grpc-flamingo 1.11.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,3209 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+#include <grpc/support/sync.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/backup_poller.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/http_connect_handshaker.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/method_params.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/retry_throttle.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/deadline/deadline_filter.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/connected_channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/status_util.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/combiner.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/polling_entity.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/connectivity_state.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/error_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/service_config.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/status_metadata.h"
+
+using grpc_core::internal::ClientChannelMethodParams;
+using grpc_core::internal::ServerRetryThrottleData;
+
+/* Client channel implementation */
+
+// By default, we buffer 256 KiB per RPC for retries.
+// TODO(roth): Do we have any data to suggest a better value?
+#define DEFAULT_PER_RPC_RETRY_BUFFER_SIZE (256 << 10)
+
+// This value was picked arbitrarily.  It can be changed if there is
+// any even moderately compelling reason to do so.
+#define RETRY_BACKOFF_JITTER 0.2
+
+grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_client_channel_trace(false, "client_channel");
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * CHANNEL-WIDE FUNCTIONS
+ */
+
+struct external_connectivity_watcher;
+
+typedef grpc_core::SliceHashTable<
+    grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ClientChannelMethodParams>>
+    MethodParamsTable;
+
+typedef struct client_channel_channel_data {
+  grpc_core::OrphanablePtr<grpc_core::Resolver> resolver;
+  bool started_resolving;
+  bool deadline_checking_enabled;
+  grpc_client_channel_factory* client_channel_factory;
+  bool enable_retries;
+  size_t per_rpc_retry_buffer_size;
+
+  /** combiner protecting all variables below in this data structure */
+  grpc_combiner* combiner;
+  /** currently active load balancer */
+  grpc_core::OrphanablePtr<grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy> lb_policy;
+  /** retry throttle data */
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ServerRetryThrottleData> retry_throttle_data;
+  /** maps method names to method_parameters structs */
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<MethodParamsTable> method_params_table;
+  /** incoming resolver result - set by resolver.next() */
+  grpc_channel_args* resolver_result;
+  /** a list of closures that are all waiting for resolver result to come in */
+  grpc_closure_list waiting_for_resolver_result_closures;
+  /** resolver callback */
+  grpc_closure on_resolver_result_changed;
+  /** connectivity state being tracked */
+  grpc_connectivity_state_tracker state_tracker;
+  /** when an lb_policy arrives, should we try to exit idle */
+  bool exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives;
+  /** owning stack */
+  grpc_channel_stack* owning_stack;
+  /** interested parties (owned) */
+  grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties;
+
+  /* external_connectivity_watcher_list head is guarded by its own mutex, since
+   * counts need to be grabbed immediately without polling on a cq */
+  gpr_mu external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu;
+  struct external_connectivity_watcher* external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
+
+  /* the following properties are guarded by a mutex since APIs require them
+     to be instantaneously available */
+  gpr_mu info_mu;
+  char* info_lb_policy_name;
+  /** service config in JSON form */
+  char* info_service_config_json;
+} channel_data;
+
+typedef struct {
+  channel_data* chand;
+  /** used as an identifier, don't dereference it because the LB policy may be
+   * non-existing when the callback is run */
+  grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy* lb_policy;
+  grpc_closure closure;
+} reresolution_request_args;
+
+/** We create one watcher for each new lb_policy that is returned from a
+    resolver, to watch for state changes from the lb_policy. When a state
+    change is seen, we update the channel, and create a new watcher. */
+typedef struct {
+  channel_data* chand;
+  grpc_closure on_changed;
+  grpc_connectivity_state state;
+  grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy* lb_policy;
+} lb_policy_connectivity_watcher;
+
+static void watch_lb_policy_locked(channel_data* chand,
+                                   grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy* lb_policy,
+                                   grpc_connectivity_state current_state);
+
+static void set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(channel_data* chand,
+                                                  grpc_connectivity_state state,
+                                                  grpc_error* error,
+                                                  const char* reason) {
+  /* TODO: Improve failure handling:
+   * - Make it possible for policies to return GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE.
+   * - Hand over pending picks from old policies during the switch that happens
+   *   when resolver provides an update. */
+  if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+    if (state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
+      /* cancel picks with wait_for_ready=false */
+      chand->lb_policy->CancelMatchingPicksLocked(
+          /* mask= */ GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY,
+          /* check= */ 0, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    } else if (state == GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
+      /* cancel all picks */
+      chand->lb_policy->CancelMatchingPicksLocked(/* mask= */ 0, /* check= */ 0,
+                                                  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    }
+  }
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: setting connectivity state to %s", chand,
+            grpc_connectivity_state_name(state));
+  }
+  grpc_connectivity_state_set(&chand->state_tracker, state, error, reason);
+}
+
+static void on_lb_policy_state_changed_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  lb_policy_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      static_cast<lb_policy_connectivity_watcher*>(arg);
+  /* check if the notification is for the latest policy */
+  if (w->lb_policy == w->chand->lb_policy.get()) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: lb_policy=%p state changed to %s", w->chand,
+              w->lb_policy, grpc_connectivity_state_name(w->state));
+    }
+    set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(w->chand, w->state,
+                                          GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), "lb_changed");
+    if (w->state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
+      watch_lb_policy_locked(w->chand, w->lb_policy, w->state);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(w->chand->owning_stack, "watch_lb_policy");
+  gpr_free(w);
+}
+
+static void watch_lb_policy_locked(channel_data* chand,
+                                   grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy* lb_policy,
+                                   grpc_connectivity_state current_state) {
+  lb_policy_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      static_cast<lb_policy_connectivity_watcher*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(*w)));
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "watch_lb_policy");
+  w->chand = chand;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->on_changed, on_lb_policy_state_changed_locked, w,
+                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+  w->state = current_state;
+  w->lb_policy = lb_policy;
+  lb_policy->NotifyOnStateChangeLocked(&w->state, &w->on_changed);
+}
+
+static void start_resolving_locked(channel_data* chand) {
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: starting name resolution", chand);
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(!chand->started_resolving);
+  chand->started_resolving = true;
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "resolver");
+  chand->resolver->NextLocked(&chand->resolver_result,
+                              &chand->on_resolver_result_changed);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  char* server_name;
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ServerRetryThrottleData> retry_throttle_data;
+} service_config_parsing_state;
+
+static void parse_retry_throttle_params(
+    const grpc_json* field, service_config_parsing_state* parsing_state) {
+  if (strcmp(field->key, "retryThrottling") == 0) {
+    if (parsing_state->retry_throttle_data != nullptr) return;  // Duplicate.
+    if (field->type != GRPC_JSON_OBJECT) return;
+    int max_milli_tokens = 0;
+    int milli_token_ratio = 0;
+    for (grpc_json* sub_field = field->child; sub_field != nullptr;
+         sub_field = sub_field->next) {
+      if (sub_field->key == nullptr) return;
+      if (strcmp(sub_field->key, "maxTokens") == 0) {
+        if (max_milli_tokens != 0) return;  // Duplicate.
+        if (sub_field->type != GRPC_JSON_NUMBER) return;
+        max_milli_tokens = gpr_parse_nonnegative_int(sub_field->value);
+        if (max_milli_tokens == -1) return;
+        max_milli_tokens *= 1000;
+      } else if (strcmp(sub_field->key, "tokenRatio") == 0) {
+        if (milli_token_ratio != 0) return;  // Duplicate.
+        if (sub_field->type != GRPC_JSON_NUMBER) return;
+        // We support up to 3 decimal digits.
+        size_t whole_len = strlen(sub_field->value);
+        uint32_t multiplier = 1;
+        uint32_t decimal_value = 0;
+        const char* decimal_point = strchr(sub_field->value, '.');
+        if (decimal_point != nullptr) {
+          whole_len = static_cast<size_t>(decimal_point - sub_field->value);
+          multiplier = 1000;
+          size_t decimal_len = strlen(decimal_point + 1);
+          if (decimal_len > 3) decimal_len = 3;
+          if (!gpr_parse_bytes_to_uint32(decimal_point + 1, decimal_len,
+                                         &decimal_value)) {
+            return;
+          }
+          uint32_t decimal_multiplier = 1;
+          for (size_t i = 0; i < (3 - decimal_len); ++i) {
+            decimal_multiplier *= 10;
+          }
+          decimal_value *= decimal_multiplier;
+        }
+        uint32_t whole_value;
+        if (!gpr_parse_bytes_to_uint32(sub_field->value, whole_len,
+                                       &whole_value)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        milli_token_ratio =
+            static_cast<int>((whole_value * multiplier) + decimal_value);
+        if (milli_token_ratio <= 0) return;
+      }
+    }
+    parsing_state->retry_throttle_data =
+        grpc_core::internal::ServerRetryThrottleMap::GetDataForServer(
+            parsing_state->server_name, max_milli_tokens, milli_token_ratio);
+  }
+}
+
+static void request_reresolution_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  reresolution_request_args* args =
+      static_cast<reresolution_request_args*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand = args->chand;
+  // If this invocation is for a stale LB policy, treat it as an LB shutdown
+  // signal.
+  if (args->lb_policy != chand->lb_policy.get() || error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE ||
+      chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand->owning_stack, "re-resolution");
+    gpr_free(args);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: started name re-resolving", chand);
+  }
+  chand->resolver->RequestReresolutionLocked();
+  // Give back the closure to the LB policy.
+  chand->lb_policy->SetReresolutionClosureLocked(&args->closure);
+}
+
+// TODO(roth): The logic in this function is very hard to follow.  We
+// should refactor this so that it's easier to understand, perhaps as
+// part of changing the resolver API to more clearly differentiate
+// between transient failures and shutdown.
+static void on_resolver_result_changed_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(arg);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p: got resolver result: resolver_result=%p error=%s", chand,
+            chand->resolver_result, grpc_error_string(error));
+  }
+  // Extract the following fields from the resolver result, if non-nullptr.
+  bool lb_policy_updated = false;
+  bool lb_policy_created = false;
+  char* lb_policy_name_dup = nullptr;
+  bool lb_policy_name_changed = false;
+  grpc_core::OrphanablePtr<grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy> new_lb_policy;
+  char* service_config_json = nullptr;
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ServerRetryThrottleData> retry_throttle_data;
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<MethodParamsTable> method_params_table;
+  if (chand->resolver_result != nullptr) {
+    if (chand->resolver != nullptr) {
+      // Find LB policy name.
+      const grpc_arg* channel_arg = grpc_channel_args_find(
+          chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
+      const char* lb_policy_name = grpc_channel_arg_get_string(channel_arg);
+      // Special case: If at least one balancer address is present, we use
+      // the grpclb policy, regardless of what the resolver actually specified.
+      channel_arg =
+          grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_LB_ADDRESSES);
+      if (channel_arg != nullptr && channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_POINTER) {
+        grpc_lb_addresses* addresses =
+            static_cast<grpc_lb_addresses*>(channel_arg->value.pointer.p);
+        bool found_balancer_address = false;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < addresses->num_addresses; ++i) {
+          if (addresses->addresses[i].is_balancer) {
+            found_balancer_address = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (found_balancer_address) {
+          if (lb_policy_name != nullptr &&
+              strcmp(lb_policy_name, "grpclb") != 0) {
+            gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                    "resolver requested LB policy %s but provided at least one "
+                    "balancer address -- forcing use of grpclb LB policy",
+                    lb_policy_name);
+          }
+          lb_policy_name = "grpclb";
+        }
+      }
+      // Use pick_first if nothing was specified and we didn't select grpclb
+      // above.
+      if (lb_policy_name == nullptr) lb_policy_name = "pick_first";
+      // Check to see if we're already using the right LB policy.
+      // Note: It's safe to use chand->info_lb_policy_name here without
+      // taking a lock on chand->info_mu, because this function is the
+      // only thing that modifies its value, and it can only be invoked
+      // once at any given time.
+      lb_policy_name_changed =
+          chand->info_lb_policy_name == nullptr ||
+          gpr_stricmp(chand->info_lb_policy_name, lb_policy_name) != 0;
+      if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr && !lb_policy_name_changed) {
+        // Continue using the same LB policy.  Update with new addresses.
+        lb_policy_updated = true;
+        chand->lb_policy->UpdateLocked(*chand->resolver_result);
+      } else {
+        // Instantiate new LB policy.
+        grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy::Args lb_policy_args;
+        lb_policy_args.combiner = chand->combiner;
+        lb_policy_args.client_channel_factory = chand->client_channel_factory;
+        lb_policy_args.args = chand->resolver_result;
+        new_lb_policy =
+            grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicyRegistry::CreateLoadBalancingPolicy(
+                lb_policy_name, lb_policy_args);
+        if (new_lb_policy == nullptr) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "could not create LB policy \"%s\"",
+                  lb_policy_name);
+        } else {
+          lb_policy_created = true;
+          reresolution_request_args* args =
+              static_cast<reresolution_request_args*>(
+                  gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*args)));
+          args->chand = chand;
+          args->lb_policy = new_lb_policy.get();
+          GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&args->closure, request_reresolution_locked, args,
+                            grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+          GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "re-resolution");
+          new_lb_policy->SetReresolutionClosureLocked(&args->closure);
+        }
+      }
+      // Before we clean up, save a copy of lb_policy_name, since it might
+      // be pointing to data inside chand->resolver_result.
+      // The copy will be saved in chand->lb_policy_name below.
+      lb_policy_name_dup = gpr_strdup(lb_policy_name);
+      // Find service config.
+      channel_arg = grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result,
+                                           GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
+      service_config_json =
+          gpr_strdup(grpc_channel_arg_get_string(channel_arg));
+      if (service_config_json != nullptr) {
+        grpc_core::UniquePtr<grpc_core::ServiceConfig> service_config =
+            grpc_core::ServiceConfig::Create(service_config_json);
+        if (service_config != nullptr) {
+          if (chand->enable_retries) {
+            channel_arg = grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result,
+                                                 GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
+            const char* server_uri = grpc_channel_arg_get_string(channel_arg);
+            GPR_ASSERT(server_uri != nullptr);
+            grpc_uri* uri = grpc_uri_parse(server_uri, true);
+            GPR_ASSERT(uri->path[0] != '\0');
+            service_config_parsing_state parsing_state;
+            memset(&parsing_state, 0, sizeof(parsing_state));
+            parsing_state.server_name =
+                uri->path[0] == '/' ? uri->path + 1 : uri->path;
+            service_config->ParseGlobalParams(parse_retry_throttle_params,
+                                              &parsing_state);
+            grpc_uri_destroy(uri);
+            retry_throttle_data = std::move(parsing_state.retry_throttle_data);
+          }
+          method_params_table = service_config->CreateMethodConfigTable(
+              ClientChannelMethodParams::CreateFromJson);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p: resolver result: lb_policy_name=\"%s\"%s, "
+            "service_config=\"%s\"",
+            chand, lb_policy_name_dup,
+            lb_policy_name_changed ? " (changed)" : "", service_config_json);
+  }
+  // Now swap out fields in chand.  Note that the new values may still
+  // be nullptr if (e.g.) the resolver failed to return results or the
+  // results did not contain the necessary data.
+  //
+  // First, swap out the data used by cc_get_channel_info().
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->info_mu);
+  if (lb_policy_name_dup != nullptr) {
+    gpr_free(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
+    chand->info_lb_policy_name = lb_policy_name_dup;
+  }
+  if (service_config_json != nullptr) {
+    gpr_free(chand->info_service_config_json);
+    chand->info_service_config_json = service_config_json;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->info_mu);
+  // Swap out the retry throttle data.
+  chand->retry_throttle_data = std::move(retry_throttle_data);
+  // Swap out the method params table.
+  chand->method_params_table = std::move(method_params_table);
+  // If we have a new LB policy or are shutting down (in which case
+  // new_lb_policy will be nullptr), swap out the LB policy, unreffing the
+  // old one and removing its fds from chand->interested_parties.
+  // Note that we do NOT do this if either (a) we updated the existing
+  // LB policy above or (b) we failed to create the new LB policy (in
+  // which case we want to continue using the most recent one we had).
+  if (new_lb_policy != nullptr || error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE ||
+      chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+    if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: unreffing lb_policy=%p", chand,
+                chand->lb_policy.get());
+      }
+      grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(chand->lb_policy->interested_parties(),
+                                       chand->interested_parties);
+      chand->lb_policy->HandOffPendingPicksLocked(new_lb_policy.get());
+      chand->lb_policy.reset();
+    }
+    chand->lb_policy = std::move(new_lb_policy);
+  }
+  // Now that we've swapped out the relevant fields of chand, check for
+  // error or shutdown.
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: shutting down", chand);
+    }
+    if (chand->resolver != nullptr) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: shutting down resolver", chand);
+      }
+      chand->resolver.reset();
+    }
+    set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
+        chand, GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN,
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Got resolver result after disconnection", &error, 1),
+        "resolver_gone");
+    grpc_closure_list_fail_all(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
+                               GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                                   "Channel disconnected", &error, 1));
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
+    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand->owning_stack, "resolver");
+    grpc_channel_args_destroy(chand->resolver_result);
+    chand->resolver_result = nullptr;
+  } else {  // Not shutting down.
+    grpc_connectivity_state state = GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE;
+    grpc_error* state_error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No load balancing policy");
+    if (lb_policy_created) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: initializing new LB policy", chand);
+      }
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state_error);
+      state = chand->lb_policy->CheckConnectivityLocked(&state_error);
+      grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset_set(chand->lb_policy->interested_parties(),
+                                       chand->interested_parties);
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
+      if (chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives) {
+        chand->lb_policy->ExitIdleLocked();
+        chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives = false;
+      }
+      watch_lb_policy_locked(chand, chand->lb_policy.get(), state);
+    } else if (chand->resolver_result == nullptr) {
+      // Transient failure.
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
+    }
+    if (!lb_policy_updated) {
+      set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
+          chand, state, GRPC_ERROR_REF(state_error), "new_lb+resolver");
+    }
+    grpc_channel_args_destroy(chand->resolver_result);
+    chand->resolver_result = nullptr;
+    chand->resolver->NextLocked(&chand->resolver_result,
+                                &chand->on_resolver_result_changed);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state_error);
+  }
+}
+
+static void start_transport_op_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error_ignored) {
+  grpc_transport_op* op = static_cast<grpc_transport_op*>(arg);
+  grpc_channel_element* elem =
+      static_cast<grpc_channel_element*>(op->handler_private.extra_arg);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+
+  if (op->on_connectivity_state_change != nullptr) {
+    grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(
+        &chand->state_tracker, op->connectivity_state,
+        op->on_connectivity_state_change);
+    op->on_connectivity_state_change = nullptr;
+    op->connectivity_state = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (op->send_ping.on_initiate != nullptr || op->send_ping.on_ack != nullptr) {
+    if (chand->lb_policy == nullptr) {
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+          op->send_ping.on_initiate,
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Ping with no load balancing"));
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+          op->send_ping.on_ack,
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Ping with no load balancing"));
+    } else {
+      chand->lb_policy->PingOneLocked(op->send_ping.on_initiate,
+                                      op->send_ping.on_ack);
+      op->bind_pollset = nullptr;
+    }
+    op->send_ping.on_initiate = nullptr;
+    op->send_ping.on_ack = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (op->disconnect_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (chand->resolver != nullptr) {
+      set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
+          chand, GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN,
+          GRPC_ERROR_REF(op->disconnect_with_error), "disconnect");
+      chand->resolver.reset();
+      if (!chand->started_resolving) {
+        grpc_closure_list_fail_all(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
+                                   GRPC_ERROR_REF(op->disconnect_with_error));
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
+      }
+      if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+        grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(chand->lb_policy->interested_parties(),
+                                         chand->interested_parties);
+        chand->lb_policy.reset();
+      }
+    }
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(op->disconnect_with_error);
+  }
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand->owning_stack, "start_transport_op");
+
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(op->on_consumed, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+}
+
+static void cc_start_transport_op(grpc_channel_element* elem,
+                                  grpc_transport_op* op) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+
+  GPR_ASSERT(op->set_accept_stream == false);
+  if (op->bind_pollset != nullptr) {
+    grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset(chand->interested_parties, op->bind_pollset);
+  }
+
+  op->handler_private.extra_arg = elem;
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "start_transport_op");
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&op->handler_private.closure, start_transport_op_locked,
+                        op, grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
+      GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+}
+
+static void cc_get_channel_info(grpc_channel_element* elem,
+                                const grpc_channel_info* info) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->info_mu);
+  if (info->lb_policy_name != nullptr) {
+    *info->lb_policy_name = chand->info_lb_policy_name == nullptr
+                                ? nullptr
+                                : gpr_strdup(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
+  }
+  if (info->service_config_json != nullptr) {
+    *info->service_config_json =
+        chand->info_service_config_json == nullptr
+            ? nullptr
+            : gpr_strdup(chand->info_service_config_json);
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->info_mu);
+}
+
+/* Constructor for channel_data */
+static grpc_error* cc_init_channel_elem(grpc_channel_element* elem,
+                                        grpc_channel_element_args* args) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  GPR_ASSERT(args->is_last);
+  GPR_ASSERT(elem->filter == &grpc_client_channel_filter);
+  // Initialize data members.
+  chand->combiner = grpc_combiner_create();
+  gpr_mu_init(&chand->info_mu);
+  gpr_mu_init(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = nullptr;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+
+  chand->owning_stack = args->channel_stack;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&chand->on_resolver_result_changed,
+                    on_resolver_result_changed_locked, chand,
+                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+  chand->interested_parties = grpc_pollset_set_create();
+  grpc_connectivity_state_init(&chand->state_tracker, GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
+                               "client_channel");
+  grpc_client_channel_start_backup_polling(chand->interested_parties);
+  // Record max per-RPC retry buffer size.
+  const grpc_arg* arg = grpc_channel_args_find(
+      args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_PER_RPC_RETRY_BUFFER_SIZE);
+  chand->per_rpc_retry_buffer_size = (size_t)grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
+      arg, {DEFAULT_PER_RPC_RETRY_BUFFER_SIZE, 0, INT_MAX});
+  // Record enable_retries.
+  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_ENABLE_RETRIES);
+  chand->enable_retries = grpc_channel_arg_get_bool(arg, true);
+  // Record client channel factory.
+  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args->channel_args,
+                               GRPC_ARG_CLIENT_CHANNEL_FACTORY);
+  if (arg == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Missing client channel factory in args for client channel filter");
+  }
+  if (arg->type != GRPC_ARG_POINTER) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "client channel factory arg must be a pointer");
+  }
+  grpc_client_channel_factory_ref(
+      static_cast<grpc_client_channel_factory*>(arg->value.pointer.p));
+  chand->client_channel_factory =
+      static_cast<grpc_client_channel_factory*>(arg->value.pointer.p);
+  // Get server name to resolve, using proxy mapper if needed.
+  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
+  if (arg == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Missing server uri in args for client channel filter");
+  }
+  if (arg->type != GRPC_ARG_STRING) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "server uri arg must be a string");
+  }
+  char* proxy_name = nullptr;
+  grpc_channel_args* new_args = nullptr;
+  grpc_proxy_mappers_map_name(arg->value.string, args->channel_args,
+                              &proxy_name, &new_args);
+  // Instantiate resolver.
+  chand->resolver = grpc_core::ResolverRegistry::CreateResolver(
+      proxy_name != nullptr ? proxy_name : arg->value.string,
+      new_args != nullptr ? new_args : args->channel_args,
+      chand->interested_parties, chand->combiner);
+  if (proxy_name != nullptr) gpr_free(proxy_name);
+  if (new_args != nullptr) grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
+  if (chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("resolver creation failed");
+  }
+  chand->deadline_checking_enabled =
+      grpc_deadline_checking_enabled(args->channel_args);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+static void shutdown_resolver_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_core::Resolver* resolver = static_cast<grpc_core::Resolver*>(arg);
+  resolver->Orphan();
+}
+
+/* Destructor for channel_data */
+static void cc_destroy_channel_elem(grpc_channel_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  if (chand->resolver != nullptr) {
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(shutdown_resolver_locked, chand->resolver.release(),
+                            grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
+        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  }
+  if (chand->client_channel_factory != nullptr) {
+    grpc_client_channel_factory_unref(chand->client_channel_factory);
+  }
+  if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+    grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(chand->lb_policy->interested_parties(),
+                                     chand->interested_parties);
+    chand->lb_policy.reset();
+  }
+  gpr_free(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
+  gpr_free(chand->info_service_config_json);
+  chand->retry_throttle_data.reset();
+  chand->method_params_table.reset();
+  grpc_client_channel_stop_backup_polling(chand->interested_parties);
+  grpc_connectivity_state_destroy(&chand->state_tracker);
+  grpc_pollset_set_destroy(chand->interested_parties);
+  GRPC_COMBINER_UNREF(chand->combiner, "client_channel");
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&chand->info_mu);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * PER-CALL FUNCTIONS
+ */
+
+// Max number of batches that can be pending on a call at any given
+// time.  This includes one batch for each of the following ops:
+//   recv_initial_metadata
+//   send_initial_metadata
+//   recv_message
+//   send_message
+//   recv_trailing_metadata
+//   send_trailing_metadata
+#define MAX_PENDING_BATCHES 6
+
+// Retry support:
+//
+// In order to support retries, we act as a proxy for stream op batches.
+// When we get a batch from the surface, we add it to our list of pending
+// batches, and we then use those batches to construct separate "child"
+// batches to be started on the subchannel call.  When the child batches
+// return, we then decide which pending batches have been completed and
+// schedule their callbacks accordingly.  If a subchannel call fails and
+// we want to retry it, we do a new pick and start again, constructing
+// new "child" batches for the new subchannel call.
+//
+// Note that retries are committed when receiving data from the server
+// (except for Trailers-Only responses).  However, there may be many
+// send ops started before receiving any data, so we may have already
+// completed some number of send ops (and returned the completions up to
+// the surface) by the time we realize that we need to retry.  To deal
+// with this, we cache data for send ops, so that we can replay them on a
+// different subchannel call even after we have completed the original
+// batches.
+//
+// There are two sets of data to maintain:
+// - In call_data (in the parent channel), we maintain a list of pending
+//   ops and cached data for send ops.
+// - In the subchannel call, we maintain state to indicate what ops have
+//   already been sent down to that call.
+//
+// When constructing the "child" batches, we compare those two sets of
+// data to see which batches need to be sent to the subchannel call.
+
+// TODO(roth): In subsequent PRs:
+// - add support for transparent retries (including initial metadata)
+// - figure out how to record stats in census for retries
+//   (census filter is on top of this one)
+// - add census stats for retries
+
+// State used for starting a retryable batch on a subchannel call.
+// This provides its own grpc_transport_stream_op_batch and other data
+// structures needed to populate the ops in the batch.
+// We allocate one struct on the arena for each attempt at starting a
+// batch on a given subchannel call.
+typedef struct {
+  gpr_refcount refs;
+  grpc_call_element* elem;
+  grpc_subchannel_call* subchannel_call;  // Holds a ref.
+  // The batch to use in the subchannel call.
+  // Its payload field points to subchannel_call_retry_state.batch_payload.
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch batch;
+  // For send_initial_metadata.
+  // Note that we need to make a copy of the initial metadata for each
+  // subchannel call instead of just referring to the copy in call_data,
+  // because filters in the subchannel stack will probably add entries,
+  // so we need to start in a pristine state for each attempt of the call.
+  grpc_linked_mdelem* send_initial_metadata_storage;
+  grpc_metadata_batch send_initial_metadata;
+  // For send_message.
+  grpc_core::ManualConstructor<grpc_core::ByteStreamCache::CachingByteStream>
+      send_message;
+  // For send_trailing_metadata.
+  grpc_linked_mdelem* send_trailing_metadata_storage;
+  grpc_metadata_batch send_trailing_metadata;
+  // For intercepting recv_initial_metadata.
+  grpc_metadata_batch recv_initial_metadata;
+  grpc_closure recv_initial_metadata_ready;
+  bool trailing_metadata_available;
+  // For intercepting recv_message.
+  grpc_closure recv_message_ready;
+  grpc_core::OrphanablePtr<grpc_core::ByteStream> recv_message;
+  // For intercepting recv_trailing_metadata.
+  grpc_metadata_batch recv_trailing_metadata;
+  grpc_transport_stream_stats collect_stats;
+  // For intercepting on_complete.
+  grpc_closure on_complete;
+} subchannel_batch_data;
+
+// Retry state associated with a subchannel call.
+// Stored in the parent_data of the subchannel call object.
+typedef struct {
+  // subchannel_batch_data.batch.payload points to this.
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_payload batch_payload;
+  // These fields indicate which ops have been started and completed on
+  // this subchannel call.
+  size_t started_send_message_count;
+  size_t completed_send_message_count;
+  size_t started_recv_message_count;
+  size_t completed_recv_message_count;
+  bool started_send_initial_metadata : 1;
+  bool completed_send_initial_metadata : 1;
+  bool started_send_trailing_metadata : 1;
+  bool completed_send_trailing_metadata : 1;
+  bool started_recv_initial_metadata : 1;
+  bool completed_recv_initial_metadata : 1;
+  bool started_recv_trailing_metadata : 1;
+  bool completed_recv_trailing_metadata : 1;
+  // State for callback processing.
+  bool retry_dispatched : 1;
+  bool recv_initial_metadata_ready_deferred : 1;
+  bool recv_message_ready_deferred : 1;
+  grpc_error* recv_initial_metadata_error;
+  grpc_error* recv_message_error;
+} subchannel_call_retry_state;
+
+// Pending batches stored in call data.
+typedef struct {
+  // The pending batch.  If nullptr, this slot is empty.
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch;
+  // Indicates whether payload for send ops has been cached in call data.
+  bool send_ops_cached;
+} pending_batch;
+
+/** Call data.  Holds a pointer to grpc_subchannel_call and the
+    associated machinery to create such a pointer.
+    Handles queueing of stream ops until a call object is ready, waiting
+    for initial metadata before trying to create a call object,
+    and handling cancellation gracefully. */
+typedef struct client_channel_call_data {
+  // State for handling deadlines.
+  // The code in deadline_filter.c requires this to be the first field.
+  // TODO(roth): This is slightly sub-optimal in that grpc_deadline_state
+  // and this struct both independently store pointers to the call stack
+  // and call combiner.  If/when we have time, find a way to avoid this
+  // without breaking the grpc_deadline_state abstraction.
+  grpc_deadline_state deadline_state;
+
+  grpc_slice path;  // Request path.
+  gpr_timespec call_start_time;
+  grpc_millis deadline;
+  gpr_arena* arena;
+  grpc_call_stack* owning_call;
+  grpc_call_combiner* call_combiner;
+
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ServerRetryThrottleData> retry_throttle_data;
+  grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<ClientChannelMethodParams> method_params;
+
+  grpc_subchannel_call* subchannel_call;
+
+  // Set when we get a cancel_stream op.
+  grpc_error* cancel_error;
+
+  grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicy::PickState pick;
+  grpc_closure pick_closure;
+  grpc_closure pick_cancel_closure;
+
+  grpc_polling_entity* pollent;
+
+  // Batches are added to this list when received from above.
+  // They are removed when we are done handling the batch (i.e., when
+  // either we have invoked all of the batch's callbacks or we have
+  // passed the batch down to the subchannel call and are not
+  // intercepting any of its callbacks).
+  pending_batch pending_batches[MAX_PENDING_BATCHES];
+  bool pending_send_initial_metadata : 1;
+  bool pending_send_message : 1;
+  bool pending_send_trailing_metadata : 1;
+
+  // Retry state.
+  bool enable_retries : 1;
+  bool retry_committed : 1;
+  bool last_attempt_got_server_pushback : 1;
+  int num_attempts_completed;
+  size_t bytes_buffered_for_retry;
+  grpc_core::ManualConstructor<grpc_core::BackOff> retry_backoff;
+  grpc_timer retry_timer;
+
+  // Cached data for retrying send ops.
+  // send_initial_metadata
+  bool seen_send_initial_metadata;
+  grpc_linked_mdelem* send_initial_metadata_storage;
+  grpc_metadata_batch send_initial_metadata;
+  uint32_t send_initial_metadata_flags;
+  gpr_atm* peer_string;
+  // send_message
+  // When we get a send_message op, we replace the original byte stream
+  // with a CachingByteStream that caches the slices to a local buffer for
+  // use in retries.
+  // Note: We inline the cache for the first 3 send_message ops and use
+  // dynamic allocation after that.  This number was essentially picked
+  // at random; it could be changed in the future to tune performance.
+  grpc_core::InlinedVector<grpc_core::ByteStreamCache*, 3> send_messages;
+  // send_trailing_metadata
+  bool seen_send_trailing_metadata;
+  grpc_linked_mdelem* send_trailing_metadata_storage;
+  grpc_metadata_batch send_trailing_metadata;
+} call_data;
+
+// Forward declarations.
+static void retry_commit(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                         subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state);
+static void start_internal_recv_trailing_metadata(grpc_call_element* elem);
+static void on_complete(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
+static void start_retriable_subchannel_batches(void* arg, grpc_error* ignored);
+static void pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(grpc_call_element* elem);
+static void start_pick_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* ignored);
+
+//
+// send op data caching
+//
+
+// Caches data for send ops so that it can be retried later, if not
+// already cached.
+static void maybe_cache_send_ops_for_batch(call_data* calld,
+                                           pending_batch* pending) {
+  if (pending->send_ops_cached) return;
+  pending->send_ops_cached = true;
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+  // Save a copy of metadata for send_initial_metadata ops.
+  if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
+    calld->seen_send_initial_metadata = true;
+    GPR_ASSERT(calld->send_initial_metadata_storage == nullptr);
+    grpc_metadata_batch* send_initial_metadata =
+        batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata;
+    calld->send_initial_metadata_storage = (grpc_linked_mdelem*)gpr_arena_alloc(
+        calld->arena,
+        sizeof(grpc_linked_mdelem) * send_initial_metadata->list.count);
+    grpc_metadata_batch_copy(send_initial_metadata,
+                             &calld->send_initial_metadata,
+                             calld->send_initial_metadata_storage);
+    calld->send_initial_metadata_flags =
+        batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags;
+    calld->peer_string = batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.peer_string;
+  }
+  // Set up cache for send_message ops.
+  if (batch->send_message) {
+    grpc_core::ByteStreamCache* cache =
+        static_cast<grpc_core::ByteStreamCache*>(
+            gpr_arena_alloc(calld->arena, sizeof(grpc_core::ByteStreamCache)));
+    new (cache) grpc_core::ByteStreamCache(
+        std::move(batch->payload->send_message.send_message));
+    calld->send_messages.push_back(cache);
+  }
+  // Save metadata batch for send_trailing_metadata ops.
+  if (batch->send_trailing_metadata) {
+    calld->seen_send_trailing_metadata = true;
+    GPR_ASSERT(calld->send_trailing_metadata_storage == nullptr);
+    grpc_metadata_batch* send_trailing_metadata =
+        batch->payload->send_trailing_metadata.send_trailing_metadata;
+    calld->send_trailing_metadata_storage =
+        (grpc_linked_mdelem*)gpr_arena_alloc(
+            calld->arena,
+            sizeof(grpc_linked_mdelem) * send_trailing_metadata->list.count);
+    grpc_metadata_batch_copy(send_trailing_metadata,
+                             &calld->send_trailing_metadata,
+                             calld->send_trailing_metadata_storage);
+  }
+}
+
+// Frees cached send ops that have already been completed after
+// committing the call.
+static void free_cached_send_op_data_after_commit(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (retry_state->completed_send_initial_metadata) {
+    grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&calld->send_initial_metadata);
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < retry_state->completed_send_message_count; ++i) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: destroying calld->send_messages[%" PRIuPTR
+              "]",
+              chand, calld, i);
+    }
+    calld->send_messages[i]->Destroy();
+  }
+  if (retry_state->completed_send_trailing_metadata) {
+    grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&calld->send_trailing_metadata);
+  }
+}
+
+// Frees cached send ops that were completed by the completed batch in
+// batch_data.  Used when batches are completed after the call is committed.
+static void free_cached_send_op_data_for_completed_batch(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_batch_data* batch_data,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_initial_metadata) {
+    grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&calld->send_initial_metadata);
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_message) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: destroying calld->send_messages[%" PRIuPTR
+              "]",
+              chand, calld, retry_state->completed_send_message_count - 1);
+    }
+    calld->send_messages[retry_state->completed_send_message_count - 1]
+        ->Destroy();
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_trailing_metadata) {
+    grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&calld->send_trailing_metadata);
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// pending_batches management
+//
+
+// Returns the index into calld->pending_batches to be used for batch.
+static size_t get_batch_index(grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
+  // Note: It is important the send_initial_metadata be the first entry
+  // here, since the code in pick_subchannel_locked() assumes it will be.
+  if (batch->send_initial_metadata) return 0;
+  if (batch->send_message) return 1;
+  if (batch->send_trailing_metadata) return 2;
+  if (batch->recv_initial_metadata) return 3;
+  if (batch->recv_message) return 4;
+  if (batch->recv_trailing_metadata) return 5;
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return (size_t)-1);
+}
+
+// This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
+static void pending_batches_add(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  const size_t idx = get_batch_index(batch);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: adding pending batch at index %" PRIuPTR, chand,
+            calld, idx);
+  }
+  pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[idx];
+  GPR_ASSERT(pending->batch == nullptr);
+  pending->batch = batch;
+  pending->send_ops_cached = false;
+  if (calld->enable_retries) {
+    // Update state in calld about pending batches.
+    // Also check if the batch takes us over the retry buffer limit.
+    // Note: We don't check the size of trailing metadata here, because
+    // gRPC clients do not send trailing metadata.
+    if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
+      calld->pending_send_initial_metadata = true;
+      calld->bytes_buffered_for_retry += grpc_metadata_batch_size(
+          batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata);
+    }
+    if (batch->send_message) {
+      calld->pending_send_message = true;
+      calld->bytes_buffered_for_retry +=
+          batch->payload->send_message.send_message->length();
+    }
+    if (batch->send_trailing_metadata) {
+      calld->pending_send_trailing_metadata = true;
+    }
+    if (calld->bytes_buffered_for_retry > chand->per_rpc_retry_buffer_size) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: exceeded retry buffer size, committing",
+                chand, calld);
+      }
+      subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+          calld->subchannel_call == nullptr
+              ? nullptr
+              : static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+                    grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+                        calld->subchannel_call));
+      retry_commit(elem, retry_state);
+      // If we are not going to retry and have not yet started, pretend
+      // retries are disabled so that we don't bother with retry overhead.
+      if (calld->num_attempts_completed == 0) {
+        if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                  "chand=%p calld=%p: disabling retries before first attempt",
+                  chand, calld);
+        }
+        calld->enable_retries = false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void pending_batch_clear(call_data* calld, pending_batch* pending) {
+  if (calld->enable_retries) {
+    if (pending->batch->send_initial_metadata) {
+      calld->pending_send_initial_metadata = false;
+    }
+    if (pending->batch->send_message) {
+      calld->pending_send_message = false;
+    }
+    if (pending->batch->send_trailing_metadata) {
+      calld->pending_send_trailing_metadata = false;
+    }
+  }
+  pending->batch = nullptr;
+}
+
+// This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
+static void fail_pending_batch_in_call_combiner(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch =
+      static_cast<grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*>(arg);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(batch->handler_private.extra_arg);
+  // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
+      batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), calld->call_combiner);
+}
+
+// This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
+// If yield_call_combiner is true, assumes responsibility for yielding
+// the call combiner.
+static void pending_batches_fail(grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_error* error,
+                                 bool yield_call_combiner) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    size_t num_batches = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+      if (calld->pending_batches[i].batch != nullptr) ++num_batches;
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: failing %" PRIuPTR " pending batches: %s",
+            elem->channel_data, calld, num_batches, grpc_error_string(error));
+  }
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*
+      batches[GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches)];
+  size_t num_batches = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+    if (batch != nullptr) {
+      batches[num_batches++] = batch;
+      pending_batch_clear(calld, pending);
+    }
+  }
+  for (size_t i = yield_call_combiner ? 1 : 0; i < num_batches; ++i) {
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = batches[i];
+    batch->handler_private.extra_arg = calld;
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
+                      fail_pending_batch_in_call_combiner, batch,
+                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_START(calld->call_combiner,
+                             &batch->handler_private.closure,
+                             GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), "pending_batches_fail");
+  }
+  if (yield_call_combiner) {
+    if (num_batches > 0) {
+      // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+      grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
+          batches[0], GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), calld->call_combiner);
+    } else {
+      GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(calld->call_combiner, "pending_batches_fail");
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+// This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
+static void resume_pending_batch_in_call_combiner(void* arg,
+                                                  grpc_error* ignored) {
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch =
+      static_cast<grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*>(arg);
+  grpc_subchannel_call* subchannel_call =
+      static_cast<grpc_subchannel_call*>(batch->handler_private.extra_arg);
+  // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+  grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(subchannel_call, batch);
+}
+
+// This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
+static void pending_batches_resume(grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (calld->enable_retries) {
+    start_retriable_subchannel_batches(elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    return;
+  }
+  // Retries not enabled; send down batches as-is.
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    size_t num_batches = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+      if (calld->pending_batches[i].batch != nullptr) ++num_batches;
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: starting %" PRIuPTR
+            " pending batches on subchannel_call=%p",
+            chand, calld, num_batches, calld->subchannel_call);
+  }
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*
+      batches[GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches)];
+  size_t num_batches = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+    if (batch != nullptr) {
+      batches[num_batches++] = batch;
+      pending_batch_clear(calld, pending);
+    }
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < num_batches; ++i) {
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = batches[i];
+    batch->handler_private.extra_arg = calld->subchannel_call;
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
+                      resume_pending_batch_in_call_combiner, batch,
+                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_START(calld->call_combiner,
+                             &batch->handler_private.closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
+                             "pending_batches_resume");
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(num_batches > 0);
+  // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+  grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(calld->subchannel_call, batches[0]);
+}
+
+static void maybe_clear_pending_batch(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                      pending_batch* pending) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+  // We clear the pending batch if all of its callbacks have been
+  // scheduled and reset to nullptr.
+  if (batch->on_complete == nullptr &&
+      (!batch->recv_initial_metadata ||
+       batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata_ready ==
+           nullptr) &&
+      (!batch->recv_message ||
+       batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready == nullptr)) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: clearing pending batch", chand,
+              calld);
+    }
+    pending_batch_clear(calld, pending);
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns true if all ops in the pending batch have been completed.
+static bool pending_batch_is_completed(
+    pending_batch* pending, call_data* calld,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  if (pending->batch == nullptr || pending->batch->on_complete == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_initial_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->completed_send_initial_metadata) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_message &&
+      retry_state->completed_send_message_count < calld->send_messages.size()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_trailing_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->completed_send_trailing_metadata) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_initial_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->completed_recv_initial_metadata) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_message &&
+      retry_state->completed_recv_message_count <
+          retry_state->started_recv_message_count) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_trailing_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Returns true if any op in the batch was not yet started.
+static bool pending_batch_is_unstarted(
+    pending_batch* pending, call_data* calld,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  if (pending->batch == nullptr || pending->batch->on_complete == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_initial_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_send_initial_metadata) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_message &&
+      retry_state->started_send_message_count < calld->send_messages.size()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->send_trailing_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_send_trailing_metadata) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_initial_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_recv_initial_metadata) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_message &&
+      retry_state->completed_recv_message_count ==
+          retry_state->started_recv_message_count) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (pending->batch->recv_trailing_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+//
+// retry code
+//
+
+// Commits the call so that no further retry attempts will be performed.
+static void retry_commit(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                         subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (calld->retry_committed) return;
+  calld->retry_committed = true;
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: committing retries", chand, calld);
+  }
+  if (retry_state != nullptr) {
+    free_cached_send_op_data_after_commit(elem, retry_state);
+  }
+}
+
+// Starts a retry after appropriate back-off.
+static void do_retry(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                     subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+                     grpc_millis server_pushback_ms) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  GPR_ASSERT(calld->method_params != nullptr);
+  const ClientChannelMethodParams::RetryPolicy* retry_policy =
+      calld->method_params->retry_policy();
+  GPR_ASSERT(retry_policy != nullptr);
+  // Reset subchannel call and connected subchannel.
+  if (calld->subchannel_call != nullptr) {
+    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_CALL_UNREF(calld->subchannel_call,
+                               "client_channel_call_retry");
+    calld->subchannel_call = nullptr;
+  }
+  if (calld->pick.connected_subchannel != nullptr) {
+    calld->pick.connected_subchannel.reset();
+  }
+  // Compute backoff delay.
+  grpc_millis next_attempt_time;
+  if (server_pushback_ms >= 0) {
+    next_attempt_time = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + server_pushback_ms;
+    calld->last_attempt_got_server_pushback = true;
+  } else {
+    if (calld->num_attempts_completed == 1 ||
+        calld->last_attempt_got_server_pushback) {
+      calld->retry_backoff.Init(
+          grpc_core::BackOff::Options()
+              .set_initial_backoff(retry_policy->initial_backoff)
+              .set_multiplier(retry_policy->backoff_multiplier)
+              .set_jitter(RETRY_BACKOFF_JITTER)
+              .set_max_backoff(retry_policy->max_backoff));
+      calld->last_attempt_got_server_pushback = false;
+    }
+    next_attempt_time = calld->retry_backoff->NextAttemptTime();
+  }
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: retrying failed call in %" PRIuPTR " ms", chand,
+            calld, next_attempt_time - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now());
+  }
+  // Schedule retry after computed delay.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->pick_closure, start_pick_locked, elem,
+                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+  grpc_timer_init(&calld->retry_timer, next_attempt_time, &calld->pick_closure);
+  // Update bookkeeping.
+  if (retry_state != nullptr) retry_state->retry_dispatched = true;
+}
+
+// Returns true if the call is being retried.
+static bool maybe_retry(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                        subchannel_batch_data* batch_data,
+                        grpc_status_code status,
+                        grpc_mdelem* server_pushback_md) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  // Get retry policy.
+  if (calld->method_params == nullptr) return false;
+  const ClientChannelMethodParams::RetryPolicy* retry_policy =
+      calld->method_params->retry_policy();
+  if (retry_policy == nullptr) return false;
+  // If we've already dispatched a retry from this call, return true.
+  // This catches the case where the batch has multiple callbacks
+  // (i.e., it includes either recv_message or recv_initial_metadata).
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state = nullptr;
+  if (batch_data != nullptr) {
+    retry_state = static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+        grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+            batch_data->subchannel_call));
+    if (retry_state->retry_dispatched) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: retry already dispatched", chand,
+                calld);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  // Check status.
+  if (status == GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
+    if (calld->retry_throttle_data != nullptr) {
+      calld->retry_throttle_data->RecordSuccess();
+    }
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: call succeeded", chand, calld);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Status is not OK.  Check whether the status is retryable.
+  if (!retry_policy->retryable_status_codes.Contains(status)) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: status %s not configured as retryable", chand,
+              calld, grpc_status_code_to_string(status));
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Record the failure and check whether retries are throttled.
+  // Note that it's important for this check to come after the status
+  // code check above, since we should only record failures whose statuses
+  // match the configured retryable status codes, so that we don't count
+  // things like failures due to malformed requests (INVALID_ARGUMENT).
+  // Conversely, it's important for this to come before the remaining
+  // checks, so that we don't fail to record failures due to other factors.
+  if (calld->retry_throttle_data != nullptr &&
+      !calld->retry_throttle_data->RecordFailure()) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: retries throttled", chand, calld);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Check whether the call is committed.
+  if (calld->retry_committed) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: retries already committed", chand,
+              calld);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Check whether we have retries remaining.
+  ++calld->num_attempts_completed;
+  if (calld->num_attempts_completed >= retry_policy->max_attempts) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: exceeded %d retry attempts", chand,
+              calld, retry_policy->max_attempts);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // If the call was cancelled from the surface, don't retry.
+  if (calld->cancel_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: call cancelled from surface, not retrying",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Check server push-back.
+  grpc_millis server_pushback_ms = -1;
+  if (server_pushback_md != nullptr) {
+    // If the value is "-1" or any other unparseable string, we do not retry.
+    uint32_t ms;
+    if (!grpc_parse_slice_to_uint32(GRPC_MDVALUE(*server_pushback_md), &ms)) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: not retrying due to server push-back",
+                chand, calld);
+      }
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: server push-back: retry in %u ms", chand,
+                calld, ms);
+      }
+      server_pushback_ms = (grpc_millis)ms;
+    }
+  }
+  do_retry(elem, retry_state, server_pushback_ms);
+  return true;
+}
+
+//
+// subchannel_batch_data
+//
+
+static subchannel_batch_data* batch_data_create(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                                int refcount) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              calld->subchannel_call));
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(
+      gpr_arena_alloc(calld->arena, sizeof(*batch_data)));
+  batch_data->elem = elem;
+  batch_data->subchannel_call =
+      GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_CALL_REF(calld->subchannel_call, "batch_data_create");
+  batch_data->batch.payload = &retry_state->batch_payload;
+  gpr_ref_init(&batch_data->refs, refcount);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch_data->on_complete, on_complete, batch_data,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  batch_data->batch.on_complete = &batch_data->on_complete;
+  GRPC_CALL_STACK_REF(calld->owning_call, "batch_data");
+  return batch_data;
+}
+
+static void batch_data_unref(subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  if (gpr_unref(&batch_data->refs)) {
+    if (batch_data->send_initial_metadata_storage != nullptr) {
+      grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&batch_data->send_initial_metadata);
+    }
+    if (batch_data->send_trailing_metadata_storage != nullptr) {
+      grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&batch_data->send_trailing_metadata);
+    }
+    if (batch_data->batch.recv_initial_metadata) {
+      grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&batch_data->recv_initial_metadata);
+    }
+    if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      grpc_metadata_batch_destroy(&batch_data->recv_trailing_metadata);
+    }
+    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_CALL_UNREF(batch_data->subchannel_call, "batch_data_unref");
+    call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(batch_data->elem->call_data);
+    GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(calld->owning_call, "batch_data");
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// recv_initial_metadata callback handling
+//
+
+// Invokes recv_initial_metadata_ready for a subchannel batch.
+static void invoke_recv_initial_metadata_callback(void* arg,
+                                                  grpc_error* error) {
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand =
+      static_cast<channel_data*>(batch_data->elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(batch_data->elem->call_data);
+  // Find pending batch.
+  pending_batch* pending = nullptr;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = calld->pending_batches[i].batch;
+    if (batch != nullptr && batch->recv_initial_metadata &&
+        batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata_ready !=
+            nullptr) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: invoking recv_initial_metadata_ready for "
+                "pending batch at index %" PRIuPTR,
+                chand, calld, i);
+      }
+      pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(pending != nullptr);
+  // Return metadata.
+  grpc_metadata_batch_move(
+      &batch_data->recv_initial_metadata,
+      pending->batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata);
+  // Update bookkeeping.
+  // Note: Need to do this before invoking the callback, since invoking
+  // the callback will result in yielding the call combiner.
+  grpc_closure* recv_initial_metadata_ready =
+      pending->batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata
+          .recv_initial_metadata_ready;
+  pending->batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata_ready =
+      nullptr;
+  maybe_clear_pending_batch(batch_data->elem, pending);
+  batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+  // Invoke callback.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(recv_initial_metadata_ready, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+}
+
+// Intercepts recv_initial_metadata_ready callback for retries.
+// Commits the call and returns the initial metadata up the stack.
+static void recv_initial_metadata_ready(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(arg);
+  grpc_call_element* elem = batch_data->elem;
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: got recv_initial_metadata_ready, error=%s",
+            chand, calld, grpc_error_string(error));
+  }
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              batch_data->subchannel_call));
+  // If we got an error or a Trailers-Only response and have not yet gotten
+  // the recv_trailing_metadata on_complete callback, then defer
+  // propagating this callback back to the surface.  We can evaluate whether
+  // to retry when recv_trailing_metadata comes back.
+  if ((batch_data->trailing_metadata_available || error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) &&
+      !retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: deferring recv_initial_metadata_ready "
+              "(Trailers-Only)",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_ready_deferred = true;
+    retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+    if (!retry_state->started_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      // recv_trailing_metadata not yet started by application; start it
+      // ourselves to get status.
+      start_internal_recv_trailing_metadata(elem);
+    } else {
+      GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(
+          calld->call_combiner,
+          "recv_initial_metadata_ready trailers-only or error");
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // Received valid initial metadata, so commit the call.
+  retry_commit(elem, retry_state);
+  // Manually invoking a callback function; it does not take ownership of error.
+  invoke_recv_initial_metadata_callback(batch_data, error);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+//
+// recv_message callback handling
+//
+
+// Invokes recv_message_ready for a subchannel batch.
+static void invoke_recv_message_callback(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand =
+      static_cast<channel_data*>(batch_data->elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(batch_data->elem->call_data);
+  // Find pending op.
+  pending_batch* pending = nullptr;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = calld->pending_batches[i].batch;
+    if (batch != nullptr && batch->recv_message &&
+        batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready != nullptr) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: invoking recv_message_ready for "
+                "pending batch at index %" PRIuPTR,
+                chand, calld, i);
+      }
+      pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(pending != nullptr);
+  // Return payload.
+  *pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message =
+      std::move(batch_data->recv_message);
+  // Update bookkeeping.
+  // Note: Need to do this before invoking the callback, since invoking
+  // the callback will result in yielding the call combiner.
+  grpc_closure* recv_message_ready =
+      pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready;
+  pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready = nullptr;
+  maybe_clear_pending_batch(batch_data->elem, pending);
+  batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+  // Invoke callback.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(recv_message_ready, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+}
+
+// Intercepts recv_message_ready callback for retries.
+// Commits the call and returns the message up the stack.
+static void recv_message_ready(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(arg);
+  grpc_call_element* elem = batch_data->elem;
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: got recv_message_ready, error=%s",
+            chand, calld, grpc_error_string(error));
+  }
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              batch_data->subchannel_call));
+  // If we got an error or the payload was nullptr and we have not yet gotten
+  // the recv_trailing_metadata on_complete callback, then defer
+  // propagating this callback back to the surface.  We can evaluate whether
+  // to retry when recv_trailing_metadata comes back.
+  if ((batch_data->recv_message == nullptr || error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) &&
+      !retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: deferring recv_message_ready (nullptr "
+              "message and recv_trailing_metadata pending)",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    retry_state->recv_message_ready_deferred = true;
+    retry_state->recv_message_error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+    if (!retry_state->started_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      // recv_trailing_metadata not yet started by application; start it
+      // ourselves to get status.
+      start_internal_recv_trailing_metadata(elem);
+    } else {
+      GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(calld->call_combiner, "recv_message_ready null");
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // Received a valid message, so commit the call.
+  retry_commit(elem, retry_state);
+  // Manually invoking a callback function; it does not take ownership of error.
+  invoke_recv_message_callback(batch_data, error);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+//
+// on_complete callback handling
+//
+
+// Updates retry_state to reflect the ops completed in batch_data.
+static void update_retry_state_for_completed_batch(
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_initial_metadata) {
+    retry_state->completed_send_initial_metadata = true;
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_message) {
+    ++retry_state->completed_send_message_count;
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.send_trailing_metadata) {
+    retry_state->completed_send_trailing_metadata = true;
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.recv_initial_metadata) {
+    retry_state->completed_recv_initial_metadata = true;
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.recv_message) {
+    ++retry_state->completed_recv_message_count;
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata) {
+    retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata = true;
+  }
+}
+
+// Represents a closure that needs to run as a result of a completed batch.
+typedef struct {
+  grpc_closure* closure;
+  grpc_error* error;
+  const char* reason;
+} closure_to_execute;
+
+// Adds any necessary closures for deferred recv_initial_metadata and
+// recv_message callbacks to closures, updating *num_closures as needed.
+static void add_closures_for_deferred_recv_callbacks(
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    closure_to_execute* closures, size_t* num_closures) {
+  if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata &&
+      retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_ready_deferred) {
+    closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+    closure->closure =
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch_data->recv_initial_metadata_ready,
+                          invoke_recv_initial_metadata_callback, batch_data,
+                          grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    closure->error = retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_error;
+    closure->reason = "resuming recv_initial_metadata_ready";
+  }
+  if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata &&
+      retry_state->recv_message_ready_deferred) {
+    closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+    closure->closure = GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch_data->recv_message_ready,
+                                         invoke_recv_message_callback,
+                                         batch_data, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    closure->error = retry_state->recv_message_error;
+    closure->reason = "resuming recv_message_ready";
+  }
+}
+
+// If there are any cached ops to replay or pending ops to start on the
+// subchannel call, adds a closure to closures to invoke
+// start_retriable_subchannel_batches(), updating *num_closures as needed.
+static void add_closures_for_replay_or_pending_send_ops(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_batch_data* batch_data,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state, closure_to_execute* closures,
+    size_t* num_closures) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  bool have_pending_send_message_ops =
+      retry_state->started_send_message_count < calld->send_messages.size();
+  bool have_pending_send_trailing_metadata_op =
+      calld->seen_send_trailing_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_send_trailing_metadata;
+  if (!have_pending_send_message_ops &&
+      !have_pending_send_trailing_metadata_op) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+      pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+      grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+      if (batch == nullptr || pending->send_ops_cached) continue;
+      if (batch->send_message) have_pending_send_message_ops = true;
+      if (batch->send_trailing_metadata) {
+        have_pending_send_trailing_metadata_op = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (have_pending_send_message_ops || have_pending_send_trailing_metadata_op) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: starting next batch for pending send op(s)",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+    closure->closure = GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(
+        &batch_data->batch.handler_private.closure,
+        start_retriable_subchannel_batches, elem, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    closure->error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    closure->reason = "starting next batch for send_* op(s)";
+  }
+}
+
+// For any pending batch completed in batch_data, adds the necessary
+// completion closures to closures, updating *num_closures as needed.
+static void add_closures_for_completed_pending_batches(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_batch_data* batch_data,
+    subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state, grpc_error* error,
+    closure_to_execute* closures, size_t* num_closures) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+    if (pending_batch_is_completed(pending, calld, retry_state)) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: pending batch completed at index %" PRIuPTR,
+                chand, calld, i);
+      }
+      // Copy the trailing metadata to return it to the surface.
+      if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata) {
+        grpc_metadata_batch_move(&batch_data->recv_trailing_metadata,
+                                 pending->batch->payload->recv_trailing_metadata
+                                     .recv_trailing_metadata);
+      }
+      closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+      closure->closure = pending->batch->on_complete;
+      closure->error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+      closure->reason = "on_complete for pending batch";
+      pending->batch->on_complete = nullptr;
+      maybe_clear_pending_batch(elem, pending);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+// For any pending batch containing an op that has not yet been started,
+// adds the pending batch's completion closures to closures, updating
+// *num_closures as needed.
+static void add_closures_to_fail_unstarted_pending_batches(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    grpc_error* error, closure_to_execute* closures, size_t* num_closures) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+    if (pending_batch_is_unstarted(pending, calld, retry_state)) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: failing unstarted pending batch at index "
+                "%" PRIuPTR,
+                chand, calld, i);
+      }
+      if (pending->batch->recv_initial_metadata) {
+        closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+        closure->closure = pending->batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata
+                               .recv_initial_metadata_ready;
+        closure->error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+        closure->reason =
+            "failing recv_initial_metadata_ready for pending batch";
+        pending->batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata
+            .recv_initial_metadata_ready = nullptr;
+      }
+      if (pending->batch->recv_message) {
+        *pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message = nullptr;
+        closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+        closure->closure =
+            pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready;
+        closure->error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+        closure->reason = "failing recv_message_ready for pending batch";
+        pending->batch->payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready = nullptr;
+      }
+      closure_to_execute* closure = &closures[(*num_closures)++];
+      closure->closure = pending->batch->on_complete;
+      closure->error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+      closure->reason = "failing on_complete for pending batch";
+      pending->batch->on_complete = nullptr;
+      maybe_clear_pending_batch(elem, pending);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+// Callback used to intercept on_complete from subchannel calls.
+// Called only when retries are enabled.
+static void on_complete(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = static_cast<subchannel_batch_data*>(arg);
+  grpc_call_element* elem = batch_data->elem;
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    char* batch_str = grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_string(&batch_data->batch);
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: got on_complete, error=%s, batch=%s",
+            chand, calld, grpc_error_string(error), batch_str);
+    gpr_free(batch_str);
+  }
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              batch_data->subchannel_call));
+  // If we have previously completed recv_trailing_metadata, then the
+  // call is finished.
+  bool call_finished = retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata;
+  // Update bookkeeping in retry_state.
+  update_retry_state_for_completed_batch(batch_data, retry_state);
+  if (call_finished) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: call already finished", chand,
+              calld);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Check if this batch finished the call, and if so, get its status.
+    // The call is finished if either (a) this callback was invoked with
+    // an error or (b) we receive status.
+    grpc_status_code status = GRPC_STATUS_OK;
+    grpc_mdelem* server_pushback_md = nullptr;
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {  // Case (a).
+      call_finished = true;
+      grpc_error_get_status(error, calld->deadline, &status, nullptr, nullptr,
+                            nullptr);
+    } else if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata) {  // Case (b).
+      call_finished = true;
+      grpc_metadata_batch* md_batch =
+          batch_data->batch.payload->recv_trailing_metadata
+              .recv_trailing_metadata;
+      GPR_ASSERT(md_batch->idx.named.grpc_status != nullptr);
+      status = grpc_get_status_code_from_metadata(
+          md_batch->idx.named.grpc_status->md);
+      if (md_batch->idx.named.grpc_retry_pushback_ms != nullptr) {
+        server_pushback_md = &md_batch->idx.named.grpc_retry_pushback_ms->md;
+      }
+    } else if (retry_state->completed_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      call_finished = true;
+    }
+    if (call_finished && grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: call finished, status=%s", chand,
+              calld, grpc_status_code_to_string(status));
+    }
+    // If the call is finished, check if we should retry.
+    if (call_finished &&
+        maybe_retry(elem, batch_data, status, server_pushback_md)) {
+      // Unref batch_data for deferred recv_initial_metadata_ready or
+      // recv_message_ready callbacks, if any.
+      if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata &&
+          retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_ready_deferred) {
+        batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+        GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(retry_state->recv_initial_metadata_error);
+      }
+      if (batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata &&
+          retry_state->recv_message_ready_deferred) {
+        batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+        GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(retry_state->recv_message_error);
+      }
+      batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  // If the call is finished or retries are committed, free cached data for
+  // send ops that we've just completed.
+  if (call_finished || calld->retry_committed) {
+    free_cached_send_op_data_for_completed_batch(elem, batch_data, retry_state);
+  }
+  // Call not being retried.
+  // Construct list of closures to execute.
+  // Max number of closures is number of pending batches plus one for
+  // each of:
+  // - recv_initial_metadata_ready (either deferred or unstarted)
+  // - recv_message_ready (either deferred or unstarted)
+  // - starting a new batch for pending send ops
+  closure_to_execute closures[GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches) + 3];
+  size_t num_closures = 0;
+  // If there are deferred recv_initial_metadata_ready or recv_message_ready
+  // callbacks, add them to closures.
+  add_closures_for_deferred_recv_callbacks(batch_data, retry_state, closures,
+                                           &num_closures);
+  // Find pending batches whose ops are now complete and add their
+  // on_complete callbacks to closures.
+  add_closures_for_completed_pending_batches(elem, batch_data, retry_state,
+                                             GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), closures,
+                                             &num_closures);
+  // Add closures to handle any pending batches that have not yet been started.
+  // If the call is finished, we fail these batches; otherwise, we add a
+  // callback to start_retriable_subchannel_batches() to start them on
+  // the subchannel call.
+  if (call_finished) {
+    add_closures_to_fail_unstarted_pending_batches(
+        elem, retry_state, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), closures, &num_closures);
+  } else {
+    add_closures_for_replay_or_pending_send_ops(elem, batch_data, retry_state,
+                                                closures, &num_closures);
+  }
+  // Don't need batch_data anymore.
+  batch_data_unref(batch_data);
+  // Schedule all of the closures identified above.
+  // Note that the call combiner will be yielded for each closure that
+  // we schedule.  We're already running in the call combiner, so one of
+  // the closures can be scheduled directly, but the others will
+  // have to re-enter the call combiner.
+  if (num_closures > 0) {
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(closures[0].closure, closures[0].error);
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_closures; ++i) {
+      GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_START(calld->call_combiner, closures[i].closure,
+                               closures[i].error, closures[i].reason);
+    }
+  } else {
+    GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(calld->call_combiner,
+                            "no closures to run for on_complete");
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// subchannel batch construction
+//
+
+// Helper function used to start a subchannel batch in the call combiner.
+static void start_batch_in_call_combiner(void* arg, grpc_error* ignored) {
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch =
+      static_cast<grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*>(arg);
+  grpc_subchannel_call* subchannel_call =
+      static_cast<grpc_subchannel_call*>(batch->handler_private.extra_arg);
+  // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+  grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(subchannel_call, batch);
+}
+
+// Adds retriable send_initial_metadata op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_send_initial_metadata_op(
+    call_data* calld, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  // Maps the number of retries to the corresponding metadata value slice.
+  static const grpc_slice* retry_count_strings[] = {
+      &GRPC_MDSTR_1, &GRPC_MDSTR_2, &GRPC_MDSTR_3, &GRPC_MDSTR_4};
+  // We need to make a copy of the metadata batch for each attempt, since
+  // the filters in the subchannel stack may modify this batch, and we don't
+  // want those modifications to be passed forward to subsequent attempts.
+  //
+  // If we've already completed one or more attempts, add the
+  // grpc-retry-attempts header.
+  batch_data->send_initial_metadata_storage =
+      static_cast<grpc_linked_mdelem*>(gpr_arena_alloc(
+          calld->arena, sizeof(grpc_linked_mdelem) *
+                            (calld->send_initial_metadata.list.count +
+                             (calld->num_attempts_completed > 0))));
+  grpc_metadata_batch_copy(&calld->send_initial_metadata,
+                           &batch_data->send_initial_metadata,
+                           batch_data->send_initial_metadata_storage);
+  if (batch_data->send_initial_metadata.idx.named.grpc_previous_rpc_attempts !=
+      nullptr) {
+    grpc_metadata_batch_remove(
+        &batch_data->send_initial_metadata,
+        batch_data->send_initial_metadata.idx.named.grpc_previous_rpc_attempts);
+  }
+  if (calld->num_attempts_completed > 0) {
+    grpc_mdelem retry_md = grpc_mdelem_from_slices(
+        GRPC_MDSTR_GRPC_PREVIOUS_RPC_ATTEMPTS,
+        *retry_count_strings[calld->num_attempts_completed - 1]);
+    grpc_error* error = grpc_metadata_batch_add_tail(
+        &batch_data->send_initial_metadata,
+        &batch_data->send_initial_metadata_storage[calld->send_initial_metadata
+                                                       .list.count],
+        retry_md);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error adding retry metadata: %s",
+              grpc_error_string(error));
+      GPR_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+  }
+  retry_state->started_send_initial_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.send_initial_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata =
+      &batch_data->send_initial_metadata;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags =
+      calld->send_initial_metadata_flags;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->send_initial_metadata.peer_string =
+      calld->peer_string;
+}
+
+// Adds retriable send_message op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_send_message_op(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: starting calld->send_messages[%" PRIuPTR "]",
+            chand, calld, retry_state->started_send_message_count);
+  }
+  grpc_core::ByteStreamCache* cache =
+      calld->send_messages[retry_state->started_send_message_count];
+  ++retry_state->started_send_message_count;
+  batch_data->send_message.Init(cache);
+  batch_data->batch.send_message = true;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->send_message.send_message.reset(
+      batch_data->send_message.get());
+}
+
+// Adds retriable send_trailing_metadata op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_send_trailing_metadata_op(
+    call_data* calld, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  // We need to make a copy of the metadata batch for each attempt, since
+  // the filters in the subchannel stack may modify this batch, and we don't
+  // want those modifications to be passed forward to subsequent attempts.
+  batch_data->send_trailing_metadata_storage =
+      static_cast<grpc_linked_mdelem*>(gpr_arena_alloc(
+          calld->arena, sizeof(grpc_linked_mdelem) *
+                            calld->send_trailing_metadata.list.count));
+  grpc_metadata_batch_copy(&calld->send_trailing_metadata,
+                           &batch_data->send_trailing_metadata,
+                           batch_data->send_trailing_metadata_storage);
+  retry_state->started_send_trailing_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.send_trailing_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->send_trailing_metadata.send_trailing_metadata =
+      &batch_data->send_trailing_metadata;
+}
+
+// Adds retriable recv_initial_metadata op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_recv_initial_metadata_op(
+    call_data* calld, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  retry_state->started_recv_initial_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.recv_initial_metadata = true;
+  grpc_metadata_batch_init(&batch_data->recv_initial_metadata);
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata =
+      &batch_data->recv_initial_metadata;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_initial_metadata.trailing_metadata_available =
+      &batch_data->trailing_metadata_available;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch_data->recv_initial_metadata_ready,
+                    recv_initial_metadata_ready, batch_data,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata_ready =
+      &batch_data->recv_initial_metadata_ready;
+}
+
+// Adds retriable recv_message op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_recv_message_op(
+    call_data* calld, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  ++retry_state->started_recv_message_count;
+  batch_data->batch.recv_message = true;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_message.recv_message =
+      &batch_data->recv_message;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch_data->recv_message_ready, recv_message_ready,
+                    batch_data, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_message.recv_message_ready =
+      &batch_data->recv_message_ready;
+}
+
+// Adds retriable recv_trailing_metadata op to batch_data.
+static void add_retriable_recv_trailing_metadata_op(
+    call_data* calld, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data) {
+  retry_state->started_recv_trailing_metadata = true;
+  batch_data->batch.recv_trailing_metadata = true;
+  grpc_metadata_batch_init(&batch_data->recv_trailing_metadata);
+  batch_data->batch.payload->recv_trailing_metadata.recv_trailing_metadata =
+      &batch_data->recv_trailing_metadata;
+  batch_data->batch.collect_stats = true;
+  batch_data->batch.payload->collect_stats.collect_stats =
+      &batch_data->collect_stats;
+}
+
+// Helper function used to start a recv_trailing_metadata batch.  This
+// is used in the case where a recv_initial_metadata or recv_message
+// op fails in a way that we know the call is over but when the application
+// has not yet started its own recv_trailing_metadata op.
+static void start_internal_recv_trailing_metadata(grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: call failed but recv_trailing_metadata not "
+            "started; starting it internally",
+            chand, calld);
+  }
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              calld->subchannel_call));
+  subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = batch_data_create(elem, 1);
+  add_retriable_recv_trailing_metadata_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+  // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+  grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(calld->subchannel_call, &batch_data->batch);
+}
+
+// If there are any cached send ops that need to be replayed on the
+// current subchannel call, creates and returns a new subchannel batch
+// to replay those ops.  Otherwise, returns nullptr.
+static subchannel_batch_data* maybe_create_subchannel_batch_for_replay(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  subchannel_batch_data* replay_batch_data = nullptr;
+  // send_initial_metadata.
+  if (calld->seen_send_initial_metadata &&
+      !retry_state->started_send_initial_metadata &&
+      !calld->pending_send_initial_metadata) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: replaying previously completed "
+              "send_initial_metadata op",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    replay_batch_data = batch_data_create(elem, 1);
+    add_retriable_send_initial_metadata_op(calld, retry_state,
+                                           replay_batch_data);
+  }
+  // send_message.
+  // Note that we can only have one send_message op in flight at a time.
+  if (retry_state->started_send_message_count < calld->send_messages.size() &&
+      retry_state->started_send_message_count ==
+          retry_state->completed_send_message_count &&
+      !calld->pending_send_message) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: replaying previously completed "
+              "send_message op",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    if (replay_batch_data == nullptr) {
+      replay_batch_data = batch_data_create(elem, 1);
+    }
+    add_retriable_send_message_op(elem, retry_state, replay_batch_data);
+  }
+  // send_trailing_metadata.
+  // Note that we only add this op if we have no more send_message ops
+  // to start, since we can't send down any more send_message ops after
+  // send_trailing_metadata.
+  if (calld->seen_send_trailing_metadata &&
+      retry_state->started_send_message_count == calld->send_messages.size() &&
+      !retry_state->started_send_trailing_metadata &&
+      !calld->pending_send_trailing_metadata) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: replaying previously completed "
+              "send_trailing_metadata op",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    if (replay_batch_data == nullptr) {
+      replay_batch_data = batch_data_create(elem, 1);
+    }
+    add_retriable_send_trailing_metadata_op(calld, retry_state,
+                                            replay_batch_data);
+  }
+  return replay_batch_data;
+}
+
+// Adds subchannel batches for pending batches to batches, updating
+// *num_batches as needed.
+static void add_subchannel_batches_for_pending_batches(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state,
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch** batches, size_t* num_batches) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    pending_batch* pending = &calld->pending_batches[i];
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch = pending->batch;
+    if (batch == nullptr) continue;
+    // Skip any batch that either (a) has already been started on this
+    // subchannel call or (b) we can't start yet because we're still
+    // replaying send ops that need to be completed first.
+    // TODO(roth): Note that if any one op in the batch can't be sent
+    // yet due to ops that we're replaying, we don't start any of the ops
+    // in the batch.  This is probably okay, but it could conceivably
+    // lead to increased latency in some cases -- e.g., we could delay
+    // starting a recv op due to it being in the same batch with a send
+    // op.  If/when we revamp the callback protocol in
+    // transport_stream_op_batch, we may be able to fix this.
+    if (batch->send_initial_metadata &&
+        retry_state->started_send_initial_metadata) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (batch->send_message && retry_state->completed_send_message_count <
+                                   retry_state->started_send_message_count) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Note that we only start send_trailing_metadata if we have no more
+    // send_message ops to start, since we can't send down any more
+    // send_message ops after send_trailing_metadata.
+    if (batch->send_trailing_metadata &&
+        (retry_state->started_send_message_count + batch->send_message <
+             calld->send_messages.size() ||
+         retry_state->started_send_trailing_metadata)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (batch->recv_initial_metadata &&
+        retry_state->started_recv_initial_metadata) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (batch->recv_message && retry_state->completed_recv_message_count <
+                                   retry_state->started_recv_message_count) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (batch->recv_trailing_metadata &&
+        retry_state->started_recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // If we're not retrying, just send the batch as-is.
+    if (calld->method_params == nullptr ||
+        calld->method_params->retry_policy() == nullptr ||
+        calld->retry_committed) {
+      batches[(*num_batches)++] = batch;
+      pending_batch_clear(calld, pending);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Create batch with the right number of callbacks.
+    const int num_callbacks =
+        1 + batch->recv_initial_metadata + batch->recv_message;
+    subchannel_batch_data* batch_data = batch_data_create(elem, num_callbacks);
+    // Cache send ops if needed.
+    maybe_cache_send_ops_for_batch(calld, pending);
+    // send_initial_metadata.
+    if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
+      add_retriable_send_initial_metadata_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    // send_message.
+    if (batch->send_message) {
+      add_retriable_send_message_op(elem, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    // send_trailing_metadata.
+    if (batch->send_trailing_metadata) {
+      add_retriable_send_trailing_metadata_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    // recv_initial_metadata.
+    if (batch->recv_initial_metadata) {
+      // recv_flags is only used on the server side.
+      GPR_ASSERT(batch->payload->recv_initial_metadata.recv_flags == nullptr);
+      add_retriable_recv_initial_metadata_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    // recv_message.
+    if (batch->recv_message) {
+      add_retriable_recv_message_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    // recv_trailing_metadata.
+    if (batch->recv_trailing_metadata) {
+      GPR_ASSERT(batch->collect_stats);
+      add_retriable_recv_trailing_metadata_op(calld, retry_state, batch_data);
+    }
+    batches[(*num_batches)++] = &batch_data->batch;
+  }
+}
+
+// Constructs and starts whatever subchannel batches are needed on the
+// subchannel call.
+static void start_retriable_subchannel_batches(void* arg, grpc_error* ignored) {
+  grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: constructing retriable batches",
+            chand, calld);
+  }
+  subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+      static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+          grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+              calld->subchannel_call));
+  // We can start up to 6 batches.
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*
+      batches[GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches)];
+  size_t num_batches = 0;
+  // Replay previously-returned send_* ops if needed.
+  subchannel_batch_data* replay_batch_data =
+      maybe_create_subchannel_batch_for_replay(elem, retry_state);
+  if (replay_batch_data != nullptr) {
+    batches[num_batches++] = &replay_batch_data->batch;
+  }
+  // Now add pending batches.
+  add_subchannel_batches_for_pending_batches(elem, retry_state, batches,
+                                             &num_batches);
+  // Start batches on subchannel call.
+  // Note that the call combiner will be yielded for each batch that we
+  // send down.  We're already running in the call combiner, so one of
+  // the batches can be started directly, but the others will have to
+  // re-enter the call combiner.
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: starting %" PRIuPTR
+            " retriable batches on subchannel_call=%p",
+            chand, calld, num_batches, calld->subchannel_call);
+  }
+  if (num_batches == 0) {
+    // This should be fairly rare, but it can happen when (e.g.) an
+    // attempt completes before it has finished replaying all
+    // previously sent messages.
+    GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(calld->call_combiner,
+                            "no retriable subchannel batches to start");
+  } else {
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_batches; ++i) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        char* batch_str = grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_string(batches[i]);
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: starting batch in call combiner: %s", chand,
+                calld, batch_str);
+        gpr_free(batch_str);
+      }
+      batches[i]->handler_private.extra_arg = calld->subchannel_call;
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batches[i]->handler_private.closure,
+                        start_batch_in_call_combiner, batches[i],
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_START(calld->call_combiner,
+                               &batches[i]->handler_private.closure,
+                               GRPC_ERROR_NONE, "start_subchannel_batch");
+    }
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      char* batch_str = grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_string(batches[0]);
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: starting batch: %s", chand, calld,
+              batch_str);
+      gpr_free(batch_str);
+    }
+    // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+    grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(calld->subchannel_call, batches[0]);
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// LB pick
+//
+
+static void create_subchannel_call(grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_error* error) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  const size_t parent_data_size =
+      calld->enable_retries ? sizeof(subchannel_call_retry_state) : 0;
+  const grpc_core::ConnectedSubchannel::CallArgs call_args = {
+      calld->pollent,                       // pollent
+      calld->path,                          // path
+      calld->call_start_time,               // start_time
+      calld->deadline,                      // deadline
+      calld->arena,                         // arena
+      calld->pick.subchannel_call_context,  // context
+      calld->call_combiner,                 // call_combiner
+      parent_data_size                      // parent_data_size
+  };
+  grpc_error* new_error = calld->pick.connected_subchannel->CreateCall(
+      call_args, &calld->subchannel_call);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: create subchannel_call=%p: error=%s",
+            chand, calld, calld->subchannel_call, grpc_error_string(new_error));
+  }
+  if (new_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    new_error = grpc_error_add_child(new_error, error);
+    pending_batches_fail(elem, new_error, true /* yield_call_combiner */);
+  } else {
+    if (parent_data_size > 0) {
+      subchannel_call_retry_state* retry_state =
+          static_cast<subchannel_call_retry_state*>(
+              grpc_connected_subchannel_call_get_parent_data(
+                  calld->subchannel_call));
+      retry_state->batch_payload.context = calld->pick.subchannel_call_context;
+    }
+    pending_batches_resume(elem);
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+// Invoked when a pick is completed, on both success or failure.
+static void pick_done(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (calld->pick.connected_subchannel == nullptr) {
+    // Failed to create subchannel.
+    // If there was no error, this is an LB policy drop, in which case
+    // we return an error; otherwise, we may retry.
+    grpc_status_code status = GRPC_STATUS_OK;
+    grpc_error_get_status(error, calld->deadline, &status, nullptr, nullptr,
+                          nullptr);
+    if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE || !calld->enable_retries ||
+        !maybe_retry(elem, nullptr /* batch_data */, status,
+                     nullptr /* server_pushback_md */)) {
+      grpc_error* new_error =
+          error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE
+              ? GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                    "Call dropped by load balancing policy")
+              : GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                    "Failed to create subchannel", &error, 1);
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: failed to create subchannel: error=%s",
+                chand, calld, grpc_error_string(new_error));
+      }
+      pending_batches_fail(elem, new_error, true /* yield_call_combiner */);
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Create call on subchannel. */
+    create_subchannel_call(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+}
+
+// Invoked when a pick is completed to leave the client_channel combiner
+// and continue processing in the call combiner.
+static void pick_done_locked(grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_error* error) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->pick_closure, pick_done, elem,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(&calld->pick_closure, error);
+}
+
+// A wrapper around pick_done_locked() that is used in cases where
+// either (a) the pick was deferred pending a resolver result or (b) the
+// pick was done asynchronously.  Removes the call's polling entity from
+// chand->interested_parties before invoking pick_done_locked().
+static void async_pick_done_locked(grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_error* error) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(calld->pollent,
+                                           chand->interested_parties);
+  pick_done_locked(elem, error);
+}
+
+// Note: This runs under the client_channel combiner, but will NOT be
+// holding the call combiner.
+static void pick_callback_cancel_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  // Note: chand->lb_policy may have changed since we started our pick,
+  // in which case we will be cancelling the pick on a policy other than
+  // the one we started it on.  However, this will just be a no-op.
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE && chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: cancelling pick from LB policy %p",
+              chand, calld, chand->lb_policy.get());
+    }
+    chand->lb_policy->CancelPickLocked(&calld->pick, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(calld->owning_call, "pick_callback_cancel");
+}
+
+// Callback invoked by LoadBalancingPolicy::PickLocked() for async picks.
+// Unrefs the LB policy and invokes async_pick_done_locked().
+static void pick_callback_done_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: pick completed asynchronously",
+            chand, calld);
+  }
+  async_pick_done_locked(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(calld->owning_call, "pick_callback");
+}
+
+// Applies service config to the call.  Must be invoked once we know
+// that the resolver has returned results to the channel.
+static void apply_service_config_to_call_locked(grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: applying service config to call",
+            chand, calld);
+  }
+  if (chand->retry_throttle_data != nullptr) {
+    calld->retry_throttle_data = chand->retry_throttle_data->Ref();
+  }
+  if (chand->method_params_table != nullptr) {
+    calld->method_params = grpc_core::ServiceConfig::MethodConfigTableLookup(
+        *chand->method_params_table, calld->path);
+    if (calld->method_params != nullptr) {
+      // If the deadline from the service config is shorter than the one
+      // from the client API, reset the deadline timer.
+      if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled &&
+          calld->method_params->timeout() != 0) {
+        const grpc_millis per_method_deadline =
+            grpc_timespec_to_millis_round_up(calld->call_start_time) +
+            calld->method_params->timeout();
+        if (per_method_deadline < calld->deadline) {
+          calld->deadline = per_method_deadline;
+          grpc_deadline_state_reset(elem, calld->deadline);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // If no retry policy, disable retries.
+  // TODO(roth): Remove this when adding support for transparent retries.
+  if (calld->method_params == nullptr ||
+      calld->method_params->retry_policy() == nullptr) {
+    calld->enable_retries = false;
+  }
+}
+
+// Starts a pick on chand->lb_policy.
+// Returns true if pick is completed synchronously.
+static bool pick_callback_start_locked(grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: starting pick on lb_policy=%p",
+            chand, calld, chand->lb_policy.get());
+  }
+  // Only get service config data on the first attempt.
+  if (calld->num_attempts_completed == 0) {
+    apply_service_config_to_call_locked(elem);
+  }
+  // If the application explicitly set wait_for_ready, use that.
+  // Otherwise, if the service config specified a value for this
+  // method, use that.
+  //
+  // The send_initial_metadata batch will be the first one in the list,
+  // as set by get_batch_index() above.
+  calld->pick.initial_metadata =
+      calld->seen_send_initial_metadata
+          ? &calld->send_initial_metadata
+          : calld->pending_batches[0]
+                .batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata;
+  uint32_t send_initial_metadata_flags =
+      calld->seen_send_initial_metadata
+          ? calld->send_initial_metadata_flags
+          : calld->pending_batches[0]
+                .batch->payload->send_initial_metadata
+                .send_initial_metadata_flags;
+  const bool wait_for_ready_set_from_api =
+      send_initial_metadata_flags &
+      GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
+  const bool wait_for_ready_set_from_service_config =
+      calld->method_params != nullptr &&
+      calld->method_params->wait_for_ready() !=
+          ClientChannelMethodParams::WAIT_FOR_READY_UNSET;
+  if (!wait_for_ready_set_from_api && wait_for_ready_set_from_service_config) {
+    if (calld->method_params->wait_for_ready() ==
+        ClientChannelMethodParams::WAIT_FOR_READY_TRUE) {
+      send_initial_metadata_flags |= GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
+    } else {
+      send_initial_metadata_flags &= ~GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
+    }
+  }
+  calld->pick.initial_metadata_flags = send_initial_metadata_flags;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->pick_closure, pick_callback_done_locked, elem,
+                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+  calld->pick.on_complete = &calld->pick_closure;
+  GRPC_CALL_STACK_REF(calld->owning_call, "pick_callback");
+  const bool pick_done = chand->lb_policy->PickLocked(&calld->pick);
+  if (pick_done) {
+    // Pick completed synchronously.
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: pick completed synchronously",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(calld->owning_call, "pick_callback");
+  } else {
+    GRPC_CALL_STACK_REF(calld->owning_call, "pick_callback_cancel");
+    grpc_call_combiner_set_notify_on_cancel(
+        calld->call_combiner,
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->pick_cancel_closure,
+                          pick_callback_cancel_locked, elem,
+                          grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)));
+  }
+  return pick_done;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  grpc_call_element* elem;
+  bool finished;
+  grpc_closure closure;
+  grpc_closure cancel_closure;
+} pick_after_resolver_result_args;
+
+// Note: This runs under the client_channel combiner, but will NOT be
+// holding the call combiner.
+static void pick_after_resolver_result_cancel_locked(void* arg,
+                                                     grpc_error* error) {
+  pick_after_resolver_result_args* args =
+      static_cast<pick_after_resolver_result_args*>(arg);
+  if (args->finished) {
+    gpr_free(args);
+    return;
+  }
+  // If we don't yet have a resolver result, then a closure for
+  // pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked() will have been added to
+  // chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures, and it may not be invoked
+  // until after this call has been destroyed.  We mark the operation as
+  // finished, so that when pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked()
+  // is called, it will be a no-op.  We also immediately invoke
+  // async_pick_done_locked() to propagate the error back to the caller.
+  args->finished = true;
+  grpc_call_element* elem = args->elem;
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: cancelling pick waiting for resolver result",
+            chand, calld);
+  }
+  // Note: Although we are not in the call combiner here, we are
+  // basically stealing the call combiner from the pending pick, so
+  // it's safe to call async_pick_done_locked() here -- we are
+  // essentially calling it here instead of calling it in
+  // pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked().
+  async_pick_done_locked(elem, GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                                   "Pick cancelled", &error, 1));
+}
+
+static void pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked(void* arg,
+                                                   grpc_error* error) {
+  pick_after_resolver_result_args* args =
+      static_cast<pick_after_resolver_result_args*>(arg);
+  if (args->finished) {
+    /* cancelled, do nothing */
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "call cancelled before resolver result");
+    }
+    gpr_free(args);
+    return;
+  }
+  args->finished = true;
+  grpc_call_element* elem = args->elem;
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver failed to return data",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    async_pick_done_locked(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  } else if (chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+    // Shutting down.
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver disconnected", chand,
+              calld);
+    }
+    async_pick_done_locked(
+        elem, GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Disconnected"));
+  } else if (chand->lb_policy == nullptr) {
+    // Transient resolver failure.
+    // If call has wait_for_ready=true, try again; otherwise, fail.
+    uint32_t send_initial_metadata_flags =
+        calld->seen_send_initial_metadata
+            ? calld->send_initial_metadata_flags
+            : calld->pending_batches[0]
+                  .batch->payload->send_initial_metadata
+                  .send_initial_metadata_flags;
+    if (send_initial_metadata_flags & GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY) {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver returned but no LB policy; "
+                "wait_for_ready=true; trying again",
+                chand, calld);
+      }
+      pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(elem);
+    } else {
+      if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver returned but no LB policy; "
+                "wait_for_ready=false; failing",
+                chand, calld);
+      }
+      async_pick_done_locked(
+          elem,
+          grpc_error_set_int(
+              GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Name resolution failure"),
+              GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE));
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver returned, doing pick",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    if (pick_callback_start_locked(elem)) {
+      // Even if the LB policy returns a result synchronously, we have
+      // already added our polling entity to chand->interested_parties
+      // in order to wait for the resolver result, so we need to
+      // remove it here.  Therefore, we call async_pick_done_locked()
+      // instead of pick_done_locked().
+      async_pick_done_locked(elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: deferring pick pending resolver result", chand,
+            calld);
+  }
+  pick_after_resolver_result_args* args =
+      static_cast<pick_after_resolver_result_args*>(gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*args)));
+  args->elem = elem;
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&args->closure, pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked,
+                    args, grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
+  grpc_closure_list_append(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
+                           &args->closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  grpc_call_combiner_set_notify_on_cancel(
+      calld->call_combiner,
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&args->cancel_closure,
+                        pick_after_resolver_result_cancel_locked, args,
+                        grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)));
+}
+
+static void start_pick_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* ignored) {
+  grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  GPR_ASSERT(calld->pick.connected_subchannel == nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(calld->subchannel_call == nullptr);
+  if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+    // We already have an LB policy, so ask it for a pick.
+    if (pick_callback_start_locked(elem)) {
+      // Pick completed synchronously.
+      pick_done_locked(elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // We do not yet have an LB policy, so wait for a resolver result.
+    if (chand->resolver == nullptr) {
+      pick_done_locked(elem,
+                       GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Disconnected"));
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!chand->started_resolving) {
+      start_resolving_locked(chand);
+    }
+    pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(elem);
+  }
+  // We need to wait for either a resolver result or for an async result
+  // from the LB policy.  Add the polling entity from call_data to the
+  // channel_data's interested_parties, so that the I/O of the LB policy
+  // and resolver can be done under it.  The polling entity will be
+  // removed in async_pick_done_locked().
+  grpc_polling_entity_add_to_pollset_set(calld->pollent,
+                                         chand->interested_parties);
+}
+
+//
+// filter call vtable functions
+//
+
+static void cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch(
+    grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
+  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch", 0);
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
+    grpc_deadline_state_client_start_transport_stream_op_batch(elem, batch);
+  }
+  // If we've previously been cancelled, immediately fail any new batches.
+  if (calld->cancel_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: failing batch with error: %s",
+              chand, calld, grpc_error_string(calld->cancel_error));
+    }
+    // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
+        batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error), calld->call_combiner);
+    return;
+  }
+  // Handle cancellation.
+  if (batch->cancel_stream) {
+    // Stash a copy of cancel_error in our call data, so that we can use
+    // it for subsequent operations.  This ensures that if the call is
+    // cancelled before any batches are passed down (e.g., if the deadline
+    // is in the past when the call starts), we can return the right
+    // error to the caller when the first batch does get passed down.
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(calld->cancel_error);
+    calld->cancel_error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_REF(batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error);
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: recording cancel_error=%s", chand,
+              calld, grpc_error_string(calld->cancel_error));
+    }
+    // If we do not have a subchannel call (i.e., a pick has not yet
+    // been started), fail all pending batches.  Otherwise, send the
+    // cancellation down to the subchannel call.
+    if (calld->subchannel_call == nullptr) {
+      pending_batches_fail(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error),
+                           false /* yield_call_combiner */);
+      // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+      grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
+          batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error), calld->call_combiner);
+    } else {
+      // Note: This will release the call combiner.
+      grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(calld->subchannel_call, batch);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // Add the batch to the pending list.
+  pending_batches_add(elem, batch);
+  // Check if we've already gotten a subchannel call.
+  // Note that once we have completed the pick, we do not need to enter
+  // the channel combiner, which is more efficient (especially for
+  // streaming calls).
+  if (calld->subchannel_call != nullptr) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: starting batch on subchannel_call=%p", chand,
+              calld, calld->subchannel_call);
+    }
+    pending_batches_resume(elem);
+    return;
+  }
+  // We do not yet have a subchannel call.
+  // For batches containing a send_initial_metadata op, enter the channel
+  // combiner to start a pick.
+  if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: entering client_channel combiner",
+              chand, calld);
+    }
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure, start_pick_locked,
+                          elem, grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
+        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  } else {
+    // For all other batches, release the call combiner.
+    if (grpc_client_channel_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "chand=%p calld=%p: saved batch, yeilding call combiner", chand,
+              calld);
+    }
+    GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(calld->call_combiner,
+                            "batch does not include send_initial_metadata");
+  }
+}
+
+/* Constructor for call_data */
+static grpc_error* cc_init_call_elem(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                     const grpc_call_element_args* args) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  // Initialize data members.
+  calld->path = grpc_slice_ref_internal(args->path);
+  calld->call_start_time = args->start_time;
+  calld->deadline = args->deadline;
+  calld->arena = args->arena;
+  calld->owning_call = args->call_stack;
+  calld->call_combiner = args->call_combiner;
+  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
+    grpc_deadline_state_init(elem, args->call_stack, args->call_combiner,
+                             calld->deadline);
+  }
+  calld->enable_retries = chand->enable_retries;
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+/* Destructor for call_data */
+static void cc_destroy_call_elem(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                 const grpc_call_final_info* final_info,
+                                 grpc_closure* then_schedule_closure) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
+    grpc_deadline_state_destroy(elem);
+  }
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(calld->path);
+  calld->retry_throttle_data.reset();
+  calld->method_params.reset();
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(calld->cancel_error);
+  if (calld->subchannel_call != nullptr) {
+    grpc_subchannel_call_set_cleanup_closure(calld->subchannel_call,
+                                             then_schedule_closure);
+    then_schedule_closure = nullptr;
+    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_CALL_UNREF(calld->subchannel_call,
+                               "client_channel_destroy_call");
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(calld->pending_batches); ++i) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(calld->pending_batches[i].batch == nullptr);
+  }
+  if (calld->pick.connected_subchannel != nullptr) {
+    calld->pick.connected_subchannel.reset();
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GRPC_CONTEXT_COUNT; ++i) {
+    if (calld->pick.subchannel_call_context[i].value != nullptr) {
+      calld->pick.subchannel_call_context[i].destroy(
+          calld->pick.subchannel_call_context[i].value);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(then_schedule_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+}
+
+static void cc_set_pollset_or_pollset_set(grpc_call_element* elem,
+                                          grpc_polling_entity* pollent) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  calld->pollent = pollent;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * EXPORTED SYMBOLS
+ */
+
+const grpc_channel_filter grpc_client_channel_filter = {
+    cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch,
+    cc_start_transport_op,
+    sizeof(call_data),
+    cc_init_call_elem,
+    cc_set_pollset_or_pollset_set,
+    cc_destroy_call_elem,
+    sizeof(channel_data),
+    cc_init_channel_elem,
+    cc_destroy_channel_elem,
+    cc_get_channel_info,
+    "client-channel",
+};
+
+static void try_to_connect_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error_ignored) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(arg);
+  if (chand->lb_policy != nullptr) {
+    chand->lb_policy->ExitIdleLocked();
+  } else {
+    chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives = true;
+    if (!chand->started_resolving && chand->resolver != nullptr) {
+      start_resolving_locked(chand);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand->owning_stack, "try_to_connect");
+}
+
+grpc_connectivity_state grpc_client_channel_check_connectivity_state(
+    grpc_channel_element* elem, int try_to_connect) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  grpc_connectivity_state out =
+      grpc_connectivity_state_check(&chand->state_tracker);
+  if (out == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE && try_to_connect) {
+    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "try_to_connect");
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(try_to_connect_locked, chand,
+                            grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
+        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+typedef struct external_connectivity_watcher {
+  channel_data* chand;
+  grpc_polling_entity pollent;
+  grpc_closure* on_complete;
+  grpc_closure* watcher_timer_init;
+  grpc_connectivity_state* state;
+  grpc_closure my_closure;
+  struct external_connectivity_watcher* next;
+} external_connectivity_watcher;
+
+static external_connectivity_watcher* lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(
+    channel_data* chand, grpc_closure* on_complete) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
+  while (w != nullptr && w->on_complete != on_complete) {
+    w = w->next;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  return w;
+}
+
+static void external_connectivity_watcher_list_append(
+    channel_data* chand, external_connectivity_watcher* w) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(chand, w->on_complete));
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&w->chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!w->next);
+  w->next = chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
+  chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = w;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&w->chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+}
+
+static void external_connectivity_watcher_list_remove(
+    channel_data* chand, external_connectivity_watcher* too_remove) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(
+      lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(chand, too_remove->on_complete));
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  if (too_remove == chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head) {
+    chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = too_remove->next;
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+    return;
+  }
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
+  while (w != nullptr) {
+    if (w->next == too_remove) {
+      w->next = w->next->next;
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+      return;
+    }
+    w = w->next;
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return );
+}
+
+int grpc_client_channel_num_external_connectivity_watchers(
+    grpc_channel_element* elem) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  int count = 0;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
+  while (w != nullptr) {
+    count++;
+    w = w->next;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
+
+  return count;
+}
+
+static void on_external_watch_complete_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      static_cast<external_connectivity_watcher*>(arg);
+  grpc_closure* follow_up = w->on_complete;
+  grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(&w->pollent,
+                                           w->chand->interested_parties);
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(w->chand->owning_stack,
+                           "external_connectivity_watcher");
+  external_connectivity_watcher_list_remove(w->chand, w);
+  gpr_free(w);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(follow_up, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+}
+
+static void watch_connectivity_state_locked(void* arg,
+                                            grpc_error* error_ignored) {
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      static_cast<external_connectivity_watcher*>(arg);
+  external_connectivity_watcher* found = nullptr;
+  if (w->state != nullptr) {
+    external_connectivity_watcher_list_append(w->chand, w);
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(w->watcher_timer_init, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->my_closure, on_external_watch_complete_locked, w,
+                      grpc_combiner_scheduler(w->chand->combiner));
+    grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(&w->chand->state_tracker,
+                                                   w->state, &w->my_closure);
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT(w->watcher_timer_init == nullptr);
+    found = lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(w->chand, w->on_complete);
+    if (found) {
+      GPR_ASSERT(found->on_complete == w->on_complete);
+      grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(
+          &found->chand->state_tracker, nullptr, &found->my_closure);
+    }
+    grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(&w->pollent,
+                                             w->chand->interested_parties);
+    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(w->chand->owning_stack,
+                             "external_connectivity_watcher");
+    gpr_free(w);
+  }
+}
+
+void grpc_client_channel_watch_connectivity_state(
+    grpc_channel_element* elem, grpc_polling_entity pollent,
+    grpc_connectivity_state* state, grpc_closure* closure,
+    grpc_closure* watcher_timer_init) {
+  channel_data* chand = static_cast<channel_data*>(elem->channel_data);
+  external_connectivity_watcher* w =
+      static_cast<external_connectivity_watcher*>(gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*w)));
+  w->chand = chand;
+  w->pollent = pollent;
+  w->on_complete = closure;
+  w->state = state;
+  w->watcher_timer_init = watcher_timer_init;
+  grpc_polling_entity_add_to_pollset_set(&w->pollent,
+                                         chand->interested_parties);
+  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(w->chand->owning_stack,
+                         "external_connectivity_watcher");
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->my_closure, watch_connectivity_state_locked, w,
+                        grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
+      GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+}
+
+grpc_subchannel_call* grpc_client_channel_get_subchannel_call(
+    grpc_call_element* elem) {
+  call_data* calld = static_cast<call_data*>(elem->call_data);
+  return calld->subchannel_call;
+}