grpc-flamingo 1.11.0

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/error.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,793 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <grpc/status.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+
+#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
+#include <grpc/support/log_windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+
+grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_error_refcount(false,
+                                                        "error_refcount");
+grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_closure(false, "closure");
+
+static const char* error_int_name(grpc_error_ints key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO:
+      return "errno";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE:
+      return "file_line";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_STREAM_ID:
+      return "stream_id";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS:
+      return "grpc_status";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OFFSET:
+      return "offset";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_INDEX:
+      return "index";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_SIZE:
+      return "size";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP2_ERROR:
+      return "http2_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_TSI_CODE:
+      return "tsi_code";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_SECURITY_STATUS:
+      return "security_status";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FD:
+      return "fd";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR:
+      return "wsa_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP_STATUS:
+      return "http_status";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_LIMIT:
+      return "limit";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OCCURRED_DURING_WRITE:
+      return "occurred_during_write";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+static const char* error_str_name(grpc_error_strs key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_KEY:
+      return "key";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_VALUE:
+      return "value";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION:
+      return "description";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR:
+      return "os_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS:
+      return "target_address";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL:
+      return "syscall";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE:
+      return "file";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE:
+      return "grpc_message";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_RAW_BYTES:
+      return "raw_bytes";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TSI_ERROR:
+      return "tsi_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILENAME:
+      return "filename";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_QUEUED_BUFFERS:
+      return "queued_buffers";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+static const char* error_time_name(grpc_error_times key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED:
+      return "created";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+bool grpc_error_is_special(grpc_error* err) {
+  return err == GRPC_ERROR_NONE || err == GRPC_ERROR_OOM ||
+         err == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+grpc_error* grpc_error_ref(grpc_error* err, const char* file, int line) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) return err;
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) + 1, file, line);
+  }
+  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
+  return err;
+}
+#else
+grpc_error* grpc_error_ref(grpc_error* err) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) return err;
+  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
+  return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void unref_errs(grpc_error* err) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(lerr->err);
+    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
+                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static void unref_slice(grpc_slice slice) { grpc_slice_unref_internal(slice); }
+
+static void unref_strs(grpc_error* err) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      unref_slice(*reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void error_destroy(grpc_error* err) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!grpc_error_is_special(err));
+  unref_errs(err);
+  unref_strs(err);
+  gpr_free((void*)gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string));
+  gpr_free(err);
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+void grpc_error_unref(grpc_error* err, const char* file, int line) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) return;
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) - 1, file, line);
+  }
+  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
+    error_destroy(err);
+  }
+}
+#else
+void grpc_error_unref(grpc_error* err) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) return;
+  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
+    error_destroy(err);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static uint8_t get_placement(grpc_error** err, size_t size) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(*err);
+  uint8_t slots = static_cast<uint8_t>(size / sizeof(intptr_t));
+  if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
+    (*err)->arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t> GPR_MIN(
+        UINT8_MAX - 1, (3 * (*err)->arena_capacity / 2));
+    if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
+      return UINT8_MAX;
+    }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    grpc_error* orig = *err;
+#endif
+    *err = static_cast<grpc_error*>(gpr_realloc(
+        *err, sizeof(grpc_error) + (*err)->arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+      if (*err != orig) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "realloc %p -> %p", orig, *err);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  uint8_t placement = (*err)->arena_size;
+  (*err)->arena_size = static_cast<uint8_t>((*err)->arena_size + slots);
+  return placement;
+}
+
+static void internal_set_int(grpc_error** err, grpc_error_ints which,
+                             intptr_t value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->ints[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping int {\"%s\":%" PRIiPTR "}",
+              *err, error_int_name(which), value);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  (*err)->ints[which] = slot;
+  (*err)->arena[slot] = value;
+}
+
+static void internal_set_str(grpc_error** err, grpc_error_strs which,
+                             grpc_slice value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->strs[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      const char* str = grpc_slice_to_c_string(value);
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping string {\"%s\":\"%s\"}",
+              *err, error_str_name(which), str);
+      gpr_free((void*)str);
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    unref_slice(*reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>((*err)->arena + slot));
+  }
+  (*err)->strs[which] = slot;
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm);
+static void internal_set_time(grpc_error** err, grpc_error_times which,
+                              gpr_timespec value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->times[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      const char* time_str = fmt_time(value);
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping \"%s\":\"%s\"}", *err,
+              error_time_name(which), time_str);
+      gpr_free((void*)time_str);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  (*err)->times[which] = slot;
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
+}
+
+static void internal_add_error(grpc_error** err, grpc_error* new_err) {
+  grpc_linked_error new_last = {new_err, UINT8_MAX};
+  uint8_t slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping error %p = %s", *err,
+            new_err, grpc_error_string(new_err));
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(new_err);
+    return;
+  }
+  if ((*err)->first_err == UINT8_MAX) {
+    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err == UINT8_MAX);
+    (*err)->last_err = slot;
+    (*err)->first_err = slot;
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err != UINT8_MAX);
+    grpc_linked_error* old_last =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>((*err)->arena + (*err)->last_err);
+    old_last->next = slot;
+    (*err)->last_err = slot;
+  }
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &new_last, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
+}
+
+#define SLOTS_PER_INT (sizeof(intptr_t) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_STR (sizeof(grpc_slice) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_TIME (sizeof(gpr_timespec) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR (sizeof(grpc_linked_error) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+
+// size of storing one int and two slices and a timespec. For line, desc, file,
+// and time created
+#define DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY \
+  (SLOTS_PER_INT + (SLOTS_PER_STR * 2) + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
+
+// It is very common to include and extra int and string in an error
+#define SURPLUS_CAPACITY (2 * SLOTS_PER_INT + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
+
+grpc_error* grpc_error_create(const char* file, int line, grpc_slice desc,
+                              grpc_error** referencing,
+                              size_t num_referencing) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_create", 0);
+  uint8_t initial_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(
+      DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY +
+      static_cast<uint8_t>(num_referencing * SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR) +
+      SURPLUS_CAPACITY);
+  grpc_error* err = static_cast<grpc_error*>(
+      gpr_malloc(sizeof(*err) + initial_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+  if (err == nullptr) {  // TODO(ctiller): make gpr_malloc return NULL
+    return GRPC_ERROR_OOM;
+  }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create [%s:%d]", err, file, line);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  err->arena_size = 0;
+  err->arena_capacity = initial_arena_capacity;
+  err->first_err = UINT8_MAX;
+  err->last_err = UINT8_MAX;
+
+  memset(err->ints, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX);
+  memset(err->strs, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX);
+  memset(err->times, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX);
+
+  internal_set_int(&err, GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE, line);
+  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE,
+                   grpc_slice_from_static_string(file));
+  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION, desc);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_referencing; ++i) {
+    if (referencing[i] == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) continue;
+    internal_add_error(
+        &err,
+        GRPC_ERROR_REF(
+            referencing[i]));  // TODO(ncteisen), change ownership semantics
+  }
+
+  internal_set_time(&err, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED, gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME));
+
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&err->atomics.error_string, 0);
+  gpr_ref_init(&err->atomics.refs, 1);
+  return err;
+}
+
+static void ref_strs(grpc_error* err) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++i) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[i];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      grpc_slice_ref_internal(
+          *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void ref_errs(grpc_error* err) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    GRPC_ERROR_REF(lerr->err);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static grpc_error* copy_error_and_unref(grpc_error* in) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("copy_error_and_unref", 0);
+  grpc_error* out;
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(in)) {
+    out = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("unknown");
+    if (in == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("no error"));
+      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_OK);
+    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("oom"));
+    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("cancelled"));
+      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED);
+    }
+  } else if (gpr_ref_is_unique(&in->atomics.refs)) {
+    out = in;
+  } else {
+    uint8_t new_arena_capacity = in->arena_capacity;
+    // the returned err will be added to, so we ensure this is room to avoid
+    // unneeded allocations.
+    if (in->arena_capacity - in->arena_size <
+        static_cast<uint8_t> SLOTS_PER_STR) {
+      new_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(3 * new_arena_capacity / 2);
+    }
+    out = static_cast<grpc_error*>(
+        gpr_malloc(sizeof(*in) + new_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create copying %p", out, in);
+    }
+#endif
+    // bulk memcpy of the rest of the struct.
+    size_t skip = sizeof(&out->atomics);
+    memcpy((void*)((uintptr_t)out + skip), (void*)((uintptr_t)in + skip),
+           sizeof(*in) + (in->arena_size * sizeof(intptr_t)) - skip);
+    // manually set the atomics and the new capacity
+    gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&out->atomics.error_string, 0);
+    gpr_ref_init(&out->atomics.refs, 1);
+    out->arena_capacity = new_arena_capacity;
+    ref_strs(out);
+    ref_errs(out);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(in);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+grpc_error* grpc_error_set_int(grpc_error* src, grpc_error_ints which,
+                               intptr_t value) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_set_int", 0);
+  grpc_error* new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+  internal_set_int(&new_err, which, value);
+  return new_err;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  grpc_error* error;
+  grpc_status_code code;
+  const char* msg;
+} special_error_status_map;
+static special_error_status_map error_status_map[] = {
+    {GRPC_ERROR_NONE, GRPC_STATUS_OK, ""},
+    {GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED, GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED, "Cancelled"},
+    {GRPC_ERROR_OOM, GRPC_STATUS_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED, "Out of memory"},
+};
+
+bool grpc_error_get_int(grpc_error* err, grpc_error_ints which, intptr_t* p) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_get_int", 0);
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
+    if (which == GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(error_status_map); i++) {
+        if (error_status_map[i].error == err) {
+          if (p != nullptr) *p = error_status_map[i].code;
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
+  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    if (p != nullptr) *p = err->arena[slot];
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+grpc_error* grpc_error_set_str(grpc_error* src, grpc_error_strs which,
+                               grpc_slice str) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_set_str", 0);
+  grpc_error* new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+  internal_set_str(&new_err, which, str);
+  return new_err;
+}
+
+bool grpc_error_get_str(grpc_error* err, grpc_error_strs which,
+                        grpc_slice* str) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
+    if (which == GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(error_status_map); i++) {
+        if (error_status_map[i].error == err) {
+          *str = grpc_slice_from_static_string(error_status_map[i].msg);
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    *str = *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot);
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error* grpc_error_add_child(grpc_error* src, grpc_error* child) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_add_child", 0);
+  grpc_error* new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+  internal_add_error(&new_err, child);
+  return new_err;
+}
+
+static const char* no_error_string = "\"No Error\"";
+static const char* oom_error_string = "\"Out of memory\"";
+static const char* cancelled_error_string = "\"Cancelled\"";
+
+typedef struct {
+  char* key;
+  char* value;
+} kv_pair;
+
+typedef struct {
+  kv_pair* kvs;
+  size_t num_kvs;
+  size_t cap_kvs;
+} kv_pairs;
+
+static void append_chr(char c, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  if (*sz == *cap) {
+    *cap = GPR_MAX(8, 3 * *cap / 2);
+    *s = static_cast<char*>(gpr_realloc(*s, *cap));
+  }
+  (*s)[(*sz)++] = c;
+}
+
+static void append_str(const char* str, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  for (const char* c = str; *c; c++) {
+    append_chr(*c, s, sz, cap);
+  }
+}
+
+static void append_esc_str(const uint8_t* str, size_t len, char** s, size_t* sz,
+                           size_t* cap) {
+  static const char* hex = "0123456789abcdef";
+  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++, str++) {
+    if (*str < 32 || *str >= 127) {
+      append_chr('\\', s, sz, cap);
+      switch (*str) {
+        case '\b':
+          append_chr('b', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\f':
+          append_chr('f', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\n':
+          append_chr('n', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\r':
+          append_chr('r', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\t':
+          append_chr('t', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        default:
+          append_chr('u', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr(hex[*str >> 4], s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr(hex[*str & 0x0f], s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      append_chr(static_cast<char>(*str), s, sz, cap);
+    }
+  }
+  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
+}
+
+static void append_kv(kv_pairs* kvs, char* key, char* value) {
+  if (kvs->num_kvs == kvs->cap_kvs) {
+    kvs->cap_kvs = GPR_MAX(3 * kvs->cap_kvs / 2, 4);
+    kvs->kvs = static_cast<kv_pair*>(
+        gpr_realloc(kvs->kvs, sizeof(*kvs->kvs) * kvs->cap_kvs));
+  }
+  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].key = key;
+  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].value = value;
+  kvs->num_kvs++;
+}
+
+static char* key_int(grpc_error_ints which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_int_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_int(intptr_t p) {
+  char* s;
+  gpr_asprintf(&s, "%" PRIdPTR, p);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static void collect_ints_kvs(grpc_error* err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_int(static_cast<grpc_error_ints>(which)),
+                fmt_int(err->arena[slot]));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static char* key_str(grpc_error_strs which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_str_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_str(grpc_slice slice) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+  append_esc_str((const uint8_t*)GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(slice),
+                 GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(slice), &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static void collect_strs_kvs(grpc_error* err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_str(static_cast<grpc_error_strs>(which)),
+                fmt_str(*reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static char* key_time(grpc_error_times which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_time_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm) {
+  char* out;
+  const char* pfx = "!!";
+  switch (tm.clock_type) {
+    case GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
+      pfx = "@monotonic:";
+      break;
+    case GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME:
+      pfx = "@";
+      break;
+    case GPR_CLOCK_PRECISE:
+      pfx = "@precise:";
+      break;
+    case GPR_TIMESPAN:
+      pfx = "";
+      break;
+  }
+  gpr_asprintf(&out, "\"%s%" PRId64 ".%09d\"", pfx, tm.tv_sec, tm.tv_nsec);
+  return out;
+}
+
+static void collect_times_kvs(grpc_error* err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->times[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_time(static_cast<grpc_error_times>(which)),
+                fmt_time(*reinterpret_cast<gpr_timespec*>(err->arena + slot)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void add_errs(grpc_error* err, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  bool first = true;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    if (!first) append_chr(',', s, sz, cap);
+    first = false;
+    const char* e = grpc_error_string(lerr->err);
+    append_str(e, s, sz, cap);
+    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
+                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static char* errs_string(grpc_error* err) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+  append_chr('[', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  add_errs(err, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(']', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static int cmp_kvs(const void* a, const void* b) {
+  const kv_pair* ka = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(a);
+  const kv_pair* kb = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(b);
+  return strcmp(ka->key, kb->key);
+}
+
+static char* finish_kvs(kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+
+  append_chr('{', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kvs->num_kvs; i++) {
+    if (i != 0) append_chr(',', &s, &sz, &cap);
+    append_esc_str(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(kvs->kvs[i].key),
+                   strlen(kvs->kvs[i].key), &s, &sz, &cap);
+    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].key);
+    append_chr(':', &s, &sz, &cap);
+    append_str(kvs->kvs[i].value, &s, &sz, &cap);
+    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].value);
+  }
+  append_chr('}', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+
+  gpr_free(kvs->kvs);
+  return s;
+}
+
+const char* grpc_error_string(grpc_error* err) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("grpc_error_string", 0);
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return no_error_string;
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) return oom_error_string;
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) return cancelled_error_string;
+
+  void* p = (void*)gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string);
+  if (p != nullptr) {
+    return static_cast<const char*>(p);
+  }
+
+  kv_pairs kvs;
+  memset(&kvs, 0, sizeof(kvs));
+
+  collect_ints_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  collect_strs_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  collect_times_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  if (err->first_err != UINT8_MAX) {
+    append_kv(&kvs, gpr_strdup("referenced_errors"), errs_string(err));
+  }
+
+  qsort(kvs.kvs, kvs.num_kvs, sizeof(kv_pair), cmp_kvs);
+
+  char* out = finish_kvs(&kvs);
+
+  if (!gpr_atm_rel_cas(&err->atomics.error_string, 0, (gpr_atm)out)) {
+    gpr_free(out);
+    out = (char*)gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string);
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+grpc_error* grpc_os_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
+                          const char* call_name) {
+  return grpc_error_set_str(
+      grpc_error_set_str(
+          grpc_error_set_int(
+              grpc_error_create(file, line,
+                                grpc_slice_from_static_string("OS Error"),
+                                nullptr, 0),
+              GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO, err),
+          GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR,
+          grpc_slice_from_static_string(strerror(err))),
+      GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, grpc_slice_from_copied_string(call_name));
+}
+
+#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
+grpc_error* grpc_wsa_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
+                           const char* call_name) {
+  char* utf8_message = gpr_format_message(err);
+  grpc_error* error = grpc_error_set_str(
+      grpc_error_set_str(
+          grpc_error_set_int(
+              grpc_error_create(file, line,
+                                grpc_slice_from_static_string("OS Error"), NULL,
+                                0),
+              GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR, err),
+          GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR, grpc_slice_from_copied_string(utf8_message)),
+      GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, grpc_slice_from_static_string(call_name));
+  gpr_free(utf8_message);
+  return error;
+}
+#endif
+
+bool grpc_log_if_error(const char* what, grpc_error* error, const char* file,
+                       int line) {
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return true;
+  const char* msg = grpc_error_string(error);
+  gpr_log(file, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR, "%s: %s", what, msg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+  return false;
+}