> can be used as <three>"... antennas"</three>. A: <one>Lossy antennas</one>. []
+- In a <one>hydrogel</one>: what determines the loading and release rate of its <three>drug-payload</three>? The <one>swelling</one>. []
+- The <one>head of a pin</one> is about <three>n nm in diameter</three>? About <one>1_000_000 nm</one>. []
+- How do we call the energy that acts against the energy required to separate a material into two parts? <one>Cohesion</one>. []
+- For a <one>3 nm diameter particle</one> approximately n% of the atoms reside on the surface. A: About <one>90%</one> of the atoms are on the surface. []
+- Give another name, a single word, for <one>linear molecular motors</one>. A: <one>Walkers</one>. []
+- <one>ECM fiber bundles</one> are about n nm in diameter? About <one>20-30 nm in diameter</one>. []
+- What implication may be deduced when we have a multivalent, weakly binding anchor design? We may have to <one>use a large anchor size</one>, in order to "accommodate multiple interaction".
+- The <one>Buckminsterfullerene</one> has how many C atoms? <one>60</one>. []
+- <one>Nano</one> is when the ... begins to dominate. A: <one>surface</one>. []
+- What is the colour of <one>nano-gold</one>? It <one>depends on size</one>; colloidal suspensions of gold range from <two>4nm</two> (<crimson>'red'</crimson>) to <two>80nm</two> (<steelblue>'blue'</steelblue>).
+- In <one>1989</one>, Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer at IBM's "Almaden Research Center", manipulated n individual xenon atoms to spell out the <two>IBM logo</two>. <three>How many xenon atoms</three> did they use? <one>35</one>. []
+- For nanomedicine applications of nano-vesicles, give an example of what we mean when we say <one>externally guided targeting</one> of vesicles. A: We can use a magnet, and then use <one>magnetic focusing</one> to move the delivery vehicle onto the right destination.
+- <one>Kolloidales Gold</one> hat eine <three>hohe Affinität</three> zu ... ? <one>Thiolgruppen</one> - also <two>Cystein</two>. []
+- Name an object that was used in history and that is <three>an early example</three> of a <one>dichroic glass</one>. A: The <one>Lycurgus Cup</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup
+- In Nano-Surfaces, what is <one>PLL-g-PEG</one>? This is <one>a random graft co-polymer</one>.
+- <one>Capsosomes</one> were initially designed as ... carriers? <one>Enzyme carriers</one>. []
+- Besitzen <one>carbon-nanotubes</one> die <two>Fähigkeit zur Fluoreszenz</two>? Ja. []
+- Does the <one>self-assembly process</one> occur by itself, without external guidance? Yes.
+- Can we attach <one>albumin</one> to a nanoparticle? Yes we can. []
+- Self-assembly in the classical sense can be defined as the spontaneous and reversible organization of units into ordered structures by ... interactions. A: By <one>noncovalent interactions</one>.
+- Who was the first person to create <one>metallic gold colloids</one>? <one>Michael Faraday</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday#Chemistry []
+- Nano-devices may prefer, in general, what type of membrane? <one>Nanoporous membranes</one>. []
+- <one>Atoms on the surface of a nano-particle</one> have a smaller coordination number. These surface atoms experience an unbalanced force which is relieved by a readjustment in their positions that we call ... how? <one>Surface relaxation</one>.
+- <one>PLGA</one> ist ein Co-Polymer bestehend aus welchen zwei Komponenten? (1) <one>Milchsäure</one> (2) <one>Glykolsäure</one>
+- Do <one>non-carbon nanotubes</one> exist? Yes. []
+- Name an example of something in the nano-area that is <one>super-hydrophobic</one>. A: The <one>lotus leaf</one>. []
+- An <one>invisibility cloak</one> could be achieved through ... ? <one>Gold nanoshells</one>. []
+- Give an example for <one>natural nanotoxicity</one>. A: When <one>lysosomes burst</one> → their content may be <two>toxic for the cell</two>. []
+- In nature: which type of assembly pattern dominates, viewed from nanotechnology? The <one>bottom-up self-assembly</one> approach. []
+- In <one>nanoscale biodevices</one>: to create local high concentrations, for functionalization of nanoobjects, costs ... ? <one>A lot of energy</one>.
+- <one>To probe a surface in nanotechnology</one> we have to interact with it. What probes can we use to interact with it - name three ways. A: (1) <one>chemical reactions</one> e. g. in "catalysis" (2) <one>photons</one>, such as via light (3) <one>forces</one> such as adhesion
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>, for <two>surface patterning</two>: which <three>two different basic etching modes</three> can be distinguished? (1) <one>dry etching</one> (2) <one>wet etching</one> []
+- How did Feynman once call <one>nanites</one>? As <one>swallowing the doctor</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>eine Substanz</one>, die man für die Erstellung von Liposomen verwenden könnte. A: <one>PEG</one> (<two>Polyethylenglykol</two>).
+- Why may we wish to make use of <one>nanoparticle contrast enhancers</one>? Nanoparticle contrast enhancers allows for imaging of the destination of the drug.
+- Is <one>a biomolecule</one>, such as a protein, more hydrophobic than water? Yes, always. []
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>: <three>CNT</three> is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Carbon nanotubes</one>. []
+- In <one>PLL-g-PEG</one>: what does the middle g stand for? <one>graft</one>. []
+- For <one>nanodrug delivery</one>: the "therapeutic window" lies between which two extremes? (1) <one>unacceptable toxicity</one> (2) <one>poor activity</one>
+- In Nanotechnology we may also employ the <one>bottom-up</one> strategy, for building stuff. Give another name for this. A: <one>self-assembly</one>, or <one>molecular self-organization</one>. []
+- Is the <one>PEG polymer</one> rather <two>hydrophilic</two> or <two>hydrophobic</two>? <one>PEG</one> is very <two>hydrophilic</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol []
+- As the <one>size decreases</one> in <three>nanoparticles</three>, how does the <three>S</three>/<three>V ratio</three> change? The <one>S</one>/<one>V ratio</one> increases, as the size decreases. []
+- Compare the colour of <one>bulk gold</one> with <one>nano gold</one>. A: (1) <one>bulk gold colour</one>: <two>yellow</two> (2) <one>nano gold colour</one>: <two>red</two> []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Injektisom</one>? <one>Typ-3-Sekretionssystem</one> (<two>T3SS</two>). []
+- Name three different <one>carbon nanostructures</one>. A: (1) <one>fullerenes</one> (2) <one>graphenes</one> (3) <one>carbon nanotubes</one> []
+- Give another name for <one>the carbon future</one>. A: <one>Graphene</one>. []
+- Can <one>gold</one> be used to <three>coat silica on a nanosensor</three>? No. This also requires us to use a so-called <one>bridge metal</one>.
+- The <one>surface energy of hydrocarbon polymers</one> can be reduced by substituting hydrogen for ... ? <one>Fluorine</one>. []
+- Give another name for <one>PEGylated liposomes</one>. A: <one>Stealth liposomes</one>. []
+- Do <one>gecko</one> secrete any sticky substance? No. []
+- Nenne einen wichtigen Grund wieso <one>Lipoplexe</one> nicht häufiger eingesetzt werden. A: Da sie <one>oft sehr toxisch</one> sind; deren <two>Toxizität</two> verhindert somit den Einsatz. []
+- Do <one>fluorinated polymer surfaces</one> resist protein adsorption? No they don't.
+- Give an example of <one>a natural colloid</one>. A: <one>Milk</one>. []
+- Why can it be said that <one>nanoscience is not physics, chemistry, engineering, or biology</one>? Because <one>it is all of them</one>. []
+- We can distinguish between <three>five general stages of nanomedicine development</three>. What is <one>stage number 4</one> (IV)? This stage is about <one>long term safety</one>.
+- The energy of separating a material into two parts is called ... ? <one>Cohesion</one>.
+- Does the <one>Vroman effect</one> lead to <three>irreversible adsorption</three> of proteins onto a surface? Yes, over time it does.
+- In <one>Nanotechnology</one>: we have some <three>strong anchors</three> to e. g. metal, silicon, glass or metal oxides. Give two general examples for this. A: (1) <one>Thiol</one>  (to <two>metals</two>) (2) <one>Silane</one> (to <two>silicon</two> or <two>glass</two>)
+- Can a protein become unfolded at a surface? Yes - this is also called <one>conformational change</one>.
+- <one>Functional biointerfaces</one> depend on controlling the interface between ... which two frontiers? (1) an <one>artificial object</one> (2) <one>a biological environment</one>
+- A protein is a ...  polymer. A: A <one>flexible polymer</one>.
+- What will be the effect of attaching a <one>PEG polymer</one> on a nanoparticle surface that is destined to enter the human bloodstream? This will <one>increase circulation time</one> by "reducing this opsonization process".
+- Will proteins that deform easily also more easily stick onto a given surface? Yes, as they <one>will have more contact points</one>.
+- <one>Chemisorption</one> versus <one>Physisorption</one>: which one of these provides for stronger anchors, <three>for use in nano-biosensors</three>? <one>Chemisorption</one> is stronger. []
+- <one>IBM Scientists</one> haben das Wort <three>'IBM'</three> im atomaren Bereich gebastelt, also mit Atomen. Welches Element haben sie hierfür verwendet? <one>Xenon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_%28atoms%29 []
+- Will a <one>natural surface</one> induce protein adsorption? Yes.
+- Does <one>PEGylation</one> increase the molecular weight of a molecule? Yes it does. []
+- How can <one>wetting</one> be measured? By meausuring the contact angle of a bead of liquid on the given surface.
+- Name two materials that have a <one>low surface energy</one>. A: (1) <one>polypropylene</one> (2) <one>polyethylene</one>
+- Why is the interface so important for devices in the human body, from the point of view of nanobiotechnology? Because an object can only influence another object over the distance over which they interact.
+- The highest breaking and tensile strength of any known material is found in ... ? <one>Graphene</one>. []
+- Does the <one>aggregation state</one> of nanoparticles influence their size, de-facto? Yes. []
+- The human body responds to an unknown interface by ... ? <one>Encapsulation</one>.
+- For <one>nanomedicine delivery</one>: why are most drugs considered a problem from a delivery point of view? Because many drugs require a <one>high concentration</one>, which means delivery at high concentration or large volume; often both are required. And this can be difficult for nano-based systems.
+- Photolithography may happen with which kind of laser? It may happen with an <one>excimer laser</one>.
+- The word <one>spintronics</one> originates from ... ? A: <one>Spin based electronics</one>.
+- In <one>spintronics</one> the electron carries not only the charge but also ... ? <one>Information in the form of its spin</one>.
+- Are <one>quantum dots</one> able to <three>pass the blood-brain barrier</three>? Yes. []
+- <three>Who</three> was the earliest <one>pioneer of biomimetics</one>? <one>Leonardo da Vinci</one> (<two>1451-1519</two>). []
+- The <one>Lycurgus Cup</one> was created by the <three>Romans</three>, and it was made of a dichroic glass. Which <three>two materials</three>, as nanoparticles, were used here? (1) <one>gold</one> (2) <one>silver</one> []
+- Are <one>optical properties of nanoparticles</one> <three>size dependent</three>? Yes. []
+- <one>SNALPs</one> (<two>stable nucleic acid lipid particles</two>) sind geladen oder ungeladen bei einem <three>sauren pH</three>? Sie <one>sind geladen</one>. []
+- On <three>29.12.1959</three>, <one>Richard Feynman gave</one> a talk at the Annual meeting of the American Physical Society. What was the title of this talk? <one>"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."</one> []
+- What does <one>fouling</one> mean? This is <one>the adhesion of a foreign material onto a surface</one>, especially so as to <two>reduce its functionality</two>.
+- <one>Targeted drug delivery</one>, that is when a drug is released only at the therapeutic site (the main target of therapy), is better than traditional drugs used in modern medicine. Three reasons can be given as to why that is so. Which reasons speak in favour of targeted drug release? (1) Traditional drug delivery systems, such as oral ingestion, the medication is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood circulation. Thus, for most therapeutic agents, only a small portion of the medication reaches the target organ. (2) Many drugs cause <one>severe toxic side effects</one> in other tissues, some of which may be life-threatening to the individual, such as chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. (3) If a drug is targeted only to the therapeutic site it can reach higher local concentration and therefore efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects in the rest of the organism.
+- How can we <one>avoid opsonization of nanoparticles</one>? Via <one>PEGylation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGylation []
+- The use of <one>implant biomaterials</one> dates back at least to ...? The <one>old Egyptians</one>. []
+- What do we mean with the <one>Vroman effect</one>? This has to do with <one>protein adsorption</one> in a protein mixture. The <two>highest mobility proteins generally arrive first</two> but are later replaced by less motile proteins that have a <three>higher affinity for the surface</three>.
+- The <one>administered dose</one> in nanomedicine must be continuously be within ... ? The <one>therapeutic window</one>. []
+- <one>Gecko feet</one> are an example of ... at work (a physical phenomenon). A: Of <one>van der Waals forces at work</one>. []
+- In the <one>human body</one>: if we <two>use nano-vesicles</two> that are at about <three>5 nm in diameter</three>, what general problem do we face here? Nanoparticles with such a diameter are <one>easily excreted through the renal system</one> (<two>kidneys</two>).
+- <one>Fullerenes</one> typically contain <two>how many C atoms</two>? <one>60</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene []
+- An ... liposome releases drugs while circulating. A: <one>Unstable soneth liposome</one>.
+- A <one>nanocluster</one> typically contains aggregates of atoms containing between 2 and up to n atoms? Up to <one>1O**6 atoms</one> (<two>1_000_000</two>).
+- Who are <one>the only real nanobots</one>? <one>Viruses</one>. []
+- Name a fairly important theory originating from nanotechnology that begins with the letter <one>s</one>. A: The <one>scaling theory</one>. []
+- Is the core of a liposome <one>hydrophobic</one> or <one>hydrophilic</one>? A liposome has a <one>hydrophobic core</one>. []
+- In nanotechnology: <one>EPR</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Enhanced permeability and retention effect</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>, in <two>passive targeting</two>: why may <three>EPR effects</three> ("enhanced permeability and retention") be considered to be useful? Because <one>this may increase the delivery of nanoparticles to cancer tumors</one>.
+- In <three>nanomedicine-based therapy</three> we have <one>the EPR effect</one> ("Enhanced Permeability and Retention"). We can also target cancer-cells, in particular through which <two>specific receptor</two>? The <one>folic acid receptor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_receptor_1
+- <one>Contact angles</one>, which should be directly related to surface energy, are seldom found tabulated because of ... ? Because of the fact that they are <one>notoriously difficult to reproduce</one>.
+- If a liquid, such as <one>water</one>, does not perfectly wet a surface, then a droplet will be created with a ...  related to the ... of the surface. A: A "curvature" related to the contact angle of the surface.
+- If a <one>nanomaterial</one> has a <three>poor solubility in water</three>, what can we infer this nanomaterial to have in regards to bioavailability? It will also have a <one>poor bioavailability</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>weak anchors</one> in <two>nanosensors</two>. A: <one>Physisorption</one>. []
+- Three classes of <one>properties of the ECM</one> have been shown to influence cell adhesion and response when applied to biomimetic interfaces. Which ones are these? (1) Mechanical properties (2) Specific chemical signals (3) <one>Topography</one>
+- In nanomedicine we may employ <one>hydrogels</one> for oral delivery. Are these hydrogels <two>hydrophobic</two> or <two>hydrophilic</two>? They are <one>very hydrophilic</one>. []
+- Name one general <one>top-down strategy</one> on the nanoscale. A: <one>Lithography</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography []
+- Do the <one>catechols</one> provide a strong anchor, for <three>use for nanosensors</three>? Yes. []
+- What is meant with the term <one>Biocompatibility</one>? Biocompatibility is the <one>ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application</one>.
+- In <one>Nanomedicine</one>: we may use different structures and different platforms. For the Nanocarriers, which two general strategies may we employ here? (1) <one>lipid-based   nanocarriers</one> (2) <one>polymer-based nanocarriers</one>
+- Name two different release profiles for <one>implantable drug delivery systems</one>. A: (1) <one>burst release</one> (2) <one>stepped release</one>
+- In <peru>nanotechnology</peru>: anchor combinations that provide the perfect contrast are called ... ? <one>Orthogonal</one>.
+- Name a very small drug delivery platform that begins with the letter <one>'C'</one>. A: <one>Capsosomes</one>.
+- Wie funktioniert die Messung bei <one>SIMS</one>? Die Messung erfolgt durch <one>Sputtern der Oberfläche der Probe</one> mit einem Primärionenstrahl und dem Sammeln und der Analyse der ausgestoßenen Sekundärionen.
+- Is a <three>biomaterial</three> of <one>biological origin</one>? Not necessarily.
+- We may want to put nanoparticles into a body. There are <one>three general barriers</one> to overcome. Name them. A: (1) <one>external barriers</one> (2) <one>en route barriers</one> (3) <one>cellular barriers</one>
+- Wie hat man den <one>ATP-Synthase Propeller</one> an seinen Untergrund fixiert? Mittels <one>3 schwefelhaltiger Aminosäuren</one>.
+- We wish to create <one>polymeric nano fibers</one>. Name a method with which we could do so. A: <one>Electrospinning</one> - a <two>fiber production method</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospinning
+- For a given <one>nanoparticle</one>: what is the main purpose of the spacer/linker? The spacer/linker defines the interaction of the Nanoparticle with its environment. Ideally it makes the core invisible until actuated.
+- Give a fancy definition of the term <one>self-assembly</one>. A: <one>The nanostructure builds itself.</one>
+- What is <one>molecular self-assembly</one>? This is <one>the spontaneous transition of initially disordered molecules</one> into <two>predictable supramolecularstructures</two>.
+- <one>Self-assembly</one> and self-organization on the molecular and nanoscale not magic, nor similar to Lego building blocks, but ... ? Mostly <one>thermodynamics</one>, that is <two>to minimize energy</two>.
+- Give an example for <one>self-assembling protein structures</one> that are NOT related to viruses. A: The <one>S-layers</one>, surface structures of some <two>eubacteria</two> and <two>archaea</two>.
+- <one>Polyelectrolyte multilayer</one> capsules (PEM) can be formed by LbL self-assembly. What is <three>LbL</three>? <one>Layer-by-Layer</one>.
+- When we make use of any <one>vector system</one> targeting the human body, and we push this vector through the blood system, what may we have to keep in mind? That this vector, the physical object, may be <one>coated and opsonized</one>, which may lead to its eventual degradation or functional exclusion.
+- Nanoscience really sprang into the public consciousness sometime in the year <one>1981</one>. What other invention coincided with this year that may also have been pushing the field of nanoscience forward? The <one>invention of the scanning tunneling microscope</one> (<two>STM</two>), which also happened in 1981.
+- A small size (<one>nanosize</one>) combined with a high surface area, and lots of tiny particles, means that we will see ... reactivity. A: <one>Ultra-high reactivity</one>.
+- How can we define <one>nanomedicine</one>? Nanomedicine is the use of nano-scale science, for the benefit of the patient.
+- What is <one>the size range</one> of <two>quantom dots</two>? About <one>2 nm - 10 nm</one> (<two>2-10</two>).
+- Can <one>nanoparticles</one> cross the blood-brain barriers? It is assumed to be that way - Nanoparticles with controlled surface properties are believed to be able to cross barriers such as the blood-brain barrier.
+- Name <one>a rationale for developing nanomaterial medicine</one>. A: It will have <one>new, unique features</one>.
+- Give an example for an <one>antireflective coating</one> from nature. A: The <one>moth's eye</one>, as inspiration for new photonic structures.
+- <one>Nanoparticles</one> can be distributed in the blood, as <two>colloid</two>. How does the body "clean up", usually? Through <one>circulating macrophages</one>.
+- Name a <one>surface modifier</one> that can be used for an <three>artificial nanovesicle</three>. A: <one>Antibodies</one>.
+- Give an example for modern "nanoscale assembly". A: <one>DNA Origami</one>.
+- In <one>nanomaterials</one>: whenever we have benefits, we may also have ... ? <one>Risks</one>, aka <two>adverse effects</two>.
+- Wenn wir <one>Liposomen</one> als Vektorsysteme verwenden, wieso sollten wir diese nicht zu stabil machen? Da eine zu hohe Stabilität in einer <one>ungenügenden Freisetzung</one> mündet.
+- How can the <one>swelling</one> of a hydrogel, and thereby the loading and release rate, be affected? We can affect it through the environment, in particular by: (1) <one>the pH value</one> (2) <one>temperature</one> (3) <one>ion concentration</one>
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>, we may make use of <three>a stimulus-triggered drug release</three>. This may have several advantages but name just about the biggest advantage, from a pharmaceutical point of view. A: Triggered-release will <one>minimize systemic exposure</one>.
+- <one>DNA</one> was first used to <three>rationally design plasmonic structures</three> in ... what year? In <one>1996</one>.
+- What is <one>Theranostics</one>? This is the approach of combining <one>diagnostics</one> and <one>therapeutics</one>.
+- Ein <one>Quantum Dot</one> (Quantenpunkt) hat etwa n Atome? <one>Tausend</one> bis <one>wenige Tausend</one>.
+- In nanomedicine, for nanoparticles: what is <one>the holy grail</one>? <one>Nanoparticle-controlled cell uptake</one>.
+- The <one>diameter of a hydrogen atom</one> is about ... of a nanometer. A: <one>One-tenth</one> of a nanometer (<two>0.1nm</two>).
+- <one>Molecular motors</one> use ... to "create motion". A: <one>chemical energy</one>.
+- Where may <one>hydrogels</one> be found? In <one>biomedical devices</one>.
+- There are old examples of <one>nanostructured materials</one>. The people did not understand the properties of the material but could use in particular which phenomenon to shape these early nanostructured materials? These craftsmen were making use of <one>high heat</one> to produce new materials with novel properties.
+- <one>Capsosomes</one> are synthesised ... how? By <one>using the layer-by-layer technique</one>. 
+- The abbreviation <one>SPION</one> refers to ... ? <one>Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle</one>.
+- How do we typically call <one>a biosensor</one> that can diagnose the need for a drug autonomously and then release the appropriate amount of drug? This is a <one>theranostic device</one>.
+- <one>Which US President</one> launched the <three>National Nanotechnology Initiative</three> (NNI)? President Clinton, aka <one>Bill Clinton</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton
+- Are <one>nanoplasmonic sensors</one> on the same order of proteins? Yes - thus <one>we may have to use thicker coatings</one>.
+- The surface of a nano-particle has... which three characteristics? (1) An "interface" (2) <one>depth</one> (3) a <one>topography</one>
+- Cells actively probe the physical properties of surfaces. Name one way how they do so. A: Cells can make use of their contractile machinery to form polarized <one>lamellipodia</one>.
+- Do single (biological) cells respond to <one>microscale roughness of a surface</one>? Ja.
+- Name a disadvantage of an <one>unstable liposome drug delivery system</one>. A: An unstable stealth liposome releases drugs while circulating.
+- Name a slightly advanced liposome drug delivery system. A: The <one>thermoresponsive liposome drug delivery system</one>.
+- Name a disadvantage of a stable stealth liposome drug delivery system. A: A stable stealth liposome does not release drugs efficiently at the target location.
+- The first <one>'nanodrug'</one> was ... ? <one>DOXIL</one> <two>(Doxorubicin Liposomal)</two>.
+- <one>Liposomes</one> can be modified and functionalized, with what exactly in general? <one>Additional targeting moieties</one>.
+- What do we mean with the <one>scaling theory</one> in the nanosciences? This is the study of how properties change, as the size changes (increases, or usually, decreases).
+- Name a simple way <one>how to improve the detection capabilities of a (nano)biosensor</one>. A: Make use of <one>fluorescent labels</one>, in order to enhance the signal.
+- What is meant with the term <one>targeted drug delivery</one>? In <one>targeted drug delivery</one>, the <two>drug delivery vehicle</two> should accumulate and <three>release the drug only at the therapeutic site</three>.
+- Name a common <one>delivery problem</one> for novel protein drugs, from the point of view of nanotechnology. A: <one>Viscosity</one>:
+- In <one>nanomedicine applications</one>: give an example for an <three>en-route barrier</three>. A: <one>Blood</one>.
+- Exposure of humans to nanoparticles happens usually how? Through <one>digestible nanomaterials</one> put in our environment, such as in food.
+- <one>Nanoparticle contrast enhancers</one> allow for imaging of ... which property involving the drug? The <one>destination</one> of the drug in a body.
+- When we put a <one>naked nanoparticle</one> into the human body, what may we quickly notice that may happen to it? A <one>potein corona</one> may form, adsorbed on that nanoparticle.
+- <one>Nanomaterials</one> that get into the human lung, show similarities to ... ? Problems caused by <one>asbestos</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: why may we consider <three>stealth properties</three> to be useful? Because this may help us achieve a <one>long circulation time</one>.
+- <one>Rapamune</one> is a registered trademark, <three>carrying which particular drug</three>? <one>Rapamycin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus
+- In nanotechnology, for the design of <three>nanosensors</three>, we may make use of <one>oxide surfaces</one>. Give an example for such an <one>oxide surface</one>. A: <one>SiO₂</one>. <two>Silanes</two> in general are good anchors.
+- Does the <one>surface plasmon resonance</one> have anything to do with colours? Yes.
+- Give an example for a <one>passive nanostructure</one>. A: <one>Coatings</one> (on a nanovesicle).
+- Why can <one>thermoresponsive polymers</one> be used for drug-release devices? Because at a high temperature they will shrink, which in turn may cause the formation of large pores, thus making the release of the drug easier.
+- Millimeter-sized implant devices suffer which two major problems, as of the year 2020? (1) foreign body response (2) the problem of energy supply
+- Give an example for an <one>oral delivery system</one> that is also used in <two>nanomedicine</two>. A: A <one>hydrogel</one>.
+- <one>Microcantilevers</one> with integrated sharp nanotips are used for ... ? (1) <one>STMs</one> (2) <one>AFMs</one> (<two>atomic force microscopy</two>)
+- Name <three>a functional difference</three> between <one>physisorbed multiple anchors</one> and <one>chemisorbed single anchors</one>. A: <one>Physisorbed anchors</one> tend to be weaker in general than <one>chemisorbed single anchors</one>.
+- Give an example for an <one>invisibility cloak</one>. A: <one>Gold Nanoshells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoshell
+- Give another term for <one>negative refractive index</one>. A: <one>Invisibility</one>.
+- Nenne einen Nachteil der <one>Lipofektion</one>. A: Die Liposomen verschmelzen mit den Membranen jeglicher Zellen.
+- Name two definitions that are "necessary conditions" for the term <one>nanotechnology</one>. A: (1) <one>scale</one> (2) <one>novelty</one>
+- Name a major issue in regards to <one>implantable drug delivery systems</one>. A: <one>Foreign body encapsulation</one> is a major issue, as it will reduce the functionality of these systems.
+- Name three <one>objectives for a good drug delivery system</one>. A: (1) it <one>shall carry a payload</one> (2) locate at the point of delivery (3) release the payload at a controlled rate
+- The <one>administered dose for nanomedicine</one> and related drugs, has to be continuously within ... ? The <one>therapeutic window</one>.
+- Name two characteristic traits of <one>nanoparticles</one>. A: (1) "large surface area" (2) <one>no inner mass</one>
+- <one>Which type of lithography</one> achieves the lowest nm patterning? <one>Electron beam lithography</one>.
+- When designing <three>biosensors</three> that work on the nanoscale level, we have to <one>consider the length scale</one>. The length scale is typically from <two>n nm</two> to <two>n nm</two>? <one>5nm</one> <two>-</two> <one>500 nm</one>.
+- Nanotechnology is the study and use of structures between x nanometer and y nanometers in size. A: <one>1nm</one> up to <one>100nm</one>.
+- Give an example of a fairly <one>well known, non-fouling material</one>. A: <one>Teflon</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene
+- Winkler: Nenne ein <one>Oligonukleotid</one>, das bereits zugelassen oder in der klinischen Prüfung ist. A: <one>Mipomersen</one>.
+- <one>Nano-scale materials</one> exhibit different fundamental physical, biological, and chemical properties. This may also be relevant in nanotoxicology. Name <three>two main reasons</three> as to the cause of these different, fundamental properties. A: (1) a <one>rapidly increasing surface-to-volume ratio</one> (2) "Quantum effects" leading to strong, electromagnetic field interactions
+- What was, in <one>1995</one>, the first <three>nanotherapeutic</three>? <one>Liposomal doxorubicin</one>. URL: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/drugs/liposomal-doxorubicin
+- Materials embedded in a <two>matrix</two> are not considered <one>nanotoxic</one>. Why not? <one>Such particulates are not free to enter an organism</one>.
+- Feynman said: "So, you simply evaporate until you have a block of stuff which has the elements ... What could we do with layered materials with just the right layers?". <one>Which technique</one> implements this vision? A: <one>Molecular beam epitaxy</one>.
+- <one>Nanoporous membranes</one> have an <two>upper size limit</two> of about <three>n nm</three>? Less than <one>20 nm</one>.
+- What does the <one>Heisenberg equation</one> state? It states that the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa. This is thus a "fundamental limit to precision".
+- Which person discovered the <one>carbon nanotube</one> (<two>CNT</two>)? A japanese called <one>Sumio Iijima</one>.
+- Was ist <one>SIMS</one>? "Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie" (SIMS) ist eine "Technik zur Analyse der Zusammensetzung von festen Oberflächen und dünnen Schichten".
+- Die Weiterentwicklung <one>NanoSIMS</one> erlaubt eine räumliche Auflösung von bis zu n nm? Bis zu <one>30 nm</one>.
+- <one>Hydrogels</one> are not only <three>highly hydrophilic</three>, but also <two>h</two>... polymers? <one>Hygroscopic polymers</one>.
+- In nanomedicine we may make use of <one>SNALPs</one>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <royalblue>SNALP</royalblue>: <two>stable nucleic acid lipid particle</two> (a liposome).
+- Do standards exist for <one>testing nanomaterials risks</one>? No.
+- Give an example for <one>ultrahydrophobicity</one>. A: The <one>lotus effect</one>; aka <three>self-cleaning properties</three>.
+- <one>Nanoparticles</one> may become <one>PEGylated</one>. What charge will they incur as a consequence of this coating? These particules will become <one>highly hydrophilic</one>, which also prevents/reduces opsonization. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGylation
+- Why may we wish to make use of <one>surface engineering nanoparticles</one>, in <three>nanomedicine</three>? <one>Surface engineered nanoparticles</one> can <two>avoid clearance by the immune system</two>.
+- Anderer Begriff für die <one>Selbstheilung bei Metallen</one>? <one>Formgedächtnis</one>.
+- <one>Geckos</one> can cling to surfaces, aside from the tiny hairs on the feet, due to which phenomenon? Due to <one>Van der Waals interactions</one>, which allow them to cling to surfaces.
+- Wie werden die <one>SNALP-Lipidstrukturen</one> in den menschlichen Körper gebracht, meistens? Durch eine <one>intravenöse Applikation</one>.
+- What is <one>nanomedicine</one>? <two>Nanomedicine</two> is <one>the application of nanotechnology to medicine</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: name a goal of <three>oral delivery</three>. A: One goal is <one>to retain the drug and release it over a long time</one>.
+- In Nanotechnology: why is the term <one>noble metal</one> a curious one? Because the properties of atoms and molecules may change at the nanoscale; they <one>may no longer be so noble anymore</one>. They can be manipulated in some cases.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit <one>quantum dots</one> herzustellen. A: <one>MBE</one>: <two>Molecular Beam Epitaxy</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy
+- <one>Plant leaves</one> that show a <three>lotus effect</three>, have tiny wax crystals on their surface. What is the diameter of these crystals? The diameter of these crystals is about <one>1nm</one>.
+- We could implant drug delivery systems into the body, but what characteristic trait does the membrane of this system have to have? The membrane has to be <one>completely non-fouling</one> - otherwise it will clog and the release of the drug will subsequently stop.
+- Can <one>airborne nanoparticles</one> travel large distances <three>without aggregation</three>? Yes.
+- In <one>Nanotechnology</one>: what is meant with the abbreviation <three>SNALPs</three>? <one>Stable nucleic acid lipid particles</one>.
+- <one>Nanocomposites</one> have which useful mechanical property in general? They show an <one>extremely high mechanical strength</one>.
+- In 1959, <one>Richard Feynman</one> gave a famous talk. What was the title of his talk? <one>There is plenty of room at the bottom</one>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: why may we wish to make use of <two>iron oxide nanoparticles</two>? These could be used as <one>a contrast agent</one> for <two>magnetic resonance imaging</two>.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: if we require to put a drug into the human body, we could either inject the fluid directly into the blood stream by a syringe, or we could use ... ? An <one>implanted device</one> which can inject either single volume or be refilled.
+- The chemical activity of a material increases drastically as the particle size reaches a few nm. Give a dramatic manifestation of this as example. A: The <one>auto-ignition of fine metal powders in air</one>.
+- In <one>nanotechnology</one>: give an example for a <two>drug conjugate</two>. A: Any <one>antibody-drug conjugate</one> (<one>ADC</one>).
+- Why are <one>X-rays</one> not surface sensitive? Because the X-rays are excited mostly from <one>deep penetrating electrons</one>.
+- <one>MCC-465</one> is a liposome, complexed with an <three>antibody fragment</three> (thus, it is an immunoliposome), for the targeted delivery of <two>doxorubicin</two>. Which antibody fragment is used here for MCC-465? <one>F(ab')₂</one>.
+- Why may we consider a <one>hydrogel</one> so useful in nanomedicine? Because it can release its stored compounds (aka drugs) very slowly.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: the skin is a formidable boundary that only allows ... what to penetrate through all skin layers? <one>Oily formulations of small molecules</one>.
+- Name a very common surface modification of biointerfaces for nano and macro applications. A: A <one>polymer brush</one>.
+- The <one>thickness of a normal paper</one> is n nm? About <one>100_000 nm</one>.
+- Name three <one>physical features of nanoparticles</one>. A: (1) <one>size</one> (2) "shape" (3) <one>surface area</one>
+- The majority of atoms in a <one>nanoparticle</one> reside where? On its <one>surface</one>.
+- Nanotechnology is <one>a double-edged sword</one>. What is usually meant with that? That the same novel properties that make nanoparticles attractive, also makes them potentially toxic.
+- What is meant with the expression <one>biopersistent nanoparticles</one>? These are nanoparticles that <one>do not dissolve in or get cleared from a biological environment</one>.
+- Name three goals for a <one>drug delivery system</one> on the nanoscale. A: (1) carry a payload (2) locate at the point of delivery (3) release the payload at a controlled rate
+- What do we mean with the term <one>biomedical payload</one> in nanotechnology and nanomedicine? This is when e. g. <one>therapeutic agents are transported</one>, such as <two>anticancer drugs</two>, DNA, siRNA oder hyperthermal/photodynamic material.
+- <one>Catechols</one> prrovide <three>strong anchors</three> in nanobiotechnology. They tend to bind to which substance? <one>Fe₃O4</one> (Todo: add link).
+- Nanotechnology may be used in nanomedicine, in particular when it comes to <one>Imaging</one>. In particular what may we wish to improve here, in general? We may wish to improve functionality related to <one>early detection</one>.
+- The same properties that make nanoparticles potentially <one>more dangerous</one>, due to reactivity, also make them ... ? <one>Very short lived</one>.
+- Name the <one>three kinds of targeted drug delivery</one>. A: (1) <one>Passive targeted drug delivery</one> (2) <one>Active targeted drug delivery</one> (3) <one>Externally guided targeting</one>
+- Give an example for <one>molecular nanotechnology</one>. A: <one>Biological machines</one>.
+- Given an atom at the surface of a crystal with a high curvature, what can we presume from this at once? This atom will have <one>fewer nearest neighbors</one>.
+- In nanotoxicity: increased surface area and reactivity leads to increased intrinsic toxicity, in particular the <one>production of ...</one>? <one>Oxyradicals</one>.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>nanotoxicology</one>? <one>Nanotoxicology</one> refers to the uncontrolled effects of exposure of the environment and humans to different nanomaterials.
+- Give another name to <one>viral vectors</one> - a name that should also fit into nanotechnology. A: <one>Biological nanoparticles</one>.
+- What do we mean with <one>actuation</one> in nanotechnology? This is when we <one>input energy</one>, e. g. via an antenna, into the nano-object/nano-device.
+- Silicon-based, disposable blood-pressure sensor chips were introduced in the early 1990s by which company, for <one>blood pressure monitoring</one>? By <one>NovaSensor</one>.
+- In nanomedicine: what is meant with the term <one>soneth effect</one>? When the immune systeme, in particular <two>monocytes</two> and <two>macrophages</two>, can not recognize our nanoparticle at hand; e. g. because it may be <one>PEGylated</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>biological molecular machine</one>. A: <one>Bacterial flagella</one>.
+- <one>Superparamagnetic nanoparticles</one> have a diameter of, typically, ... from ... to? <one>3-15nm</one>.
+- We can say that the main focus of nanotechnology happens at a size-range of about <one>10 nm</one>. How do we call the size range below and above this threshold value, respectively? (1) Above we call it <one>bulk   matter</one> (2) Below we call it <one>atomic matter</one>
+- Nenne zwei typische Nebenwirkungen von <one>Phosphorthioat-Oligonukleotiden</one>. A: (1) <one>Entzündungsreaktionen besonders an den Injektionsstellen</one> (2) <one>Anstieg der Lebertransaminasen ALT und AST</one>
+- <one>Colloidal systems</one> can be divided into which two types? (1) <one>lyophilic</one> (2) <one>lyophobic</one>
+- The <one>van-der-Waals force</one> has which two general components? (1) <one>attractive force</one> (2) <one>repulsive  force</one>
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one>: give another term for <two>biodistribution</two>. A: <one>Flow</one>.
+- Name a method with which we can model <one>polymer brushes</one>. A: The <one>Monte Carlo</one> method.
+- Assume that, in nanotechnology, someone argues that <one>microscopy images</one> are sufficient in order to deduce what has to be done, e. g. for nanomedicine delivery. What could you say against this claim? For example, we do not get chemical information from a normal 2D microscope alone. Even probe-scanning for elements is not necessarily enough due to biological objects, such as the human body, interacting in different ways with nanomaterial.
+- Name one important reason why <one>nanomedicine</one> may be important today. A: We may be able to <one>improve a medical therapy</one>; and the diagnosis.
+- In <one>nanomedicine</one> we may identify <two>cellular barriers</two>. Name three such barriers, with a short explanation why it constitutes a barrier. A: (1) "cellular uptake": passive diffusion happens only up to about 1kDa in size (2) "cytoplasm": degradation may occur here (3) "endocytosis":   the whole "intracellular vesicle system" is a barrier
+- What is a <one>polymer brush</one>? This is a <one>surface coating</one>, consisting of polymers tethered to a surface.
+- When we talk about a <one>conjugated nanoparticle</one>: what do we mean with this? That <one>there may be a conjugate on the surface</one>.
+- In nanotechnology, for patterning methods: what does <one>SMAP</one> stand for? <one>Selective molecular assembly patterning</one>.
+- Give another word for <one>biosensors</one>. A: <one>Nanoscale sensors</one>.
+- How can we make a <peru>liposome</peru> <one>soneth-up</one>, aka become <two>invisible</two> to the human body? Via <one>PEGylation</one>.
+- What are <one>DNA Walkers</one>? <one>DNA walkers</one> are a class of <two>nucleic acid nanomachines</two> that exhibit directional motion along a linear track.
+- How can the <one>the hydrophobicity of a surface</one> be <two>measured</two>? By its <one>contact angle</one>: the higher the contact angle, the higher the hydrophobicity of a surface.
+- In <peru>nanotechnology</peru>: when <one>tracking nanoparticles</one>, via <two>NTA</two> ("nano-particle tracking analysis"), what is indispensable aside from the nano-object itself? A <one>laser</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the difference</one> between the advancing and receding contact angle? <one>Contact angle hysteresis</one>.
+- <one>Drag nanocrystals</one> are used ... why exactly? They are used in pharmaceutics to develop a new innovative formulation principle for "poorly soluble drugs".
+- Why can we say that <one>hydrophobic interaction is not a force</one>? Because it <one>has no real range</one>; about <two>~0.5nm</two> only.
+- Wir beladen einen <one>SNALP-Lipidkomplex</one> mit siRNA. Welchen pH Wert wollen wir für die Ionisierbarkeit erreichen? Einen <one>sauren pH</one>; also unter Bedingungen der Endosomen.
+- The abbreviation <one>nanoSIMS</one> stands short for ... ? <one>Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry</one>.
+- What is a <one>Nanomaterial</one>? A nanomaterial is a material with at least one dimension "less than 100nm", exhibiting unique properties due to its nano scale size and shape.
+- Both <one>top-down</one> strategies and <one>bottom-up</one> strategies in nanotechnology have which goal in common? Build the <one>smallest possible functional unit</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>temperature-based nanotherapy</one>. A: <one>Hyperthermia</one>.
+- What is meant with the so called <one>scaling theory</one> in nanotechnology? This is when "small things" behave differently compared to "large, everyday things". The properties change as the size decreases towards the nanoscale.
+- Self-assembly is an <one>energy ...  process</one>. A: <one>Energy minimization process</one>.
+- When was the term <one>nanotechnology</one> first used? In <one>1974</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>luminescence</one>? Luminescence is the emission of light from any substance.
+- In Nanotechnology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>LNP</one>? <one>Lipid Nano Particle</one>.
+- Es gibt den Arzneiwirkstoff "siG12D LODER". Wofür steht das LODER hier? A: LODER steht für "Local Drug EluteR". URL: http://silenseed.com/?page_id=2424
+- Name a huge drawback of "stable soneth liposomes" in nanomedicine. A: It will not release drugs efficiently at the target location.
+- For nanomedicine we may wish "soneth properties", but what do we mean with this? Either "avoiding the immune system"; and/or "long circulation time" in the blood stream.
+- Der F1-Teil von ATPase ragt wohinein? Ins "Cytoplasma".
+- In nanomedicine, name a big advantage of "PEGylation". A: It may lead to "improved drug solubility".
+- What are <one>drug nanocrystals</one>? Drug nanocrystals are crystals with a size in the nanometer range, which means they are "nanoparticles with a crystalline character".