ibm_db 5.6.1-arm64-darwin-24

data/test/cases/relations_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2251 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/tag"
+require "models/tagging"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/topic"
+require "models/comment"
+require "models/author"
+require "models/entrant"
+require "models/developer"
+require "models/project"
+require "models/person"
+require "models/computer"
+require "models/reply"
+require "models/company"
+require "models/contract"
+require "models/bird"
+require "models/car"
+require "models/engine"
+require "models/tyre"
+require "models/minivan"
+require "models/possession"
+require "models/reader"
+require "models/category"
+require "models/categorization"
+require "models/edge"
+require "models/subscriber"
+
+class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :people, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :categories_posts, :posts, :comments, :tags, :taggings, :cars, :minivans
+
+  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id
+    van = Minivan.last
+    assert van
+    assert_equal van.id, Minivan.where(minivan_id: van).to_a.first.minivan_id
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id_with_array
+    van = Minivan.last
+    assert van
+    assert_equal van, Minivan.where(minivan_id: [van]).to_a.first
+  end
+
+  def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
+    # heat habtm cache
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    car.tyres.length
+    car.engines.length
+
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
+    assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_finder
+    x = Post.where("author_id = ?", 1)
+    assert_respond_to x.klass, :find_by_id
+  end
+
+  def test_multivalue_where
+    posts = Post.where("author_id = ? AND id = ?", 1, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, posts.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped
+    topics = Topic.all
+    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, topics
+    assert_equal 5, topics.size
+  end
+
+  def test_to_json
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_json }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_json }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_yaml
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_yaml }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_yaml }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_xml }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_xml }
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_all
+    topics = Topic.all.to_a
+    assert_kind_of Array, topics
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, topics.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_all
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    assert_not_predicate topics, :loaded?
+    assert_not_predicate topics, :loaded
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_first
+    topics = Topic.all.order("id ASC")
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title }
+    end
+
+    assert_not_predicate topics, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_first
+    topics = Topic.all.order("id ASC")
+    topics.load # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_first_with_limit
+    topics = Topic.all.order("id ASC")
+    topics.load # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal ["The First Topic",
+                    "The Second Topic of the day"], topics.first(2).map(&:title)
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_first_get_more_than_available
+    topics = Topic.all.order("id ASC")
+    unloaded_first = topics.first(10)
+    topics.load # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      loaded_first = topics.first(10)
+      assert_equal unloaded_first, loaded_first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reload
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { topics.to_a }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+
+    original_size = topics.to_a.size
+    Topic.create! title: "fake"
+
+    assert_queries(1) { topics.reload }
+    assert_equal original_size + 1, topics.size
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select("*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select("subquery.*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select("a.*").from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_binds
+    relation = Post.first.comments
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("subquery.*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("a.*").from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      Topic.from(relation).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_from_includes_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_from_includes_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_from_includes_quoted_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.quoted_table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_from_includes_quoted_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.quoted_table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_uses_original_table_name
+    puts "test_select_with_subquery_in_from_uses_original_table_name"
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    puts "After relation"
+    # Avoid subquery flattening by adding distinct to work with SQLite < 3.20.0.
+    subquery = Comment.from(Comment.all.distinct, Comment.quoted_table_name).joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    puts "After subquery"
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_subquery_in_from_uses_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from(Comment.all, Comment.quoted_table_name).joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type")
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation, "grouped_#{Comment.table_name}").select("type", "post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_group_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type")
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation, "grouped_#{Comment.table_name}").group("type").average("post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.values.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_string_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type")
+    subquery = Comment.from("(#{relation.to_sql}) #{Comment.table_name}_grouped").select("type", "post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_group_with_subquery_string_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    puts "test_group_with_subquery_string_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name"
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type")
+    subquery = Comment.from("(#{relation.to_sql}) #{Comment.table_name}_grouped").group("type").average("post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.values.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_eager_loading_in_from
+    relation = Comment.includes(:post).where("posts.type": "Post").order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("subquery.*").from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select("a.*").from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_eager_loading_in_where
+    relation = Comment.includes(:post).where("posts.type": "Post")
+    assert_equal relation.sort_by(&:id), Comment.where(id: relation).sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_conditions
+    assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(name: "David").map(&:name)
+    assert_equal ["Mary"],  Author.where(["name = ?", "Mary"]).map(&:name)
+    assert_equal ["Mary"],  Author.where("name = ?", "Mary").map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order
+    topics = Topic.order("id")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_arel_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(id: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_arel_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("id") => :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reversed_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(id: :asc).reverse_order
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reversed_arel_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("id") => :asc).reverse_order
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_function
+    topics = Topic.order("lower(title)").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_arel_order_with_function
+    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:title].lower).reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_arel_assoc_order_with_function
+    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("lower(title)") => :asc).reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_function_other_predicates
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name, length(title), id").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
+    topics = Topic.order("length(author_name), id, length(title)").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_multiargument_function
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order(Arel.sql("concat(author_name, title)")).reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order(Arel.sql("concat(lower(author_name), title)")).reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order(Arel.sql("concat(author_name, lower(title))")).reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order(Arel.sql("concat(lower(author_name), title, length(title)")).reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_arel_assoc_order_with_multiargument_function
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Topic.order(Arel.sql("REPLACE(title, '', '')") => :asc).reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_nulls_first_or_last
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title  NULLS  FIRST").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title nulls last").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST, author_name").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("author_name, title nulls last").reverse_order
+    end
+  end if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
+
+  def test_default_reverse_order_on_table_without_primary_key
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Edge.all.reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_order_with_hash_and_symbol_generates_the_same_sql
+    assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "asc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
+
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql, "DESC"
+  end
+
+  def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
+    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.last.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_concatenated
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name").order("title")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name").order("title").reorder("id").to_a
+    topics_titles = topics.map(&:title)
+    assert_equal ["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day", "The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day", "The Fifth Topic of the day"], topics_titles
+  end
+
+  def test_reorder_deduplication
+    topics = Topic.reorder("id desc", "id desc")
+    assert_equal ["id desc"], topics.order_values
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name").reorder(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name").reorder(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_and_take
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).to_a
+
+    assert_equal 2, entrants.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:first).name, entrants.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_cross_table_order_and_limit
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).
+              order("tags.name asc", "taggings.taggable_id asc", Arel.sql("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)")).
+              limit(1).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_complex_order_and_limit
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order(Arel.sql("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)")).limit(1).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_complex_order
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order(Arel.sql("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)")).to_a
+    assert_equal 3, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_sanitized_order
+    query = Tag.order([Arel.sql("field(id, ?)"), [1, 3, 2]]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, 1,3,2\)/, query)
+
+    query = Tag.order([Arel.sql("field(id, ?)"), []]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
+
+    query = Tag.order([Arel.sql("field(id, ?)"), nil]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_limit_and_offset
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(1)
+
+    assert_equal 2, entrants.to_a.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:second).name, entrants.first.name
+
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(2)
+    assert_equal 1, entrants.to_a.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:third).name, entrants.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_group
+    developers = Developer.group("salary").select("salary").to_a
+    assert_equal 4, developers.size
+    assert_equal 4, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_block
+    even_ids = Developer.all.select { |d| d.id % 2 == 0 }.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], even_ids.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_joins_with_nil_argument
+    assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
+    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where(name: "RailsCore", accounts: { credit_limit: 55..60 }).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, firms.size
+    assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_with_join
+    developers_on_project_one = Developer.joins("LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id").
+      where("project_id=1").to_a
+
+    assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
+    assert_includes developer_names, "David"
+    assert_includes developer_names, "Jamis"
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions
+    assert_equal Topic.all.merge!(where: { approved: false }).to_a, Topic.where(approved: false).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_joins_with_string_array
+    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.joins([
+        "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
+        "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
+      ]
+    ).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, person_with_reader_and_post.size
+  end
+
+  def test_no_arguments_to_query_methods_raise_errors
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.references() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.includes() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.preload() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.group() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.reorder() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.order() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.eager_load() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.reselect() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.unscope() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.joins() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.left_joins() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.optimizer_hints() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.annotate() }
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_like_arguments_to_query_methods_dont_raise_errors
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.references([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.includes([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.preload([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.group([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.reorder([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.order([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.eager_load([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.reselect([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.unscope([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.joins([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.left_joins([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.optimizer_hints([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.annotate([]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_dynamic_finders
+    relation = Topic.all
+
+    ["find_by_title", "find_by_title_and_author_name"].each do |method|
+      assert_respond_to relation, method
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_class_methods_and_scopes
+    assert_respond_to Topic.all, :by_lifo
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_readonly_option
+    Developer.all.each { |d| assert_not d.readonly? }
+    Developer.all.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
+  end
+
+  def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
+    authors = Author.eager_load(posts: { special_comments: { post: [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } }).
+      order("comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body").where("posts.id = 4").to_a
+
+    assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
+    assert_no_queries do
+      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
+      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.very_special_comment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_preloaded_associations
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.author
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preload_applies_to_all_chained_preloaded_scopes
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      post = Post.with_comments.with_tags.first
+      assert post
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extracted_association
+    relation_authors = assert_queries(2) { Post.all.extract_associated(:author) }
+    root_authors = assert_queries(2) { Post.extract_associated(:author) }
+    assert_equal relation_authors, root_authors
+    assert_equal Post.all.collect(&:author), relation_authors
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_included_associations
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.all.includes(:comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).order("posts.id")
+      assert posts.first.author
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scoping_finder_methods
+    developers = DeveloperCalledDavid.order("id").map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David").map(&:id).sort, developers
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_with_select
+    query = Post.select("legacy_comments_count AS ranking").order("ranking").includes(:comments)
+      .where(comments: { id: 1 })
+
+    assert_equal ["legacy_comments_count AS ranking"], query.select_values
+    assert_equal 1, query.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: "Uhuu", body: "body"
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+    comment = Comment.create! post_id: post.id, body: "body"
+
+    assert_not_respond_to comment, :readers
+
+    post_rel = Post.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: "Uhuu")
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = Post.includes(:readers).where(title: "Uhuu")
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_default_scopes_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: "Uhuu", body: "body"
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+
+    post_rel = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: "Uhuu")
+    result_post = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.includes(:readers).where(title: "Uhuu")
+    result_post = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_with_one_association
+    posts = Post.preload(:comments)
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
+    assert_includes post.comments, comments(:greetings)
+
+    post = Post.where("posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").preload(:comments).first
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
+    assert_includes post.comments, comments(:greetings)
+
+    posts = Post.preload(:last_comment)
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sql_on_eager_join
+    expected = capture_sql {
+      Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order("comments.id DESC").to_a
+    }.first
+    actual = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order("comments.id DESC").to_sql
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
+    posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order("comments.id DESC")
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes
+    david = authors(:david)
+    author = Author.preload(:taggings).find_by_id(david.id)
+    expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by(&:id)
+    end
+
+    authors = Author.all
+    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name(david.id, david.name)
+    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name!(david.id, david.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_bang
+    author = Author.all.find_by_id!(authors(:david).id)
+    assert_equal "David", author.name
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Author.all.find_by_id_and_name!(20, "invalid") }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_id
+    authors = Author.all
+
+    david = authors.find(authors(:david).id)
+    assert_equal "David", david.name
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(name: "lifo").find("42") }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_ids
+    authors = Author.order("id ASC")
+
+    results = authors.find(authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id)
+    assert_kind_of Array, results
+    assert_equal 2, results.size
+    assert_equal "David", results[0].name
+    assert_equal "Mary", results[1].name
+    assert_equal results, authors.find([authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id])
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(name: "lifo").find(authors(:david).id, "42") }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.find(["42", 43]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_in_empty_array
+    authors = Author.all.where(id: [])
+    assert_predicate authors.to_a, :blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_where_with_ar_object
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.all.where(id: author)
+    assert_equal 1, authors.to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_where_with_ar_relation
+    author = Post.last.author
+    posts = Post.all.where(author: author)
+    assert_equal 3, posts.to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_where_id_with_delegated_ar_object
+    decorator = Class.new(SimpleDelegator)
+    author = Author.first
+    assert_equal 1, Author.where(id: decorator.new(author)).to_a.length
+    assert_equal 1, Author.where(id: [decorator.new(author)]).to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_where_relation_with_delegated_ar_object
+    decorator = Class.new(SimpleDelegator)
+    author = Post.last.author
+    assert_equal 3, Post.where(author: decorator.new(author)).to_a.length
+    assert_equal 3, Post.where(author: [decorator.new(author)]).to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_with_delegated_ar_object
+    decorator = Class.new(SimpleDelegator)
+    author = Author.first
+    assert_equal author, Author.find_by(id: decorator.new(author))
+    assert_equal author, Author.find_by(id: [decorator.new(author)])
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_list_of_ar
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.find([author.id])
+    assert_equal author, authors.first
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_id_with_list_of_ar
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.find_by_id([author])
+    assert_equal author, authors
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_twice_should_or_the_relation
+    david = authors(:david)
+    relation = Author.unscoped
+    relation = relation.where(name: david.name)
+    relation = relation.where(name: "Santiago")
+    relation = relation.where(id: david.id)
+    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_where_ands_queries
+    relation = Author.unscoped
+    david = authors(:david)
+    sql = relation.where(name: david.name).where(name: "Santiago").to_sql
+    assert_match("AND", sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_with_multiple_should_use_and
+    david = authors(:david)
+    relation = [
+      { name: david.name },
+      { name: "Santiago" },
+      { name: "tenderlove" },
+    ].inject(Author.unscoped) do |memo, param|
+      memo.where(param)
+    end
+    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
+    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
+    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
+
+    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(id: Author.where(id: david.id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where("id in (?)", Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Author.where("id in (:author_ids)", author_ids: Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_bound_values
+    david = authors(:david)
+    davids_posts = david.posts.order(:id).to_a
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where(id: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where("id in (?)", david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, "should process Relation as bind variables"
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where("id in (:post_ids)", post_ids: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, "should process Relation as named bind variables"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_and_alternate_primary_key
+    cool_first = minivans(:cool_first)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Minivan.where(minivan_id: Minivan.where(name: cool_first.name))
+      assert_equal [cool_first], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_does_not_alter_select_values
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    subquery = Author.where(id: david.id)
+
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(id: subquery)
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 0, subquery.select_values.size
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_joins
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(id: Author.joins(:posts).where(id: david.id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_select_to_build_subquery
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(name: Author.where(id: david.id).select(:name))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_last
+    authors = Author.all
+    assert_equal authors(:bob), authors.last
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert_predicate posts, :any?
+    assert_predicate posts, :many?
+    assert_not_empty posts
+  end
+
+  def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
+    david = developers(:david)
+
+    developer = Developer.where(id: david.id).select(:name, :salary).first
+    assert_equal david.name, developer.name
+    assert_equal david.salary, developer.salary
+  end
+
+  def test_select_takes_an_aliased_attribute
+    first = topics(:first)
+
+    topic = Topic.where(id: first.id).select(:heading).first
+    assert_equal first.heading, topic.heading
+  end
+
+  def test_select_argument_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_argument_error_with_block
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select(:id) { |d| d.id % 2 == 0 } }
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:id)
+
+    assert_equal 3, posts.where("legacy_comments_count > 1").count
+    assert_equal 6, posts.where(comments_count: 0).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_block
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_equal 8, posts.count { |p| p.comments_count.even? }
+  end
+
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert_empty author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id)
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_distinct
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal 4, posts.distinct(true).count(:comments_count)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).count(:comments_count)
+
+    assert_equal 4, posts.distinct(true).select(:comments_count).count
+    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_distinct
+    posts = Post.distinct.select(:author_id, :comments_count)
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 8, posts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 8, posts.load.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order
+    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id")
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order
+    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").select(:type)
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order_and_distinct
+    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").distinct
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_manual_distinct_select_and_custom_order
+    accounts = Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").order("accounts.firm_id")
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 5, accounts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 5, accounts.load.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_count_explicit_columns
+    Post.update_all(comments_count: nil)
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal [0], posts.select("comments_count").where("id is not null").group("id").order("id").count.values.uniq
+    assert_equal 0, posts.where("id is not null").select("comments_count").count
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.select("comments_count").count("id")
+    assert_equal 0, posts.select("comments_count").count
+    assert_equal 0, posts.count(:comments_count)
+    assert_equal 0, posts.count("comments_count")
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_selects
+    post = Post.all.select("comments_count").select("title").order("id ASC").first
+    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments_count
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(comments_count: 0)
+    best_posts.load # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 6, best_posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(10)
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 10, posts.size }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(comments_count: 0)
+    best_posts.load # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 6, best_posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_zero_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(0)
+
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    posts.load # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_with_zero_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(0)
+
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal true, posts.empty? }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_count_complex_chained_relations
+    posts = Post.select("comments_count").where("id is not null").group("author_id").where("legacy_comments_count > 0")
+
+    expected = { 1 => 4, 2 => 1 }
+    assert_equal expected, posts.count
+  end
+
+  def test_empty
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    no_posts = posts.where(title: "")
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
+    assert_not_predicate no_posts, :loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(comments_count: 0)
+    best_posts.load # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal false, best_posts.empty? }
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_complex_chained_relations
+    posts = Post.select("comments_count").where("id is not null").group("author_id").where("legacy_comments_count > 0")
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    no_posts = posts.where(title: "")
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
+    assert_not_predicate no_posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_any
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      assert posts.any? # Uses COUNT()
+      assert_not_predicate posts.where(id: nil), :any?
+
+      assert posts.any? { |p| p.id > 0 }
+      assert_not posts.any? { |p| p.id <= 0 }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_many
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      assert posts.many? # Uses COUNT()
+      assert posts.many? { |p| p.id > 0 }
+      assert_not posts.many? { |p| p.id < 2 }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_many_with_limits
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_predicate posts, :many?
+    assert_not_predicate posts.limit(1), :many?
+  end
+
+  def test_none?
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_not posts.none? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert posts.none? { |p| p.id < 0 }
+      assert_not posts.none? { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_one
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_not posts.one? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert_not_predicate posts, :loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_not posts.one? { |p| p.id < 3 }
+      assert posts.one? { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert_predicate posts, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_should_dup_target
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    original_size = posts.size
+    removed = posts.to_a.pop
+
+    assert_equal original_size, posts.size
+    assert_includes posts.to_a, removed
+  end
+
+  def test_build
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_build
+    posts = Post.where(title: "You told a lie")
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+    assert_equal "You told a lie", post.title
+  end
+
+  def test_create
+    birds = Bird.all
+
+    sparrow = birds.create
+    assert_kind_of Bird, sparrow
+    assert_not_predicate sparrow, :persisted?
+
+    hen = birds.where(name: "hen").create
+    assert_predicate hen, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "hen", hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_bang
+    birds = Bird.all
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { birds.create! }
+
+    hen = birds.where(name: "hen").create!
+    assert_kind_of Bird, hen
+    assert_predicate hen, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "hen", hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_polymorphic_association
+    author = authors(:david)
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    comment = Comment.where(post: post, author: author).create!(body: "hello")
+
+    assert_equal author, comment.author
+    assert_equal post, comment.post
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create(name: "parrot")
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create(name: "parakeet")
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_predicate same_parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+
+    canary = Bird.where(Bird.arel_table[:color].is_distinct_from("green")).first_or_create(name: "canary")
+    assert_equal "canary", canary.name
+    assert_nil canary.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_no_parameters
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_not_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_block
+    canary = Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      bird.enable_count = true
+      assert_equal canary, Bird.find_by!(name: "canary")
+    end
+    assert_equal 1, parrot.total_count
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = "parakeet" }
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_array
+    several_green_birds = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create([{ name: "parrot" }, { name: "parakeet" }])
+    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
+    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create([{ name: "hummingbird" }, { name: "macaw" }])
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_options
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!(name: "parrot")
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!(name: "parakeet")
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_predicate same_parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_options
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!(pirate_id: 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_no_parameters
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_block
+    canary = Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      bird.enable_count = true
+      assert_equal canary, Bird.find_by!(name: "canary")
+    end
+    assert_equal 1, parrot.total_count
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = "parakeet" }
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_block
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! { |bird| bird.pirate_id = 1 }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_array
+    several_green_birds = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!([{ name: "parrot" }, { name: "parakeet" }])
+    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
+    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!([{ name: "hummingbird" }, { name: "macaw" }])
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_array
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create!([ { name: "parrot" }, { pirate_id: 1 } ]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize(name: "parrot")
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_not_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_predicate parrot, :valid?
+    assert_predicate parrot, :new_record?
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+
+    canary = Bird.where(Bird.arel_table[:color].is_distinct_from("green")).first_or_initialize(name: "canary")
+    assert_equal "canary", canary.name
+    assert_nil canary.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize_with_no_parameters
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_not_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_not_predicate parrot, :valid?
+    assert_predicate parrot, :new_record?
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize_with_block
+    canary = Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      bird.enable_count = true
+      assert_equal canary, Bird.find_by!(name: "canary")
+    end
+    assert_equal 1, parrot.total_count
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert_not_predicate parrot, :persisted?
+    assert_predicate parrot, :valid?
+    assert_predicate parrot, :new_record?
+    assert_equal "green", parrot.color
+    assert_equal "parrot", parrot.name
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: "bob")
+
+    bird = Bird.find_or_create_by(name: "bob")
+    assert_predicate bird, :persisted?
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_create_by(name: "bob")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by_with_create_with
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: "bob")
+
+    bird = Bird.create_with(color: "green").find_or_create_by(name: "bob")
+    assert_predicate bird, :persisted?
+    assert_equal "green", bird.color
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.create_with(color: "blue").find_or_create_by(name: "bob")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by!
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.find_or_create_by!(color: "green") }
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "bob")
+    assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "cat")
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_should_not_raise_due_to_validation_errors
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      bird = Bird.create_or_find_by(color: "green")
+      assert_predicate bird, :invalid?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_non_unique_attributes
+    Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob", name: "the builder")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "bob", name: "the cat")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_within_transaction
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    Subscriber.transaction do
+      assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "bob")
+      assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "cat")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob")
+    assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "cat")
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_should_raise_due_to_validation_errors
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.create_or_find_by!(color: "green") }
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_with_non_unique_attributes
+    Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob", name: "the builder")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob", name: "the cat")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_within_transaction
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    Subscriber.transaction do
+      assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob")
+      assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "cat")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_by
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: "bob")
+
+    bird = Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: "bob")
+    assert_predicate bird, :new_record?
+    bird.save!
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: "bob")
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_create_with
+    hens = Bird.where(name: "hen")
+    assert_equal "hen", hens.new.name
+
+    hens = hens.create_with(name: "cock")
+    assert_equal "cock", hens.new.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_nested_attributes
+    assert_difference("Project.count", 1) do
+      developers = Developer.where(name: "Aaron")
+      developers = developers.create_with(
+        projects_attributes: [{ name: "p1" }]
+      )
+      developers.create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_except
+    relation = Post.where(author_id: 1).order("id ASC").limit(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
+
+    author_posts = relation.except(:order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).sort_by(&:id), author_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal author_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.except(:order, :limit).sort_by(&:id) }
+
+    all_posts = relation.except(:where, :order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.all.sort_by(&:id), all_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal all_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.except(:where, :order, :limit).sort_by(&:id) }
+  end
+
+  def test_only
+    relation = Post.where(author_id: 1).order("id ASC").limit(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
+
+    author_posts = relation.only(:where)
+    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).sort_by(&:id), author_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal author_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.only(:where).sort_by(&:id) }
+
+    all_posts = relation.only(:order)
+    assert_equal Post.order("id ASC").to_a, all_posts.to_a
+    assert_equal all_posts.to_a, relation.scoping { Post.only(:order).to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_extension
+    relation = Post.where(author_id: 1).order("id ASC").extending do
+      def author
+        "lifo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
+  end
+
+  def test_named_extension
+    relation = Post.where(author_id: 1).order("id ASC").extending(Post::NamedExtension)
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
+  end
+
+  def test_order_by_relation_attribute
+    assert_equal Post.order(Post.arel_table[:title]).to_a, Post.order("title").to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_order_with_scope_order
+    assert_equal "zyke", CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
+    assert_equal "zyke", FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_order_using_scoping
+    car1 = CoolCar.order("id DESC").scoping do
+      CoolCar.all.merge!(order: "id asc").first
+    end
+    assert_equal "zyke", car1.name
+
+    car2 = FastCar.order("id DESC").scoping do
+      FastCar.all.merge!(order: "id asc").first
+    end
+    assert_equal "zyke", car2.name
+  end
+
+  def test_unscoped_block_style
+    assert_equal "honda", CoolCar.unscoped { CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name }
+    assert_equal "honda", FastCar.unscoped { FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name }
+  end
+
+  def test_intersection_with_array
+    relation = Author.where(name: "David")
+    rails_author = relation.first
+
+    assert_equal [rails_author], [rails_author] & relation
+    assert_equal [rails_author], relation & [rails_author]
+  end
+
+  def test_primary_key
+    assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
+  end
+
+  def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
+    assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order("id DESC , name DESC").last
+  end
+
+  def test_distinct
+    tag1 = Tag.create(name: "Foo")
+    tag2 = Tag.create(name: "Foo")
+
+    query = Tag.select(:name).where(id: [tag1.id, tag2.id])
+
+    assert_equal ["Foo", "Foo"], query.map(&:name)
+    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
+      assert_equal ["Foo"], query.distinct.map(&:name)
+    end
+    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
+      assert_equal ["Foo"], query.distinct(true).map(&:name)
+    end
+    assert_equal ["Foo", "Foo"], query.distinct(true).distinct(false).map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_add_having_values_if_options_are_blank
+    scope = Post.having("")
+    assert_empty scope.having_clause
+
+    scope = Post.having([])
+    assert_empty scope.having_clause
+  end
+
+  def test_having_with_binds_for_both_where_and_having
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id, :author_id, :title, :body, :type, :legacy_comments_count, :taggings_with_delete_all_count, :taggings_with_destroy_count, :tags_count, :indestructible_tags_count, :tags_with_destroy_count, :tags_with_nullify_count)
+    where_then_having = Post.where(title: post.title).having(id: post.id).group(:id, :author_id, :title, :body, :type, :legacy_comments_count, :taggings_with_delete_all_count, :taggings_with_destroy_count, :tags_count, :indestructible_tags_count, :tags_with_destroy_count, :tags_with_nullify_count)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+    assert_equal [post], where_then_having
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses
+    puts "test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses"
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title)
+      .having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id, :author_id, :title, :body, :type, :legacy_comments_count, :taggings_with_delete_all_count, :taggings_with_destroy_count, :tags_count, :indestructible_tags_count, :tags_with_destroy_count, :tags_with_nullify_count)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+  end
+
+  def test_grouping_by_column_with_reserved_name
+    assert_equal [], Possession.select(:where).group(:where).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_references_triggers_eager_loading
+    scope = Post.includes(:comments)
+    assert_not_predicate scope, :eager_loading?
+    assert_predicate scope.references(:comments), :eager_loading?
+  end
+
+  def test_references_doesnt_trigger_eager_loading_if_reference_not_included
+    scope = Post.references(:comments)
+    assert_not_predicate scope, :eager_loading?
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_where_references
+    scope = Post.where(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where("comments.body" => "Bla")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not("comments.body" => "Bla")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_having_references
+    scope = Post.having(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.having("comments.body" => "Bla")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_order_references
+    scope = Post.order("comments.body")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}")
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+      assert_equal ["COMMENTS"], scope.references_values
+    else
+      assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+    end
+
+    scope = Post.order("comments.body", "yaks.body")
+    assert_equal ["comments", "yaks"], scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.order("comments.body, yaks.body")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order("comments.body asc")
+    assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order("foo(comments.body)")
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_reorder_references
+    scope = Post.reorder("comments.body")
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}")
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+      assert_equal ["COMMENTS"], scope.references_values
+    else
+      assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
+    end
+
+    scope = Post.reorder("comments.body", "yaks.body")
+    assert_equal %w(comments yaks), scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.reorder("comments.body, yaks.body")
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder("comments.body asc")
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder("foo(comments.body)")
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reorder_with_first
+    sql_log = capture_sql do
+      message = <<~MSG.squish
+        `.reorder(nil)` with `.first` / `.first!` no longer
+        takes non-deterministic result in Rails 7.0.
+        To continue taking non-deterministic result, use `.take` / `.take!` instead.
+      MSG
+      assert_deprecated(message) do
+        assert Post.order(:title).reorder(nil).first
+      end
+    end
+    assert sql_log.all? { |sql| !/order by/i.match?(sql) }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{sql_log}"
+  end
+
+  def test_reorder_with_take
+    sql_log = capture_sql do
+      assert Post.order(:title).reorder(nil).take
+    end
+    assert sql_log.all? { |sql| !/order by/i.match?(sql) }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{sql_log}"
+  end
+
+  def test_presence
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    # the first query is triggered because there are no topics yet.
+    assert_queries(1) { assert topics.present? }
+
+    # checking if there are topics is used before you actually display them,
+    # thus it shouldn't invoke an extra count query.
+    assert_no_queries { assert topics.present? }
+    assert_no_queries { assert_not topics.blank? }
+
+    # shows count of topics and loops after loading the query should not trigger extra queries either.
+    assert_no_queries { topics.size }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.length }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.each }
+
+    # count always trigger the COUNT query.
+    assert_queries(1) { topics.count }
+
+    assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_by
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    assert_difference("Post.count", -3) { david.posts.delete_by(body: "hello") }
+
+    deleted = Author.delete_by(id: david.id)
+    assert_equal 1, deleted
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_by
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    assert_difference("Post.count", -3) { david.posts.destroy_by(body: "hello") }
+
+    destroyed = Author.destroy_by(id: david.id)
+    assert_equal [david], destroyed
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by("author_id = ?", 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_nil Post.all.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!("author_id = ?", 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.all.find_by!("1 = 0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by! }
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by multi value methods" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.where! "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by single value methods" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.limit! 5
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by merge!" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.merge! where: "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by extending!" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.extending! Module.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "relations with cached arel can't be mutated [internal API]" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.arel
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.limit!(5) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.where!("1 = 2") }
+  end
+
+  test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "relations limit the records in #inspect at 10" do
+    relation = Post.limit(11)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(10).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}, ...]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "relations don't load all records in #inspect" do
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=|FETCH FIRST/) do
+      Post.all.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loading query is annotated in #inspect" do
+    assert_sql(%r(/\* loading for inspect \*/)) do
+      Post.all.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "already-loaded relations don't perform a new query in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    relation.to_a
+
+    expected = "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>"
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal expected, relation.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "using a custom table affects the wheres" do
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+
+    assert_equal post, custom_post_relation.where!(title: post.title).take
+  end
+
+  test "using a custom table with joins affects the joins" do
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+
+    assert_equal post, custom_post_relation.joins(:author).where!(title: post.title).take
+  end
+
+  test "arel_table respects a custom table" do
+    assert_equal [posts(:sti_comments)], custom_post_relation.ranked_by_comments.limit_by(1).to_a
+  end
+
+  test "alias_tracker respects a custom table" do
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), custom_post_relation("categories_posts").joins(:categories).first
+  end
+
+  test "#load" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_equal relation, relation.load
+    end
+    assert_no_queries { relation.to_a }
+  end
+
+  test "group with select and includes" do
+    authors_count = Post.select("author_id, COUNT(author_id) AS num_posts").
+      group("author_id").order("author_id").includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      result = authors_count.map do |post|
+        [post.num_posts, post.author&.name]
+      end
+
+      expected = [[1, nil], [5, "David"], [3, "Mary"], [2, "Bob"]]
+      assert_equal expected, result
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "joins with select" do
+    posts = Post.joins(:author).select("id", "authors.author_address_id").order("posts.id").limit(3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], posts.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
+  end
+
+  test "joins with select custom attribute" do
+    contract = Company.create!(name: "test").contracts.create!
+    company = Company.joins(:contracts).select(:id, :metadata).find(contract.company_id)
+    assert_equal contract.metadata, company.metadata
+  end
+
+  test "joins with order by custom attribute" do
+    companies = Company.create!([{ name: "test1" }, { name: "test2" }])
+    companies.each { |company| company.contracts.create! }
+    assert_equal companies, Company.joins(:contracts).order(:metadata, :count)
+    assert_equal companies.reverse, Company.joins(:contracts).order(metadata: :desc, count: :desc)
+  end
+
+  test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
+    Topic.all.by_lifo
+    assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
+    assert_not_respond_to Post.all, :by_lifo
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_subquery
+    p1 = Post.where(id: 1)
+    p2 = Post.where(id: 2)
+
+    assert_not_equal p1, p2
+
+    comments = Comment.where(post: p1).unscope(where: :post_id).where(post: p2)
+
+    assert_not_equal p1.first.comments, comments
+    assert_equal p2.first.comments, comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_merge
+    p0 = Post.where(author_id: 0)
+    p1 = Post.where(author_id: 1, comments_count: 1)
+
+    assert_equal [posts(:authorless)], p0
+    assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], p1
+
+    comments = Comment.merge(p0).unscope(where: :author_id).where(post: p1)
+
+    assert_not_equal p0.first.comments, comments
+    assert_equal p1.first.comments, comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_unknown_column
+    comment = comments(:greetings)
+    comment.update!(comments: 1)
+
+    comments = Comment.where(comments: 1).unscope(where: :unknown_column)
+    assert_equal [comment], comments
+
+    comments = Comment.where(comments: 1).unscope(where: { comments: :unknown_column })
+    assert_equal [comment], comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_specific_where_value
+    posts = Post.where(title: "Welcome to the weblog", body: "Such a lovely day")
+
+    assert_equal 1, posts.count
+    assert_equal 1, posts.unscope(where: :title).count
+    assert_equal 1, posts.unscope(where: :body).count
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_aliased_column
+    posts = Post.where(author: authors(:mary), text: "hullo").order(:id)
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_mary)], posts
+
+    posts = posts.unscope(where: :"posts.text")
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other, :misc_by_mary, :other_by_mary), posts
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_table_name_qualified_column
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where("posts.id": posts(:thinking))
+    assert_equal [comments(:does_it_hurt)], comments
+
+    comments = comments.where(id: comments(:greetings))
+    assert_empty comments
+
+    comments = comments.unscope(where: :"posts.id")
+    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_table_name_qualified_hash
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where("posts.id": posts(:thinking))
+    assert_equal [comments(:does_it_hurt)], comments
+
+    comments = comments.where(id: comments(:greetings))
+    assert_empty comments
+
+    comments = comments.unscope(where: { posts: :id })
+    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_arel_sql
+    posts = Post.where(Arel.sql("'Welcome to the weblog'").eq(Post.arel_table[:title]))
+
+    assert_equal 1, posts.count
+    assert_equal Post.count, posts.unscope(where: :title).count
+
+    posts = Post.where(Arel.sql("posts.title").eq("Welcome to the weblog"))
+
+    assert_equal 1, posts.count
+    assert_equal 1, posts.unscope(where: :title).count
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_grouped_where
+    posts = Post.where(
+      title: ["Welcome to the weblog", "So I was thinking", nil]
+    )
+
+    assert_equal 2, posts.count
+    assert_equal Post.count, posts.unscope(where: :title).count
+  end
+
+  def test_locked_should_not_build_arel
+    posts = Post.locked
+    assert_predicate posts, :locked?
+    assert_nothing_raised { posts.lock!(false) }
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal "Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome", Post.first.comments.order(:id).join(",")
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_with_private_kernel_method
+    accounts = Account.all
+    assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], accounts.open
+    assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], accounts.available
+
+    sub_accounts = SubAccount.all
+    assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], sub_accounts.open
+    assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], sub_accounts.available
+
+    assert_equal [topics(:second)], topics(:first).open_replies
+  end
+
+  def test_where_with_take_memoization
+    5.times do |idx|
+      Post.create!(title: idx.to_s, body: idx.to_s)
+    end
+
+    posts = Post.all
+    first_post = posts.take
+    third_post = posts.where(title: "3").take
+
+    assert_equal "3", third_post.title
+    assert_not_same first_post, third_post
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_with_take_memoization
+    5.times do |idx|
+      Post.create!(title: idx.to_s, body: idx.to_s)
+    end
+
+    posts = Post.all
+    first_post = posts.take
+    third_post = posts.find_by(title: "3")
+
+    assert_equal "3", third_post.title
+    assert_not_same first_post, third_post
+  end
+
+  test "#skip_query_cache!" do
+    Post.cache do
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        Post.all.load
+        Post.all.load
+      end
+
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        Post.all.skip_query_cache!.load
+        Post.all.skip_query_cache!.load
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#skip_query_cache! with an eager load" do
+    Post.cache do
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        Post.eager_load(:comments).load
+        Post.eager_load(:comments).load
+      end
+
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        Post.eager_load(:comments).skip_query_cache!.load
+        Post.eager_load(:comments).skip_query_cache!.load
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#skip_query_cache! with a preload" do
+    Post.cache do
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        Post.preload(:comments).load
+        Post.preload(:comments).load
+      end
+
+      assert_queries(4) do
+        Post.preload(:comments).skip_query_cache!.load
+        Post.preload(:comments).skip_query_cache!.load
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#where with set" do
+    david = authors(:david)
+    mary = authors(:mary)
+
+    authors = Author.where(name: ["David", "Mary"].to_set)
+    assert_equal [david, mary], authors.order(:id)
+  end
+
+  test "#where with empty set" do
+    authors = Author.where(name: Set.new)
+    assert_empty authors
+  end
+
+  (ActiveRecord::Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:extending]).each do |method|
+    test "#{method} with blank value" do
+      authors = Author.public_send(method, [""])
+      assert_empty authors.public_send(:"#{method}_values")
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def custom_post_relation(alias_name = "omg_posts")
+      table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias(alias_name)
+      table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
+      predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Relation.create(
+        Post,
+        table: table_alias,
+        predicate_builder: predicate_builder
+      )
+    end
+end