grpc-flamingo 1.11.0

data/third_party/boringssl/crypto/fipsmodule/bn/exponentiation.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1390 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This package is an SSL implementation written
+ * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
+ * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
+ *
+ * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
+ * the following conditions are aheared to.  The following conditions
+ * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
+ * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code.  The SSL documentation
+ * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
+ * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
+ *
+ * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
+ * the code are not to be removed.
+ * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
+ * as the author of the parts of the library used.
+ * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
+ * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *    "This product includes cryptographic software written by
+ *     Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
+ *    The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
+ *    being used are not cryptographic related :-).
+ * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
+ *    the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
+ *    "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
+ * derivative of this code cannot be changed.  i.e. this code cannot simply be
+ * copied and put under another distribution licence
+ * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
+ */
+/* ====================================================================
+ * Copyright (c) 1998-2005 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
+ *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
+ *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
+ *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
+ *
+ * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
+ *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
+ *    openssl-core@openssl.org.
+ *
+ * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
+ *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
+ *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
+ *
+ * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
+ *    acknowledgment:
+ *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
+ *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
+ * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
+ * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
+ * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
+ * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
+ * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com). */
+
+#include <openssl/bn.h>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <openssl/cpu.h>
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <openssl/mem.h>
+
+#include "internal.h"
+
+
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ASM) && defined(OPENSSL_X86_64)
+#define OPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5
+#define RSAZ_ENABLED
+
+#include "rsaz_exp.h"
+
+void bn_mul_mont_gather5(BN_ULONG *rp, const BN_ULONG *ap, const void *table,
+                         const BN_ULONG *np, const BN_ULONG *n0, int num,
+                         int power);
+void bn_scatter5(const BN_ULONG *inp, size_t num, void *table, size_t power);
+void bn_gather5(BN_ULONG *out, size_t num, void *table, size_t power);
+void bn_power5(BN_ULONG *rp, const BN_ULONG *ap, const void *table,
+               const BN_ULONG *np, const BN_ULONG *n0, int num, int power);
+int bn_from_montgomery(BN_ULONG *rp, const BN_ULONG *ap,
+                       const BN_ULONG *not_used, const BN_ULONG *np,
+                       const BN_ULONG *n0, int num);
+#endif
+
+int BN_exp(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  int i, bits, ret = 0;
+  BIGNUM *v, *rr;
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  if (r == a || r == p) {
+    rr = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  } else {
+    rr = r;
+  }
+
+  v = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (rr == NULL || v == NULL) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (BN_copy(v, a) == NULL) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  bits = BN_num_bits(p);
+
+  if (BN_is_odd(p)) {
+    if (BN_copy(rr, a) == NULL) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (!BN_one(rr)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (i = 1; i < bits; i++) {
+    if (!BN_sqr(v, v, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    if (BN_is_bit_set(p, i)) {
+      if (!BN_mul(rr, rr, v, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (r != rr && !BN_copy(r, rr)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+typedef struct bn_recp_ctx_st {
+  BIGNUM N;   // the divisor
+  BIGNUM Nr;  // the reciprocal
+  int num_bits;
+  int shift;
+  int flags;
+} BN_RECP_CTX;
+
+static void BN_RECP_CTX_init(BN_RECP_CTX *recp) {
+  BN_init(&recp->N);
+  BN_init(&recp->Nr);
+  recp->num_bits = 0;
+  recp->shift = 0;
+  recp->flags = 0;
+}
+
+static void BN_RECP_CTX_free(BN_RECP_CTX *recp) {
+  if (recp == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  BN_free(&recp->N);
+  BN_free(&recp->Nr);
+}
+
+static int BN_RECP_CTX_set(BN_RECP_CTX *recp, const BIGNUM *d, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  if (!BN_copy(&(recp->N), d)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  BN_zero(&recp->Nr);
+  recp->num_bits = BN_num_bits(d);
+  recp->shift = 0;
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// len is the expected size of the result We actually calculate with an extra
+// word of precision, so we can do faster division if the remainder is not
+// required.
+// r := 2^len / m
+static int BN_reciprocal(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *m, int len, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  int ret = -1;
+  BIGNUM *t;
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  t = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (t == NULL) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (!BN_set_bit(t, len)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (!BN_div(r, NULL, t, m, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ret = len;
+
+err:
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static int BN_div_recp(BIGNUM *dv, BIGNUM *rem, const BIGNUM *m,
+                       BN_RECP_CTX *recp, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  int i, j, ret = 0;
+  BIGNUM *a, *b, *d, *r;
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  a = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  b = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (dv != NULL) {
+    d = dv;
+  } else {
+    d = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  }
+
+  if (rem != NULL) {
+    r = rem;
+  } else {
+    r = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  }
+
+  if (a == NULL || b == NULL || d == NULL || r == NULL) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (BN_ucmp(m, &recp->N) < 0) {
+    BN_zero(d);
+    if (!BN_copy(r, m)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // We want the remainder
+  // Given input of ABCDEF / ab
+  // we need multiply ABCDEF by 3 digests of the reciprocal of ab
+
+  // i := max(BN_num_bits(m), 2*BN_num_bits(N))
+  i = BN_num_bits(m);
+  j = recp->num_bits << 1;
+  if (j > i) {
+    i = j;
+  }
+
+  // Nr := round(2^i / N)
+  if (i != recp->shift) {
+    recp->shift =
+        BN_reciprocal(&(recp->Nr), &(recp->N), i,
+                      ctx);  // BN_reciprocal returns i, or -1 for an error
+  }
+
+  if (recp->shift == -1) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  // d := |round(round(m / 2^BN_num_bits(N)) * recp->Nr / 2^(i -
+  // BN_num_bits(N)))|
+  //    = |round(round(m / 2^BN_num_bits(N)) * round(2^i / N) / 2^(i -
+  // BN_num_bits(N)))|
+  //   <= |(m / 2^BN_num_bits(N)) * (2^i / N) * (2^BN_num_bits(N) / 2^i)|
+  //    = |m/N|
+  if (!BN_rshift(a, m, recp->num_bits)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  if (!BN_mul(b, a, &(recp->Nr), ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  if (!BN_rshift(d, b, i - recp->num_bits)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  d->neg = 0;
+
+  if (!BN_mul(b, &(recp->N), d, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  if (!BN_usub(r, m, b)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  r->neg = 0;
+
+  j = 0;
+  while (BN_ucmp(r, &(recp->N)) >= 0) {
+    if (j++ > 2) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, BN_R_BAD_RECIPROCAL);
+      goto err;
+    }
+    if (!BN_usub(r, r, &(recp->N))) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    if (!BN_add_word(d, 1)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  r->neg = BN_is_zero(r) ? 0 : m->neg;
+  d->neg = m->neg ^ recp->N.neg;
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static int BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *x, const BIGNUM *y,
+                                 BN_RECP_CTX *recp, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  int ret = 0;
+  BIGNUM *a;
+  const BIGNUM *ca;
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  a = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (a == NULL) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (y != NULL) {
+    if (x == y) {
+      if (!BN_sqr(a, x, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!BN_mul(a, x, y, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+    ca = a;
+  } else {
+    ca = x;  // Just do the mod
+  }
+
+  ret = BN_div_recp(NULL, r, ca, recp, ctx);
+
+err:
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size returns sliding window size for mod_exp with
+// a |b| bit exponent.
+//
+// For window size 'w' (w >= 2) and a random 'b' bits exponent, the number of
+// multiplications is a constant plus on average
+//
+//    2^(w-1) + (b-w)/(w+1);
+//
+// here 2^(w-1)  is for precomputing the table (we actually need entries only
+// for windows that have the lowest bit set), and (b-w)/(w+1)  is an
+// approximation for the expected number of w-bit windows, not counting the
+// first one.
+//
+// Thus we should use
+//
+//    w >= 6  if        b > 671
+//     w = 5  if  671 > b > 239
+//     w = 4  if  239 > b >  79
+//     w = 3  if   79 > b >  23
+//    w <= 2  if   23 > b
+//
+// (with draws in between).  Very small exponents are often selected
+// with low Hamming weight, so we use  w = 1  for b <= 23.
+static int BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size(int b) {
+  if (b > 671) {
+    return 6;
+  }
+  if (b > 239) {
+    return 5;
+  }
+  if (b > 79) {
+    return 4;
+  }
+  if (b > 23) {
+    return 3;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// TABLE_SIZE is the maximum precomputation table size for *variable* sliding
+// windows. This must be 2^(max_window - 1), where max_window is the largest
+// value returned from |BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size|.
+#define TABLE_SIZE 32
+
+// TABLE_BITS_SMALL is the smallest value returned from
+// |BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size| when |b| is at most |BN_BITS2| *
+// |BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS| words.
+#define TABLE_BITS_SMALL 5
+
+// TABLE_SIZE_SMALL is the same as |TABLE_SIZE|, but when |b| is at most
+// |BN_BITS2| * |BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS|.
+#define TABLE_SIZE_SMALL (1 << (TABLE_BITS_SMALL - 1))
+
+static int mod_exp_recp(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p,
+                        const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  int i, j, bits, ret = 0, wstart, window;
+  int start = 1;
+  BIGNUM *aa;
+  // Table of variables obtained from 'ctx'
+  BIGNUM *val[TABLE_SIZE];
+  BN_RECP_CTX recp;
+
+  bits = BN_num_bits(p);
+
+  if (bits == 0) {
+    // x**0 mod 1 is still zero.
+    if (BN_is_one(m)) {
+      BN_zero(r);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return BN_one(r);
+  }
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  aa = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  val[0] = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (!aa || !val[0]) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  BN_RECP_CTX_init(&recp);
+  if (m->neg) {
+    // ignore sign of 'm'
+    if (!BN_copy(aa, m)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    aa->neg = 0;
+    if (BN_RECP_CTX_set(&recp, aa, ctx) <= 0) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (BN_RECP_CTX_set(&recp, m, ctx) <= 0) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!BN_nnmod(val[0], a, m, ctx)) {
+    goto err;  // 1
+  }
+  if (BN_is_zero(val[0])) {
+    BN_zero(r);
+    ret = 1;
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  window = BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size(bits);
+  if (window > 1) {
+    if (!BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(aa, val[0], val[0], &recp, ctx)) {
+      goto err;  // 2
+    }
+    j = 1 << (window - 1);
+    for (i = 1; i < j; i++) {
+      if (((val[i] = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+          !BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(val[i], val[i - 1], aa, &recp, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  start = 1;  // This is used to avoid multiplication etc
+              // when there is only the value '1' in the
+              // buffer.
+  wstart = bits - 1;  // The top bit of the window
+
+  if (!BN_one(r)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  for (;;) {
+    int wvalue;  // The 'value' of the window
+    int wend;  // The bottom bit of the window
+
+    if (!BN_is_bit_set(p, wstart)) {
+      if (!start) {
+        if (!BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(r, r, r, &recp, ctx)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+      }
+      if (wstart == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      wstart--;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // We now have wstart on a 'set' bit, we now need to work out
+    // how bit a window to do.  To do this we need to scan
+    // forward until the last set bit before the end of the
+    // window
+    wvalue = 1;
+    wend = 0;
+    for (i = 1; i < window; i++) {
+      if (wstart - i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (BN_is_bit_set(p, wstart - i)) {
+        wvalue <<= (i - wend);
+        wvalue |= 1;
+        wend = i;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // wend is the size of the current window
+    j = wend + 1;
+    // add the 'bytes above'
+    if (!start) {
+      for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
+        if (!BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(r, r, r, &recp, ctx)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // wvalue will be an odd number < 2^window
+    if (!BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(r, r, val[wvalue >> 1], &recp, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    // move the 'window' down further
+    wstart -= wend + 1;
+    start = 0;
+    if (wstart < 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  BN_RECP_CTX_free(&recp);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+int BN_mod_exp(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p, const BIGNUM *m,
+               BN_CTX *ctx) {
+  if (BN_is_odd(m)) {
+    return BN_mod_exp_mont(r, a, p, m, ctx, NULL);
+  }
+
+  return mod_exp_recp(r, a, p, m, ctx);
+}
+
+int BN_mod_exp_mont(BIGNUM *rr, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p,
+                    const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx, const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  if (!BN_is_odd(m)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, BN_R_CALLED_WITH_EVEN_MODULUS);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  int bits = BN_num_bits(p);
+  if (bits == 0) {
+    // x**0 mod 1 is still zero.
+    if (BN_is_one(m)) {
+      BN_zero(rr);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return BN_one(rr);
+  }
+
+  int ret = 0;
+  BIGNUM *val[TABLE_SIZE];
+  BN_MONT_CTX *new_mont = NULL;
+
+  BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+  BIGNUM *d = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  BIGNUM *r = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  val[0] = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+  if (!d || !r || !val[0]) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  // Allocate a montgomery context if it was not supplied by the caller.
+  if (mont == NULL) {
+    new_mont = BN_MONT_CTX_new();
+    if (new_mont == NULL || !BN_MONT_CTX_set(new_mont, m, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    mont = new_mont;
+  }
+
+  const BIGNUM *aa;
+  if (a->neg || BN_ucmp(a, m) >= 0) {
+    if (!BN_nnmod(val[0], a, m, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    aa = val[0];
+  } else {
+    aa = a;
+  }
+
+  if (BN_is_zero(aa)) {
+    BN_zero(rr);
+    ret = 1;
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  // We exponentiate by looking at sliding windows of the exponent and
+  // precomputing powers of |aa|. Windows may be shifted so they always end on a
+  // set bit, so only precompute odd powers. We compute val[i] = aa^(2*i + 1)
+  // for i = 0 to 2^(window-1), all in Montgomery form.
+  int window = BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size(bits);
+  if (!BN_to_montgomery(val[0], aa, mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  if (window > 1) {
+    if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(d, val[0], val[0], mont, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    for (int i = 1; i < 1 << (window - 1); i++) {
+      val[i] = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
+      if (val[i] == NULL ||
+          !BN_mod_mul_montgomery(val[i], val[i - 1], d, mont, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Set |r| to one in Montgomery form. If the high bit of |m| is set, |m| is
+  // close to R and we subtract rather than perform Montgomery reduction.
+  if (m->d[m->top - 1] & (((BN_ULONG)1) << (BN_BITS2 - 1))) {
+    if (!bn_wexpand(r, m->top)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    // r = 2^(top*BN_BITS2) - m
+    r->d[0] = 0 - m->d[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < m->top; i++) {
+      r->d[i] = ~m->d[i];
+    }
+    r->top = m->top;
+    // The upper words will be zero if the corresponding words of |m| were
+    // 0xfff[...], so call |bn_correct_top|.
+    bn_correct_top(r);
+  } else if (!BN_to_montgomery(r, BN_value_one(), mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  int r_is_one = 1;
+  int wstart = bits - 1;  // The top bit of the window.
+  for (;;) {
+    if (!BN_is_bit_set(p, wstart)) {
+      if (!r_is_one && !BN_mod_mul_montgomery(r, r, r, mont, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+      if (wstart == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      wstart--;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // We now have wstart on a set bit. Find the largest window we can use.
+    int wvalue = 1;
+    int wsize = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i < window && i <= wstart; i++) {
+      if (BN_is_bit_set(p, wstart - i)) {
+        wvalue <<= (i - wsize);
+        wvalue |= 1;
+        wsize = i;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Shift |r| to the end of the window.
+    if (!r_is_one) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < wsize + 1; i++) {
+        if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(r, r, r, mont, ctx)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(wvalue & 1);
+    assert(wvalue < (1 << window));
+    if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(r, r, val[wvalue >> 1], mont, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    r_is_one = 0;
+    if (wstart == wsize) {
+      break;
+    }
+    wstart -= wsize + 1;
+  }
+
+  if (!BN_from_montgomery(rr, r, mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_MONT_CTX_free(new_mont);
+  BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+int bn_mod_exp_mont_small(BN_ULONG *r, size_t num_r, const BN_ULONG *a,
+                          size_t num_a, const BN_ULONG *p, size_t num_p,
+                          const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  const BN_ULONG *n = mont->N.d;
+  size_t num_n = mont->N.top;
+  if (num_n != num_a || num_n != num_r || num_n > BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (!BN_is_odd(&mont->N)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, BN_R_CALLED_WITH_EVEN_MODULUS);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  unsigned bits = 0;
+  if (num_p != 0) {
+    bits = BN_num_bits_word(p[num_p - 1]) + (num_p - 1) * BN_BITS2;
+  }
+  if (bits == 0) {
+    OPENSSL_memset(r, 0, num_r * sizeof(BN_ULONG));
+    if (!BN_is_one(&mont->N)) {
+      r[0] = 1;
+    }
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // We exponentiate by looking at sliding windows of the exponent and
+  // precomputing powers of |a|. Windows may be shifted so they always end on a
+  // set bit, so only precompute odd powers. We compute val[i] = a^(2*i + 1) for
+  // i = 0 to 2^(window-1), all in Montgomery form.
+  unsigned window = BN_window_bits_for_exponent_size(bits);
+  if (window > TABLE_BITS_SMALL) {
+    window = TABLE_BITS_SMALL;  // Tolerate excessively large |p|.
+  }
+  int ret = 0;
+  BN_ULONG val[TABLE_SIZE_SMALL][BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS];
+  OPENSSL_memcpy(val[0], a, num_n * sizeof(BN_ULONG));
+  if (window > 1) {
+    BN_ULONG d[BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS];
+    if (!bn_mod_mul_montgomery_small(d, num_n, val[0], num_n, val[0], num_n,
+                                     mont)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < 1u << (window - 1); i++) {
+      if (!bn_mod_mul_montgomery_small(val[i], num_n, val[i - 1], num_n, d,
+                                       num_n, mont)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Set |r| to one in Montgomery form. If the high bit of |m| is set, |m| is
+  // close to R and we subtract rather than perform Montgomery reduction.
+  if (n[num_n - 1] & (((BN_ULONG)1) << (BN_BITS2 - 1))) {
+    // r = 2^(top*BN_BITS2) - m
+    r[0] = 0 - n[0];
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_n; i++) {
+      r[i] = ~n[i];
+    }
+  } else if (!bn_from_montgomery_small(r, num_r, mont->RR.d, mont->RR.top,
+                                       mont)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  int r_is_one = 1;
+  unsigned wstart = bits - 1;  // The top bit of the window.
+  for (;;) {
+    if (!bn_is_bit_set_words(p, num_p, wstart)) {
+      if (!r_is_one &&
+          !bn_mod_mul_montgomery_small(r, num_r, r, num_r, r, num_r, mont)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+      if (wstart == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      wstart--;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // We now have wstart on a set bit. Find the largest window we can use.
+    unsigned wvalue = 1;
+    unsigned wsize = 0;
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < window && i <= wstart; i++) {
+      if (bn_is_bit_set_words(p, num_p, wstart - i)) {
+        wvalue <<= (i - wsize);
+        wvalue |= 1;
+        wsize = i;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Shift |r| to the end of the window.
+    if (!r_is_one) {
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < wsize + 1; i++) {
+        if (!bn_mod_mul_montgomery_small(r, num_r, r, num_r, r, num_r, mont)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(wvalue & 1);
+    assert(wvalue < (1u << window));
+    if (!bn_mod_mul_montgomery_small(r, num_r, r, num_r, val[wvalue >> 1],
+                                     num_n, mont)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    r_is_one = 0;
+    if (wstart == wsize) {
+      break;
+    }
+    wstart -= wsize + 1;
+  }
+
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  OPENSSL_cleanse(val, sizeof(val));
+  return ret;
+}
+
+int bn_mod_inverse_prime_mont_small(BN_ULONG *r, size_t num_r,
+                                    const BN_ULONG *a, size_t num_a,
+                                    const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  const BN_ULONG *p = mont->N.d;
+  size_t num_p = mont->N.top;
+  if (num_p > BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS || num_p == 0) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Per Fermat's Little Theorem, a^-1 = a^(p-2) (mod p) for p prime.
+  BN_ULONG p_minus_two[BN_SMALL_MAX_WORDS];
+  OPENSSL_memcpy(p_minus_two, p, num_p * sizeof(BN_ULONG));
+  if (p_minus_two[0] >= 2) {
+    p_minus_two[0] -= 2;
+  } else {
+    p_minus_two[0] -= 2;
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_p; i++) {
+      if (p_minus_two[i]-- != 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return bn_mod_exp_mont_small(r, num_r, a, num_a, p_minus_two, num_p, mont);
+}
+
+
+// |BN_mod_exp_mont_consttime| stores the precomputed powers in a specific
+// layout so that accessing any of these table values shows the same access
+// pattern as far as cache lines are concerned. The following functions are
+// used to transfer a BIGNUM from/to that table.
+
+static void copy_to_prebuf(const BIGNUM *b, int top, unsigned char *buf,
+                           int idx, int window) {
+  int i, j;
+  const int width = 1 << window;
+  BN_ULONG *table = (BN_ULONG *) buf;
+
+  if (top > b->top) {
+    top = b->top;  // this works because 'buf' is explicitly zeroed
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0, j = idx; i < top; i++, j += width)  {
+    table[j] = b->d[i];
+  }
+}
+
+static int copy_from_prebuf(BIGNUM *b, int top, unsigned char *buf, int idx,
+                            int window) {
+  int i, j;
+  const int width = 1 << window;
+  volatile BN_ULONG *table = (volatile BN_ULONG *)buf;
+
+  if (!bn_wexpand(b, top)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (window <= 3) {
+    for (i = 0; i < top; i++, table += width) {
+      BN_ULONG acc = 0;
+
+      for (j = 0; j < width; j++) {
+        acc |= table[j] & ((BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(j, idx) & 1));
+      }
+
+      b->d[i] = acc;
+    }
+  } else {
+    int xstride = 1 << (window - 2);
+    BN_ULONG y0, y1, y2, y3;
+
+    i = idx >> (window - 2);  // equivalent of idx / xstride
+    idx &= xstride - 1;       // equivalent of idx % xstride
+
+    y0 = (BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(i, 0) & 1);
+    y1 = (BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(i, 1) & 1);
+    y2 = (BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(i, 2) & 1);
+    y3 = (BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(i, 3) & 1);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < top; i++, table += width) {
+      BN_ULONG acc = 0;
+
+      for (j = 0; j < xstride; j++) {
+        acc |= ((table[j + 0 * xstride] & y0) | (table[j + 1 * xstride] & y1) |
+                (table[j + 2 * xstride] & y2) | (table[j + 3 * xstride] & y3)) &
+               ((BN_ULONG)0 - (constant_time_eq_int(j, idx) & 1));
+      }
+
+      b->d[i] = acc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  b->top = top;
+  bn_correct_top(b);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// BN_mod_exp_mont_conttime is based on the assumption that the L1 data cache
+// line width of the target processor is at least the following value.
+#define MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH (64)
+#define MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_MASK \
+  (MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH - 1)
+
+// Window sizes optimized for fixed window size modular exponentiation
+// algorithm (BN_mod_exp_mont_consttime).
+//
+// To achieve the security goals of BN_mode_exp_mont_consttime, the maximum
+// size of the window must not exceed
+// log_2(MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH).
+//
+// Window size thresholds are defined for cache line sizes of 32 and 64, cache
+// line sizes where log_2(32)=5 and log_2(64)=6 respectively. A window size of
+// 7 should only be used on processors that have a 128 byte or greater cache
+// line size.
+#if MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH == 64
+
+#define BN_window_bits_for_ctime_exponent_size(b) \
+  ((b) > 937 ? 6 : (b) > 306 ? 5 : (b) > 89 ? 4 : (b) > 22 ? 3 : 1)
+#define BN_MAX_WINDOW_BITS_FOR_CTIME_EXPONENT_SIZE (6)
+
+#elif MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH == 32
+
+#define BN_window_bits_for_ctime_exponent_size(b) \
+  ((b) > 306 ? 5 : (b) > 89 ? 4 : (b) > 22 ? 3 : 1)
+#define BN_MAX_WINDOW_BITS_FOR_CTIME_EXPONENT_SIZE (5)
+
+#endif
+
+// Given a pointer value, compute the next address that is a cache line
+// multiple.
+#define MOD_EXP_CTIME_ALIGN(x_)          \
+  ((unsigned char *)(x_) +               \
+   (MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH - \
+    (((size_t)(x_)) & (MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_MASK))))
+
+// This variant of BN_mod_exp_mont() uses fixed windows and the special
+// precomputation memory layout to limit data-dependency to a minimum
+// to protect secret exponents (cf. the hyper-threading timing attacks
+// pointed out by Colin Percival,
+// http://www.daemonology.net/hyperthreading-considered-harmful/)
+int BN_mod_exp_mont_consttime(BIGNUM *rr, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p,
+                              const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx,
+                              const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  int i, bits, ret = 0, window, wvalue;
+  int top;
+  BN_MONT_CTX *new_mont = NULL;
+
+  int numPowers;
+  unsigned char *powerbufFree = NULL;
+  int powerbufLen = 0;
+  unsigned char *powerbuf = NULL;
+  BIGNUM tmp, am;
+  BIGNUM *new_a = NULL;
+
+  if (!BN_is_odd(m)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, BN_R_CALLED_WITH_EVEN_MODULUS);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  top = m->top;
+
+  bits = BN_num_bits(p);
+  if (bits == 0) {
+    // x**0 mod 1 is still zero.
+    if (BN_is_one(m)) {
+      BN_zero(rr);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return BN_one(rr);
+  }
+
+  // Allocate a montgomery context if it was not supplied by the caller.
+  if (mont == NULL) {
+    new_mont = BN_MONT_CTX_new();
+    if (new_mont == NULL || !BN_MONT_CTX_set(new_mont, m, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    mont = new_mont;
+  }
+
+  if (a->neg || BN_ucmp(a, m) >= 0) {
+    new_a = BN_new();
+    if (new_a == NULL ||
+        !BN_nnmod(new_a, a, m, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    a = new_a;
+  }
+
+#ifdef RSAZ_ENABLED
+  // If the size of the operands allow it, perform the optimized
+  // RSAZ exponentiation. For further information see
+  // crypto/bn/rsaz_exp.c and accompanying assembly modules.
+  if ((16 == a->top) && (16 == p->top) && (BN_num_bits(m) == 1024) &&
+      rsaz_avx2_eligible()) {
+    if (!bn_wexpand(rr, 16)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    RSAZ_1024_mod_exp_avx2(rr->d, a->d, p->d, m->d, mont->RR.d, mont->n0[0]);
+    rr->top = 16;
+    rr->neg = 0;
+    bn_correct_top(rr);
+    ret = 1;
+    goto err;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // Get the window size to use with size of p.
+  window = BN_window_bits_for_ctime_exponent_size(bits);
+#if defined(OPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5)
+  if (window >= 5) {
+    window = 5;  // ~5% improvement for RSA2048 sign, and even for RSA4096
+    // reserve space for mont->N.d[] copy
+    powerbufLen += top * sizeof(mont->N.d[0]);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // Allocate a buffer large enough to hold all of the pre-computed
+  // powers of am, am itself and tmp.
+  numPowers = 1 << window;
+  powerbufLen +=
+      sizeof(m->d[0]) *
+      (top * numPowers + ((2 * top) > numPowers ? (2 * top) : numPowers));
+#ifdef alloca
+  if (powerbufLen < 3072) {
+    powerbufFree = alloca(powerbufLen + MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    if ((powerbufFree = OPENSSL_malloc(
+            powerbufLen + MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH)) == NULL) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  powerbuf = MOD_EXP_CTIME_ALIGN(powerbufFree);
+  OPENSSL_memset(powerbuf, 0, powerbufLen);
+
+#ifdef alloca
+  if (powerbufLen < 3072) {
+    powerbufFree = NULL;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // lay down tmp and am right after powers table
+  tmp.d = (BN_ULONG *)(powerbuf + sizeof(m->d[0]) * top * numPowers);
+  am.d = tmp.d + top;
+  tmp.top = am.top = 0;
+  tmp.dmax = am.dmax = top;
+  tmp.neg = am.neg = 0;
+  tmp.flags = am.flags = BN_FLG_STATIC_DATA;
+
+// prepare a^0 in Montgomery domain
+// by Shay Gueron's suggestion
+  if (m->d[top - 1] & (((BN_ULONG)1) << (BN_BITS2 - 1))) {
+    // 2^(top*BN_BITS2) - m
+    tmp.d[0] = 0 - m->d[0];
+    for (i = 1; i < top; i++) {
+      tmp.d[i] = ~m->d[i];
+    }
+    tmp.top = top;
+  } else if (!BN_to_montgomery(&tmp, BN_value_one(), mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  // prepare a^1 in Montgomery domain
+  assert(!a->neg);
+  assert(BN_ucmp(a, m) < 0);
+  if (!BN_to_montgomery(&am, a, mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+#if defined(OPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5)
+  // This optimization uses ideas from http://eprint.iacr.org/2011/239,
+  // specifically optimization of cache-timing attack countermeasures
+  // and pre-computation optimization.
+
+  // Dedicated window==4 case improves 512-bit RSA sign by ~15%, but as
+  // 512-bit RSA is hardly relevant, we omit it to spare size...
+  if (window == 5 && top > 1) {
+    const BN_ULONG *n0 = mont->n0;
+    BN_ULONG *np;
+
+    // BN_to_montgomery can contaminate words above .top
+    // [in BN_DEBUG[_DEBUG] build]...
+    for (i = am.top; i < top; i++) {
+      am.d[i] = 0;
+    }
+    for (i = tmp.top; i < top; i++) {
+      tmp.d[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    // copy mont->N.d[] to improve cache locality
+    for (np = am.d + top, i = 0; i < top; i++) {
+      np[i] = mont->N.d[i];
+    }
+
+    bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, 0);
+    bn_scatter5(am.d, am.top, powerbuf, 1);
+    bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, am.d, am.d, np, n0, top);
+    bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, 2);
+
+    // same as above, but uses squaring for 1/2 of operations
+    for (i = 4; i < 32; i *= 2) {
+      bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+      bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, i);
+    }
+    for (i = 3; i < 8; i += 2) {
+      int j;
+      bn_mul_mont_gather5(tmp.d, am.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, i - 1);
+      bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, i);
+      for (j = 2 * i; j < 32; j *= 2) {
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, j);
+      }
+    }
+    for (; i < 16; i += 2) {
+      bn_mul_mont_gather5(tmp.d, am.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, i - 1);
+      bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, i);
+      bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+      bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, 2 * i);
+    }
+    for (; i < 32; i += 2) {
+      bn_mul_mont_gather5(tmp.d, am.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, i - 1);
+      bn_scatter5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, i);
+    }
+
+    bits--;
+    for (wvalue = 0, i = bits % 5; i >= 0; i--, bits--) {
+      wvalue = (wvalue << 1) + BN_is_bit_set(p, bits);
+    }
+    bn_gather5(tmp.d, top, powerbuf, wvalue);
+
+    // At this point |bits| is 4 mod 5 and at least -1. (|bits| is the first bit
+    // that has not been read yet.)
+    assert(bits >= -1 && (bits == -1 || bits % 5 == 4));
+
+    // Scan the exponent one window at a time starting from the most
+    // significant bits.
+    if (top & 7) {
+      while (bits >= 0) {
+        for (wvalue = 0, i = 0; i < 5; i++, bits--) {
+          wvalue = (wvalue << 1) + BN_is_bit_set(p, bits);
+        }
+
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_mul_mont(tmp.d, tmp.d, tmp.d, np, n0, top);
+        bn_mul_mont_gather5(tmp.d, tmp.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, wvalue);
+      }
+    } else {
+      const uint8_t *p_bytes = (const uint8_t *)p->d;
+      int max_bits = p->top * BN_BITS2;
+      assert(bits < max_bits);
+      // |p = 0| has been handled as a special case, so |max_bits| is at least
+      // one word.
+      assert(max_bits >= 64);
+
+      // If the first bit to be read lands in the last byte, unroll the first
+      // iteration to avoid reading past the bounds of |p->d|. (After the first
+      // iteration, we are guaranteed to be past the last byte.) Note |bits|
+      // here is the top bit, inclusive.
+      if (bits - 4 >= max_bits - 8) {
+        // Read five bits from |bits-4| through |bits|, inclusive.
+        wvalue = p_bytes[p->top * BN_BYTES - 1];
+        wvalue >>= (bits - 4) & 7;
+        wvalue &= 0x1f;
+        bits -= 5;
+        bn_power5(tmp.d, tmp.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, wvalue);
+      }
+      while (bits >= 0) {
+        // Read five bits from |bits-4| through |bits|, inclusive.
+        int first_bit = bits - 4;
+        uint16_t val;
+        OPENSSL_memcpy(&val, p_bytes + (first_bit >> 3), sizeof(val));
+        val >>= first_bit & 7;
+        val &= 0x1f;
+        bits -= 5;
+        bn_power5(tmp.d, tmp.d, powerbuf, np, n0, top, val);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ret = bn_from_montgomery(tmp.d, tmp.d, NULL, np, n0, top);
+    tmp.top = top;
+    bn_correct_top(&tmp);
+    if (ret) {
+      if (!BN_copy(rr, &tmp)) {
+        ret = 0;
+      }
+      goto err;  // non-zero ret means it's not error
+    }
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    copy_to_prebuf(&tmp, top, powerbuf, 0, window);
+    copy_to_prebuf(&am, top, powerbuf, 1, window);
+
+    // If the window size is greater than 1, then calculate
+    // val[i=2..2^winsize-1]. Powers are computed as a*a^(i-1)
+    // (even powers could instead be computed as (a^(i/2))^2
+    // to use the slight performance advantage of sqr over mul).
+    if (window > 1) {
+      if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(&tmp, &am, &am, mont, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+
+      copy_to_prebuf(&tmp, top, powerbuf, 2, window);
+
+      for (i = 3; i < numPowers; i++) {
+        // Calculate a^i = a^(i-1) * a
+        if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(&tmp, &am, &tmp, mont, ctx)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+
+        copy_to_prebuf(&tmp, top, powerbuf, i, window);
+      }
+    }
+
+    bits--;
+    for (wvalue = 0, i = bits % window; i >= 0; i--, bits--) {
+      wvalue = (wvalue << 1) + BN_is_bit_set(p, bits);
+    }
+    if (!copy_from_prebuf(&tmp, top, powerbuf, wvalue, window)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    // Scan the exponent one window at a time starting from the most
+    // significant bits.
+    while (bits >= 0) {
+      wvalue = 0;  // The 'value' of the window
+
+      // Scan the window, squaring the result as we go
+      for (i = 0; i < window; i++, bits--) {
+        if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(&tmp, &tmp, &tmp, mont, ctx)) {
+          goto err;
+        }
+        wvalue = (wvalue << 1) + BN_is_bit_set(p, bits);
+      }
+
+      // Fetch the appropriate pre-computed value from the pre-buf
+      if (!copy_from_prebuf(&am, top, powerbuf, wvalue, window)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+
+      // Multiply the result into the intermediate result
+      if (!BN_mod_mul_montgomery(&tmp, &tmp, &am, mont, ctx)) {
+        goto err;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Convert the final result from montgomery to standard format
+  if (!BN_from_montgomery(rr, &tmp, mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_MONT_CTX_free(new_mont);
+  BN_clear_free(new_a);
+  OPENSSL_free(powerbufFree);
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+int BN_mod_exp_mont_word(BIGNUM *rr, BN_ULONG a, const BIGNUM *p,
+                         const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx,
+                         const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  BIGNUM a_bignum;
+  BN_init(&a_bignum);
+
+  int ret = 0;
+
+  if (!BN_set_word(&a_bignum, a)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(BN, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ret = BN_mod_exp_mont(rr, &a_bignum, p, m, ctx, mont);
+
+err:
+  BN_free(&a_bignum);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#define TABLE_SIZE 32
+
+int BN_mod_exp2_mont(BIGNUM *rr, const BIGNUM *a1, const BIGNUM *p1,
+                     const BIGNUM *a2, const BIGNUM *p2, const BIGNUM *m,
+                     BN_CTX *ctx, const BN_MONT_CTX *mont) {
+  BIGNUM tmp;
+  BN_init(&tmp);
+
+  int ret = 0;
+  BN_MONT_CTX *new_mont = NULL;
+
+  // Allocate a montgomery context if it was not supplied by the caller.
+  if (mont == NULL) {
+    new_mont = BN_MONT_CTX_new();
+    if (new_mont == NULL || !BN_MONT_CTX_set(new_mont, m, ctx)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+    mont = new_mont;
+  }
+
+  // BN_mod_mul_montgomery removes one Montgomery factor, so passing one
+  // Montgomery-encoded and one non-Montgomery-encoded value gives a
+  // non-Montgomery-encoded result.
+  if (!BN_mod_exp_mont(rr, a1, p1, m, ctx, mont) ||
+      !BN_mod_exp_mont(&tmp, a2, p2, m, ctx, mont) ||
+      !BN_to_montgomery(rr, rr, mont, ctx) ||
+      !BN_mod_mul_montgomery(rr, rr, &tmp, mont, ctx)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  BN_MONT_CTX_free(new_mont);
+  BN_free(&tmp);
+
+  return ret;
+}