scipy 1.16.2__cp312-cp312-win_arm64.whl

scipy/linalg/tests/test_lapack.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3620 @@
+#
+# Created by: Pearu Peterson, September 2002
+#
+
+from functools import reduce
+import random
+import sysconfig
+
+from numpy.testing import (assert_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_,
+                           assert_allclose, assert_almost_equal,
+                           assert_array_equal)
+import pytest
+from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy import (eye, ones, zeros, zeros_like, triu, tril, tril_indices,
+                   triu_indices)
+
+from numpy.random import rand, randint, seed
+
+from scipy.linalg import (_flapack as flapack, lapack, inv, svd, cholesky,
+                          solve, ldl, norm, block_diag, qr, eigh, qz)
+from scipy.linalg._basic import _to_banded
+from scipy.linalg.lapack import _compute_lwork
+from scipy.stats import ortho_group, unitary_group
+
+import scipy.sparse as sps
+try:
+    from scipy.__config__ import CONFIG
+except ImportError:
+    CONFIG = None
+
+try:
+    from scipy.linalg import _clapack as clapack
+except ImportError:
+    clapack = None
+from scipy.linalg.lapack import get_lapack_funcs
+from scipy.linalg.blas import get_blas_funcs
+
+REAL_DTYPES = [np.float32, np.float64]
+COMPLEX_DTYPES = [np.complex64, np.complex128]
+DTYPES = REAL_DTYPES + COMPLEX_DTYPES
+
+blas_provider = blas_version = None
+if CONFIG is not None:
+    blas_provider = CONFIG['Build Dependencies']['blas']['name']
+    blas_version = CONFIG['Build Dependencies']['blas']['version']
+
+
+def generate_random_dtype_array(shape, dtype, rng):
+    # generates a random matrix of desired data type of shape
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        return (rng.rand(*shape)
+                + rng.rand(*shape)*1.0j).astype(dtype)
+    return rng.rand(*shape).astype(dtype)
+
+
+def test_lapack_documented():
+    """Test that all entries are in the doc."""
+    if lapack.__doc__ is None:  # just in case there is a python -OO
+        pytest.skip('lapack.__doc__ is None')
+    names = set(lapack.__doc__.split())
+    ignore_list = {
+        "absolute_import",
+        "clapack",
+        "division",
+        "find_best_lapack_type",
+        "flapack",
+        "print_function",
+        "HAS_ILP64",
+        "np",
+    }
+    missing = list()
+    for name in dir(lapack):
+        if (not name.startswith('_') and name not in ignore_list and
+                name not in names):
+            missing.append(name)
+    assert missing == [], 'Name(s) missing from lapack.__doc__ or ignore_list'
+
+
+class TestFlapackSimple:
+
+    def test_gebal(self):
+        a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
+        a1 = [[1, 0, 0, 3e-4],
+              [4, 0, 0, 2e-3],
+              [7, 1, 0, 0],
+              [0, 1, 0, 0]]
+        for p in 'sdzc':
+            f = getattr(flapack, p+'gebal', None)
+            if f is None:
+                continue
+            ba, lo, hi, pivscale, info = f(a)
+            assert_(not info, repr(info))
+            assert_array_almost_equal(ba, a)
+            assert_equal((lo, hi), (0, len(a[0])-1))
+            assert_array_almost_equal(pivscale, np.ones(len(a)))
+
+            ba, lo, hi, pivscale, info = f(a1, permute=1, scale=1)
+            assert_(not info, repr(info))
+            # print(a1)
+            # print(ba, lo, hi, pivscale)
+
+    def test_gehrd(self):
+        a = [[-149, -50, -154],
+             [537, 180, 546],
+             [-27, -9, -25]]
+        for p in 'd':
+            f = getattr(flapack, p+'gehrd', None)
+            if f is None:
+                continue
+            ht, tau, info = f(a)
+            assert_(not info, repr(info))
+
+    def test_trsyl(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [0, 4]])
+        b = np.array([[5, 6], [0, 8]])
+        c = np.array([[9, 10], [11, 12]])
+        trans = 'T'
+
+        # Test single and double implementations, including most
+        # of the options
+        for dtype in 'fdFD':
+            a1, b1, c1 = a.astype(dtype), b.astype(dtype), c.astype(dtype)
+            trsyl, = get_lapack_funcs(('trsyl',), (a1,))
+            if dtype.isupper():  # is complex dtype
+                a1[0] += 1j
+                trans = 'C'
+
+            x, scale, info = trsyl(a1, b1, c1)
+            assert_array_almost_equal(np.dot(a1, x) + np.dot(x, b1),
+                                      scale * c1)
+
+            x, scale, info = trsyl(a1, b1, c1, trana=trans, tranb=trans)
+            assert_array_almost_equal(
+                    np.dot(a1.conjugate().T, x) + np.dot(x, b1.conjugate().T),
+                    scale * c1, decimal=4)
+
+            x, scale, info = trsyl(a1, b1, c1, isgn=-1)
+            assert_array_almost_equal(np.dot(a1, x) - np.dot(x, b1),
+                                      scale * c1, decimal=4)
+
+    def test_lange(self):
+        a = np.array([
+            [-149, -50, -154],
+            [537, 180, 546],
+            [-27, -9, -25]])
+
+        for dtype in 'fdFD':
+            for norm_str in 'Mm1OoIiFfEe':
+                a1 = a.astype(dtype)
+                if dtype.isupper():
+                    # is complex dtype
+                    a1[0, 0] += 1j
+
+                lange, = get_lapack_funcs(('lange',), (a1,))
+                value = lange(norm_str, a1)
+
+                if norm_str in 'FfEe':
+                    if dtype in 'Ff':
+                        decimal = 3
+                    else:
+                        decimal = 7
+                    ref = np.sqrt(np.sum(np.square(np.abs(a1))))
+                    assert_almost_equal(value, ref, decimal)
+                else:
+                    if norm_str in 'Mm':
+                        ref = np.max(np.abs(a1))
+                    elif norm_str in '1Oo':
+                        ref = np.max(np.sum(np.abs(a1), axis=0))
+                    elif norm_str in 'Ii':
+                        ref = np.max(np.sum(np.abs(a1), axis=1))
+
+                    assert_equal(value, ref)
+
+
+class TestLapack:
+
+    def test_flapack(self):
+        if hasattr(flapack, 'empty_module'):
+            # flapack module is empty
+            pass
+
+    def test_clapack(self):
+        if hasattr(clapack, 'empty_module'):
+            # clapack module is empty
+            pass
+
+
+class TestLeastSquaresSolvers:
+
+    def test_gels(self):
+        seed(1234)
+        # Test fat/tall matrix argument handling - gh-issue #8329
+        for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+            m = 10
+            n = 20
+            nrhs = 1
+            a1 = rand(m, n).astype(dtype)
+            b1 = rand(n).astype(dtype)
+            gls, glslw = get_lapack_funcs(('gels', 'gels_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            lwork = _compute_lwork(glslw, m, n, nrhs)
+            _, _, info = gls(a1, b1, lwork=lwork)
+            assert_(info >= 0)
+            _, _, info = gls(a1, b1, trans='TTCC'[ind], lwork=lwork)
+            assert_(info >= 0)
+
+        for dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
+                           [4.0, 5.0],
+                           [7.0, 8.0]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0, 20.0], dtype=dtype)
+            gels, gels_lwork, geqrf = get_lapack_funcs(
+                    ('gels', 'gels_lwork', 'geqrf'), (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            lwork = _compute_lwork(gels_lwork, m, n, nrhs)
+
+            lqr, x, info = gels(a1, b1, lwork=lwork)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1], np.array([-14.333333333333323,
+                                              14.999999999999991],
+                                             dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            lqr_truth, _, _, _ = geqrf(a1)
+            assert_array_equal(lqr, lqr_truth)
+
+        for dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0+4.0j, 2.0],
+                           [4.0+0.5j, 5.0-3.0j],
+                           [7.0-2.0j, 8.0+0.7j]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0+2.0j, 20.0-4.0j], dtype=dtype)
+            gels, gels_lwork, geqrf = get_lapack_funcs(
+                    ('gels', 'gels_lwork', 'geqrf'), (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            lwork = _compute_lwork(gels_lwork, m, n, nrhs)
+
+            lqr, x, info = gels(a1, b1, lwork=lwork)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1],
+                            np.array([1.161753632288328-1.901075709391912j,
+                                      1.735882340522193+1.521240901196909j],
+                                     dtype=dtype), rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            lqr_truth, _, _, _ = geqrf(a1)
+            assert_array_equal(lqr, lqr_truth)
+
+    def test_gelsd(self):
+        for dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
+                           [4.0, 5.0],
+                           [7.0, 8.0]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0, 20.0], dtype=dtype)
+            gelsd, gelsd_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelsd', 'gelsd_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, iwork, info = gelsd_lwork(m, n, nrhs, -1)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+            iwork_size = iwork
+
+            x, s, rank, info = gelsd(a1, b1, lwork, iwork_size,
+                                     -1, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1], np.array([-14.333333333333323,
+                                              14.999999999999991],
+                                             dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            assert_allclose(s, np.array([12.596017180511966,
+                                         0.583396253199685], dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+        for dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0+4.0j, 2.0],
+                           [4.0+0.5j, 5.0-3.0j],
+                           [7.0-2.0j, 8.0+0.7j]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0+2.0j, 20.0-4.0j], dtype=dtype)
+            gelsd, gelsd_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelsd', 'gelsd_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, rwork, iwork, info = gelsd_lwork(m, n, nrhs, -1)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+            rwork_size = int(rwork)
+            iwork_size = iwork
+
+            x, s, rank, info = gelsd(a1, b1, lwork, rwork_size, iwork_size,
+                                     -1, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1],
+                            np.array([1.161753632288328-1.901075709391912j,
+                                      1.735882340522193+1.521240901196909j],
+                                     dtype=dtype), rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            assert_allclose(s,
+                            np.array([13.035514762572043, 4.337666985231382],
+                                     dtype=dtype), rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+    def test_gelss(self):
+
+        for dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
+                           [4.0, 5.0],
+                           [7.0, 8.0]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0, 20.0], dtype=dtype)
+            gelss, gelss_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelss', 'gelss_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, info = gelss_lwork(m, n, nrhs, -1)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+
+            v, x, s, rank, work, info = gelss(a1, b1, -1, lwork, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1], np.array([-14.333333333333323,
+                                              14.999999999999991],
+                                             dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            assert_allclose(s, np.array([12.596017180511966,
+                                         0.583396253199685], dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+        for dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0+4.0j, 2.0],
+                           [4.0+0.5j, 5.0-3.0j],
+                           [7.0-2.0j, 8.0+0.7j]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0+2.0j, 20.0-4.0j], dtype=dtype)
+            gelss, gelss_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelss', 'gelss_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, info = gelss_lwork(m, n, nrhs, -1)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+
+            v, x, s, rank, work, info = gelss(a1, b1, -1, lwork, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1],
+                            np.array([1.161753632288328-1.901075709391912j,
+                                      1.735882340522193+1.521240901196909j],
+                                     dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            assert_allclose(s, np.array([13.035514762572043,
+                                         4.337666985231382], dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+    def test_gelsy(self):
+
+        for dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0, 2.0],
+                           [4.0, 5.0],
+                           [7.0, 8.0]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0, 20.0], dtype=dtype)
+            gelsy, gelsy_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelsy', 'gelss_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, info = gelsy_lwork(m, n, nrhs, 10*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+
+            jptv = np.zeros((a1.shape[1], 1), dtype=np.int32)
+            v, x, j, rank, info = gelsy(a1, b1, jptv, np.finfo(dtype).eps,
+                                        lwork, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1], np.array([-14.333333333333323,
+                                              14.999999999999991],
+                                             dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+        for dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+            a1 = np.array([[1.0+4.0j, 2.0],
+                           [4.0+0.5j, 5.0-3.0j],
+                           [7.0-2.0j, 8.0+0.7j]], dtype=dtype)
+            b1 = np.array([16.0, 17.0+2.0j, 20.0-4.0j], dtype=dtype)
+            gelsy, gelsy_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gelsy', 'gelss_lwork'),
+                                                  (a1, b1))
+
+            m, n = a1.shape
+            if len(b1.shape) == 2:
+                nrhs = b1.shape[1]
+            else:
+                nrhs = 1
+
+            # Request of sizes
+            work, info = gelsy_lwork(m, n, nrhs, 10*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+            lwork = int(np.real(work))
+
+            jptv = np.zeros((a1.shape[1], 1), dtype=np.int32)
+            v, x, j, rank, info = gelsy(a1, b1, jptv, np.finfo(dtype).eps,
+                                        lwork, False, False)
+            assert_allclose(x[:-1],
+                            np.array([1.161753632288328-1.901075709391912j,
+                                      1.735882340522193+1.521240901196909j],
+                                     dtype=dtype),
+                            rtol=25*np.finfo(dtype).eps)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('shape', [(3, 4), (5, 2), (2**18, 2**18)])
+def test_geqrf_lwork(dtype, shape):
+    geqrf_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('geqrf_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+    m, n = shape
+    lwork, info = geqrf_lwork(m=m, n=n)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+
+class TestRegression:
+
+    def test_ticket_1645(self):
+        # Check that RQ routines have correct lwork
+        for dtype in DTYPES:
+            a = np.zeros((300, 2), dtype=dtype)
+
+            gerqf, = get_lapack_funcs(['gerqf'], [a])
+            assert_raises(Exception, gerqf, a, lwork=2)
+            rq, tau, work, info = gerqf(a)
+
+            if dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+                orgrq, = get_lapack_funcs(['orgrq'], [a])
+                assert_raises(Exception, orgrq, rq[-2:], tau, lwork=1)
+                orgrq(rq[-2:], tau, lwork=2)
+            elif dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+                ungrq, = get_lapack_funcs(['ungrq'], [a])
+                assert_raises(Exception, ungrq, rq[-2:], tau, lwork=1)
+                ungrq(rq[-2:], tau, lwork=2)
+
+
+class TestDpotr:
+    def test_gh_2691(self):
+        # 'lower' argument of dportf/dpotri
+        for lower in [True, False]:
+            for clean in [True, False]:
+                np.random.seed(42)
+                x = np.random.normal(size=(3, 3))
+                a = x.dot(x.T)
+
+                dpotrf, dpotri = get_lapack_funcs(("potrf", "potri"), (a, ))
+
+                c, info = dpotrf(a, lower, clean=clean)
+                dpt = dpotri(c, lower)[0]
+
+                if lower:
+                    assert_allclose(np.tril(dpt), np.tril(inv(a)))
+                else:
+                    assert_allclose(np.triu(dpt), np.triu(inv(a)))
+
+
+class TestDlasd4:
+    def test_sing_val_update(self):
+
+        sigmas = np.array([4., 3., 2., 0])
+        m_vec = np.array([3.12, 5.7, -4.8, -2.2])
+
+        M = np.hstack((np.vstack((np.diag(sigmas[0:-1]),
+                                  np.zeros((1, len(m_vec) - 1)))),
+                       m_vec[:, np.newaxis]))
+        SM = svd(M, full_matrices=False, compute_uv=False, overwrite_a=False,
+                 check_finite=False)
+
+        it_len = len(sigmas)
+        sgm = np.concatenate((sigmas[::-1], [sigmas[0] + it_len*norm(m_vec)]))
+        mvc = np.concatenate((m_vec[::-1], (0,)))
+
+        lasd4 = get_lapack_funcs('lasd4', (sigmas,))
+
+        roots = []
+        for i in range(0, it_len):
+            res = lasd4(i, sgm, mvc)
+            roots.append(res[1])
+
+            assert_(
+                (res[3] <= 0),
+                f"LAPACK root finding dlasd4 failed to find the singular value {i}"
+            )
+        roots = np.array(roots)[::-1]
+
+        assert_((not np.any(np.isnan(roots)), "There are NaN roots"))
+        assert_allclose(SM, roots, atol=100*np.finfo(np.float64).eps,
+                        rtol=100*np.finfo(np.float64).eps)
+
+
+class TestTbtrs:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+    def test_nag_example_f07vef_f07vsf(self, dtype):
+        """Test real (f07vef) and complex (f07vsf) examples from NAG
+
+        Examples available from:
+        * https://www.nag.com/numeric/fl/nagdoc_latest/html/f07/f07vef.html
+        * https://www.nag.com/numeric/fl/nagdoc_latest/html/f07/f07vsf.html
+
+        """
+        if dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+            ab = np.array([[-4.16, 4.78, 6.32, 0.16],
+                           [-2.25, 5.86, -4.82, 0]],
+                          dtype=dtype)
+            b = np.array([[-16.64, -4.16],
+                          [-13.78, -16.59],
+                          [13.10, -4.94],
+                          [-14.14, -9.96]],
+                         dtype=dtype)
+            x_out = np.array([[4, 1],
+                              [-1, -3],
+                              [3, 2],
+                              [2, -2]],
+                             dtype=dtype)
+        elif dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+            ab = np.array([[-1.94+4.43j, 4.12-4.27j, 0.43-2.66j, 0.44+0.1j],
+                           [-3.39+3.44j, -1.84+5.52j, 1.74 - 0.04j, 0],
+                           [1.62+3.68j, -2.77-1.93j, 0, 0]],
+                          dtype=dtype)
+            b = np.array([[-8.86 - 3.88j, -24.09 - 5.27j],
+                          [-15.57 - 23.41j, -57.97 + 8.14j],
+                          [-7.63 + 22.78j, 19.09 - 29.51j],
+                          [-14.74 - 2.40j, 19.17 + 21.33j]],
+                         dtype=dtype)
+            x_out = np.array([[2j, 1 + 5j],
+                              [1 - 3j, -7 - 2j],
+                              [-4.001887 - 4.988417j, 3.026830 + 4.003182j],
+                              [1.996158 - 1.045105j, -6.103357 - 8.986653j]],
+                             dtype=dtype)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Datatype {dtype} not understood.")
+
+        tbtrs = get_lapack_funcs(('tbtrs'), dtype=dtype)
+        x, info = tbtrs(ab=ab, b=b, uplo='L')
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+        assert_allclose(x, x_out, rtol=0, atol=1e-5)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype,trans',
+                             [(dtype, trans)
+                              for dtype in DTYPES for trans in ['N', 'T', 'C']
+                              if not (trans == 'C' and dtype in REAL_DTYPES)])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('uplo', ['U', 'L'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('diag', ['N', 'U'])
+    def test_random_matrices(self, dtype, trans, uplo, diag):
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1724)
+
+        # n, nrhs, kd are used to specify A and b.
+        # A is of shape n x n with kd super/sub-diagonals
+        # b is of shape n x nrhs matrix
+        n, nrhs, kd = 4, 3, 2
+        tbtrs = get_lapack_funcs('tbtrs', dtype=dtype)
+
+        is_upper = (uplo == 'U')
+        ku = kd * is_upper
+        kl = kd - ku
+
+        # Construct the diagonal and kd super/sub diagonals of A with
+        # the corresponding offsets.
+        band_offsets = range(ku, -kl - 1, -1)
+        band_widths = [n - abs(x) for x in band_offsets]
+        bands = [generate_random_dtype_array((width,), dtype, rng)
+                 for width in band_widths]
+
+        if diag == 'U':  # A must be unit triangular
+            bands[ku] = np.ones(n, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Construct the diagonal banded matrix A from the bands and offsets.
+        a = sps.diags(bands, band_offsets, format='dia')
+
+        # Convert A into banded storage form
+        ab = np.zeros((kd + 1, n), dtype)
+        for row, k in enumerate(band_offsets):
+            ab[row, max(k, 0):min(n+k, n)] = a.diagonal(k)
+
+        # The RHS values.
+        b = generate_random_dtype_array((n, nrhs), dtype, rng)
+
+        x, info = tbtrs(ab=ab, b=b, uplo=uplo, trans=trans, diag=diag)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        if trans == 'N':
+            assert_allclose(a @ x, b, rtol=5e-5)
+        elif trans == 'T':
+            assert_allclose(a.T @ x, b, rtol=5e-5)
+        elif trans == 'C':
+            assert_allclose(a.T.conjugate() @ x, b, rtol=5e-5)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid trans argument')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('uplo,trans,diag',
+                             [['U', 'N', 'Invalid'],
+                              ['U', 'Invalid', 'N'],
+                              ['Invalid', 'N', 'N']])
+    def test_invalid_argument_raises_exception(self, uplo, trans, diag):
+        """Test if invalid values of uplo, trans and diag raise exceptions"""
+        # Argument checks occur independently of used datatype.
+        # This mean we must not parameterize all available datatypes.
+        tbtrs = get_lapack_funcs('tbtrs', dtype=np.float64)
+        ab = rand(4, 2)
+        b = rand(2, 4)
+        assert_raises(Exception, tbtrs, ab, b, uplo, trans, diag)
+
+    def test_zero_element_in_diagonal(self):
+        """Test if a matrix with a zero diagonal element is singular
+
+        If the i-th diagonal of A is zero, ?tbtrs should return `i` in `info`
+        indicating the provided matrix is singular.
+
+        Note that ?tbtrs requires the matrix A to be stored in banded form.
+        In this form the diagonal corresponds to the last row."""
+        ab = np.ones((3, 4), dtype=float)
+        b = np.ones(4, dtype=float)
+        tbtrs = get_lapack_funcs('tbtrs', dtype=float)
+
+        ab[-1, 3] = 0
+        _, info = tbtrs(ab=ab, b=b, uplo='U')
+        assert_equal(info, 4)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ldab,n,ldb,nrhs', [
+                              (5, 5, 0, 5),
+                              (5, 5, 3, 5)
+    ])
+    def test_invalid_matrix_shapes(self, ldab, n, ldb, nrhs):
+        """Test ?tbtrs fails correctly if shapes are invalid."""
+        ab = np.ones((ldab, n), dtype=float)
+        b = np.ones((ldb, nrhs), dtype=float)
+        tbtrs = get_lapack_funcs('tbtrs', dtype=float)
+        assert_raises(Exception, tbtrs, ab, b)
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('norm', ['I', '1', 'O'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('uplo', ['U', 'L'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('diag', ['N', 'U'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('n', [3, 10])
+def test_trcon(dtype, norm, uplo, diag, n):
+    # Simple way to get deterministic (unlike `hash`) integer seed based on arguments
+    random.seed(f"{dtype}{norm}{uplo}{diag}{n}")
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(random.randint(0, 9999999999999))
+
+    A = rng.random(size=(n, n)) + rng.random(size=(n, n))*1j
+    # make the condition numbers more interesting
+    offset = rng.permuted(np.logspace(0, rng.integers(0, 10), n))
+    A += offset
+    A = A.real if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating) else A
+    A = np.triu(A) if uplo == 'U' else np.tril(A)
+    if diag == 'U':
+        A /= np.diag(A)[:, np.newaxis]
+    A = A.astype(dtype)
+
+    trcon = get_lapack_funcs('trcon', (A,))
+    res, _ = trcon(A, norm=norm, uplo=uplo, diag=diag)
+
+    if norm == 'I':
+        norm_A = np.linalg.norm(A, ord=np.inf)
+        norm_inv_A = np.linalg.norm(np.linalg.inv(A), ord=np.inf)
+        ref = 1 / (norm_A * norm_inv_A)
+    else:
+        anorm = np.linalg.norm(A, ord=1)
+        gecon, getrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gecon', 'getrf'), (A,))
+        lu, ipvt, info = getrf(A)
+        ref, _ = gecon(lu, anorm, norm=norm)
+
+    # This is an estimate of reciprocal condition number; we just need order of
+    # magnitude. In testing, we observed that much smaller rtol is OK in almost
+    # all cases... but sometimes it isn't.
+    rtol = 1  # np.finfo(dtype).eps**0.75
+    assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=rtol)
+
+
+def test_lartg():
+    for dtype in 'fdFD':
+        lartg = get_lapack_funcs('lartg', dtype=dtype)
+
+        f = np.array(3, dtype)
+        g = np.array(4, dtype)
+
+        if np.iscomplexobj(g):
+            g *= 1j
+
+        cs, sn, r = lartg(f, g)
+
+        assert_allclose(cs, 3.0/5.0)
+        assert_allclose(r, 5.0)
+
+        if np.iscomplexobj(g):
+            assert_allclose(sn, -4.0j/5.0)
+            assert_(isinstance(r, complex))
+            assert_(isinstance(cs, float))
+        else:
+            assert_allclose(sn, 4.0/5.0)
+
+
+def test_rot():
+    # srot, drot from blas and crot and zrot from lapack.
+
+    for dtype in 'fdFD':
+        c = 0.6
+        s = 0.8
+
+        u = np.full(4, 3, dtype)
+        v = np.full(4, 4, dtype)
+        atol = 10**-(np.finfo(dtype).precision-1)
+
+        if dtype in 'fd':
+            rot = get_blas_funcs('rot', dtype=dtype)
+            f = 4
+        else:
+            rot = get_lapack_funcs('rot', dtype=dtype)
+            s *= -1j
+            v *= 1j
+            f = 4j
+
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s), [[5, 5, 5, 5],
+                                          [0, 0, 0, 0]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, n=2), [[5, 5, 3, 3],
+                                               [0, 0, f, f]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, offx=2, offy=2),
+                        [[3, 3, 5, 5], [f, f, 0, 0]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, incx=2, offy=2, n=2),
+                        [[5, 3, 5, 3], [f, f, 0, 0]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, offx=2, incy=2, n=2),
+                        [[3, 3, 5, 5], [0, f, 0, f]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, offx=2, incx=2, offy=2, incy=2, n=1),
+                        [[3, 3, 5, 3], [f, f, 0, f]], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(rot(u, v, c, s, incx=-2, incy=-2, n=2),
+                        [[5, 3, 5, 3], [0, f, 0, f]], atol=atol)
+
+        a, b = rot(u, v, c, s, overwrite_x=1, overwrite_y=1)
+        assert_(a is u)
+        assert_(b is v)
+        assert_allclose(a, [5, 5, 5, 5], atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(b, [0, 0, 0, 0], atol=atol)
+
+
+def test_larfg_larf():
+    np.random.seed(1234)
+    a0 = np.random.random((4, 4))
+    a0 = a0.T.dot(a0)
+
+    a0j = np.random.random((4, 4)) + 1j*np.random.random((4, 4))
+    a0j = a0j.T.conj().dot(a0j)
+
+    # our test here will be to do one step of reducing a hermetian matrix to
+    # tridiagonal form using householder transforms.
+
+    for dtype in 'fdFD':
+        larfg, larf = get_lapack_funcs(['larfg', 'larf'], dtype=dtype)
+
+        if dtype in 'FD':
+            a = a0j.copy()
+        else:
+            a = a0.copy()
+
+        # generate a householder transform to clear a[2:,0]
+        alpha, x, tau = larfg(a.shape[0]-1, a[1, 0], a[2:, 0])
+
+        # create expected output
+        expected = np.zeros_like(a[:, 0])
+        expected[0] = a[0, 0]
+        expected[1] = alpha
+
+        # assemble householder vector
+        v = np.zeros_like(a[1:, 0])
+        v[0] = 1.0
+        v[1:] = x
+
+        # apply transform from the left
+        a[1:, :] = larf(v, tau.conjugate(), a[1:, :], np.zeros(a.shape[1]))
+
+        # apply transform from the right
+        a[:, 1:] = larf(v, tau, a[:, 1:], np.zeros(a.shape[0]), side='R')
+
+        assert_allclose(a[:, 0], expected, atol=1e-5)
+        assert_allclose(a[0, :], expected, atol=1e-5)
+
+
+def test_sgesdd_lwork_bug_workaround():
+    # Test that SGESDD lwork is sufficiently large for LAPACK.
+    #
+    # This checks that _compute_lwork() correctly works around a bug in
+    # LAPACK versions older than 3.10.1.
+
+    sgesdd_lwork = get_lapack_funcs('gesdd_lwork', dtype=np.float32,
+                                    ilp64='preferred')
+    n = 9537
+    lwork = _compute_lwork(sgesdd_lwork, n, n,
+                           compute_uv=True, full_matrices=True)
+    # If we called the Fortran function SGESDD directly with IWORK=-1, the
+    # LAPACK bug would result in lwork being 272929856, which was too small.
+    # (The result was returned in a single precision float, which does not
+    # have sufficient precision to represent the exact integer value that it
+    # computed internally.)  The work-around implemented in _compute_lwork()
+    # will convert that to 272929888.  If we are using LAPACK 3.10.1 or later
+    # (such as in OpenBLAS 0.3.21 or later), the work-around will return
+    # 272929920, because it does not know which version of LAPACK is being
+    # used, so it always applies the correction to whatever it is given.  We
+    # will accept either 272929888 or 272929920.
+    # Note that the acceptable values are a LAPACK implementation detail.
+    # If a future version of LAPACK changes how SGESDD works, and therefore
+    # changes the required LWORK size, the acceptable values might have to
+    # be updated.
+    assert lwork == 272929888 or lwork == 272929920
+
+
+class TestSytrd:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+    def test_sytrd_with_zero_dim_array(self, dtype):
+        # Assert that a 0x0 matrix raises an error
+        A = np.zeros((0, 0), dtype=dtype)
+        sytrd = get_lapack_funcs('sytrd', (A,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, sytrd, A)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('n', (1, 3))
+    def test_sytrd(self, dtype, n):
+        A = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=dtype)
+
+        sytrd, sytrd_lwork = \
+            get_lapack_funcs(('sytrd', 'sytrd_lwork'), (A,))
+
+        # some upper triangular array
+        A[np.triu_indices_from(A)] = \
+            np.arange(1, n*(n+1)//2+1, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # query lwork
+        lwork, info = sytrd_lwork(n)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        # check lower=1 behavior (shouldn't do much since the matrix is
+        # upper triangular)
+        data, d, e, tau, info = sytrd(A, lower=1, lwork=lwork)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        assert_allclose(data, A, atol=5*np.finfo(dtype).eps, rtol=1.0)
+        assert_allclose(d, np.diag(A))
+        assert_allclose(e, 0.0)
+        assert_allclose(tau, 0.0)
+
+        # and now for the proper test (lower=0 is the default)
+        data, d, e, tau, info = sytrd(A, lwork=lwork)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        # assert Q^T*A*Q = tridiag(e, d, e)
+
+        # build tridiagonal matrix
+        T = np.zeros_like(A, dtype=dtype)
+        k = np.arange(A.shape[0])
+        T[k, k] = d
+        k2 = np.arange(A.shape[0]-1)
+        T[k2+1, k2] = e
+        T[k2, k2+1] = e
+
+        # build Q
+        Q = np.eye(n, n, dtype=dtype)
+        for i in range(n-1):
+            v = np.zeros(n, dtype=dtype)
+            v[:i] = data[:i, i+1]
+            v[i] = 1.0
+            H = np.eye(n, n, dtype=dtype) - tau[i] * np.outer(v, v)
+            Q = np.dot(H, Q)
+
+        # Make matrix fully symmetric
+        i_lower = np.tril_indices(n, -1)
+        A[i_lower] = A.T[i_lower]
+
+        QTAQ = np.dot(Q.T, np.dot(A, Q))
+
+        # disable rtol here since some values in QTAQ and T are very close
+        # to 0.
+        assert_allclose(QTAQ, T, atol=5*np.finfo(dtype).eps, rtol=1.0)
+
+
+class TestHetrd:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('complex_dtype', COMPLEX_DTYPES)
+    def test_hetrd_with_zero_dim_array(self, complex_dtype):
+        # Assert that a 0x0 matrix raises an error
+        A = np.zeros((0, 0), dtype=complex_dtype)
+        hetrd = get_lapack_funcs('hetrd', (A,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, hetrd, A)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('real_dtype,complex_dtype',
+                             zip(REAL_DTYPES, COMPLEX_DTYPES))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('n', (1, 3))
+    def test_hetrd(self, n, real_dtype, complex_dtype):
+        A = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=complex_dtype)
+        hetrd, hetrd_lwork = \
+            get_lapack_funcs(('hetrd', 'hetrd_lwork'), (A,))
+
+        # some upper triangular array
+        A[np.triu_indices_from(A)] = (
+            np.arange(1, n*(n+1)//2+1, dtype=real_dtype)
+            + 1j * np.arange(1, n*(n+1)//2+1, dtype=real_dtype)
+            )
+        np.fill_diagonal(A, np.real(np.diag(A)))
+
+        # test query lwork
+        for x in [0, 1]:
+            _, info = hetrd_lwork(n, lower=x)
+            assert_equal(info, 0)
+        # lwork returns complex which segfaults hetrd call (gh-10388)
+        # use the safe and recommended option
+        lwork = _compute_lwork(hetrd_lwork, n)
+
+        # check lower=1 behavior (shouldn't do much since the matrix is
+        # upper triangular)
+        data, d, e, tau, info = hetrd(A, lower=1, lwork=lwork)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        assert_allclose(data, A, atol=5*np.finfo(real_dtype).eps, rtol=1.0)
+
+        assert_allclose(d, np.real(np.diag(A)))
+        assert_allclose(e, 0.0)
+        assert_allclose(tau, 0.0)
+
+        # and now for the proper test (lower=0 is the default)
+        data, d, e, tau, info = hetrd(A, lwork=lwork)
+        assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+        # assert Q^T*A*Q = tridiag(e, d, e)
+
+        # build tridiagonal matrix
+        T = np.zeros_like(A, dtype=real_dtype)
+        k = np.arange(A.shape[0], dtype=int)
+        T[k, k] = d
+        k2 = np.arange(A.shape[0]-1, dtype=int)
+        T[k2+1, k2] = e
+        T[k2, k2+1] = e
+
+        # build Q
+        Q = np.eye(n, n, dtype=complex_dtype)
+        for i in range(n-1):
+            v = np.zeros(n, dtype=complex_dtype)
+            v[:i] = data[:i, i+1]
+            v[i] = 1.0
+            H = np.eye(n, n, dtype=complex_dtype) \
+                - tau[i] * np.outer(v, np.conj(v))
+            Q = np.dot(H, Q)
+
+        # Make matrix fully Hermitian
+        i_lower = np.tril_indices(n, -1)
+        A[i_lower] = np.conj(A.T[i_lower])
+
+        QHAQ = np.dot(np.conj(Q.T), np.dot(A, Q))
+
+        # disable rtol here since some values in QTAQ and T are very close
+        # to 0.
+        assert_allclose(
+            QHAQ, T, atol=10*np.finfo(real_dtype).eps, rtol=1.0
+            )
+
+
+def test_gglse():
+    # Example data taken from NAG manual
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES = <s,d,c,z> gglse
+        func, func_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('gglse', 'gglse_lwork'),
+                                            dtype=dtype)
+        lwork = _compute_lwork(func_lwork, m=6, n=4, p=2)
+        # For <s,d>gglse
+        if ind < 2:
+            a = np.array([[-0.57, -1.28, -0.39, 0.25],
+                          [-1.93, 1.08, -0.31, -2.14],
+                          [2.30, 0.24, 0.40, -0.35],
+                          [-1.93, 0.64, -0.66, 0.08],
+                          [0.15, 0.30, 0.15, -2.13],
+                          [-0.02, 1.03, -1.43, 0.50]], dtype=dtype)
+            c = np.array([-1.50, -2.14, 1.23, -0.54, -1.68, 0.82], dtype=dtype)
+            d = np.array([0., 0.], dtype=dtype)
+        # For <s,d>gglse
+        else:
+            a = np.array([[0.96-0.81j, -0.03+0.96j, -0.91+2.06j, -0.05+0.41j],
+                          [-0.98+1.98j, -1.20+0.19j, -0.66+0.42j, -0.81+0.56j],
+                          [0.62-0.46j, 1.01+0.02j, 0.63-0.17j, -1.11+0.60j],
+                          [0.37+0.38j, 0.19-0.54j, -0.98-0.36j, 0.22-0.20j],
+                          [0.83+0.51j, 0.20+0.01j, -0.17-0.46j, 1.47+1.59j],
+                          [1.08-0.28j, 0.20-0.12j, -0.07+1.23j, 0.26+0.26j]])
+            c = np.array([[-2.54+0.09j],
+                          [1.65-2.26j],
+                          [-2.11-3.96j],
+                          [1.82+3.30j],
+                          [-6.41+3.77j],
+                          [2.07+0.66j]])
+            d = np.zeros(2, dtype=dtype)
+
+        b = np.array([[1., 0., -1., 0.], [0., 1., 0., -1.]], dtype=dtype)
+
+        _, _, _, result, _ = func(a, b, c, d, lwork=lwork)
+        if ind < 2:
+            expected = np.array([0.48904455,
+                                 0.99754786,
+                                 0.48904455,
+                                 0.99754786])
+        else:
+            expected = np.array([1.08742917-1.96205783j,
+                                 -0.74093902+3.72973919j,
+                                 1.08742917-1.96205759j,
+                                 -0.74093896+3.72973895j])
+        assert_array_almost_equal(result, expected, decimal=4)
+
+
+def test_sycon_hecon():
+    seed(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES+COMPLEX_DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES + COMPLEX DTYPES = <s,d,c,z> sycon + <c,z>hecon
+        n = 10
+        # For <s,d,c,z>sycon
+        if ind < 4:
+            func_lwork = get_lapack_funcs('sytrf_lwork', dtype=dtype)
+            funcon, functrf = get_lapack_funcs(('sycon', 'sytrf'), dtype=dtype)
+            A = (rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+        # For <c,z>hecon
+        else:
+            func_lwork = get_lapack_funcs('hetrf_lwork', dtype=dtype)
+            funcon, functrf = get_lapack_funcs(('hecon', 'hetrf'), dtype=dtype)
+            A = (rand(n, n) + rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+
+        # Since sycon only refers to upper/lower part, conj() is safe here.
+        A = (A + A.conj().T)/2 + 2*np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+
+        anorm = norm(A, 1)
+        lwork = _compute_lwork(func_lwork, n)
+        ldu, ipiv, _ = functrf(A, lwork=lwork, lower=1)
+        rcond, _ = funcon(a=ldu, ipiv=ipiv, anorm=anorm, lower=1)
+        # The error is at most 1-fold
+        assert_(abs(1/rcond - np.linalg.cond(A, p=1))*rcond < 1)
+
+
+def test_sygst():
+    seed(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(REAL_DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES = <s,d> sygst
+        n = 10
+
+        potrf, sygst, syevd, sygvd = get_lapack_funcs(('potrf', 'sygst',
+                                                       'syevd', 'sygvd'),
+                                                      dtype=dtype)
+
+        A = rand(n, n).astype(dtype)
+        A = (A + A.T)/2
+        # B must be positive definite
+        B = rand(n, n).astype(dtype)
+        B = (B + B.T)/2 + 2 * np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Perform eig (sygvd)
+        eig_gvd, _, info = sygvd(A, B)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        # Convert to std problem potrf
+        b, info = potrf(B)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        a, info = sygst(A, b)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        eig, _, info = syevd(a)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(eig, eig_gvd, rtol=1.2e-4)
+
+
+def test_hegst():
+    seed(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(COMPLEX_DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES = <c,z> hegst
+        n = 10
+
+        potrf, hegst, heevd, hegvd = get_lapack_funcs(('potrf', 'hegst',
+                                                       'heevd', 'hegvd'),
+                                                      dtype=dtype)
+
+        A = rand(n, n).astype(dtype) + 1j * rand(n, n).astype(dtype)
+        A = (A + A.conj().T)/2
+        # B must be positive definite
+        B = rand(n, n).astype(dtype) + 1j * rand(n, n).astype(dtype)
+        B = (B + B.conj().T)/2 + 2 * np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Perform eig (hegvd)
+        eig_gvd, _, info = hegvd(A, B)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        # Convert to std problem potrf
+        b, info = potrf(B)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        a, info = hegst(A, b)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        eig, _, info = heevd(a)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(eig, eig_gvd, rtol=1e-4)
+
+
+def test_tzrzf():
+    """
+    This test performs an RZ decomposition in which an m x n upper trapezoidal
+    array M (m <= n) is factorized as M = [R 0] * Z where R is upper triangular
+    and Z is unitary.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    m, n = 10, 15
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        tzrzf, tzrzf_lw = get_lapack_funcs(('tzrzf', 'tzrzf_lwork'),
+                                           dtype=dtype)
+        lwork = _compute_lwork(tzrzf_lw, m, n)
+
+        if ind < 2:
+            A = triu(rng.rand(m, n).astype(dtype))
+        else:
+            A = triu((rng.rand(m, n) + rng.rand(m, n)*1j).astype(dtype))
+
+        # assert wrong shape arg, f2py returns generic error
+        assert_raises(Exception, tzrzf, A.T)
+        rz, tau, info = tzrzf(A, lwork=lwork)
+        # Check success
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        # Get Z manually for comparison
+        R = np.hstack((rz[:, :m], np.zeros((m, n-m), dtype=dtype)))
+        V = np.hstack((np.eye(m, dtype=dtype), rz[:, m:]))
+        Id = np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+        ref = [Id-tau[x]*V[[x], :].T.dot(V[[x], :].conj()) for x in range(m)]
+        Z = reduce(np.dot, ref)
+        assert_allclose(R.dot(Z) - A, zeros_like(A, dtype=dtype),
+                        atol=10*np.spacing(dtype(1.0).real), rtol=0.)
+
+
+def test_tfsm():
+    """
+    Test for solving a linear system with the coefficient matrix is a
+    triangular array stored in Full Packed (RFP) format.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = triu(rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j + eye(n)).astype(dtype)
+            trans = 'C'
+        else:
+            A = triu(rng.rand(n, n) + eye(n)).astype(dtype)
+            trans = 'T'
+
+        trttf, tfttr, tfsm = get_lapack_funcs(('trttf', 'tfttr', 'tfsm'),
+                                              dtype=dtype)
+
+        Afp, _ = trttf(A)
+        B = rng.rand(n, 2).astype(dtype)
+        soln = tfsm(-1, Afp, B)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(soln, solve(-A, B),
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+        soln = tfsm(-1, Afp, B, trans=trans)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(soln, solve(-A.conj().T, B),
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+        # Make A, unit diagonal
+        A[np.arange(n), np.arange(n)] = dtype(1.)
+        soln = tfsm(-1, Afp, B, trans=trans, diag='U')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(soln, solve(-A.conj().T, B),
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+        # Change side
+        B2 = rng.rand(3, n).astype(dtype)
+        soln = tfsm(-1, Afp, B2, trans=trans, diag='U', side='R')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(soln, solve(-A, B2.T).conj().T,
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+
+def test_ormrz_unmrz():
+    """
+    This test performs a matrix multiplication with an arbitrary m x n matrix C
+    and a unitary matrix Q without explicitly forming the array. The array data
+    is encoded in the rectangular part of A which is obtained from ?TZRZF. Q
+    size is inferred by m, n, side keywords.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    qm, qn, cn = 10, 15, 15
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        tzrzf, tzrzf_lw = get_lapack_funcs(('tzrzf', 'tzrzf_lwork'),
+                                           dtype=dtype)
+        lwork_rz = _compute_lwork(tzrzf_lw, qm, qn)
+
+        if ind < 2:
+            A = triu(rng.rand(qm, qn).astype(dtype))
+            C = rng.rand(cn, cn).astype(dtype)
+            orun_mrz, orun_mrz_lw = get_lapack_funcs(('ormrz', 'ormrz_lwork'),
+                                                     dtype=dtype)
+        else:
+            A = triu((rng.rand(qm, qn) + rng.rand(qm, qn)*1j).astype(dtype))
+            C = (rng.rand(cn, cn) + rand(cn, cn)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            orun_mrz, orun_mrz_lw = get_lapack_funcs(('unmrz', 'unmrz_lwork'),
+                                                     dtype=dtype)
+
+        lwork_mrz = _compute_lwork(orun_mrz_lw, cn, cn)
+        rz, tau, info = tzrzf(A, lwork=lwork_rz)
+
+        # Get Q manually for comparison
+        V = np.hstack((np.eye(qm, dtype=dtype), rz[:, qm:]))
+        Id = np.eye(qn, dtype=dtype)
+        ref = [Id-tau[x]*V[[x], :].T.dot(V[[x], :].conj()) for x in range(qm)]
+        Q = reduce(np.dot, ref)
+
+        # Now that we have Q, we can test whether lapack results agree with
+        # each case of CQ, CQ^H, QC, and QC^H
+        trans = 'T' if ind < 2 else 'C'
+        tol = 10*np.spacing(dtype(1.0).real)
+
+        cq, info = orun_mrz(rz, tau, C, lwork=lwork_mrz)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(cq - Q.dot(C), zeros_like(C), atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+        cq, info = orun_mrz(rz, tau, C, trans=trans, lwork=lwork_mrz)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(cq - Q.conj().T.dot(C), zeros_like(C), atol=tol,
+                        rtol=0.)
+
+        cq, info = orun_mrz(rz, tau, C, side='R', lwork=lwork_mrz)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(cq - C.dot(Q), zeros_like(C), atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+        cq, info = orun_mrz(rz, tau, C, side='R', trans=trans, lwork=lwork_mrz)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_allclose(cq - C.dot(Q.conj().T), zeros_like(C), atol=tol,
+                        rtol=0.)
+
+
+def test_tfttr_trttf():
+    """
+    Test conversion routines between the Rectangular Full Packed (RFP) format
+    and Standard Triangular Array (TR)
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A_full = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            transr = 'C'
+        else:
+            A_full = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            transr = 'T'
+
+        trttf, tfttr = get_lapack_funcs(('trttf', 'tfttr'), dtype=dtype)
+        A_tf_U, info = trttf(A_full)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tf_L, info = trttf(A_full, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tf_U_T, info = trttf(A_full, transr=transr, uplo='U')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tf_L_T, info = trttf(A_full, transr=transr, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        # Create the RFP array manually (n is even!)
+        A_tf_U_m = zeros((n+1, n//2), dtype=dtype)
+        A_tf_U_m[:-1, :] = triu(A_full)[:, n//2:]
+        A_tf_U_m[n//2+1:, :] += triu(A_full)[:n//2, :n//2].conj().T
+
+        A_tf_L_m = zeros((n+1, n//2), dtype=dtype)
+        A_tf_L_m[1:, :] = tril(A_full)[:, :n//2]
+        A_tf_L_m[:n//2, :] += tril(A_full)[n//2:, n//2:].conj().T
+
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tf_U, A_tf_U_m.reshape(-1, order='F'))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tf_U_T,
+                                  A_tf_U_m.conj().T.reshape(-1, order='F'))
+
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tf_L, A_tf_L_m.reshape(-1, order='F'))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tf_L_T,
+                                  A_tf_L_m.conj().T.reshape(-1, order='F'))
+
+        # Get the original array from RFP
+        A_tr_U, info = tfttr(n, A_tf_U)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tr_L, info = tfttr(n, A_tf_L, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tr_U_T, info = tfttr(n, A_tf_U_T, transr=transr, uplo='U')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tr_L_T, info = tfttr(n, A_tf_L_T, transr=transr, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_U, triu(A_full))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_U_T, triu(A_full))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_L, tril(A_full))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_L_T, tril(A_full))
+
+
+def test_tpttr_trttp():
+    """
+    Test conversion routines between the Rectangular Full Packed (RFP) format
+    and Standard Triangular Array (TR)
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A_full = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+        else:
+            A_full = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+
+        trttp, tpttr = get_lapack_funcs(('trttp', 'tpttr'), dtype=dtype)
+        A_tp_U, info = trttp(A_full)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tp_L, info = trttp(A_full, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        # Create the TP array manually
+        inds = tril_indices(n)
+        A_tp_U_m = zeros(n*(n+1)//2, dtype=dtype)
+        A_tp_U_m[:] = (triu(A_full).T)[inds]
+
+        inds = triu_indices(n)
+        A_tp_L_m = zeros(n*(n+1)//2, dtype=dtype)
+        A_tp_L_m[:] = (tril(A_full).T)[inds]
+
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tp_U, A_tp_U_m)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tp_L, A_tp_L_m)
+
+        # Get the original array from TP
+        A_tr_U, info = tpttr(n, A_tp_U)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_tr_L, info = tpttr(n, A_tp_L, uplo='L')
+        assert_(info == 0)
+
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_U, triu(A_full))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_tr_L, tril(A_full))
+
+
+def test_pftrf():
+    """
+    Test Cholesky factorization of a positive definite Rectangular Full
+    Packed (RFP) format array
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.conj().T + n*eye(n)
+        else:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.T + n*eye(n)
+
+        pftrf, trttf, tfttr = get_lapack_funcs(('pftrf', 'trttf', 'tfttr'),
+                                               dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Get the original array from TP
+        Afp, info = trttf(A)
+        Achol_rfp, info = pftrf(n, Afp)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_chol_r, _ = tfttr(n, Achol_rfp)
+        Achol = cholesky(A)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_chol_r, Achol)
+
+
+def test_pftri():
+    """
+    Test Cholesky factorization of a positive definite Rectangular Full
+    Packed (RFP) format array to find its inverse
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.conj().T + n*eye(n)
+        else:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.T + n*eye(n)
+
+        pftri, pftrf, trttf, tfttr = get_lapack_funcs(('pftri',
+                                                       'pftrf',
+                                                       'trttf',
+                                                       'tfttr'),
+                                                      dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Get the original array from TP
+        Afp, info = trttf(A)
+        A_chol_rfp, info = pftrf(n, Afp)
+        A_inv_rfp, info = pftri(n, A_chol_rfp)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        A_inv_r, _ = tfttr(n, A_inv_rfp)
+        Ainv = inv(A)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_inv_r, triu(Ainv),
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+
+def test_pftrs():
+    """
+    Test Cholesky factorization of a positive definite Rectangular Full
+    Packed (RFP) format array and solve a linear system
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.conj().T + n*eye(n)
+        else:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.T + n*eye(n)
+
+        B = ones((n, 3), dtype=dtype)
+        Bf1 = ones((n+2, 3), dtype=dtype)
+        Bf2 = ones((n-2, 3), dtype=dtype)
+        pftrs, pftrf, trttf, tfttr = get_lapack_funcs(('pftrs',
+                                                       'pftrf',
+                                                       'trttf',
+                                                       'tfttr'),
+                                                      dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Get the original array from TP
+        Afp, info = trttf(A)
+        A_chol_rfp, info = pftrf(n, Afp)
+        # larger B arrays shouldn't segfault
+        soln, info = pftrs(n, A_chol_rfp, Bf1)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_raises(Exception, pftrs, n, A_chol_rfp, Bf2)
+        soln, info = pftrs(n, A_chol_rfp, B)
+        assert_(info == 0)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(solve(A, B), soln,
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+
+def test_sfrk_hfrk():
+    """
+    Test for performing a symmetric rank-k operation for matrix in RFP format.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 20
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.conj().T + n*eye(n)
+        else:
+            A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.T + n*eye(n)
+
+        prefix = 's'if ind < 2 else 'h'
+        trttf, tfttr, shfrk = get_lapack_funcs(('trttf', 'tfttr', f'{prefix}frk'),
+                                               dtype=dtype)
+
+        Afp, _ = trttf(A)
+        C = rng.rand(n, 2).astype(dtype)
+        Afp_out = shfrk(n, 2, -1, C, 2, Afp)
+        A_out, _ = tfttr(n, Afp_out)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(A_out, triu(-C.dot(C.conj().T) + 2*A),
+                                  decimal=4 if ind % 2 == 0 else 6)
+
+
+def test_syconv():
+    """
+    Test for going back and forth between the returned format of he/sytrf to
+    L and D factors/permutations.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        n = 10
+
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = (rng.randint(-30, 30, (n, n)) +
+                 rng.randint(-30, 30, (n, n))*1j).astype(dtype)
+
+            A = A + A.conj().T
+        else:
+            A = rng.randint(-30, 30, (n, n)).astype(dtype)
+            A = A + A.T + n*eye(n)
+
+        tol = 100*np.spacing(dtype(1.0).real)
+        syconv, trf, trf_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('syconv', 'sytrf',
+                                                   'sytrf_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+        lw = _compute_lwork(trf_lwork, n, lower=1)
+        L, D, perm = ldl(A, lower=1, hermitian=False)
+        lw = _compute_lwork(trf_lwork, n, lower=1)
+        ldu, ipiv, info = trf(A, lower=1, lwork=lw)
+        a, e, info = syconv(ldu, ipiv, lower=1)
+        assert_allclose(tril(a, -1,), tril(L[perm, :], -1), atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+        # Test also upper
+        U, D, perm = ldl(A, lower=0, hermitian=False)
+        ldu, ipiv, info = trf(A, lower=0)
+        a, e, info = syconv(ldu, ipiv, lower=0)
+        assert_allclose(triu(a, 1), triu(U[perm, :], 1), atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+
+class TestBlockedQR:
+    """
+    Tests for the blocked QR factorization, namely through geqrt, gemqrt, tpqrt
+    and tpmqr.
+    """
+
+    def test_geqrt_gemqrt(self):
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+        for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+            n = 20
+
+            if ind > 1:
+                A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            else:
+                A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+
+            tol = 100*np.spacing(dtype(1.0).real)
+            geqrt, gemqrt = get_lapack_funcs(('geqrt', 'gemqrt'), dtype=dtype)
+
+            a, t, info = geqrt(n, A)
+            assert info == 0
+
+            # Extract elementary reflectors from lower triangle, adding the
+            # main diagonal of ones.
+            v = np.tril(a, -1) + np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+            # Generate the block Householder transform I - VTV^H
+            Q = np.eye(n, dtype=dtype) - v @ t @ v.T.conj()
+            R = np.triu(a)
+
+            # Test columns of Q are orthogonal
+            assert_allclose(Q.T.conj() @ Q, np.eye(n, dtype=dtype), atol=tol,
+                            rtol=0.)
+            assert_allclose(Q @ R, A, atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+            if ind > 1:
+                C = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+                transpose = 'C'
+            else:
+                C = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+                transpose = 'T'
+
+            for side in ('L', 'R'):
+                for trans in ('N', transpose):
+                    c, info = gemqrt(a, t, C, side=side, trans=trans)
+                    assert info == 0
+
+                    if trans == transpose:
+                        q = Q.T.conj()
+                    else:
+                        q = Q
+
+                    if side == 'L':
+                        qC = q @ C
+                    else:
+                        qC = C @ q
+
+                    assert_allclose(c, qC, atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+                    # Test default arguments
+                    if (side, trans) == ('L', 'N'):
+                        c_default, info = gemqrt(a, t, C)
+                        assert info == 0
+                        assert_equal(c_default, c)
+
+            # Test invalid side/trans
+            assert_raises(Exception, gemqrt, a, t, C, side='A')
+            assert_raises(Exception, gemqrt, a, t, C, trans='A')
+
+    def test_tpqrt_tpmqrt(self):
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+        for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+            n = 20
+
+            if ind > 1:
+                A = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+                B = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+            else:
+                A = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+                B = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+
+            tol = 100*np.spacing(dtype(1.0).real)
+            tpqrt, tpmqrt = get_lapack_funcs(('tpqrt', 'tpmqrt'), dtype=dtype)
+
+            # Test for the range of pentagonal B, from square to upper
+            # triangular
+            for l in (0, n // 2, n):
+                a, b, t, info = tpqrt(l, n, A, B)
+                assert info == 0
+
+                # Check that lower triangular part of A has not been modified
+                assert_equal(np.tril(a, -1), np.tril(A, -1))
+                # Check that elements not part of the pentagonal portion of B
+                # have not been modified.
+                assert_equal(np.tril(b, l - n - 1), np.tril(B, l - n - 1))
+
+                # Extract pentagonal portion of B
+                B_pent, b_pent = np.triu(B, l - n), np.triu(b, l - n)
+
+                # Generate elementary reflectors
+                v = np.concatenate((np.eye(n, dtype=dtype), b_pent))
+                # Generate the block Householder transform I - VTV^H
+                Q = np.eye(2 * n, dtype=dtype) - v @ t @ v.T.conj()
+                R = np.concatenate((np.triu(a), np.zeros_like(a)))
+
+                # Test columns of Q are orthogonal
+                assert_allclose(Q.T.conj() @ Q, np.eye(2 * n, dtype=dtype),
+                                atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+                assert_allclose(Q @ R, np.concatenate((np.triu(A), B_pent)),
+                                atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+                if ind > 1:
+                    C = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+                    D = (rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j).astype(dtype)
+                    transpose = 'C'
+                else:
+                    C = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+                    D = (rng.rand(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+                    transpose = 'T'
+
+                for side in ('L', 'R'):
+                    for trans in ('N', transpose):
+                        c, d, info = tpmqrt(l, b, t, C, D, side=side,
+                                            trans=trans)
+                        assert info == 0
+
+                        if trans == transpose:
+                            q = Q.T.conj()
+                        else:
+                            q = Q
+
+                        if side == 'L':
+                            cd = np.concatenate((c, d), axis=0)
+                            CD = np.concatenate((C, D), axis=0)
+                            qCD = q @ CD
+                        else:
+                            cd = np.concatenate((c, d), axis=1)
+                            CD = np.concatenate((C, D), axis=1)
+                            qCD = CD @ q
+
+                        assert_allclose(cd, qCD, atol=tol, rtol=0.)
+
+                        if (side, trans) == ('L', 'N'):
+                            c_default, d_default, info = tpmqrt(l, b, t, C, D)
+                            assert info == 0
+                            assert_equal(c_default, c)
+                            assert_equal(d_default, d)
+
+                # Test invalid side/trans
+                assert_raises(Exception, tpmqrt, l, b, t, C, D, side='A')
+                assert_raises(Exception, tpmqrt, l, b, t, C, D, trans='A')
+
+
+def test_pstrf():
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES = <s, d, c, z> pstrf
+        n = 10
+        r = 2
+        pstrf = get_lapack_funcs('pstrf', dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Create positive semidefinite A
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype) + 1j * rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype)
+            A = A @ A.conj().T
+        else:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype)
+            A = A @ A.T
+
+        c, piv, r_c, info = pstrf(A)
+        U = triu(c)
+        U[r_c - n:, r_c - n:] = 0.
+
+        assert_equal(info, 1)
+        # python-dbg 3.5.2 runs cause trouble with the following assertion.
+        # assert_equal(r_c, n - r)
+        single_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float32).eps
+        double_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float64).eps
+        atol = single_atol if ind in [0, 2] else double_atol
+        assert_allclose(A[piv-1][:, piv-1], U.conj().T @ U, rtol=0., atol=atol)
+
+        c, piv, r_c, info = pstrf(A, lower=1)
+        L = tril(c)
+        L[r_c - n:, r_c - n:] = 0.
+
+        assert_equal(info, 1)
+        # assert_equal(r_c, n - r)
+        single_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float32).eps
+        double_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float64).eps
+        atol = single_atol if ind in [0, 2] else double_atol
+        assert_allclose(A[piv-1][:, piv-1], L @ L.conj().T, rtol=0., atol=atol)
+
+
+def test_pstf2():
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        # DTYPES = <s, d, c, z> pstf2
+        n = 10
+        r = 2
+        pstf2 = get_lapack_funcs('pstf2', dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Create positive semidefinite A
+        if ind > 1:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype) + 1j * rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype)
+            A = A @ A.conj().T
+        else:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n-r).astype(dtype)
+            A = A @ A.T
+
+        c, piv, r_c, info = pstf2(A)
+        U = triu(c)
+        U[r_c - n:, r_c - n:] = 0.
+
+        assert_equal(info, 1)
+        # python-dbg 3.5.2 runs cause trouble with the commented assertions.
+        # assert_equal(r_c, n - r)
+        single_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float32).eps
+        double_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float64).eps
+        atol = single_atol if ind in [0, 2] else double_atol
+        assert_allclose(A[piv-1][:, piv-1], U.conj().T @ U, rtol=0., atol=atol)
+
+        c, piv, r_c, info = pstf2(A, lower=1)
+        L = tril(c)
+        L[r_c - n:, r_c - n:] = 0.
+
+        assert_equal(info, 1)
+        # assert_equal(r_c, n - r)
+        single_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float32).eps
+        double_atol = 1000 * np.finfo(np.float64).eps
+        atol = single_atol if ind in [0, 2] else double_atol
+        assert_allclose(A[piv-1][:, piv-1], L @ L.conj().T, rtol=0., atol=atol)
+
+
+def test_geequ():
+    desired_real = np.array([[0.6250, 1.0000, 0.0393, -0.4269],
+                             [1.0000, -0.5619, -1.0000, -1.0000],
+                             [0.5874, -1.0000, -0.0596, -0.5341],
+                             [-1.0000, -0.5946, -0.0294, 0.9957]])
+
+    desired_cplx = np.array([[-0.2816+0.5359*1j,
+                              0.0812+0.9188*1j,
+                              -0.7439-0.2561*1j],
+                             [-0.3562-0.2954*1j,
+                              0.9566-0.0434*1j,
+                              -0.0174+0.1555*1j],
+                             [0.8607+0.1393*1j,
+                              -0.2759+0.7241*1j,
+                              -0.1642-0.1365*1j]])
+
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        if ind < 2:
+            # Use examples from the NAG documentation
+            A = np.array([[1.80e+10, 2.88e+10, 2.05e+00, -8.90e+09],
+                          [5.25e+00, -2.95e+00, -9.50e-09, -3.80e+00],
+                          [1.58e+00, -2.69e+00, -2.90e-10, -1.04e+00],
+                          [-1.11e+00, -6.60e-01, -5.90e-11, 8.00e-01]])
+            A = A.astype(dtype)
+        else:
+            A = np.array([[-1.34e+00, 0.28e+10, -6.39e+00],
+                          [-1.70e+00, 3.31e+10, -0.15e+00],
+                          [2.41e-10, -0.56e+00, -0.83e-10]], dtype=dtype)
+            A += np.array([[2.55e+00, 3.17e+10, -2.20e+00],
+                           [-1.41e+00, -0.15e+10, 1.34e+00],
+                           [0.39e-10, 1.47e+00, -0.69e-10]])*1j
+
+            A = A.astype(dtype)
+
+        geequ = get_lapack_funcs('geequ', dtype=dtype)
+        r, c, rowcnd, colcnd, amax, info = geequ(A)
+
+        if ind < 2:
+            assert_allclose(desired_real.astype(dtype), r[:, None]*A*c,
+                            rtol=0, atol=1e-4)
+        else:
+            assert_allclose(desired_cplx.astype(dtype), r[:, None]*A*c,
+                            rtol=0, atol=1e-4)
+
+
+def test_syequb():
+    desired_log2s = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, -2, -3])
+
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        A = np.eye(10, dtype=dtype)
+        alpha = dtype(1. if ind < 2 else 1.j)
+        d = np.array([alpha * 2.**x for x in range(-5, 5)], dtype=dtype)
+        A += np.rot90(np.diag(d))
+
+        syequb = get_lapack_funcs('syequb', dtype=dtype)
+        s, scond, amax, info = syequb(A)
+
+        assert_equal(np.log2(s).astype(int), desired_log2s)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(True,
+                    reason="Failing on some OpenBLAS version, see gh-12276")
+def test_heequb():
+    # zheequb has a bug for versions =< LAPACK 3.9.0
+    # See Reference-LAPACK gh-61 and gh-408
+    # Hence the zheequb test is customized accordingly to avoid
+    # work scaling.
+    A = np.diag([2]*5 + [1002]*5) + np.diag(np.ones(9), k=1)*1j
+    s, scond, amax, info = lapack.zheequb(A)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_allclose(np.log2(s), [0., -1.]*2 + [0.] + [-4]*5)
+
+    A = np.diag(2**np.abs(np.arange(-5, 6)) + 0j)
+    A[5, 5] = 1024
+    A[5, 0] = 16j
+    s, scond, amax, info = lapack.cheequb(A.astype(np.complex64), lower=1)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_allclose(np.log2(s), [-2, -1, -1, 0, 0, -5, 0, -1, -1, -2, -2])
+
+
+def test_getc2_gesc2():
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    n = 10
+    desired_real = rng.rand(n)
+    desired_cplx = rng.rand(n) + rng.rand(n)*1j
+
+    for ind, dtype in enumerate(DTYPES):
+        if ind < 2:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n)
+            A = A.astype(dtype)
+            b = A @ desired_real
+            b = b.astype(dtype)
+        else:
+            A = rng.rand(n, n) + rng.rand(n, n)*1j
+            A = A.astype(dtype)
+            b = A @ desired_cplx
+            b = b.astype(dtype)
+
+        getc2 = get_lapack_funcs('getc2', dtype=dtype)
+        gesc2 = get_lapack_funcs('gesc2', dtype=dtype)
+        lu, ipiv, jpiv, info = getc2(A, overwrite_a=0)
+        x, scale = gesc2(lu, b, ipiv, jpiv, overwrite_rhs=0)
+
+        if ind < 2:
+            assert_array_almost_equal(desired_real.astype(dtype),
+                                      x/scale, decimal=4)
+        else:
+            assert_array_almost_equal(desired_cplx.astype(dtype),
+                                      x/scale, decimal=4)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('size', [(6, 5), (5, 5)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('joba', range(6))  # 'C', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'R'
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('jobu', range(4))  # 'U', 'F', 'W', 'N'
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('jobv', range(4))  # 'V', 'J', 'W', 'N'
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('jobr', [0, 1])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('jobp', [0, 1])
+def test_gejsv_general(size, dtype, joba, jobu, jobv, jobr, jobp, jobt=0):
+    """Test the lapack routine ?gejsv.
+
+    This function tests that a singular value decomposition can be performed
+    on the random M-by-N matrix A. The test performs the SVD using ?gejsv
+    then performs the following checks:
+
+    * ?gejsv exist successfully (info == 0)
+    * The returned singular values are correct
+    * `A` can be reconstructed from `u`, `SIGMA`, `v`
+    * Ensure that u.T @ u is the identity matrix
+    * Ensure that v.T @ v is the identity matrix
+    * The reported matrix rank
+    * The reported number of singular values
+    * If denormalized floats are required
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    joba specifies several choices effecting the calculation's accuracy
+    Although all arguments are tested, the tests only check that the correct
+    solution is returned - NOT that the prescribed actions are performed
+    internally.
+
+    jobt is, as of v3.9.0, still experimental and removed to cut down number of
+    test cases. However keyword itself is tested externally.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+
+    # Define some constants for later use:
+    m, n = size
+    atol = 100 * np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    A = generate_random_dtype_array(size, dtype, rng)
+    gejsv = get_lapack_funcs('gejsv', dtype=dtype)
+
+    # Set up checks for invalid job? combinations
+    # if an invalid combination occurs we set the appropriate
+    # exit status.
+    lsvec = jobu < 2  # Calculate left singular vectors
+    rsvec = jobv < 2  # Calculate right singular vectors
+    l2tran = (jobt == 1) and (m == n)
+    is_complex = np.iscomplexobj(A)
+
+    invalid_real_jobv = (jobv == 1) and (not lsvec) and (not is_complex)
+    invalid_cplx_jobu = (jobu == 2) and not (rsvec and l2tran) and is_complex
+    invalid_cplx_jobv = (jobv == 2) and not (lsvec and l2tran) and is_complex
+
+    # Set the exit status to the expected value.
+    # Here we only check for invalid combinations, not individual
+    # parameters.
+    if invalid_cplx_jobu:
+        exit_status = -2
+    elif invalid_real_jobv or invalid_cplx_jobv:
+        exit_status = -3
+    else:
+        exit_status = 0
+
+    if (jobu > 1) and (jobv == 1):
+        assert_raises(Exception, gejsv, A, joba, jobu, jobv, jobr, jobt, jobp)
+    else:
+        sva, u, v, work, iwork, info = gejsv(A,
+                                             joba=joba,
+                                             jobu=jobu,
+                                             jobv=jobv,
+                                             jobr=jobr,
+                                             jobt=jobt,
+                                             jobp=jobp)
+
+        # Check that ?gejsv exited successfully/as expected
+        assert_equal(info, exit_status)
+
+        # If exit_status is non-zero the combination of jobs is invalid.
+        # We test this above but no calculations are performed.
+        if not exit_status:
+
+            # Check the returned singular values
+            sigma = (work[0] / work[1]) * sva[:n]
+            assert_allclose(sigma, svd(A, compute_uv=False), atol=atol)
+
+            if jobu == 1:
+                # If JOBU = 'F', then u contains the M-by-M matrix of
+                # the left singular vectors, including an ONB of the orthogonal
+                # complement of the Range(A)
+                # However, to recalculate A we are concerned about the
+                # first n singular values and so can ignore the latter.
+                # TODO: Add a test for ONB?
+                u = u[:, :n]
+
+            if lsvec and rsvec:
+                assert_allclose(u @ np.diag(sigma) @ v.conj().T, A, atol=atol)
+            if lsvec:
+                assert_allclose(u.conj().T @ u, np.identity(n), atol=atol)
+            if rsvec:
+                assert_allclose(v.conj().T @ v, np.identity(n), atol=atol)
+
+            assert_equal(iwork[0], np.linalg.matrix_rank(A))
+            assert_equal(iwork[1], np.count_nonzero(sigma))
+            # iwork[2] is non-zero if requested accuracy is not warranted for
+            # the data. This should never occur for these tests.
+            assert_equal(iwork[2], 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+def test_gejsv_edge_arguments(dtype):
+    """Test edge arguments return expected status"""
+    gejsv = get_lapack_funcs('gejsv', dtype=dtype)
+
+    # scalar A
+    sva, u, v, work, iwork, info = gejsv(1.)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_equal(u.shape, (1, 1))
+    assert_equal(v.shape, (1, 1))
+    assert_equal(sva, np.array([1.], dtype=dtype))
+
+    # 1d A
+    A = np.ones((1,), dtype=dtype)
+    sva, u, v, work, iwork, info = gejsv(A)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_equal(u.shape, (1, 1))
+    assert_equal(v.shape, (1, 1))
+    assert_equal(sva, np.array([1.], dtype=dtype))
+
+    # 2d empty A
+    A = np.ones((1, 0), dtype=dtype)
+    sva, u, v, work, iwork, info = gejsv(A)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_equal(u.shape, (1, 0))
+    assert_equal(v.shape, (1, 0))
+    assert_equal(sva, np.array([], dtype=dtype))
+
+    # make sure "overwrite_a" is respected - user reported in gh-13191
+    A = np.sin(np.arange(100).reshape(10, 10)).astype(dtype)
+    A = np.asfortranarray(A + A.T)  # make it symmetric and column major
+    Ac = A.copy('A')
+    _ = gejsv(A)
+    assert_allclose(A, Ac)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(('kwargs'),
+                         ({'joba': 9},
+                          {'jobu': 9},
+                          {'jobv': 9},
+                          {'jobr': 9},
+                          {'jobt': 9},
+                          {'jobp': 9})
+                         )
+def test_gejsv_invalid_job_arguments(kwargs):
+    """Test invalid job arguments raise an Exception"""
+    A = np.ones((2, 2), dtype=float)
+    gejsv = get_lapack_funcs('gejsv', dtype=float)
+    assert_raises(Exception, gejsv, A, **kwargs)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("A,sva_expect,u_expect,v_expect",
+                         [(np.array([[2.27, -1.54, 1.15, -1.94],
+                                     [0.28, -1.67, 0.94, -0.78],
+                                     [-0.48, -3.09, 0.99, -0.21],
+                                     [1.07, 1.22, 0.79, 0.63],
+                                     [-2.35, 2.93, -1.45, 2.30],
+                                     [0.62, -7.39, 1.03, -2.57]]),
+                           np.array([9.9966, 3.6831, 1.3569, 0.5000]),
+                           np.array([[0.2774, -0.6003, -0.1277, 0.1323],
+                                     [0.2020, -0.0301, 0.2805, 0.7034],
+                                     [0.2918, 0.3348, 0.6453, 0.1906],
+                                     [-0.0938, -0.3699, 0.6781, -0.5399],
+                                     [-0.4213, 0.5266, 0.0413, -0.0575],
+                                     [0.7816, 0.3353, -0.1645, -0.3957]]),
+                           np.array([[0.1921, -0.8030, 0.0041, -0.5642],
+                                     [-0.8794, -0.3926, -0.0752, 0.2587],
+                                     [0.2140, -0.2980, 0.7827, 0.5027],
+                                     [-0.3795, 0.3351, 0.6178, -0.6017]]))])
+def test_gejsv_NAG(A, sva_expect, u_expect, v_expect):
+    """
+    This test implements the example found in the NAG manual, f08khf.
+    An example was not found for the complex case.
+    """
+    # NAG manual provides accuracy up to 4 decimals
+    atol = 1e-4
+    gejsv = get_lapack_funcs('gejsv', dtype=A.dtype)
+
+    sva, u, v, work, iwork, info = gejsv(A)
+
+    assert_allclose(sva_expect, sva, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(u_expect, u, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(v_expect, v, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", DTYPES)
+def test_gttrf_gttrs(dtype):
+    # The test uses ?gttrf and ?gttrs to solve a random system for each dtype,
+    # tests that the output of ?gttrf define LU matrices, that input
+    # parameters are unmodified, transposal options function correctly, that
+    # incompatible matrix shapes raise an error, and singular matrices return
+    # non zero info.
+
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    n = 10
+    atol = 100 * np.finfo(dtype).eps
+
+    # create the matrix in accordance with the data type
+    du = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    dl = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    diag_cpy = [dl.copy(), d.copy(), du.copy()]
+
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(dl, -1) + np.diag(du, 1)
+    x = np.random.rand(n)
+    b = A @ x
+
+    gttrf, gttrs = get_lapack_funcs(('gttrf', 'gttrs'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    _dl, _d, _du, du2, ipiv, info = gttrf(dl, d, du)
+    # test to assure that the inputs of ?gttrf are unmodified
+    assert_array_equal(dl, diag_cpy[0])
+    assert_array_equal(d, diag_cpy[1])
+    assert_array_equal(du, diag_cpy[2])
+
+    # generate L and U factors from ?gttrf return values
+    # L/U are lower/upper triangular by construction (initially and at end)
+    U = np.diag(_d, 0) + np.diag(_du, 1) + np.diag(du2, 2)
+    L = np.eye(n, dtype=dtype)
+
+    for i, m in enumerate(_dl):
+        # L is given in a factored form.
+        # See
+        # www.hpcavf.uclan.ac.uk/softwaredoc/sgi_scsl_html/sgi_html/ch03.html
+        piv = ipiv[i] - 1
+        # right multiply by permutation matrix
+        L[:, [i, piv]] = L[:, [piv, i]]
+        # right multiply by Li, rank-one modification of identity
+        L[:, i] += L[:, i+1]*m
+
+    # one last permutation
+    i, piv = -1, ipiv[-1] - 1
+    # right multiply by final permutation matrix
+    L[:, [i, piv]] = L[:, [piv, i]]
+
+    # check that the outputs of ?gttrf define an LU decomposition of A
+    assert_allclose(A, L @ U, atol=atol)
+
+    b_cpy = b.copy()
+    x_gttrs, info = gttrs(_dl, _d, _du, du2, ipiv, b)
+    # test that the inputs of ?gttrs are unmodified
+    assert_array_equal(b, b_cpy)
+    # test that the result of ?gttrs matches the expected input
+    assert_allclose(x, x_gttrs, atol=atol)
+
+    # test that ?gttrf and ?gttrs work with transposal options
+    if dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+        trans = "T"
+        b_trans = A.T @ x
+    else:
+        trans = "C"
+        b_trans = A.conj().T @ x
+
+    x_gttrs, info = gttrs(_dl, _d, _du, du2, ipiv, b_trans, trans=trans)
+    assert_allclose(x, x_gttrs, atol=atol)
+
+    # test that ValueError is raised with incompatible matrix shapes
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        gttrf(dl[:-1], d, du)
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        gttrf(dl, d[:-1], du)
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        gttrf(dl, d, du[:-1])
+
+    # test that matrix of size n=2 raises exception
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        gttrf(dl[0], d[:1], du[0])
+
+    # test that singular (row of all zeroes) matrix fails via info
+    du[0] = 0
+    d[0] = 0
+    __dl, __d, __du, _du2, _ipiv, _info = gttrf(dl, d, du)
+    np.testing.assert_(__d[info - 1] == 0, (f"?gttrf: _d[info-1] is {__d[info - 1]},"
+                                            " not the illegal value :0."))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("du, d, dl, du_exp, d_exp, du2_exp, ipiv_exp, b, x",
+                         [(np.array([2.1, -1.0, 1.9, 8.0]),
+                             np.array([3.0, 2.3, -5.0, -.9, 7.1]),
+                             np.array([3.4, 3.6, 7.0, -6.0]),
+                             np.array([2.3, -5, -.9, 7.1]),
+                             np.array([3.4, 3.6, 7, -6, -1.015373]),
+                             np.array([-1, 1.9, 8]),
+                             np.array([2, 3, 4, 5, 5]),
+                             np.array([[2.7, 6.6],
+                                       [-0.5, 10.8],
+                                       [2.6, -3.2],
+                                       [0.6, -11.2],
+                                       [2.7, 19.1]
+                                       ]),
+                             np.array([[-4, 5],
+                                       [7, -4],
+                                       [3, -3],
+                                       [-4, -2],
+                                       [-3, 1]])),
+                          (
+                             np.array([2 - 1j, 2 + 1j, -1 + 1j, 1 - 1j]),
+                             np.array([-1.3 + 1.3j, -1.3 + 1.3j,
+                                       -1.3 + 3.3j, - .3 + 4.3j,
+                                       -3.3 + 1.3j]),
+                             np.array([1 - 2j, 1 + 1j, 2 - 3j, 1 + 1j]),
+                             # du exp
+                             np.array([-1.3 + 1.3j, -1.3 + 3.3j,
+                                       -0.3 + 4.3j, -3.3 + 1.3j]),
+                             np.array([1 - 2j, 1 + 1j, 2 - 3j, 1 + 1j,
+                                       -1.3399 + 0.2875j]),
+                             np.array([2 + 1j, -1 + 1j, 1 - 1j]),
+                             np.array([2, 3, 4, 5, 5]),
+                             np.array([[2.4 - 5j, 2.7 + 6.9j],
+                                       [3.4 + 18.2j, - 6.9 - 5.3j],
+                                       [-14.7 + 9.7j, - 6 - .6j],
+                                       [31.9 - 7.7j, -3.9 + 9.3j],
+                                       [-1 + 1.6j, -3 + 12.2j]]),
+                             np.array([[1 + 1j, 2 - 1j],
+                                       [3 - 1j, 1 + 2j],
+                                       [4 + 5j, -1 + 1j],
+                                       [-1 - 2j, 2 + 1j],
+                                       [1 - 1j, 2 - 2j]])
+                            )])
+def test_gttrf_gttrs_NAG_f07cdf_f07cef_f07crf_f07csf(du, d, dl, du_exp, d_exp,
+                                                     du2_exp, ipiv_exp, b, x):
+    # test to assure that wrapper is consistent with NAG Library Manual Mark 26
+    # example problems: f07cdf and f07cef (real)
+    # examples: f07crf and f07csf (complex)
+    # (Links may expire, so search for "NAG Library Manual Mark 26" online)
+
+    gttrf, gttrs = get_lapack_funcs(('gttrf', "gttrs"), (du[0], du[0]))
+
+    _dl, _d, _du, du2, ipiv, info = gttrf(dl, d, du)
+    assert_allclose(du2, du2_exp)
+    assert_allclose(_du, du_exp)
+    assert_allclose(_d, d_exp, atol=1e-4)  # NAG examples provide 4 decimals.
+    assert_allclose(ipiv, ipiv_exp)
+
+    x_gttrs, info = gttrs(_dl, _d, _du, du2, ipiv, b)
+
+    assert_allclose(x_gttrs, x)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('norm', ['1', 'I', 'O'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('n', [3, 10])
+def test_gtcon(dtype, norm, n):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(23498324)
+
+    d = rng.random(n) + rng.random(n)*1j
+    dl = rng.random(n - 1) + rng.random(n - 1)*1j
+    du = rng.random(n - 1) + rng.random(n - 1)*1j
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(dl, -1) + np.diag(du, 1)
+    if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
+        A, d, dl, du = A.real, d.real, dl.real, du.real
+    A, d, dl, du = A.astype(dtype), d.astype(dtype), dl.astype(dtype), du.astype(dtype)
+
+    anorm = np.linalg.norm(A, ord=np.inf if norm == 'I' else 1)
+
+    gttrf, gtcon = get_lapack_funcs(('gttrf', 'gtcon'), (A,))
+    dl, d, du, du2, ipiv, info = gttrf(dl, d, du)
+    res, _ = gtcon(dl, d, du, du2, ipiv, anorm, norm=norm)
+
+    gecon, getrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gecon', 'getrf'), (A,))
+    lu, ipvt, info = getrf(A)
+    ref, _ = gecon(lu, anorm, norm=norm)
+
+    rtol = np.finfo(dtype).eps**0.75
+    assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=rtol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('shape', [(3, 7), (7, 3), (2**18, 2**18)])
+def test_geqrfp_lwork(dtype, shape):
+    geqrfp_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(('geqrfp_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+    m, n = shape
+    lwork, info = geqrfp_lwork(m=m, n=n)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ddtype,dtype",
+                         zip(REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES, DTYPES))
+def test_pttrf_pttrs(ddtype, dtype):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    # set test tolerance appropriate for dtype
+    atol = 100*np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    # n is the length diagonal of A
+    n = 10
+    # create diagonals according to size and dtype
+
+    # diagonal d should always be real.
+    # add 4 to d so it will be dominant for all dtypes
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), ddtype, rng) + 4
+    # diagonal e may be real or complex.
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+
+    # assemble diagonals together into matrix
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(np.conj(e), 1)
+    # store a copy of diagonals to later verify
+    diag_cpy = [d.copy(), e.copy()]
+
+    pttrf = get_lapack_funcs('pttrf', dtype=dtype)
+
+    _d, _e, info = pttrf(d, e)
+    # test to assure that the inputs of ?pttrf are unmodified
+    assert_array_equal(d, diag_cpy[0])
+    assert_array_equal(e, diag_cpy[1])
+    assert_equal(info, 0, err_msg=f"pttrf: info = {info}, should be 0")
+
+    # test that the factors from pttrf can be recombined to make A
+    L = np.diag(_e, -1) + np.diag(np.ones(n))
+    D = np.diag(_d)
+
+    assert_allclose(A, L@D@L.conjugate().T, atol=atol)
+
+    # generate random solution x
+    x = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), dtype, rng)
+    # determine accompanying b to get soln x
+    b = A@x
+
+    # determine _x from pttrs
+    pttrs = get_lapack_funcs('pttrs', dtype=dtype)
+    _x, info = pttrs(_d, _e.conj(), b)
+    assert_equal(info, 0, err_msg=f"pttrs: info = {info}, should be 0")
+
+    # test that _x from pttrs matches the expected x
+    assert_allclose(x, _x, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ddtype,dtype",
+                         zip(REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES, DTYPES))
+def test_pttrf_pttrs_errors_incompatible_shape(ddtype, dtype):
+    n = 10
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    pttrf = get_lapack_funcs('pttrf', dtype=dtype)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), ddtype, rng) + 2
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+    # test that ValueError is raised with incompatible matrix shapes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, pttrf, d[:-1], e)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, pttrf, d, e[:-1])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ddtype,dtype",
+                         zip(REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES, DTYPES))
+def test_pttrf_pttrs_errors_singular_nonSPD(ddtype, dtype):
+    n = 10
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    pttrf = get_lapack_funcs('pttrf', dtype=dtype)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), ddtype, rng) + 2
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+    # test that singular (row of all zeroes) matrix fails via info
+    d[0] = 0
+    e[0] = 0
+    _d, _e, info = pttrf(d, e)
+    assert_equal(_d[info - 1], 0,
+                 f"?pttrf: _d[info-1] is {_d[info - 1]}, not the illegal value :0.")
+
+    # test with non-spd matrix
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), ddtype, rng)
+    _d, _e, info = pttrf(d, e)
+    assert_(info != 0, "?pttrf should fail with non-spd matrix, but didn't")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("d, e, d_expect, e_expect, b, x_expect"), [
+                         (np.array([4, 10, 29, 25, 5]),
+                          np.array([-2, -6, 15, 8]),
+                          np.array([4, 9, 25, 16, 1]),
+                          np.array([-.5, -.6667, .6, .5]),
+                          np.array([[6, 10], [9, 4], [2, 9], [14, 65],
+                                    [7, 23]]),
+                          np.array([[2.5, 2], [2, -1], [1, -3], [-1, 6],
+                                    [3, -5]])
+                          ), (
+                          np.array([16, 41, 46, 21]),
+                          np.array([16 + 16j, 18 - 9j, 1 - 4j]),
+                          np.array([16, 9, 1, 4]),
+                          np.array([1+1j, 2-1j, 1-4j]),
+                          np.array([[64+16j, -16-32j], [93+62j, 61-66j],
+                                    [78-80j, 71-74j], [14-27j, 35+15j]]),
+                          np.array([[2+1j, -3-2j], [1+1j, 1+1j], [1-2j, 1-2j],
+                                    [1-1j, 2+1j]])
+                         )])
+def test_pttrf_pttrs_NAG(d, e, d_expect, e_expect, b, x_expect):
+    # test to assure that wrapper is consistent with NAG Manual Mark 26
+    # example problems: f07jdf and f07jef (real)
+    # examples: f07jrf and f07csf (complex)
+    # NAG examples provide 4 decimals.
+    # (Links expire, so please search for "NAG Library Manual Mark 26" online)
+
+    atol = 1e-4
+    pttrf = get_lapack_funcs('pttrf', dtype=e[0])
+    _d, _e, info = pttrf(d, e)
+    assert_allclose(_d, d_expect, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(_e, e_expect, atol=atol)
+
+    pttrs = get_lapack_funcs('pttrs', dtype=e[0])
+    _x, info = pttrs(_d, _e.conj(), b)
+    assert_allclose(_x, x_expect, atol=atol)
+
+    # also test option `lower`
+    if e.dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        _x, info = pttrs(_d, _e, b, lower=1)
+        assert_allclose(_x, x_expect, atol=atol)
+
+
+def pteqr_get_d_e_A_z(dtype, realtype, n, compute_z):
+    # used by ?pteqr tests to build parameters
+    # returns tuple of (d, e, A, z)
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    if compute_z == 1:
+        # build Hermitian A from Q**T * tri * Q = A by creating Q and tri
+        A_eig = generate_random_dtype_array((n, n), dtype, rng)
+        A_eig = A_eig + np.diag(np.zeros(n) + 4*n)
+        A_eig = (A_eig + A_eig.conj().T) / 2
+        # obtain right eigenvectors (orthogonal)
+        vr = eigh(A_eig)[1]
+        # create tridiagonal matrix
+        d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng) + 4
+        e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), realtype, rng)
+        tri = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, 1) + np.diag(e, -1)
+        # Build A using these factors that sytrd would: (Q**T * tri * Q = A)
+        A = vr @ tri @ vr.conj().T
+        # vr is orthogonal
+        z = vr
+
+    else:
+        # d and e are always real per lapack docs.
+        d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng)
+        e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), realtype, rng)
+
+        # make SPD
+        d = d + 4
+        A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, 1) + np.diag(e, -1)
+        z = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(e, 1)
+    return (d, e, A, z)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype",
+                         zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compute_z", range(3))
+def test_pteqr(dtype, realtype, compute_z):
+    '''
+    Tests the ?pteqr lapack routine for all dtypes and compute_z parameters.
+    It generates random SPD matrix diagonals d and e, and then confirms
+    correct eigenvalues with scipy.linalg.eig. With applicable compute_z=2 it
+    tests that z can reform A.
+    '''
+    seed(42)
+    atol = 1000*np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    pteqr = get_lapack_funcs(('pteqr'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    n = 10
+
+    d, e, A, z = pteqr_get_d_e_A_z(dtype, realtype, n, compute_z)
+
+    d_pteqr, e_pteqr, z_pteqr, info = pteqr(d=d, e=e, z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    assert_equal(info, 0, f"info = {info}, should be 0.")
+
+    # compare the routine's eigenvalues with scipy.linalg.eig's.
+    assert_allclose(np.sort(eigh(A)[0]), np.sort(d_pteqr), atol=atol)
+
+    if compute_z:
+        # verify z_pteqr as orthogonal
+        assert_allclose(z_pteqr @ np.conj(z_pteqr).T, np.identity(n),
+                        atol=atol)
+        # verify that z_pteqr recombines to A
+        assert_allclose(z_pteqr @ np.diag(d_pteqr) @ np.conj(z_pteqr).T,
+                        A, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype",
+                         zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compute_z", range(3))
+def test_pteqr_error_non_spd(dtype, realtype, compute_z):
+    seed(42)
+    pteqr = get_lapack_funcs(('pteqr'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    n = 10
+    d, e, A, z = pteqr_get_d_e_A_z(dtype, realtype, n, compute_z)
+
+    # test with non-spd matrix
+    d_pteqr, e_pteqr, z_pteqr, info = pteqr(d - 4, e, z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    assert info > 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype",
+                         zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compute_z", range(3))
+def test_pteqr_raise_error_wrong_shape(dtype, realtype, compute_z):
+    seed(42)
+    pteqr = get_lapack_funcs(('pteqr'), dtype=dtype)
+    n = 10
+    d, e, A, z = pteqr_get_d_e_A_z(dtype, realtype, n, compute_z)
+    # test with incorrect/incompatible array sizes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, pteqr, d[:-1], e, z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, pteqr, d, e[:-1], z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    if compute_z:
+        assert_raises(ValueError, pteqr, d, e, z=z[:-1], compute_z=compute_z)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype",
+                         zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compute_z", range(3))
+def test_pteqr_error_singular(dtype, realtype, compute_z):
+    seed(42)
+    pteqr = get_lapack_funcs(('pteqr'), dtype=dtype)
+    n = 10
+    d, e, A, z = pteqr_get_d_e_A_z(dtype, realtype, n, compute_z)
+    # test with singular matrix
+    d[0] = 0
+    e[0] = 0
+    d_pteqr, e_pteqr, z_pteqr, info = pteqr(d, e, z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    assert info > 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compute_z,d,e,d_expect,z_expect",
+                         [(2,  # "I"
+                           np.array([4.16, 5.25, 1.09, .62]),
+                           np.array([3.17, -.97, .55]),
+                           np.array([8.0023, 1.9926, 1.0014, 0.1237]),
+                           np.array([[0.6326, 0.6245, -0.4191, 0.1847],
+                                     [0.7668, -0.4270, 0.4176, -0.2352],
+                                     [-0.1082, 0.6071, 0.4594, -0.6393],
+                                     [-0.0081, 0.2432, 0.6625, 0.7084]])),
+                          ])
+def test_pteqr_NAG_f08jgf(compute_z, d, e, d_expect, z_expect):
+    '''
+    Implements real (f08jgf) example from NAG Manual Mark 26.
+    Tests for correct outputs.
+    '''
+    # the NAG manual has 4 decimals accuracy
+    atol = 1e-4
+    pteqr = get_lapack_funcs(('pteqr'), dtype=d.dtype)
+
+    z = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, 1) + np.diag(e, -1)
+    _d, _e, _z, info = pteqr(d=d, e=e, z=z, compute_z=compute_z)
+    assert_allclose(_d, d_expect, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(np.abs(_z), np.abs(z_expect), atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('matrix_size', [(3, 4), (7, 6), (6, 6)])
+def test_geqrfp(dtype, matrix_size):
+    # Tests for all dytpes, tall, wide, and square matrices.
+    # Using the routine with random matrix A, Q and R are obtained and then
+    # tested such that R is upper triangular and non-negative on the diagonal,
+    # and Q is an orthogonal matrix. Verifies that A=Q@R. It also
+    # tests against a matrix that for which the  linalg.qr method returns
+    # negative diagonals, and for error messaging.
+
+    # set test tolerance appropriate for dtype
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    rtol = 250*np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    atol = 100*np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    # get appropriate ?geqrfp for dtype
+    geqrfp = get_lapack_funcs(('geqrfp'), dtype=dtype)
+    gqr = get_lapack_funcs(("orgqr"), dtype=dtype)
+
+    m, n = matrix_size
+
+    # create random matrix of dimensions m x n
+    A = generate_random_dtype_array((m, n), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    # create qr matrix using geqrfp
+    qr_A, tau, info = geqrfp(A)
+
+    # obtain r from the upper triangular area
+    r = np.triu(qr_A)
+
+    # obtain q from the orgqr lapack routine
+    # based on linalg.qr's extraction strategy of q with orgqr
+
+    if m > n:
+        # this adds an extra column to the end of qr_A
+        # let qqr be an empty m x m matrix
+        qqr = np.zeros((m, m), dtype=dtype)
+        # set first n columns of qqr to qr_A
+        qqr[:, :n] = qr_A
+        # determine q from this qqr
+        # note that m is a sufficient for lwork based on LAPACK documentation
+        q = gqr(qqr, tau=tau, lwork=m)[0]
+    else:
+        q = gqr(qr_A[:, :m], tau=tau, lwork=m)[0]
+
+    # test that q and r still make A
+    assert_allclose(q@r, A, rtol=rtol)
+    # ensure that q is orthogonal (that q @ transposed q is the identity)
+    assert_allclose(np.eye(q.shape[0]), q@(q.conj().T), rtol=rtol,
+                    atol=atol)
+    # ensure r is upper tri by comparing original r to r as upper triangular
+    assert_allclose(r, np.triu(r), rtol=rtol)
+    # make sure diagonals of r are positive for this random solution
+    assert_(np.all(np.diag(r) > np.zeros(len(np.diag(r)))))
+    # ensure that info is zero for this success
+    assert_(info == 0)
+
+    # test that this routine gives r diagonals that are positive for a
+    # matrix that returns negatives in the diagonal with scipy.linalg.rq
+    A_negative = generate_random_dtype_array((n, m), dtype=dtype, rng=rng) * -1
+    r_rq_neg, q_rq_neg = qr(A_negative)
+    rq_A_neg, tau_neg, info_neg = geqrfp(A_negative)
+    # assert that any of the entries on the diagonal from linalg.qr
+    #   are negative and that all of geqrfp are positive.
+    assert_(np.any(np.diag(r_rq_neg) < 0) and
+            np.all(np.diag(r) > 0))
+
+
+def test_geqrfp_errors_with_empty_array():
+    # check that empty array raises good error message
+    A_empty = np.array([])
+    geqrfp = get_lapack_funcs('geqrfp', dtype=A_empty.dtype)
+    assert_raises(Exception, geqrfp, A_empty)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver", ['ev', 'evd', 'evr', 'evx'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("pfx", ['sy', 'he'])
+def test_standard_eigh_lworks(pfx, driver):
+    n = 1200  # Some sufficiently big arbitrary number
+    dtype = REAL_DTYPES if pfx == 'sy' else COMPLEX_DTYPES
+    sc_dlw = get_lapack_funcs(pfx+driver+'_lwork', dtype=dtype[0])
+    dz_dlw = get_lapack_funcs(pfx+driver+'_lwork', dtype=dtype[1])
+    try:
+        _compute_lwork(sc_dlw, n, lower=1)
+        _compute_lwork(dz_dlw, n, lower=1)
+    except Exception as e:
+        pytest.fail(f"{pfx+driver}_lwork raised unexpected exception: {e}")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver", ['gv', 'gvx'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("pfx", ['sy', 'he'])
+def test_generalized_eigh_lworks(pfx, driver):
+    n = 1200  # Some sufficiently big arbitrary number
+    dtype = REAL_DTYPES if pfx == 'sy' else COMPLEX_DTYPES
+    sc_dlw = get_lapack_funcs(pfx+driver+'_lwork', dtype=dtype[0])
+    dz_dlw = get_lapack_funcs(pfx+driver+'_lwork', dtype=dtype[1])
+    # Shouldn't raise any exceptions
+    try:
+        _compute_lwork(sc_dlw, n, uplo="L")
+        _compute_lwork(dz_dlw, n, uplo="L")
+    except Exception as e:
+        pytest.fail(f"{pfx+driver}_lwork raised unexpected exception: {e}")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype_", DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("m", [1, 10, 100, 1000])
+def test_orcsd_uncsd_lwork(dtype_, m):
+    seed(1234)
+    p = randint(0, m)
+    q = m - p
+    pfx = 'or' if dtype_ in REAL_DTYPES else 'un'
+    dlw = pfx + 'csd_lwork'
+    lw = get_lapack_funcs(dlw, dtype=dtype_)
+    lwval = _compute_lwork(lw, m, p, q)
+    lwval = lwval if pfx == 'un' else (lwval,)
+    assert all([x > 0 for x in lwval])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype_", DTYPES)
+def test_orcsd_uncsd(dtype_):
+    m, p, q = 250, 80, 170
+
+    pfx = 'or' if dtype_ in REAL_DTYPES else 'un'
+    X = ortho_group.rvs(m) if pfx == 'or' else unitary_group.rvs(m)
+
+    drv, dlw = get_lapack_funcs((pfx + 'csd', pfx + 'csd_lwork'), dtype=dtype_)
+    lwval = _compute_lwork(dlw, m, p, q)
+    lwvals = {'lwork': lwval} if pfx == 'or' else dict(zip(['lwork',
+                                                            'lrwork'], lwval))
+
+    cs11, cs12, cs21, cs22, theta, u1, u2, v1t, v2t, info =\
+        drv(X[:p, :q], X[:p, q:], X[p:, :q], X[p:, q:], **lwvals)
+
+    assert info == 0
+
+    U = block_diag(u1, u2)
+    VH = block_diag(v1t, v2t)
+    r = min(min(p, q), min(m-p, m-q))
+    n11 = min(p, q) - r
+    n12 = min(p, m-q) - r
+    n21 = min(m-p, q) - r
+    n22 = min(m-p, m-q) - r
+
+    S = np.zeros((m, m), dtype=dtype_)
+    one = dtype_(1.)
+    for i in range(n11):
+        S[i, i] = one
+    for i in range(n22):
+        S[p+i, q+i] = one
+    for i in range(n12):
+        S[i+n11+r, i+n11+r+n21+n22+r] = -one
+    for i in range(n21):
+        S[p+n22+r+i, n11+r+i] = one
+
+    for i in range(r):
+        S[i+n11, i+n11] = np.cos(theta[i])
+        S[p+n22+i, i+r+n21+n22] = np.cos(theta[i])
+
+        S[i+n11, i+n11+n21+n22+r] = -np.sin(theta[i])
+        S[p+n22+i, i+n11] = np.sin(theta[i])
+
+    Xc = U @ S @ VH
+    assert_allclose(X, Xc, rtol=0., atol=1e4*np.finfo(dtype_).eps)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("trans_bool", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact", ["F", "N"])
+def test_gtsvx(dtype, trans_bool, fact):
+    """
+    These tests uses ?gtsvx to solve a random Ax=b system for each dtype.
+    It tests that the outputs define an LU matrix, that inputs are unmodified,
+    transposal options, incompatible shapes, singular matrices, and
+    singular factorizations. It parametrizes DTYPES and the 'fact' value along
+    with the fact related inputs.
+    """
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    # set test tolerance appropriate for dtype
+    atol = 100 * np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    # obtain routine
+    gtsvx, gttrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gtsvx', 'gttrf'), dtype=dtype)
+    # Generate random tridiagonal matrix A
+    n = 10
+    dl = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    du = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    A = np.diag(dl, -1) + np.diag(d) + np.diag(du, 1)
+    # generate random solution x
+    x = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    # create b from x for equation Ax=b
+    trans = ("T" if dtype in REAL_DTYPES else "C") if trans_bool else "N"
+    b = (A.conj().T if trans_bool else A) @ x
+
+    # store a copy of the inputs to check they haven't been modified later
+    inputs_cpy = [dl.copy(), d.copy(), du.copy(), b.copy()]
+
+    # set these to None if fact = 'N', or the output of gttrf is fact = 'F'
+    dlf_, df_, duf_, du2f_, ipiv_, info_ = \
+        gttrf(dl, d, du) if fact == 'F' else [None]*6
+
+    gtsvx_out = gtsvx(dl, d, du, b, fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+    dlf, df, duf, du2f, ipiv, x_soln, rcond, ferr, berr, info = gtsvx_out
+    assert_(info == 0, f"?gtsvx info = {info}, should be zero")
+
+    # assure that inputs are unmodified
+    assert_array_equal(dl, inputs_cpy[0])
+    assert_array_equal(d, inputs_cpy[1])
+    assert_array_equal(du, inputs_cpy[2])
+    assert_array_equal(b, inputs_cpy[3])
+
+    # test that x_soln matches the expected x
+    assert_allclose(x, x_soln, atol=atol)
+
+    # assert that the outputs are of correct type or shape
+    # rcond should be a scalar
+    assert_(hasattr(rcond, "__len__") is not True,
+            f"rcond should be scalar but is {rcond}")
+    # ferr should be length of # of cols in x
+    assert_(ferr.shape[0] == b.shape[1], (f"ferr.shape is {ferr.shape[0]} but should"
+                                          f" be {b.shape[1]}"))
+    # berr should be length of # of cols in x
+    assert_(berr.shape[0] == b.shape[1], (f"berr.shape is {berr.shape[0]} but should"
+                                          f" be {b.shape[1]}"))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("trans_bool", [0, 1])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact", ["F", "N"])
+def test_gtsvx_error_singular(dtype, trans_bool, fact):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    # obtain routine
+    gtsvx, gttrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gtsvx', 'gttrf'), dtype=dtype)
+    # Generate random tridiagonal matrix A
+    n = 10
+    dl = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    du = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    A = np.diag(dl, -1) + np.diag(d) + np.diag(du, 1)
+    # generate random solution x
+    x = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    # create b from x for equation Ax=b
+    trans = "T" if dtype in REAL_DTYPES else "C"
+    b = (A.conj().T if trans_bool else A) @ x
+
+    # set these to None if fact = 'N', or the output of gttrf is fact = 'F'
+    dlf_, df_, duf_, du2f_, ipiv_, info_ = \
+        gttrf(dl, d, du) if fact == 'F' else [None]*6
+
+    gtsvx_out = gtsvx(dl, d, du, b, fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+    dlf, df, duf, du2f, ipiv, x_soln, rcond, ferr, berr, info = gtsvx_out
+    # test with singular matrix
+    # no need to test inputs with fact "F" since ?gttrf already does.
+    if fact == "N":
+        # Construct a singular example manually
+        d[-1] = 0
+        dl[-1] = 0
+        # solve using routine
+        gtsvx_out = gtsvx(dl, d, du, b)
+        dlf, df, duf, du2f, ipiv, x_soln, rcond, ferr, berr, info = gtsvx_out
+        # test for the singular matrix.
+        assert info > 0, "info should be > 0 for singular matrix"
+
+    elif fact == 'F':
+        # assuming that a singular factorization is input
+        df_[-1] = 0
+        duf_[-1] = 0
+        du2f_[-1] = 0
+
+        gtsvx_out = gtsvx(dl, d, du, b, fact=fact, dlf=dlf_, df=df_, duf=duf_,
+                          du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        dlf, df, duf, du2f, ipiv, x_soln, rcond, ferr, berr, info = gtsvx_out
+        # info should not be zero and should provide index of illegal value
+        assert info > 0, "info should be > 0 for singular matrix"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", DTYPES*2)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("trans_bool", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact", ["F", "N"])
+def test_gtsvx_error_incompatible_size(dtype, trans_bool, fact):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    # obtain routine
+    gtsvx, gttrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gtsvx', 'gttrf'), dtype=dtype)
+    # Generate random tridiagonal matrix A
+    n = 10
+    dl = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    du = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    A = np.diag(dl, -1) + np.diag(d) + np.diag(du, 1)
+    # generate random solution x
+    x = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    # create b from x for equation Ax=b
+    trans = "T" if dtype in REAL_DTYPES else "C"
+    b = (A.conj().T if trans_bool else A) @ x
+
+    # set these to None if fact = 'N', or the output of gttrf is fact = 'F'
+    dlf_, df_, duf_, du2f_, ipiv_, info_ = \
+        gttrf(dl, d, du) if fact == 'F' else [None]*6
+
+    if fact == "N":
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl[:-1], d, du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d[:-1], du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d, du[:-1], b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(Exception, gtsvx, dl, d, du, b[:-1],
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+    else:
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d, du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_[:-1], df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d, du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_[:-1],
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d, du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_[:-1], du2=du2f_, ipiv=ipiv_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, gtsvx, dl, d, du, b,
+                      fact=fact, trans=trans, dlf=dlf_, df=df_,
+                      duf=duf_, du2=du2f_[:-1], ipiv=ipiv_)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("du,d,dl,b,x",
+                         [(np.array([2.1, -1.0, 1.9, 8.0]),
+                           np.array([3.0, 2.3, -5.0, -0.9, 7.1]),
+                           np.array([3.4, 3.6, 7.0, -6.0]),
+                           np.array([[2.7, 6.6], [-.5, 10.8], [2.6, -3.2],
+                                     [.6, -11.2], [2.7, 19.1]]),
+                           np.array([[-4, 5], [7, -4], [3, -3], [-4, -2],
+                                     [-3, 1]])),
+                          (np.array([2 - 1j, 2 + 1j, -1 + 1j, 1 - 1j]),
+                           np.array([-1.3 + 1.3j, -1.3 + 1.3j, -1.3 + 3.3j,
+                                     -.3 + 4.3j, -3.3 + 1.3j]),
+                           np.array([1 - 2j, 1 + 1j, 2 - 3j, 1 + 1j]),
+                           np.array([[2.4 - 5j, 2.7 + 6.9j],
+                                     [3.4 + 18.2j, -6.9 - 5.3j],
+                                     [-14.7 + 9.7j, -6 - .6j],
+                                     [31.9 - 7.7j, -3.9 + 9.3j],
+                                     [-1 + 1.6j, -3 + 12.2j]]),
+                           np.array([[1 + 1j, 2 - 1j], [3 - 1j, 1 + 2j],
+                                     [4 + 5j, -1 + 1j], [-1 - 2j, 2 + 1j],
+                                     [1 - 1j, 2 - 2j]]))])
+def test_gtsvx_NAG(du, d, dl, b, x):
+    # Test to ensure wrapper is consistent with NAG Manual Mark 26
+    # example problems: real (f07cbf) and complex (f07cpf)
+    gtsvx = get_lapack_funcs('gtsvx', dtype=d.dtype)
+
+    gtsvx_out = gtsvx(dl, d, du, b)
+    dlf, df, duf, du2f, ipiv, x_soln, rcond, ferr, berr, info = gtsvx_out
+
+    assert_array_almost_equal(x, x_soln)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype", zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES
+                                               + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact,df_de_lambda",
+                         [("F",
+                           lambda d, e: get_lapack_funcs('pttrf',
+                                                         dtype=e.dtype)(d, e)),
+                          ("N", lambda d, e: (None, None, None))])
+def test_ptsvx(dtype, realtype, fact, df_de_lambda):
+    '''
+    This tests the ?ptsvx lapack routine wrapper to solve a random system
+    Ax = b for all dtypes and input variations. Tests for: unmodified
+    input parameters, fact options, incompatible matrix shapes raise an error,
+    and singular matrices return info of illegal value.
+    '''
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    # set test tolerance appropriate for dtype
+    atol = 100 * np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    ptsvx = get_lapack_funcs('ptsvx', dtype=dtype)
+    n = 5
+    # create diagonals according to size and dtype
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng) + 4
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(np.conj(e), 1)
+    x_soln = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = A @ x_soln
+
+    # use lambda to determine what df, ef are
+    df, ef, info = df_de_lambda(d, e)
+
+    # create copy to later test that they are unmodified
+    diag_cpy = [d.copy(), e.copy(), b.copy()]
+
+    # solve using routine
+    df, ef, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info = ptsvx(d, e, b, fact=fact,
+                                               df=df, ef=ef)
+    # d, e, and b should be unmodified
+    assert_array_equal(d, diag_cpy[0])
+    assert_array_equal(e, diag_cpy[1])
+    assert_array_equal(b, diag_cpy[2])
+    assert_(info == 0, f"info should be 0 but is {info}.")
+    assert_array_almost_equal(x_soln, x)
+
+    # test that the factors from ptsvx can be recombined to make A
+    L = np.diag(ef, -1) + np.diag(np.ones(n))
+    D = np.diag(df)
+    assert_allclose(A, L@D@(np.conj(L).T), atol=atol)
+
+    # assert that the outputs are of correct type or shape
+    # rcond should be a scalar
+    assert not hasattr(rcond, "__len__"), \
+        f"rcond should be scalar but is {rcond}"
+    # ferr should be length of # of cols in x
+    assert_(ferr.shape == (2,), (f"ferr.shape is {ferr.shape} but should be "
+                                 "({x_soln.shape[1]},)"))
+    # berr should be length of # of cols in x
+    assert_(berr.shape == (2,), (f"berr.shape is {berr.shape} but should be "
+                                 "({x_soln.shape[1]},)"))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype", zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES
+                                               + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact,df_de_lambda",
+                         [("F",
+                           lambda d, e: get_lapack_funcs('pttrf',
+                                                         dtype=e.dtype)(d, e)),
+                          ("N", lambda d, e: (None, None, None))])
+def test_ptsvx_error_raise_errors(dtype, realtype, fact, df_de_lambda):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    ptsvx = get_lapack_funcs('ptsvx', dtype=dtype)
+    n = 5
+    # create diagonals according to size and dtype
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng) + 4
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(np.conj(e), 1)
+    x_soln = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = A @ x_soln
+
+    # use lambda to determine what df, ef are
+    df, ef, info = df_de_lambda(d, e)
+
+    # test with malformatted array sizes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, ptsvx, d[:-1], e, b, fact=fact, df=df, ef=ef)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, ptsvx, d, e[:-1], b, fact=fact, df=df, ef=ef)
+    assert_raises(Exception, ptsvx, d, e, b[:-1], fact=fact, df=df, ef=ef)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,realtype", zip(DTYPES, REAL_DTYPES
+                                               + REAL_DTYPES))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fact,df_de_lambda",
+                         [("F",
+                           lambda d, e: get_lapack_funcs('pttrf',
+                                                         dtype=e.dtype)(d, e)),
+                          ("N", lambda d, e: (None, None, None))])
+def test_ptsvx_non_SPD_singular(dtype, realtype, fact, df_de_lambda):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    ptsvx = get_lapack_funcs('ptsvx', dtype=dtype)
+    n = 5
+    # create diagonals according to size and dtype
+    d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng) + 4
+    e = generate_random_dtype_array((n-1,), dtype, rng)
+    A = np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(np.conj(e), 1)
+    x_soln = generate_random_dtype_array((n, 2), dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = A @ x_soln
+
+    # use lambda to determine what df, ef are
+    df, ef, info = df_de_lambda(d, e)
+
+    if fact == "N":
+        d[3] = 0
+        # obtain new df, ef
+        df, ef, info = df_de_lambda(d, e)
+        # solve using routine
+        df, ef, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info = ptsvx(d, e, b)
+        # test for the singular matrix.
+        assert info > 0 and info <= n
+
+        # non SPD matrix
+        d = generate_random_dtype_array((n,), realtype, rng)
+        df, ef, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info = ptsvx(d, e, b)
+        assert info > 0 and info <= n
+    else:
+        # assuming that someone is using a singular factorization
+        df, ef, info = df_de_lambda(d, e)
+        df[0] = 0
+        ef[0] = 0
+        df, ef, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info = ptsvx(d, e, b, fact=fact,
+                                                   df=df, ef=ef)
+        assert info > 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('d,e,b,x',
+                         [(np.array([4, 10, 29, 25, 5]),
+                           np.array([-2, -6, 15, 8]),
+                           np.array([[6, 10], [9, 4], [2, 9], [14, 65],
+                                     [7, 23]]),
+                           np.array([[2.5, 2], [2, -1], [1, -3],
+                                     [-1, 6], [3, -5]])),
+                          (np.array([16, 41, 46, 21]),
+                           np.array([16 + 16j, 18 - 9j, 1 - 4j]),
+                           np.array([[64 + 16j, -16 - 32j],
+                                     [93 + 62j, 61 - 66j],
+                                     [78 - 80j, 71 - 74j],
+                                     [14 - 27j, 35 + 15j]]),
+                           np.array([[2 + 1j, -3 - 2j],
+                                     [1 + 1j, 1 + 1j],
+                                     [1 - 2j, 1 - 2j],
+                                     [1 - 1j, 2 + 1j]]))])
+def test_ptsvx_NAG(d, e, b, x):
+    # test to assure that wrapper is consistent with NAG Manual Mark 26
+    # example problems: f07jbf, f07jpf
+    # (Links expire, so please search for "NAG Library Manual Mark 26" online)
+
+    # obtain routine with correct type based on e.dtype
+    ptsvx = get_lapack_funcs('ptsvx', dtype=e.dtype)
+    # solve using routine
+    df, ef, x_ptsvx, rcond, ferr, berr, info = ptsvx(d, e, b)
+    # determine ptsvx's solution and x are the same.
+    assert_array_almost_equal(x, x_ptsvx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('lower', [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_pptrs_pptri_pptrf_ppsv_ppcon(dtype, lower):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    atol = np.finfo(dtype).eps*100
+    # Manual conversion to/from packed format is feasible here.
+    n, nrhs = 10, 4
+    a = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = generate_random_dtype_array([n, nrhs], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    a = a.conj().T + a + np.eye(n, dtype=dtype) * dtype(5.)
+    if lower:
+        inds = ([x for y in range(n) for x in range(y, n)],
+                [y for y in range(n) for x in range(y, n)])
+    else:
+        inds = ([x for y in range(1, n+1) for x in range(y)],
+                [y-1 for y in range(1, n+1) for x in range(y)])
+    ap = a[inds]
+    ppsv, pptrf, pptrs, pptri, ppcon = get_lapack_funcs(
+        ('ppsv', 'pptrf', 'pptrs', 'pptri', 'ppcon'),
+        dtype=dtype,
+        ilp64="preferred")
+
+    ul, info = pptrf(n, ap, lower=lower)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    aul = cholesky(a, lower=lower)[inds]
+    assert_allclose(ul, aul, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    uli, info = pptri(n, ul, lower=lower)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    auli = inv(a)[inds]
+    assert_allclose(uli, auli, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    x, info = pptrs(n, ul, b, lower=lower)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    bx = solve(a, b)
+    assert_allclose(x, bx, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    xv, info = ppsv(n, ap, b, lower=lower)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_allclose(xv, bx, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    anorm = np.linalg.norm(a, 1)
+    rcond, info = ppcon(n, ap, anorm=anorm, lower=lower)
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_(abs(1/rcond - np.linalg.cond(a, p=1))*rcond < 1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_gees_trexc(dtype):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    atol = np.finfo(dtype).eps*100
+
+    n = 10
+    a = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    gees, trexc = get_lapack_funcs(('gees', 'trexc'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    result = gees(lambda x: None, a, overwrite_a=False)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    z = result[-3]
+
+    d2 = t[6, 6]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(z @ t @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    result = trexc(t, z, 7, 1)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    z = result[-2]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(z @ t @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(t[0, 0], d2, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "t, expect, ifst, ilst",
+    [(np.array([[0.80, -0.11, 0.01, 0.03],
+                [0.00, -0.10, 0.25, 0.35],
+                [0.00, -0.65, -0.10, 0.20],
+                [0.00, 0.00, 0.00, -0.10]]),
+      np.array([[-0.1000, -0.6463, 0.0874, 0.2010],
+                [0.2514, -0.1000, 0.0927, 0.3505],
+                [0.0000, 0.0000, 0.8000, -0.0117],
+                [0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.1000]]),
+      2, 1),
+     (np.array([[-6.00 - 7.00j, 0.36 - 0.36j, -0.19 + 0.48j, 0.88 - 0.25j],
+                [0.00 + 0.00j, -5.00 + 2.00j, -0.03 - 0.72j, -0.23 + 0.13j],
+                [0.00 + 0.00j, 0.00 + 0.00j, 8.00 - 1.00j, 0.94 + 0.53j],
+                [0.00 + 0.00j, 0.00 + 0.00j, 0.00 + 0.00j, 3.00 - 4.00j]]),
+      np.array([[-5.0000 + 2.0000j, -0.1574 + 0.7143j,
+                 0.1781 - 0.1913j, 0.3950 + 0.3861j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, 8.0000 - 1.0000j,
+                 1.0742 + 0.1447j, 0.2515 - 0.3397j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, 0.0000 + 0.0000j,
+                 3.0000 - 4.0000j, 0.2264 + 0.8962j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, 0.0000 + 0.0000j,
+                 0.0000 + 0.0000j, -6.0000 - 7.0000j]]),
+      1, 4)])
+def test_trexc_NAG(t, ifst, ilst, expect):
+    """
+    This test implements the example found in the NAG manual,
+    f08qfc, f08qtc, f08qgc, f08quc.
+    """
+    # NAG manual provides accuracy up to 4 decimals
+    atol = 1e-4
+    trexc = get_lapack_funcs('trexc', dtype=t.dtype)
+
+    result = trexc(t, t, ifst, ilst, wantq=0)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    assert_allclose(expect, t, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_gges_tgexc(dtype):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    atol = np.finfo(dtype).eps*100
+
+    n = 10
+    a = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    gges, tgexc = get_lapack_funcs(('gges', 'tgexc'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    result = gges(lambda x: None, a, b, overwrite_a=False, overwrite_b=False)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    s = result[0]
+    t = result[1]
+    q = result[-4]
+    z = result[-3]
+
+    d1 = s[0, 0] / t[0, 0]
+    d2 = s[6, 6] / t[6, 6]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(s, np.triu(s), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(q @ s @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(q @ t @ z.conj().T, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    result = tgexc(s, t, q, z, 7, 1)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    s = result[0]
+    t = result[1]
+    q = result[2]
+    z = result[3]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(s, np.triu(s), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(q @ s @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(q @ t @ z.conj().T, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(s[0, 0] / t[0, 0], d2, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(s[1, 1] / t[1, 1], d1, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_gees_trsen(dtype):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    atol = np.finfo(dtype).eps*100
+
+    n = 10
+    a = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    gees, trsen, trsen_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(
+        ('gees', 'trsen', 'trsen_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    result = gees(lambda x: None, a, overwrite_a=False)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    z = result[-3]
+
+    d2 = t[6, 6]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(z @ t @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    select = np.zeros(n)
+    select[6] = 1
+
+    lwork = _compute_lwork(trsen_lwork, select, t)
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        result = trsen(select, t, z, lwork=lwork)
+    else:
+        result = trsen(select, t, z, lwork=lwork, liwork=lwork[1])
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    z = result[1]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(z @ t @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(t[0, 0], d2, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "t, q, expect, select, expect_s, expect_sep",
+    [(np.array([[0.7995, -0.1144, 0.0060, 0.0336],
+                [0.0000, -0.0994, 0.2478, 0.3474],
+                [0.0000, -0.6483, -0.0994, 0.2026],
+                [0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.1007]]),
+      np.array([[0.6551, 0.1037, 0.3450, 0.6641],
+                [0.5236, -0.5807, -0.6141, -0.1068],
+                [-0.5362, -0.3073, -0.2935, 0.7293],
+                [0.0956, 0.7467, -0.6463, 0.1249]]),
+      np.array([[0.3500, 0.4500, -0.1400, -0.1700],
+                [0.0900, 0.0700, -0.5399, 0.3500],
+                [-0.4400, -0.3300, -0.0300, 0.1700],
+                [0.2500, -0.3200, -0.1300, 0.1100]]),
+      np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]),
+      1.75e+00, 3.22e+00),
+     (np.array([[-6.0004 - 6.9999j, 0.3637 - 0.3656j,
+                 -0.1880 + 0.4787j, 0.8785 - 0.2539j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, -5.0000 + 2.0060j,
+                 -0.0307 - 0.7217j, -0.2290 + 0.1313j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, 0.0000 + 0.0000j,
+                 7.9982 - 0.9964j, 0.9357 + 0.5359j],
+                [0.0000 + 0.0000j, 0.0000 + 0.0000j,
+                 0.0000 + 0.0000j, 3.0023 - 3.9998j]]),
+      np.array([[-0.8347 - 0.1364j, -0.0628 + 0.3806j,
+                 0.2765 - 0.0846j, 0.0633 - 0.2199j],
+                [0.0664 - 0.2968j, 0.2365 + 0.5240j,
+                 -0.5877 - 0.4208j, 0.0835 + 0.2183j],
+                [-0.0362 - 0.3215j, 0.3143 - 0.5473j,
+                 0.0576 - 0.5736j, 0.0057 - 0.4058j],
+                [0.0086 + 0.2958j, -0.3416 - 0.0757j,
+                 -0.1900 - 0.1600j, 0.8327 - 0.1868j]]),
+      np.array([[-3.9702 - 5.0406j, -4.1108 + 3.7002j,
+                 -0.3403 + 1.0098j, 1.2899 - 0.8590j],
+                [0.3397 - 1.5006j, 1.5201 - 0.4301j,
+                 1.8797 - 5.3804j, 3.3606 + 0.6498j],
+                [3.3101 - 3.8506j, 2.4996 + 3.4504j,
+                 0.8802 - 1.0802j, 0.6401 - 1.4800j],
+                [-1.0999 + 0.8199j, 1.8103 - 1.5905j,
+                 3.2502 + 1.3297j, 1.5701 - 3.4397j]]),
+      np.array([1, 0, 0, 1]),
+      1.02e+00, 1.82e-01)])
+def test_trsen_NAG(t, q, select, expect, expect_s, expect_sep):
+    """
+    This test implements the example found in the NAG manual,
+    f08qgc, f08quc.
+    """
+    # NAG manual provides accuracy up to 4 and 2 decimals
+    atol = 1e-4
+    atol2 = 1e-2
+    trsen, trsen_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(
+        ('trsen', 'trsen_lwork'), dtype=t.dtype)
+
+    lwork = _compute_lwork(trsen_lwork, select, t)
+
+    if t.dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        result = trsen(select, t, q, lwork=lwork)
+    else:
+        result = trsen(select, t, q, lwork=lwork, liwork=lwork[1])
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    t = result[0]
+    q = result[1]
+    if t.dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        s = result[4]
+        sep = result[5]
+    else:
+        s = result[5]
+        sep = result[6]
+
+    assert_allclose(expect, q @ t @ q.conj().T, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(expect_s, 1 / s, atol=atol2)
+    assert_allclose(expect_sep, 1 / sep, atol=atol2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_gges_tgsen(dtype):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    atol = np.finfo(dtype).eps*100
+
+    n = 10
+    a = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+    b = generate_random_dtype_array([n, n], dtype=dtype, rng=rng)
+
+    gges, tgsen, tgsen_lwork = get_lapack_funcs(
+        ('gges', 'tgsen', 'tgsen_lwork'), dtype=dtype)
+
+    result = gges(lambda x: None, a, b, overwrite_a=False, overwrite_b=False)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    s = result[0]
+    t = result[1]
+    q = result[-4]
+    z = result[-3]
+
+    d1 = s[0, 0] / t[0, 0]
+    d2 = s[6, 6] / t[6, 6]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(s, np.triu(s), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(q @ s @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(q @ t @ z.conj().T, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    select = np.zeros(n)
+    select[6] = 1
+
+    lwork = _compute_lwork(tgsen_lwork, select, s, t)
+
+    # off-by-one error in LAPACK, see gh-issue #13397
+    lwork = (lwork[0]+1, lwork[1])
+
+    result = tgsen(select, s, t, q, z, lwork=lwork)
+    assert_equal(result[-1], 0)
+
+    s = result[0]
+    t = result[1]
+    q = result[-7]
+    z = result[-6]
+
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        assert_allclose(s, np.triu(s), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert_allclose(t, np.triu(t), rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(q @ s @ z.conj().T, a, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(q @ t @ z.conj().T, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+    assert_allclose(s[0, 0] / t[0, 0], d2, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+    assert_allclose(s[1, 1] / t[1, 1], d1, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "a, b, c, d, e, f, rans, lans",
+    [(np.array([[4.0,   1.0,  1.0,  2.0],
+                [0.0,   3.0,  4.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   1.0,  3.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  0.0,  6.0]]),
+      np.array([[1.0,   1.0,  1.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   3.0,  4.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   1.0,  3.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  0.0,  4.0]]),
+      np.array([[-4.0,  7.0,  1.0, 12.0],
+                [-9.0,  2.0, -2.0, -2.0],
+                [-4.0,  2.0, -2.0,  8.0],
+                [-7.0,  7.0, -6.0, 19.0]]),
+      np.array([[2.0,   1.0,  1.0,  3.0],
+                [0.0,   1.0,  2.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  1.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  0.0,  2.0]]),
+      np.array([[1.0,   1.0,  1.0,  2.0],
+                [0.0,   1.0,  4.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  1.0,  1.0],
+                [0.0,   0.0,  0.0,  1.0]]),
+      np.array([[-7.0,  5.0,  0.0,  7.0],
+                [-5.0,  1.0, -8.0,  0.0],
+                [-1.0,  2.0, -3.0,  5.0],
+                [-3.0,  2.0,  0.0,  5.0]]),
+      np.array([[1.0,   1.0,  1.0,  1.0],
+                [-1.0,  2.0, -1.0, -1.0],
+                [-1.0,  1.0,  3.0,  1.0],
+                [-1.0,  1.0, -1.0,  4.0]]),
+      np.array([[4.0,  -1.0,  1.0, -1.0],
+                [1.0,   3.0, -1.0,  1.0],
+                [-1.0,  1.0,  2.0, -1.0],
+                [1.0,  -1.0,  1.0,  1.0]]))])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+def test_tgsyl_NAG(a, b, c, d, e, f, rans, lans, dtype):
+    atol = 1e-4
+
+    tgsyl = get_lapack_funcs(('tgsyl'), dtype=dtype)
+    rout, lout, scale, dif, info = tgsyl(a, b, c, d, e, f)
+
+    assert_equal(info, 0)
+    assert_allclose(scale, 1.0, rtol=0, atol=np.finfo(dtype).eps*100,
+                    err_msg="SCALE must be 1.0")
+    assert_allclose(dif, 0.0, rtol=0, atol=np.finfo(dtype).eps*100,
+                    err_msg="DIF must be nearly 0")
+    assert_allclose(rout, rans, atol=atol,
+                    err_msg="Solution for R is incorrect")
+    assert_allclose(lout, lans, atol=atol,
+                    err_msg="Solution for L is incorrect")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('trans', ('N', 'T'))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ijob', [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+def test_tgsyl(dtype, trans, ijob):
+
+    atol = 1e-3 if dtype == np.float32 else 1e-10
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(1685779866898198)
+    m, n = 10, 15
+
+    a, d, *_ = qz(rng.uniform(-10, 10, [m, m]).astype(dtype),
+                  rng.uniform(-10, 10, [m, m]).astype(dtype),
+                  output='real')
+
+    b, e, *_ = qz(rng.uniform(-10, 10, [n, n]).astype(dtype),
+                  rng.uniform(-10, 10, [n, n]).astype(dtype),
+                  output='real')
+
+    c = rng.uniform(-2, 2, [m, n]).astype(dtype)
+    f = rng.uniform(-2, 2, [m, n]).astype(dtype)
+
+    tgsyl = get_lapack_funcs(('tgsyl'), dtype=dtype)
+    rout, lout, scale, dif, info = tgsyl(a, b, c, d, e, f,
+                                         trans=trans, ijob=ijob)
+
+    assert info == 0, "INFO is non-zero"
+    assert scale >= 0.0, "SCALE must be non-negative"
+    if ijob == 0:
+        assert_allclose(dif, 0.0, rtol=0, atol=np.finfo(dtype).eps*100,
+                        err_msg="DIF must be 0 for ijob =0")
+    else:
+        assert dif >= 0.0, "DIF must be non-negative"
+
+    # Only DIF is calculated for ijob = 3/4
+    if ijob <= 2:
+        if trans == 'N':
+            lhs1 = a @ rout - lout @ b
+            rhs1 = scale*c
+            lhs2 = d @ rout - lout @ e
+            rhs2 = scale*f
+        elif trans == 'T':
+            lhs1 = np.transpose(a) @ rout + np.transpose(d) @ lout
+            rhs1 = scale*c
+            lhs2 = rout @ np.transpose(b) + lout @ np.transpose(e)
+            rhs2 = -1.0*scale*f
+
+        assert_allclose(lhs1, rhs1, atol=atol, rtol=0.,
+                        err_msg='lhs1 and rhs1 do not match')
+        assert_allclose(lhs2, rhs2, atol=atol, rtol=0.,
+                        err_msg='lhs2 and rhs2 do not match')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('mtype', ['sy', 'he'])  # matrix type
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('lower', (0, 1))
+def test_sy_hetrs(mtype, dtype, lower):
+    if mtype == 'he' and dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+        pytest.skip("hetrs not for real dtypes.")
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(1723059677121834)
+    n, nrhs = 20, 5
+    if dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        A = (rng.uniform(size=(n, n)) + rng.uniform(size=(n, n))*1j).astype(dtype)
+    else:
+        A = rng.uniform(size=(n, n)).astype(dtype)
+
+    A = A + A.T if mtype == 'sy' else A + A.conj().T
+    b = rng.uniform(size=(n, nrhs)).astype(dtype)
+    names = f'{mtype}trf', f'{mtype}trf_lwork', f'{mtype}trs'
+    trf, trf_lwork, trs = get_lapack_funcs(names, dtype=dtype)
+    lwork = trf_lwork(n, lower=lower)
+    ldu, ipiv, info = trf(A, lwork=lwork, lower=lower)
+    assert info == 0
+    x, info = trs(a=ldu, ipiv=ipiv, b=b, lower=lower)
+    assert info == 0
+    eps = np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    assert_allclose(A@x, b, atol=100*n*eps)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('mtype', ['sy', 'he'])  # matrix type
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('lower', (0, 1))
+def test_sy_he_tri(dtype, lower, mtype):
+    if mtype == 'he' and dtype in REAL_DTYPES:
+        pytest.skip("hetri not for real dtypes.")
+    if sysconfig.get_platform() == 'win-arm64' and dtype in COMPLEX_DTYPES:
+        pytest.skip("Test segfaulting on win-arm64 in CI, see gh-23133")
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(1723059677121834)
+    n = 20
+    A = rng.random((n, n)) + rng.random((n, n))*1j
+    if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
+        A = A.real
+    A = A.astype(dtype)
+    A = A + A.T if mtype == 'sy' else A + A.conj().T
+    names = f'{mtype}trf', f'{mtype}tri'
+    trf, tri = get_lapack_funcs(names, dtype=dtype)
+    ldu, ipiv, info = trf(A, lower=lower)
+    assert info == 0
+    A_inv, info = tri(a=ldu, ipiv=ipiv, lower=lower)
+    assert info == 0
+    eps = np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    ref = np.linalg.inv(A)
+    if lower:
+        assert_allclose(np.tril(A_inv), np.tril(ref), atol=100*n*eps)
+    else:
+        assert_allclose(np.triu(A_inv), np.triu(ref), atol=100*n*eps)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('norm', list('Mm1OoIiFfEe'))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('uplo, m, n', [('U', 5, 10), ('U', 10, 10),
+                                        ('L', 10, 5), ('L', 10, 10)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('diag', ['N', 'U'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_lantr(norm, uplo, m, n, diag, dtype):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(98426598246982456)
+    A = rng.random(size=(m, n)).astype(dtype)
+    lantr, lange = get_lapack_funcs(('lantr', 'lange'), (A,))
+    res = lantr(norm, A, uplo=uplo, diag=diag)
+
+    # now modify the matrix according to assumptions made by `lantr`
+    A = np.triu(A) if uplo == 'U' else np.tril(A)
+    if diag == 'U':
+        i = np.arange(min(m, n))
+        A[i, i] = 1
+    ref = lange(norm, A)
+
+    assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=2e-6)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('norm', ['1', 'I', 'O'])
+def test_gbcon(dtype, norm):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(17273783424)
+
+    # A is of shape n x n with ku/kl super/sub-diagonals
+    n, ku, kl = 10, 2, 2
+    A = rng.random((n, n)) + rng.random((n, n))*1j
+    # make the condition numbers more interesting
+    offset = rng.permuted(np.logspace(0, rng.integers(0, 10), n))
+    A += offset
+    if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
+        A = A.real
+    A = A.astype(dtype)
+    A[np.triu_indices(n, ku + 1)] = 0
+    A[np.tril_indices(n, -kl - 1)] = 0
+
+    # construct banded form
+    tmp = _to_banded(kl, ku, A)
+    # add rows required by ?gbtrf
+    LDAB = 2*kl + ku + 1
+    ab = np.zeros((LDAB, n), dtype=dtype)
+    ab[kl:, :] = tmp
+
+    anorm = np.linalg.norm(A, ord=np.inf if norm == 'I' else 1)
+    gbcon, gbtrf = get_lapack_funcs(("gbcon", "gbtrf"), (ab,))
+    lu_band, ipiv, _ = gbtrf(ab, kl, ku)
+    res = gbcon(norm=norm, kl=kl, ku=ku, ab=lu_band, ipiv=ipiv,
+                anorm=anorm)[0]
+
+    gecon, getrf = get_lapack_funcs(('gecon', 'getrf'), (A,))
+    lu = getrf(A)[0]
+    ref = gecon(lu, anorm, norm=norm)[0]
+    # This is an estimate of reciprocal condition number; we just need order of
+    # magnitude.
+    assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('norm', list('Mm1OoIiFfEe'))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', DTYPES)
+def test_langb(dtype, norm):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(17273783424)
+
+    # A is of shape n x n with ku/kl super/sub-diagonals
+    n, ku, kl = 10, 2, 2
+    A = rng.random((n, n)) + rng.random((n, n))*1j
+    if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.floating):
+        A = A.real
+    A = A.astype(dtype)
+    A[np.triu_indices(n, ku + 1)] = 0
+    A[np.tril_indices(n, -kl - 1)] = 0
+    ab = _to_banded(kl, ku, A)
+
+    langb, lange = get_lapack_funcs(('langb', 'lange'), (A,))
+    ref = lange(norm, A)
+    res = langb(norm, kl, ku, ab)
+    assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=2e-6)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', REAL_DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('compute_v', (0, 1))
+def test_stevd(dtype, compute_v):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(266474747488348746)
+    n = 10
+    d = rng.random(n, dtype=dtype)
+    e = rng.random(n - 1, dtype=dtype)
+    A = np.diag(e, -1) + np.diag(d) + np.diag(e, 1)
+    ref = np.linalg.eigvalsh(A)
+
+    stevd = get_lapack_funcs('stevd')
+    U, V, info = stevd(d, e, compute_v=compute_v)
+    assert info == 0
+    assert_allclose(np.sort(U), np.sort(ref))
+    if compute_v:
+        eps = np.finfo(dtype).eps
+        assert_allclose(V @ np.diag(U) @ V.T, A, atol=eps**0.8)
+