scipy 1.16.2__cp312-cp312-win_arm64.whl

scipy/stats/_binned_statistic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+import builtins
+from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter
+import numpy as np
+from operator import index
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+__all__ = ['binned_statistic',
+           'binned_statistic_2d',
+           'binned_statistic_dd']
+
+
+BinnedStatisticResult = namedtuple('BinnedStatisticResult',
+                                   ('statistic', 'bin_edges', 'binnumber'))
+
+
+def binned_statistic(x, values, statistic='mean',
+                     bins=10, range=None):
+    """
+    Compute a binned statistic for one or more sets of data.
+
+    This is a generalization of a histogram function.  A histogram divides
+    the space into bins, and returns the count of the number of points in
+    each bin.  This function allows the computation of the sum, mean, median,
+    or other statistic of the values (or set of values) within each bin.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : (N,) array_like
+        A sequence of values to be binned.
+    values : (N,) array_like or list of (N,) array_like
+        The data on which the statistic will be computed.  This must be
+        the same shape as `x`, or a set of sequences - each the same shape as
+        `x`.  If `values` is a set of sequences, the statistic will be computed
+        on each independently.
+    statistic : string or callable, optional
+        The statistic to compute (default is 'mean').
+        The following statistics are available:
+
+          * 'mean' : compute the mean of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'std' : compute the standard deviation within each bin. This
+            is implicitly calculated with ddof=0.
+          * 'median' : compute the median of values for points within each
+            bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'count' : compute the count of points within each bin.  This is
+            identical to an unweighted histogram.  `values` array is not
+            referenced.
+          * 'sum' : compute the sum of values for points within each bin.
+            This is identical to a weighted histogram.
+          * 'min' : compute the minimum of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'max' : compute the maximum of values for point within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * function : a user-defined function which takes a 1D array of
+            values, and outputs a single numerical statistic. This function
+            will be called on the values in each bin.  Empty bins will be
+            represented by function([]), or NaN if this returns an error.
+
+    bins : int or sequence of scalars, optional
+        If `bins` is an int, it defines the number of equal-width bins in the
+        given range (10 by default).  If `bins` is a sequence, it defines the
+        bin edges, including the rightmost edge, allowing for non-uniform bin
+        widths.  Values in `x` that are smaller than lowest bin edge are
+        assigned to bin number 0, values beyond the highest bin are assigned to
+        ``bins[-1]``.  If the bin edges are specified, the number of bins will
+        be, (nx = len(bins)-1).
+    range : (float, float) or [(float, float)], optional
+        The lower and upper range of the bins.  If not provided, range
+        is simply ``(x.min(), x.max())``.  Values outside the range are
+        ignored.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    statistic : array
+        The values of the selected statistic in each bin.
+    bin_edges : array of dtype float
+        Return the bin edges ``(length(statistic)+1)``.
+    binnumber: 1-D ndarray of ints
+        Indices of the bins (corresponding to `bin_edges`) in which each value
+        of `x` belongs.  Same length as `values`.  A binnumber of `i` means the
+        corresponding value is between (bin_edges[i-1], bin_edges[i]).
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.digitize, numpy.histogram, binned_statistic_2d, binned_statistic_dd
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    All but the last (righthand-most) bin is half-open.  In other words, if
+    `bins` is ``[1, 2, 3, 4]``, then the first bin is ``[1, 2)`` (including 1,
+    but excluding 2) and the second ``[2, 3)``.  The last bin, however, is
+    ``[3, 4]``, which *includes* 4.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    First some basic examples:
+
+    Create two evenly spaced bins in the range of the given sample, and sum the
+    corresponding values in each of those bins:
+
+    >>> values = [1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 3.0]
+    >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 1, 2, 5, 7], values, 'sum', bins=2)
+    BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([4. , 4.5]),
+            bin_edges=array([1., 4., 7.]), binnumber=array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))
+
+    Multiple arrays of values can also be passed.  The statistic is calculated
+    on each set independently:
+
+    >>> values = [[1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 3.0], [2.0, 2.0, 4.0, 3.0, 6.0]]
+    >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 1, 2, 5, 7], values, 'sum', bins=2)
+    BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([[4. , 4.5],
+           [8. , 9. ]]), bin_edges=array([1., 4., 7.]),
+           binnumber=array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))
+
+    >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 2, 1, 2, 4], np.arange(5), statistic='mean',
+    ...                        bins=3)
+    BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([1., 2., 4.]),
+            bin_edges=array([1., 2., 3., 4.]),
+            binnumber=array([1, 2, 1, 2, 3]))
+
+    As a second example, we now generate some random data of sailing boat speed
+    as a function of wind speed, and then determine how fast our boat is for
+    certain wind speeds:
+
+    >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
+    >>> windspeed = 8 * rng.random(500)
+    >>> boatspeed = .3 * windspeed**.5 + .2 * rng.random(500)
+    >>> bin_means, bin_edges, binnumber = stats.binned_statistic(windspeed,
+    ...                 boatspeed, statistic='median', bins=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
+    >>> plt.figure()
+    >>> plt.plot(windspeed, boatspeed, 'b.', label='raw data')
+    >>> plt.hlines(bin_means, bin_edges[:-1], bin_edges[1:], colors='g', lw=5,
+    ...            label='binned statistic of data')
+    >>> plt.legend()
+
+    Now we can use ``binnumber`` to select all datapoints with a windspeed
+    below 1:
+
+    >>> low_boatspeed = boatspeed[binnumber == 0]
+
+    As a final example, we will use ``bin_edges`` and ``binnumber`` to make a
+    plot of a distribution that shows the mean and distribution around that
+    mean per bin, on top of a regular histogram and the probability
+    distribution function:
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 5, num=500)
+    >>> x_pdf = stats.maxwell.pdf(x)
+    >>> samples = stats.maxwell.rvs(size=10000)
+
+    >>> bin_means, bin_edges, binnumber = stats.binned_statistic(x, x_pdf,
+    ...         statistic='mean', bins=25)
+    >>> bin_width = (bin_edges[1] - bin_edges[0])
+    >>> bin_centers = bin_edges[1:] - bin_width/2
+
+    >>> plt.figure()
+    >>> plt.hist(samples, bins=50, density=True, histtype='stepfilled',
+    ...          alpha=0.2, label='histogram of data')
+    >>> plt.plot(x, x_pdf, 'r-', label='analytical pdf')
+    >>> plt.hlines(bin_means, bin_edges[:-1], bin_edges[1:], colors='g', lw=2,
+    ...            label='binned statistic of data')
+    >>> plt.plot((binnumber - 0.5) * bin_width, x_pdf, 'g.', alpha=0.5)
+    >>> plt.legend(fontsize=10)
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    try:
+        N = len(bins)
+    except TypeError:
+        N = 1
+
+    if N != 1:
+        bins = [np.asarray(bins, float)]
+
+    if range is not None:
+        if len(range) == 2:
+            range = [range]
+
+    medians, edges, binnumbers = binned_statistic_dd(
+        [x], values, statistic, bins, range)
+
+    return BinnedStatisticResult(medians, edges[0], binnumbers)
+
+
+BinnedStatistic2dResult = namedtuple('BinnedStatistic2dResult',
+                                     ('statistic', 'x_edge', 'y_edge',
+                                      'binnumber'))
+
+
+def binned_statistic_2d(x, y, values, statistic='mean',
+                        bins=10, range=None, expand_binnumbers=False):
+    """
+    Compute a bidimensional binned statistic for one or more sets of data.
+
+    This is a generalization of a histogram2d function.  A histogram divides
+    the space into bins, and returns the count of the number of points in
+    each bin.  This function allows the computation of the sum, mean, median,
+    or other statistic of the values (or set of values) within each bin.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : (N,) array_like
+        A sequence of values to be binned along the first dimension.
+    y : (N,) array_like
+        A sequence of values to be binned along the second dimension.
+    values : (N,) array_like or list of (N,) array_like
+        The data on which the statistic will be computed.  This must be
+        the same shape as `x`, or a list of sequences - each with the same
+        shape as `x`.  If `values` is such a list, the statistic will be
+        computed on each independently.
+    statistic : string or callable, optional
+        The statistic to compute (default is 'mean').
+        The following statistics are available:
+
+          * 'mean' : compute the mean of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'std' : compute the standard deviation within each bin. This
+            is implicitly calculated with ddof=0.
+          * 'median' : compute the median of values for points within each
+            bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'count' : compute the count of points within each bin.  This is
+            identical to an unweighted histogram.  `values` array is not
+            referenced.
+          * 'sum' : compute the sum of values for points within each bin.
+            This is identical to a weighted histogram.
+          * 'min' : compute the minimum of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'max' : compute the maximum of values for point within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * function : a user-defined function which takes a 1D array of
+            values, and outputs a single numerical statistic. This function
+            will be called on the values in each bin.  Empty bins will be
+            represented by function([]), or NaN if this returns an error.
+
+    bins : int or [int, int] or array_like or [array, array], optional
+        The bin specification:
+
+          * the number of bins for the two dimensions (nx = ny = bins),
+          * the number of bins in each dimension (nx, ny = bins),
+          * the bin edges for the two dimensions (x_edge = y_edge = bins),
+          * the bin edges in each dimension (x_edge, y_edge = bins).
+
+        If the bin edges are specified, the number of bins will be,
+        (nx = len(x_edge)-1, ny = len(y_edge)-1).
+
+    range : (2,2) array_like, optional
+        The leftmost and rightmost edges of the bins along each dimension
+        (if not specified explicitly in the `bins` parameters):
+        [[xmin, xmax], [ymin, ymax]]. All values outside of this range will be
+        considered outliers and not tallied in the histogram.
+    expand_binnumbers : bool, optional
+        'False' (default): the returned `binnumber` is a shape (N,) array of
+        linearized bin indices.
+        'True': the returned `binnumber` is 'unraveled' into a shape (2,N)
+        ndarray, where each row gives the bin numbers in the corresponding
+        dimension.
+        See the `binnumber` returned value, and the `Examples` section.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    statistic : (nx, ny) ndarray
+        The values of the selected statistic in each two-dimensional bin.
+    x_edge : (nx + 1) ndarray
+        The bin edges along the first dimension.
+    y_edge : (ny + 1) ndarray
+        The bin edges along the second dimension.
+    binnumber : (N,) array of ints or (2,N) ndarray of ints
+        This assigns to each element of `sample` an integer that represents the
+        bin in which this observation falls.  The representation depends on the
+        `expand_binnumbers` argument.  See `Notes` for details.
+
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.digitize, numpy.histogram2d, binned_statistic, binned_statistic_dd
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Binedges:
+    All but the last (righthand-most) bin is half-open.  In other words, if
+    `bins` is ``[1, 2, 3, 4]``, then the first bin is ``[1, 2)`` (including 1,
+    but excluding 2) and the second ``[2, 3)``.  The last bin, however, is
+    ``[3, 4]``, which *includes* 4.
+
+    `binnumber`:
+    This returned argument assigns to each element of `sample` an integer that
+    represents the bin in which it belongs.  The representation depends on the
+    `expand_binnumbers` argument. If 'False' (default): The returned
+    `binnumber` is a shape (N,) array of linearized indices mapping each
+    element of `sample` to its corresponding bin (using row-major ordering).
+    Note that the returned linearized bin indices are used for an array with
+    extra bins on the outer binedges to capture values outside of the defined
+    bin bounds.
+    If 'True': The returned `binnumber` is a shape (2,N) ndarray where
+    each row indicates bin placements for each dimension respectively.  In each
+    dimension, a binnumber of `i` means the corresponding value is between
+    (D_edge[i-1], D_edge[i]), where 'D' is either 'x' or 'y'.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+
+    Calculate the counts with explicit bin-edges:
+
+    >>> x = [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.6]
+    >>> y = [2.1, 2.6, 2.1, 2.1]
+    >>> binx = [0.0, 0.5, 1.0]
+    >>> biny = [2.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+    >>> ret = stats.binned_statistic_2d(x, y, None, 'count', bins=[binx, biny])
+    >>> ret.statistic
+    array([[2., 1.],
+           [1., 0.]])
+
+    The bin in which each sample is placed is given by the `binnumber`
+    returned parameter.  By default, these are the linearized bin indices:
+
+    >>> ret.binnumber
+    array([5, 6, 5, 9])
+
+    The bin indices can also be expanded into separate entries for each
+    dimension using the `expand_binnumbers` parameter:
+
+    >>> ret = stats.binned_statistic_2d(x, y, None, 'count', bins=[binx, biny],
+    ...                                 expand_binnumbers=True)
+    >>> ret.binnumber
+    array([[1, 1, 1, 2],
+           [1, 2, 1, 1]])
+
+    Which shows that the first three elements belong in the xbin 1, and the
+    fourth into xbin 2; and so on for y.
+
+    """
+
+    # This code is based on np.histogram2d
+    try:
+        N = len(bins)
+    except TypeError:
+        N = 1
+
+    if N != 1 and N != 2:
+        xedges = yedges = np.asarray(bins, float)
+        bins = [xedges, yedges]
+
+    medians, edges, binnumbers = binned_statistic_dd(
+        [x, y], values, statistic, bins, range,
+        expand_binnumbers=expand_binnumbers)
+
+    return BinnedStatistic2dResult(medians, edges[0], edges[1], binnumbers)
+
+
+BinnedStatisticddResult = namedtuple('BinnedStatisticddResult',
+                                     ('statistic', 'bin_edges',
+                                      'binnumber'))
+
+
+def _bincount(x, weights):
+    if np.iscomplexobj(weights):
+        a = np.bincount(x, np.real(weights))
+        b = np.bincount(x, np.imag(weights))
+        z = a + b*1j
+
+    else:
+        z = np.bincount(x, weights)
+    return z
+
+
+def binned_statistic_dd(sample, values, statistic='mean',
+                        bins=10, range=None, expand_binnumbers=False,
+                        binned_statistic_result=None):
+    """
+    Compute a multidimensional binned statistic for a set of data.
+
+    This is a generalization of a histogramdd function.  A histogram divides
+    the space into bins, and returns the count of the number of points in
+    each bin.  This function allows the computation of the sum, mean, median,
+    or other statistic of the values within each bin.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sample : array_like
+        Data to histogram passed as a sequence of N arrays of length D, or
+        as an (N,D) array.
+    values : (N,) array_like or list of (N,) array_like
+        The data on which the statistic will be computed.  This must be
+        the same shape as `sample`, or a list of sequences - each with the
+        same shape as `sample`.  If `values` is such a list, the statistic
+        will be computed on each independently.
+    statistic : string or callable, optional
+        The statistic to compute (default is 'mean').
+        The following statistics are available:
+
+          * 'mean' : compute the mean of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'median' : compute the median of values for points within each
+            bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'count' : compute the count of points within each bin.  This is
+            identical to an unweighted histogram.  `values` array is not
+            referenced.
+          * 'sum' : compute the sum of values for points within each bin.
+            This is identical to a weighted histogram.
+          * 'std' : compute the standard deviation within each bin. This
+            is implicitly calculated with ddof=0. If the number of values
+            within a given bin is 0 or 1, the computed standard deviation value
+            will be 0 for the bin.
+          * 'min' : compute the minimum of values for points within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * 'max' : compute the maximum of values for point within each bin.
+            Empty bins will be represented by NaN.
+          * function : a user-defined function which takes a 1D array of
+            values, and outputs a single numerical statistic. This function
+            will be called on the values in each bin.  Empty bins will be
+            represented by function([]), or NaN if this returns an error.
+
+    bins : sequence or positive int, optional
+        The bin specification must be in one of the following forms:
+
+          * A sequence of arrays describing the bin edges along each dimension.
+          * The number of bins for each dimension (nx, ny, ... = bins).
+          * The number of bins for all dimensions (nx = ny = ... = bins).
+    range : sequence, optional
+        A sequence of lower and upper bin edges to be used if the edges are
+        not given explicitly in `bins`. Defaults to the minimum and maximum
+        values along each dimension.
+    expand_binnumbers : bool, optional
+        'False' (default): the returned `binnumber` is a shape (N,) array of
+        linearized bin indices.
+        'True': the returned `binnumber` is 'unraveled' into a shape (D,N)
+        ndarray, where each row gives the bin numbers in the corresponding
+        dimension.
+        See the `binnumber` returned value, and the `Examples` section of
+        `binned_statistic_2d`.
+    binned_statistic_result : binnedStatisticddResult
+        Result of a previous call to the function in order to reuse bin edges
+        and bin numbers with new values and/or a different statistic.
+        To reuse bin numbers, `expand_binnumbers` must have been set to False
+        (the default)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    statistic : ndarray, shape(nx1, nx2, nx3,...)
+        The values of the selected statistic in each two-dimensional bin.
+    bin_edges : list of ndarrays
+        A list of D arrays describing the (nxi + 1) bin edges for each
+        dimension.
+    binnumber : (N,) array of ints or (D,N) ndarray of ints
+        This assigns to each element of `sample` an integer that represents the
+        bin in which this observation falls.  The representation depends on the
+        `expand_binnumbers` argument.  See `Notes` for details.
+
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.digitize, numpy.histogramdd, binned_statistic, binned_statistic_2d
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Binedges:
+    All but the last (righthand-most) bin is half-open in each dimension.  In
+    other words, if `bins` is ``[1, 2, 3, 4]``, then the first bin is
+    ``[1, 2)`` (including 1, but excluding 2) and the second ``[2, 3)``.  The
+    last bin, however, is ``[3, 4]``, which *includes* 4.
+
+    `binnumber`:
+    This returned argument assigns to each element of `sample` an integer that
+    represents the bin in which it belongs.  The representation depends on the
+    `expand_binnumbers` argument. If 'False' (default): The returned
+    `binnumber` is a shape (N,) array of linearized indices mapping each
+    element of `sample` to its corresponding bin (using row-major ordering).
+    If 'True': The returned `binnumber` is a shape (D,N) ndarray where
+    each row indicates bin placements for each dimension respectively.  In each
+    dimension, a binnumber of `i` means the corresponding value is between
+    (bin_edges[D][i-1], bin_edges[D][i]), for each dimension 'D'.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
+
+    Take an array of 600 (x, y) coordinates as an example.
+    `binned_statistic_dd` can handle arrays of higher dimension `D`. But a plot
+    of dimension `D+1` is required.
+
+    >>> mu = np.array([0., 1.])
+    >>> sigma = np.array([[1., -0.5],[-0.5, 1.5]])
+    >>> multinormal = stats.multivariate_normal(mu, sigma)
+    >>> data = multinormal.rvs(size=600, random_state=235412)
+    >>> data.shape
+    (600, 2)
+
+    Create bins and count how many arrays fall in each bin:
+
+    >>> N = 60
+    >>> x = np.linspace(-3, 3, N)
+    >>> y = np.linspace(-3, 4, N)
+    >>> ret = stats.binned_statistic_dd(data, np.arange(600), bins=[x, y],
+    ...                                 statistic='count')
+    >>> bincounts = ret.statistic
+
+    Set the volume and the location of bars:
+
+    >>> dx = x[1] - x[0]
+    >>> dy = y[1] - y[0]
+    >>> x, y = np.meshgrid(x[:-1]+dx/2, y[:-1]+dy/2)
+    >>> z = 0
+
+    >>> bincounts = bincounts.ravel()
+    >>> x = x.ravel()
+    >>> y = y.ravel()
+
+    >>> fig = plt.figure()
+    >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
+    >>> with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):   # silence random axes3d warning
+    ...     ax.bar3d(x, y, z, dx, dy, bincounts)
+
+    Reuse bin numbers and bin edges with new values:
+
+    >>> ret2 = stats.binned_statistic_dd(data, -np.arange(600),
+    ...                                  binned_statistic_result=ret,
+    ...                                  statistic='mean')
+    """
+    known_stats = ['mean', 'median', 'count', 'sum', 'std', 'min', 'max']
+    if not callable(statistic) and statistic not in known_stats:
+        raise ValueError(f'invalid statistic {statistic!r}')
+
+    try:
+        bins = index(bins)
+    except TypeError:
+        # bins is not an integer
+        pass
+    # If bins was an integer-like object, now it is an actual Python int.
+
+    # NOTE: for _bin_edges(), see e.g. gh-11365
+    if isinstance(bins, int) and not np.isfinite(sample).all():
+        raise ValueError(f'{sample!r} contains non-finite values.')
+
+    # `Ndim` is the number of dimensions (e.g. `2` for `binned_statistic_2d`)
+    # `Dlen` is the length of elements along each dimension.
+    # This code is based on np.histogramdd
+    try:
+        # `sample` is an ND-array.
+        Dlen, Ndim = sample.shape
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        # `sample` is a sequence of 1D arrays.
+        sample = np.atleast_2d(sample).T
+        Dlen, Ndim = sample.shape
+
+    # Store initial shape of `values` to preserve it in the output
+    values = np.asarray(values)
+    input_shape = list(values.shape)
+    # Make sure that `values` is 2D to iterate over rows
+    values = np.atleast_2d(values)
+    Vdim, Vlen = values.shape
+
+    # Make sure `values` match `sample`
+    if statistic != 'count' and Vlen != Dlen:
+        raise AttributeError('The number of `values` elements must match the '
+                             'length of each `sample` dimension.')
+
+    try:
+        M = len(bins)
+        if M != Ndim:
+            raise AttributeError('The dimension of bins must be equal '
+                                 'to the dimension of the sample x.')
+    except TypeError:
+        bins = Ndim * [bins]
+
+    if binned_statistic_result is None:
+        nbin, edges, dedges = _bin_edges(sample, bins, range)
+        binnumbers = _bin_numbers(sample, nbin, edges, dedges)
+    else:
+        edges = binned_statistic_result.bin_edges
+        nbin = np.array([len(edges[i]) + 1 for i in builtins.range(Ndim)])
+        # +1 for outlier bins
+        dedges = [np.diff(edges[i]) for i in builtins.range(Ndim)]
+        binnumbers = binned_statistic_result.binnumber
+
+    # Avoid overflow with double precision. Complex `values` -> `complex128`.
+    result_type = np.result_type(values, np.float64)
+    result = np.empty([Vdim, nbin.prod()], dtype=result_type)
+
+    if statistic in {'mean', np.mean}:
+        result.fill(np.nan)
+        flatcount = _bincount(binnumbers, None)
+        a = flatcount.nonzero()
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            flatsum = _bincount(binnumbers, values[vv])
+            result[vv, a] = flatsum[a] / flatcount[a]
+    elif statistic in {'std', np.std}:
+        result.fill(np.nan)
+        flatcount = _bincount(binnumbers, None)
+        a = flatcount.nonzero()
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            flatsum = _bincount(binnumbers, values[vv])
+            delta = values[vv] - flatsum[binnumbers] / flatcount[binnumbers]
+            std = np.sqrt(
+                _bincount(binnumbers, delta*np.conj(delta))[a] / flatcount[a]
+            )
+            result[vv, a] = std
+        result = np.real(result)
+    elif statistic == 'count':
+        result = np.empty([Vdim, nbin.prod()], dtype=np.float64)
+        result.fill(0)
+        flatcount = _bincount(binnumbers, None)
+        a = np.arange(len(flatcount))
+        result[:, a] = flatcount[np.newaxis, :]
+    elif statistic in {'sum', np.sum}:
+        result.fill(0)
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            flatsum = _bincount(binnumbers, values[vv])
+            a = np.arange(len(flatsum))
+            result[vv, a] = flatsum
+    elif statistic in {'median', np.median}:
+        result.fill(np.nan)
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            i = np.lexsort((values[vv], binnumbers))
+            _, j, counts = np.unique(binnumbers[i],
+                                     return_index=True, return_counts=True)
+            mid = j + (counts - 1) / 2
+            mid_a = values[vv, i][np.floor(mid).astype(int)]
+            mid_b = values[vv, i][np.ceil(mid).astype(int)]
+            medians = (mid_a + mid_b) / 2
+            result[vv, binnumbers[i][j]] = medians
+    elif statistic in {'min', np.min}:
+        result.fill(np.nan)
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            i = np.argsort(values[vv])[::-1]  # Reversed so the min is last
+            result[vv, binnumbers[i]] = values[vv, i]
+    elif statistic in {'max', np.max}:
+        result.fill(np.nan)
+        for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+            i = np.argsort(values[vv])
+            result[vv, binnumbers[i]] = values[vv, i]
+    elif callable(statistic):
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'), catch_warnings():
+            simplefilter("ignore", RuntimeWarning)
+            try:
+                null = statistic([])
+            except Exception:
+                null = np.nan
+        if np.iscomplexobj(null):
+            result = result.astype(np.complex128)
+        result.fill(null)
+        try:
+            _calc_binned_statistic(
+                Vdim, binnumbers, result, values, statistic
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            result = result.astype(np.complex128)
+            _calc_binned_statistic(
+                Vdim, binnumbers, result, values, statistic
+            )
+
+    # Shape into a proper matrix
+    result = result.reshape(np.append(Vdim, nbin))
+
+    # Remove outliers (indices 0 and -1 for each bin-dimension).
+    core = tuple([slice(None)] + Ndim * [slice(1, -1)])
+    result = result[core]
+
+    # Unravel binnumbers into an ndarray, each row the bins for each dimension
+    if expand_binnumbers and Ndim > 1:
+        binnumbers = np.asarray(np.unravel_index(binnumbers, nbin))
+
+    if np.any(result.shape[1:] != nbin - 2):
+        raise RuntimeError('Internal Shape Error')
+
+    # Reshape to have output (`result`) match input (`values`) shape
+    result = result.reshape(input_shape[:-1] + list(nbin-2))
+
+    return BinnedStatisticddResult(result, edges, binnumbers)
+
+
+def _calc_binned_statistic(Vdim, bin_numbers, result, values, stat_func):
+    unique_bin_numbers = np.unique(bin_numbers)
+    for vv in builtins.range(Vdim):
+        bin_map = _create_binned_data(bin_numbers, unique_bin_numbers,
+                                      values, vv)
+        for i in unique_bin_numbers:
+            stat = stat_func(np.array(bin_map[i]))
+            if np.iscomplexobj(stat) and not np.iscomplexobj(result):
+                raise ValueError("The statistic function returns complex ")
+            result[vv, i] = stat
+
+
+def _create_binned_data(bin_numbers, unique_bin_numbers, values, vv):
+    """ Create hashmap of bin ids to values in bins
+    key: bin number
+    value: list of binned data
+    """
+    bin_map = dict()
+    for i in unique_bin_numbers:
+        bin_map[i] = []
+    for i in builtins.range(len(bin_numbers)):
+        bin_map[bin_numbers[i]].append(values[vv, i])
+    return bin_map
+
+
+def _bin_edges(sample, bins=None, range=None):
+    """ Create edge arrays
+    """
+    Dlen, Ndim = sample.shape
+
+    nbin = np.empty(Ndim, int)    # Number of bins in each dimension
+    edges = Ndim * [None]         # Bin edges for each dim (will be 2D array)
+    dedges = Ndim * [None]        # Spacing between edges (will be 2D array)
+
+    # Select range for each dimension
+    # Used only if number of bins is given.
+    if range is None:
+        smin = np.atleast_1d(np.array(sample.min(axis=0), float))
+        smax = np.atleast_1d(np.array(sample.max(axis=0), float))
+    else:
+        if len(range) != Ndim:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"range given for {len(range)} dimensions; {Ndim} required")
+        smin = np.empty(Ndim)
+        smax = np.empty(Ndim)
+        for i in builtins.range(Ndim):
+            if range[i][1] < range[i][0]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"In {f'dimension {i + 1} of ' if Ndim > 1 else ''}range,"
+                    " start must be <= stop")
+            smin[i], smax[i] = range[i]
+
+    # Make sure the bins have a finite width.
+    for i in builtins.range(len(smin)):
+        if smin[i] == smax[i]:
+            smin[i] = smin[i] - .5
+            smax[i] = smax[i] + .5
+
+    # Preserve sample floating point precision in bin edges
+    edges_dtype = (sample.dtype if np.issubdtype(sample.dtype, np.floating)
+                   else float)
+
+    # Create edge arrays
+    for i in builtins.range(Ndim):
+        if np.isscalar(bins[i]):
+            nbin[i] = bins[i] + 2  # +2 for outlier bins
+            edges[i] = np.linspace(smin[i], smax[i], nbin[i] - 1,
+                                   dtype=edges_dtype)
+        else:
+            edges[i] = np.asarray(bins[i], edges_dtype)
+            nbin[i] = len(edges[i]) + 1  # +1 for outlier bins
+        dedges[i] = np.diff(edges[i])
+
+    nbin = np.asarray(nbin)
+
+    return nbin, edges, dedges
+
+
+def _bin_numbers(sample, nbin, edges, dedges):
+    """Compute the bin number each sample falls into, in each dimension
+    """
+    Dlen, Ndim = sample.shape
+
+    sampBin = [
+        np.digitize(sample[:, i], edges[i])
+        for i in range(Ndim)
+    ]
+
+    # Using `digitize`, values that fall on an edge are put in the right bin.
+    # For the rightmost bin, we want values equal to the right
+    # edge to be counted in the last bin, and not as an outlier.
+    for i in range(Ndim):
+        # Find the rounding precision
+        dedges_min = dedges[i].min()
+        if dedges_min == 0:
+            raise ValueError('The smallest edge difference is numerically 0.')
+        decimal = int(-np.log10(dedges_min)) + 6
+        # Find which points are on the rightmost edge.
+        on_edge = np.where((sample[:, i] >= edges[i][-1]) &
+                           (np.around(sample[:, i], decimal) ==
+                            np.around(edges[i][-1], decimal)))[0]
+        # Shift these points one bin to the left.
+        sampBin[i][on_edge] -= 1
+
+    # Compute the sample indices in the flattened statistic matrix.
+    binnumbers = np.ravel_multi_index(sampBin, nbin)
+
+    return binnumbers