scipy 1.16.2__cp312-cp312-win_arm64.whl

scipy/spatial/tests/test_qhull.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1313 @@
+import os
+import copy
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (assert_equal, assert_almost_equal,
+                           assert_, assert_allclose, assert_array_equal)
+import pytest
+from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+
+import scipy.spatial._qhull as qhull
+from scipy.spatial import cKDTree as KDTree  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+from scipy.spatial import Voronoi
+
+import itertools
+
+def sorted_tuple(x):
+    return tuple(sorted(x))
+
+
+def assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(a, b, tpl=tuple):
+    if isinstance(a, np.ndarray):
+        a = a.tolist()
+    if isinstance(b, np.ndarray):
+        b = b.tolist()
+    a = list(map(tpl, a))
+    a.sort()
+    b = list(map(tpl, b))
+    b.sort()
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+
+
+np.random.seed(1234)
+
+points = [(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1), (0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 1.5)]
+
+pathological_data_1 = np.array([
+    [-3.14,-3.14], [-3.14,-2.36], [-3.14,-1.57], [-3.14,-0.79],
+    [-3.14,0.0], [-3.14,0.79], [-3.14,1.57], [-3.14,2.36],
+    [-3.14,3.14], [-2.36,-3.14], [-2.36,-2.36], [-2.36,-1.57],
+    [-2.36,-0.79], [-2.36,0.0], [-2.36,0.79], [-2.36,1.57],
+    [-2.36,2.36], [-2.36,3.14], [-1.57,-0.79], [-1.57,0.79],
+    [-1.57,-1.57], [-1.57,0.0], [-1.57,1.57], [-1.57,-3.14],
+    [-1.57,-2.36], [-1.57,2.36], [-1.57,3.14], [-0.79,-1.57],
+    [-0.79,1.57], [-0.79,-3.14], [-0.79,-2.36], [-0.79,-0.79],
+    [-0.79,0.0], [-0.79,0.79], [-0.79,2.36], [-0.79,3.14],
+    [0.0,-3.14], [0.0,-2.36], [0.0,-1.57], [0.0,-0.79], [0.0,0.0],
+    [0.0,0.79], [0.0,1.57], [0.0,2.36], [0.0,3.14], [0.79,-3.14],
+    [0.79,-2.36], [0.79,-0.79], [0.79,0.0], [0.79,0.79],
+    [0.79,2.36], [0.79,3.14], [0.79,-1.57], [0.79,1.57],
+    [1.57,-3.14], [1.57,-2.36], [1.57,2.36], [1.57,3.14],
+    [1.57,-1.57], [1.57,0.0], [1.57,1.57], [1.57,-0.79],
+    [1.57,0.79], [2.36,-3.14], [2.36,-2.36], [2.36,-1.57],
+    [2.36,-0.79], [2.36,0.0], [2.36,0.79], [2.36,1.57],
+    [2.36,2.36], [2.36,3.14], [3.14,-3.14], [3.14,-2.36],
+    [3.14,-1.57], [3.14,-0.79], [3.14,0.0], [3.14,0.79],
+    [3.14,1.57], [3.14,2.36], [3.14,3.14],
+])
+
+pathological_data_2 = np.array([
+    [-1, -1], [-1, 0], [-1, 1],
+    [0, -1], [0, 0], [0, 1],
+    [1, -1 - np.finfo(np.float64).eps], [1, 0], [1, 1],
+])
+
+bug_2850_chunks = [np.random.rand(10, 2),
+                   np.array([[0,0], [0,1], [1,0], [1,1]])  # add corners
+                   ]
+
+# same with some additional chunks
+bug_2850_chunks_2 = (bug_2850_chunks +
+                     [np.random.rand(10, 2),
+                      0.25 + np.array([[0,0], [0,1], [1,0], [1,1]])])
+
+DATASETS = {
+    'some-points': np.asarray(points),
+    'random-2d': np.random.rand(30, 2),
+    'random-3d': np.random.rand(30, 3),
+    'random-4d': np.random.rand(30, 4),
+    'random-5d': np.random.rand(30, 5),
+    'random-6d': np.random.rand(10, 6),
+    'random-7d': np.random.rand(10, 7),
+    'random-8d': np.random.rand(10, 8),
+    'pathological-1': pathological_data_1,
+    'pathological-2': pathological_data_2
+}
+
+INCREMENTAL_DATASETS = {
+    'bug-2850': (bug_2850_chunks, None),
+    'bug-2850-2': (bug_2850_chunks_2, None),
+}
+
+
+def _add_inc_data(name, chunksize):
+    """
+    Generate incremental datasets from basic data sets
+    """
+    points = DATASETS[name]
+    ndim = points.shape[1]
+
+    opts = None
+    nmin = ndim + 2
+
+    if name == 'some-points':
+        # since Qz is not allowed, use QJ
+        opts = 'QJ Pp'
+    elif name == 'pathological-1':
+        # include enough points so that we get different x-coordinates
+        nmin = 12
+
+    chunks = [points[:nmin]]
+    for j in range(nmin, len(points), chunksize):
+        chunks.append(points[j:j+chunksize])
+
+    new_name = f"{name}-chunk-{chunksize}"
+    assert new_name not in INCREMENTAL_DATASETS
+    INCREMENTAL_DATASETS[new_name] = (chunks, opts)
+
+
+for name in DATASETS:
+    for chunksize in 1, 4, 16:
+        _add_inc_data(name, chunksize)
+
+
+class Test_Qhull:
+    def test_swapping(self):
+        # Check that Qhull state swapping works
+
+        x = qhull._Qhull(b'v',
+                         np.array([[0,0],[0,1],[1,0],[1,1.],[0.5,0.5]]),
+                         b'Qz')
+        xd = copy.deepcopy(x.get_voronoi_diagram())
+
+        y = qhull._Qhull(b'v',
+                         np.array([[0,0],[0,1],[1,0],[1,2.]]),
+                         b'Qz')
+        yd = copy.deepcopy(y.get_voronoi_diagram())
+
+        xd2 = copy.deepcopy(x.get_voronoi_diagram())
+        x.close()
+        yd2 = copy.deepcopy(y.get_voronoi_diagram())
+        y.close()
+
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, x.get_voronoi_diagram)
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, y.get_voronoi_diagram)
+
+        assert_allclose(xd[0], xd2[0])
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(xd[1], xd2[1], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(xd[2], xd2[2], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(xd[3], xd2[3], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_array_equal(xd[4], xd2[4])
+
+        assert_allclose(yd[0], yd2[0])
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(yd[1], yd2[1], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(yd[2], yd2[2], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(yd[3], yd2[3], tpl=sorted_tuple)
+        assert_array_equal(yd[4], yd2[4])
+
+        x.close()
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, x.get_voronoi_diagram)
+        y.close()
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, y.get_voronoi_diagram)
+
+    def test_issue_8051(self):
+        points = np.array(
+            [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2],[2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
+        )
+        Voronoi(points)
+
+
+class TestUtilities:
+    """
+    Check that utility functions work.
+
+    """
+
+    def test_find_simplex(self):
+        # Simple check that simplex finding works
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        # +---+
+        # |\ 0|
+        # | \ |
+        # |1 \|
+        # +---+
+
+        assert_equal(tri.simplices, [[1, 3, 2], [3, 1, 0]])
+
+        for p in [(0.25, 0.25, 1),
+                  (0.75, 0.75, 0),
+                  (0.3, 0.2, 1)]:
+            i = tri.find_simplex(p[:2])
+            assert_equal(i, p[2], err_msg=f'{p!r}')
+            j = qhull.tsearch(tri, p[:2])
+            assert_equal(i, j)
+
+    def test_plane_distance(self):
+        # Compare plane distance from hyperplane equations obtained from Qhull
+        # to manually computed plane equations
+        x = np.array([(0,0), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0.99189033, 0.37674127),
+                      (0.99440079, 0.45182168)], dtype=np.float64)
+        p = np.array([0.99966555, 0.15685619], dtype=np.float64)
+
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(x)
+
+        z = tri.lift_points(x)
+        pz = tri.lift_points(p)
+
+        dist = tri.plane_distance(p)
+
+        for j, v in enumerate(tri.simplices):
+            x1 = z[v[0]]
+            x2 = z[v[1]]
+            x3 = z[v[2]]
+
+            n = np.cross(x1 - x3, x2 - x3)
+            n /= np.sqrt(np.dot(n, n))
+            n *= -np.sign(n[2])
+
+            d = np.dot(n, pz - x3)
+
+            assert_almost_equal(dist[j], d)
+
+    def test_convex_hull(self):
+        # Simple check that the convex hull seems to works
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        # +---+
+        # |\ 0|
+        # | \ |
+        # |1 \|
+        # +---+
+
+        assert_equal(tri.convex_hull, [[3, 2], [1, 2], [1, 0], [3, 0]])
+
+    def test_volume_area(self):
+        #Basic check that we get back the correct volume and area for a cube
+        points = np.array([(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0),
+                           (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1)])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+
+        assert_allclose(hull.volume, 1., rtol=1e-14,
+                        err_msg="Volume of cube is incorrect")
+        assert_allclose(hull.area, 6., rtol=1e-14,
+                        err_msg="Area of cube is incorrect")
+
+    def test_random_volume_area(self):
+        #Test that the results for a random 10-point convex are
+        #coherent with the output of qconvex Qt s FA
+        points = np.array([(0.362568364506, 0.472712355305, 0.347003084477),
+                           (0.733731893414, 0.634480295684, 0.950513180209),
+                           (0.511239955611, 0.876839441267, 0.418047827863),
+                           (0.0765906233393, 0.527373281342, 0.6509863541),
+                           (0.146694972056, 0.596725793348, 0.894860986685),
+                           (0.513808585741, 0.069576205858, 0.530890338876),
+                           (0.512343805118, 0.663537132612, 0.037689295973),
+                           (0.47282965018, 0.462176697655, 0.14061843691),
+                           (0.240584597123, 0.778660020591, 0.722913476339),
+                           (0.951271745935, 0.967000673944, 0.890661319684)])
+
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+        assert_allclose(hull.volume, 0.14562013, rtol=1e-07,
+                        err_msg="Volume of random polyhedron is incorrect")
+        assert_allclose(hull.area, 1.6670425, rtol=1e-07,
+                        err_msg="Area of random polyhedron is incorrect")
+
+    def test_incremental_volume_area_random_input(self):
+        """Test that incremental mode gives the same volume/area as
+        non-incremental mode and incremental mode with restart"""
+        nr_points = 20
+        dim = 3
+        points = np.random.random((nr_points, dim))
+        inc_hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points[:dim+1, :], incremental=True)
+        inc_restart_hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points[:dim+1, :], incremental=True)
+        for i in range(dim+1, nr_points):
+            hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points[:i+1, :])
+            inc_hull.add_points(points[i:i+1, :])
+            inc_restart_hull.add_points(points[i:i+1, :], restart=True)
+            assert_allclose(hull.volume, inc_hull.volume, rtol=1e-7)
+            assert_allclose(hull.volume, inc_restart_hull.volume, rtol=1e-7)
+            assert_allclose(hull.area, inc_hull.area, rtol=1e-7)
+            assert_allclose(hull.area, inc_restart_hull.area, rtol=1e-7)
+
+    def _check_barycentric_transforms(self, tri, err_msg="",
+                                      unit_cube=False,
+                                      unit_cube_tol=0):
+        """Check that a triangulation has reasonable barycentric transforms"""
+        vertices = tri.points[tri.simplices]
+        sc = 1/(tri.ndim + 1.0)
+        centroids = vertices.sum(axis=1) * sc
+
+        # Either: (i) the simplex has a `nan` barycentric transform,
+        # or, (ii) the centroid is in the simplex
+
+        def barycentric_transform(tr, x):
+            r = tr[:,-1,:]
+            Tinv = tr[:,:-1,:]
+            return np.einsum('ijk,ik->ij', Tinv, x - r)
+
+        eps = np.finfo(float).eps
+
+        c = barycentric_transform(tri.transform, centroids)
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+            ok = np.isnan(c).all(axis=1) | (abs(c - sc)/sc < 0.1).all(axis=1)
+
+        assert_(ok.all(), f"{err_msg} {np.nonzero(~ok)}")
+
+        # Invalid simplices must be (nearly) zero volume
+        q = vertices[:,:-1,:] - vertices[:,-1,None,:]
+        volume = np.array([np.linalg.det(q[k,:,:])
+                           for k in range(tri.nsimplex)])
+        ok = np.isfinite(tri.transform[:,0,0]) | (volume < np.sqrt(eps))
+        assert_(ok.all(), f"{err_msg} {np.nonzero(~ok)}")
+
+        # Also, find_simplex for the centroid should end up in some
+        # simplex for the non-degenerate cases
+        j = tri.find_simplex(centroids)
+        ok = (j != -1) | np.isnan(tri.transform[:,0,0])
+        assert_(ok.all(), f"{err_msg} {np.nonzero(~ok)}")
+
+        if unit_cube:
+            # If in unit cube, no interior point should be marked out of hull
+            at_boundary = (centroids <= unit_cube_tol).any(axis=1)
+            at_boundary |= (centroids >= 1 - unit_cube_tol).any(axis=1)
+
+            ok = (j != -1) | at_boundary
+            assert_(ok.all(), f"{err_msg} {np.nonzero(~ok)}")
+
+    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(10)
+    def test_degenerate_barycentric_transforms(self):
+        # The triangulation should not produce invalid barycentric
+        # transforms that stump the simplex finding
+        data = np.load(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data',
+                                    'degenerate_pointset.npz'))
+        points = data['c']
+        data.close()
+
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        # Check that there are not too many invalid simplices
+        bad_count = np.isnan(tri.transform[:,0,0]).sum()
+        assert_(bad_count < 23, bad_count)
+
+        # Check the transforms
+        self._check_barycentric_transforms(tri)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(20)
+    # OK per https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/20487#discussion_r1572684869
+    def test_more_barycentric_transforms(self):
+        # Triangulate some "nasty" grids
+
+        eps = np.finfo(float).eps
+
+        npoints = {2: 70, 3: 11, 4: 5, 5: 3}
+
+        for ndim in range(2, 6):
+            # Generate an uniform grid in n-d unit cube
+            x = np.linspace(0, 1, npoints[ndim])
+            grid = np.c_[
+                list(map(np.ravel, np.broadcast_arrays(*np.ix_(*([x]*ndim)))))
+            ].T
+
+            err_msg = f"ndim={ndim}"
+
+            # Check using regular grid
+            tri = qhull.Delaunay(grid)
+            self._check_barycentric_transforms(tri, err_msg=err_msg,
+                                               unit_cube=True)
+
+            # Check with eps-perturbations
+            np.random.seed(1234)
+            m = (np.random.rand(grid.shape[0]) < 0.2)
+            grid[m,:] += 2*eps*(np.random.rand(*grid[m,:].shape) - 0.5)
+
+            tri = qhull.Delaunay(grid)
+            self._check_barycentric_transforms(tri, err_msg=err_msg,
+                                               unit_cube=True,
+                                               unit_cube_tol=2*eps)
+
+            # Check with duplicated data
+            tri = qhull.Delaunay(np.r_[grid, grid])
+            self._check_barycentric_transforms(tri, err_msg=err_msg,
+                                               unit_cube=True,
+                                               unit_cube_tol=2*eps)
+
+
+class TestVertexNeighborVertices:
+    def _check(self, tri):
+        expected = [set() for j in range(tri.points.shape[0])]
+        for s in tri.simplices:
+            for a in s:
+                for b in s:
+                    if a != b:
+                        expected[a].add(b)
+
+        indptr, indices = tri.vertex_neighbor_vertices
+
+        got = [set(map(int, indices[indptr[j]:indptr[j+1]]))
+               for j in range(tri.points.shape[0])]
+
+        assert_equal(got, expected, err_msg=f"{got!r} != {expected!r}")
+
+    def test_triangle(self):
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,0)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        self._check(tri)
+
+    def test_rectangle(self):
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        self._check(tri)
+
+    def test_complicated(self):
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0),
+                           (0.5, 0.5), (0.9, 0.5)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        self._check(tri)
+
+
+class TestDelaunay:
+    """
+    Check that triangulation works.
+
+    """
+    def test_masked_array_fails(self):
+        masked_array = np.ma.masked_all(1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, qhull.Delaunay, masked_array)
+
+    # Shouldn't be inherently unsafe; retry with cpython 3.14 once traceback
+    # thread safety issues are fixed (also goes for other test with same name
+    # further down)
+    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
+    def test_array_with_nans_fails(self):
+        points_with_nan = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,np.nan)], dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, qhull.Delaunay, points_with_nan)
+
+    def test_nd_simplex(self):
+        # simple smoke test: triangulate a n-dimensional simplex
+        for nd in range(2, 8):
+            points = np.zeros((nd+1, nd))
+            for j in range(nd):
+                points[j,j] = 1.0
+            points[-1,:] = 1.0
+
+            tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+            tri.simplices.sort()
+
+            assert_equal(tri.simplices, np.arange(nd+1, dtype=int)[None, :])
+            assert_equal(tri.neighbors, -1 + np.zeros((nd+1), dtype=int)[None,:])
+
+    def test_2d_square(self):
+        # simple smoke test: 2d square
+        points = np.array([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)], dtype=np.float64)
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        assert_equal(tri.simplices, [[1, 3, 2], [3, 1, 0]])
+        assert_equal(tri.neighbors, [[-1, -1, 1], [-1, -1, 0]])
+
+    def test_duplicate_points(self):
+        x = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1], dtype=np.float64)
+        y = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1], dtype=np.float64)
+
+        xp = np.r_[x, x]
+        yp = np.r_[y, y]
+
+        # shouldn't fail on duplicate points
+        qhull.Delaunay(np.c_[x, y])
+        qhull.Delaunay(np.c_[xp, yp])
+
+    def test_pathological(self):
+        # both should succeed
+        points = DATASETS['pathological-1']
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        assert_equal(tri.points[tri.simplices].max(), points.max())
+        assert_equal(tri.points[tri.simplices].min(), points.min())
+
+        points = DATASETS['pathological-2']
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        assert_equal(tri.points[tri.simplices].max(), points.max())
+        assert_equal(tri.points[tri.simplices].min(), points.min())
+
+    def test_joggle(self):
+        # Check that the option QJ indeed guarantees that all input points
+        # occur as vertices of the triangulation
+
+        points = np.random.rand(10, 2)
+        points = np.r_[points, points]  # duplicate input data
+
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points, qhull_options="QJ Qbb Pp")
+        assert_array_equal(np.unique(tri.simplices.ravel()),
+                           np.arange(len(points)))
+
+    def test_coplanar(self):
+        # Check that the coplanar point output option indeed works
+        points = np.random.rand(10, 2)
+        points = np.r_[points, points]  # duplicate input data
+
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        assert_(len(np.unique(tri.simplices.ravel())) == len(points)//2)
+        assert_(len(tri.coplanar) == len(points)//2)
+
+        assert_(len(np.unique(tri.coplanar[:,2])) == len(points)//2)
+
+        assert_(np.all(tri.vertex_to_simplex >= 0))
+
+    def test_furthest_site(self):
+        points = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0.5, 0.5), (1.1, 1.1)]
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points, furthest_site=True)
+
+        expected = np.array([(1, 4, 0), (4, 2, 0)])  # from Qhull
+        assert_array_equal(tri.simplices, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", sorted(INCREMENTAL_DATASETS))
+    def test_incremental(self, name):
+        # Test incremental construction of the triangulation
+
+        chunks, opts = INCREMENTAL_DATASETS[name]
+        points = np.concatenate(chunks, axis=0)
+
+        obj = qhull.Delaunay(chunks[0], incremental=True,
+                             qhull_options=opts)
+        for chunk in chunks[1:]:
+            obj.add_points(chunk)
+
+        obj2 = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+
+        obj3 = qhull.Delaunay(chunks[0], incremental=True,
+                              qhull_options=opts)
+        if len(chunks) > 1:
+            obj3.add_points(np.concatenate(chunks[1:], axis=0),
+                            restart=True)
+
+        # Check that the incremental mode agrees with upfront mode
+        if name.startswith('pathological'):
+            # XXX: These produce valid but different triangulations.
+            #      They look OK when plotted, but how to check them?
+
+            assert_array_equal(np.unique(obj.simplices.ravel()),
+                               np.arange(points.shape[0]))
+            assert_array_equal(np.unique(obj2.simplices.ravel()),
+                               np.arange(points.shape[0]))
+        else:
+            assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(obj.simplices, obj2.simplices,
+                                              tpl=sorted_tuple)
+
+        assert_unordered_tuple_list_equal(obj2.simplices, obj3.simplices,
+                                          tpl=sorted_tuple)
+
+
+def assert_hulls_equal(points, facets_1, facets_2):
+    # Check that two convex hulls constructed from the same point set
+    # are equal
+
+    facets_1 = set(map(sorted_tuple, facets_1))
+    facets_2 = set(map(sorted_tuple, facets_2))
+
+    if facets_1 != facets_2 and points.shape[1] == 2:
+        # The direct check fails for the pathological cases
+        # --- then the convex hull from Delaunay differs (due
+        # to rounding error etc.) from the hull computed
+        # otherwise, by the question whether (tricoplanar)
+        # points that lie almost exactly on the hull are
+        # included as vertices of the hull or not.
+        #
+        # So we check the result, and accept it if the Delaunay
+        # hull line segments are a subset of the usual hull.
+
+        eps = 1000 * np.finfo(float).eps
+
+        for a, b in facets_1:
+            for ap, bp in facets_2:
+                t = points[bp] - points[ap]
+                t /= np.linalg.norm(t)       # tangent
+                n = np.array([-t[1], t[0]])  # normal
+
+                # check that the two line segments are parallel
+                # to the same line
+                c1 = np.dot(n, points[b] - points[ap])
+                c2 = np.dot(n, points[a] - points[ap])
+                if not np.allclose(np.dot(c1, n), 0):
+                    continue
+                if not np.allclose(np.dot(c2, n), 0):
+                    continue
+
+                # Check that the segment (a, b) is contained in (ap, bp)
+                c1 = np.dot(t, points[a] - points[ap])
+                c2 = np.dot(t, points[b] - points[ap])
+                c3 = np.dot(t, points[bp] - points[ap])
+                if c1 < -eps or c1 > c3 + eps:
+                    continue
+                if c2 < -eps or c2 > c3 + eps:
+                    continue
+
+                # OK:
+                break
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("comparison fails")
+
+        # it was OK
+        return
+
+    assert_equal(facets_1, facets_2)
+
+
+class TestConvexHull:
+    def test_masked_array_fails(self):
+        masked_array = np.ma.masked_all(1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, qhull.ConvexHull, masked_array)
+
+    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
+    def test_array_with_nans_fails(self):
+        points_with_nan = np.array([(0,0), (1,1), (2,np.nan)], dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, qhull.ConvexHull, points_with_nan)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", sorted(DATASETS))
+    def test_hull_consistency_tri(self, name):
+        # Check that a convex hull returned by qhull in ndim
+        # and the hull constructed from ndim delaunay agree
+        points = DATASETS[name]
+
+        tri = qhull.Delaunay(points)
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+
+        assert_hulls_equal(points, tri.convex_hull, hull.simplices)
+
+        # Check that the hull extremes are as expected
+        if points.shape[1] == 2:
+            assert_equal(np.unique(hull.simplices), np.sort(hull.vertices))
+        else:
+            assert_equal(np.unique(hull.simplices), hull.vertices)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", sorted(INCREMENTAL_DATASETS))
+    def test_incremental(self, name):
+        # Test incremental construction of the convex hull
+        chunks, _ = INCREMENTAL_DATASETS[name]
+        points = np.concatenate(chunks, axis=0)
+
+        obj = qhull.ConvexHull(chunks[0], incremental=True)
+        for chunk in chunks[1:]:
+            obj.add_points(chunk)
+
+        obj2 = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+
+        obj3 = qhull.ConvexHull(chunks[0], incremental=True)
+        if len(chunks) > 1:
+            obj3.add_points(np.concatenate(chunks[1:], axis=0),
+                            restart=True)
+
+        # Check that the incremental mode agrees with upfront mode
+        assert_hulls_equal(points, obj.simplices, obj2.simplices)
+        assert_hulls_equal(points, obj.simplices, obj3.simplices)
+
+    def test_vertices_2d(self):
+        # The vertices should be in counterclockwise order in 2-D
+        np.random.seed(1234)
+        points = np.random.rand(30, 2)
+
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+        assert_equal(np.unique(hull.simplices), np.sort(hull.vertices))
+
+        # Check counterclockwiseness
+        x, y = hull.points[hull.vertices].T
+        angle = np.arctan2(y - y.mean(), x - x.mean())
+        assert_(np.all(np.diff(np.unwrap(angle)) > 0))
+
+    def test_volume_area(self):
+        # Basic check that we get back the correct volume and area for a cube
+        points = np.array([(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0),
+                           (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1)])
+        tri = qhull.ConvexHull(points)
+
+        assert_allclose(tri.volume, 1., rtol=1e-14)
+        assert_allclose(tri.area, 6., rtol=1e-14)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("incremental", [False, True])
+    def test_good2d(self, incremental):
+        # Make sure the QGn option gives the correct value of "good".
+        points = np.array([[0.2, 0.2],
+                           [0.2, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.2],
+                           [0.3, 0.6]])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points=points,
+                                incremental=incremental,
+                                qhull_options='QG4')
+        expected = np.array([False, True, False, False], dtype=bool)
+        actual = hull.good
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("visibility", [
+                              "QG4",  # visible=True
+                              "QG-4",  # visible=False
+                              ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("new_gen, expected", [
+        # add generator that places QG4 inside hull
+        # so all facets are invisible
+        (np.array([[0.3, 0.7]]),
+         np.array([False, False, False, False, False], dtype=bool)),
+        # adding a generator on the opposite side of the square
+        # should preserve the single visible facet & add one invisible
+        # facet
+        (np.array([[0.3, -0.7]]),
+         np.array([False, True, False, False, False], dtype=bool)),
+        # split the visible facet on top of the square into two
+        # visible facets, with visibility at the end of the array
+        # because add_points concatenates
+        (np.array([[0.3, 0.41]]),
+         np.array([False, False, False, True, True], dtype=bool)),
+        # with our current Qhull options, coplanarity will not count
+        # for visibility; this case shifts one visible & one invisible
+        # facet & adds a coplanar facet
+        # simplex at index position 2 is the shifted visible facet
+        # the final simplex is the coplanar facet
+        (np.array([[0.5, 0.6], [0.6, 0.6]]),
+         np.array([False, False, True, False, False], dtype=bool)),
+        # place the new generator such that it envelops the query
+        # point within the convex hull, but only just barely within
+        # the double precision limit
+        # NOTE: testing exact degeneracy is less predictable than this
+        # scenario, perhaps because of the default Qt option we have
+        # enabled for Qhull to handle precision matters
+        (np.array([[0.3, 0.6 + 1e-16]]),
+         np.array([False, False, False, False, False], dtype=bool)),
+        ])
+    def test_good2d_incremental_changes(self, new_gen, expected,
+                                        visibility):
+        # use the usual square convex hull
+        # generators from test_good2d
+        points = np.array([[0.2, 0.2],
+                           [0.2, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.2],
+                           [0.3, 0.6]])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points=points,
+                                incremental=True,
+                                qhull_options=visibility)
+        hull.add_points(new_gen)
+        actual = hull.good
+        if '-' in visibility:
+            expected = np.invert(expected)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("incremental", [False, True])
+    def test_good2d_no_option(self, incremental):
+        # handle case where good attribute doesn't exist
+        # because Qgn or Qg-n wasn't specified
+        points = np.array([[0.2, 0.2],
+                           [0.2, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.2],
+                           [0.3, 0.6]])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points=points,
+                                incremental=incremental)
+        actual = hull.good
+        assert actual is None
+        # preserve None after incremental addition
+        if incremental:
+            hull.add_points(np.zeros((1, 2)))
+            actual = hull.good
+            assert actual is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("incremental", [False, True])
+    def test_good2d_inside(self, incremental):
+        # Make sure the QGn option gives the correct value of "good".
+        # When point n is inside the convex hull of the rest, good is
+        # all False.
+        points = np.array([[0.2, 0.2],
+                           [0.2, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.4],
+                           [0.4, 0.2],
+                           [0.3, 0.3]])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points=points,
+                                incremental=incremental,
+                                qhull_options='QG4')
+        expected = np.array([False, False, False, False], dtype=bool)
+        actual = hull.good
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("incremental", [False, True])
+    def test_good3d(self, incremental):
+        # Make sure the QGn option gives the correct value of "good"
+        # for a 3d figure
+        points = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+                           [0.90029516, -0.39187448, 0.18948093],
+                           [0.48676420, -0.72627633, 0.48536925],
+                           [0.57651530, -0.81179274, -0.09285832],
+                           [0.67846893, -0.71119562, 0.18406710]])
+        hull = qhull.ConvexHull(points=points,
+                                incremental=incremental,
+                                qhull_options='QG0')
+        expected = np.array([True, False, False, False], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(hull.good, expected)
+
+class TestVoronoi:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("qhull_opts, extra_pts", [
+        # option Qz (default for SciPy) will add
+        # an extra point at infinity
+        ("Qbb Qc Qz", 1),
+        ("Qbb Qc", 0),
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("n_pts", [50, 100])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ndim", [2, 3])
+    def test_point_region_structure(self,
+                                    qhull_opts,
+                                    n_pts,
+                                    extra_pts,
+                                    ndim):
+        # see gh-16773
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(7790)
+        points = rng.random((n_pts, ndim))
+        vor = Voronoi(points, qhull_options=qhull_opts)
+        pt_region = vor.point_region
+        assert pt_region.max() == n_pts - 1 + extra_pts
+        assert pt_region.size == len(vor.regions) - extra_pts
+        assert len(vor.regions) == n_pts + extra_pts
+        assert vor.points.shape[0] == n_pts
+        # if there is an empty sublist in the Voronoi
+        # regions data structure, it should never be
+        # indexed because it corresponds to an internally
+        # added point at infinity and is not a member of the
+        # generators (input points)
+        if extra_pts:
+            sublens = [len(x) for x in vor.regions]
+            # only one point at infinity (empty region)
+            # is allowed
+            assert sublens.count(0) == 1
+            assert sublens.index(0) not in pt_region
+
+    def test_masked_array_fails(self):
+        masked_array = np.ma.masked_all(1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, qhull.Voronoi, masked_array)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        # Simple case with known Voronoi diagram
+        points = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2),
+                  (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2),
+                  (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)]
+
+        # qhull v o Fv Qbb Qc Qz < dat
+        output = """
+        2
+        5 10 1
+        -10.101 -10.101
+           0.5    0.5
+           0.5    1.5
+           1.5    0.5
+           1.5    1.5
+        2 0 1
+        3 2 0 1
+        2 0 2
+        3 3 0 1
+        4 1 2 4 3
+        3 4 0 2
+        2 0 3
+        3 4 0 3
+        2 0 4
+        0
+        12
+        4 0 3 0 1
+        4 0 1 0 1
+        4 1 4 1 2
+        4 1 2 0 2
+        4 2 5 0 2
+        4 3 4 1 3
+        4 3 6 0 3
+        4 4 5 2 4
+        4 4 7 3 4
+        4 5 8 0 4
+        4 6 7 0 3
+        4 7 8 0 4
+        """
+        self._compare_qvoronoi(points, output)
+
+    def _compare_qvoronoi(self, points, output, **kw):
+        """Compare to output from 'qvoronoi o Fv < data' to Voronoi()"""
+
+        # Parse output
+        output = [list(map(float, x.split())) for x in output.strip().splitlines()]
+        nvertex = int(output[1][0])
+        vertices = list(map(tuple, output[3:2+nvertex]))  # exclude inf
+        nregion = int(output[1][1])
+        regions = [[int(y)-1 for y in x[1:]]
+                   for x in output[2+nvertex:2+nvertex+nregion]]
+        ridge_points = [[int(y) for y in x[1:3]]
+                        for x in output[3+nvertex+nregion:]]
+        ridge_vertices = [[int(y)-1 for y in x[3:]]
+                          for x in output[3+nvertex+nregion:]]
+
+        # Compare results
+        vor = qhull.Voronoi(points, **kw)
+
+        def sorttuple(x):
+            return tuple(sorted(x))
+
+        assert_allclose(vor.vertices, vertices)
+        assert_equal(set(map(tuple, vor.regions)),
+                     set(map(tuple, regions)))
+
+        p1 = list(zip(list(map(sorttuple, ridge_points)),
+                      list(map(sorttuple, ridge_vertices))))
+        p2 = list(zip(list(map(sorttuple, vor.ridge_points.tolist())),
+                      list(map(sorttuple, vor.ridge_vertices))))
+        p1.sort()
+        p2.sort()
+
+        assert_equal(p1, p2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", sorted(DATASETS))
+    def test_ridges(self, name):
+        # Check that the ridges computed by Voronoi indeed separate
+        # the regions of nearest neighborhood, by comparing the result
+        # to KDTree.
+
+        points = DATASETS[name]
+
+        tree = KDTree(points)
+        vor = qhull.Voronoi(points)
+
+        for p, v in vor.ridge_dict.items():
+            # consider only finite ridges
+            if not np.all(np.asarray(v) >= 0):
+                continue
+
+            ridge_midpoint = vor.vertices[v].mean(axis=0)
+            d = 1e-6 * (points[p[0]] - ridge_midpoint)
+
+            dist, k = tree.query(ridge_midpoint + d, k=1)
+            assert_equal(k, p[0])
+
+            dist, k = tree.query(ridge_midpoint - d, k=1)
+            assert_equal(k, p[1])
+
+    def test_furthest_site(self):
+        points = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0.5, 0.5), (1.1, 1.1)]
+
+        # qhull v o Fv Qbb Qc Qu < dat
+        output = """
+        2
+        3 5 1
+        -10.101 -10.101
+        0.6000000000000001    0.5
+           0.5 0.6000000000000001
+        3 0 2 1
+        2 0 1
+        2 0 2
+        0
+        3 0 2 1
+        5
+        4 0 2 0 2
+        4 0 4 1 2
+        4 0 1 0 1
+        4 1 4 0 1
+        4 2 4 0 2
+        """
+        self._compare_qvoronoi(points, output, furthest_site=True)
+
+    def test_furthest_site_flag(self):
+        points = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0.5, 0.5), (1.1, 1.1)]
+
+        vor = Voronoi(points)
+        assert_equal(vor.furthest_site,False)
+        vor = Voronoi(points,furthest_site=True)
+        assert_equal(vor.furthest_site,True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(10)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", sorted(INCREMENTAL_DATASETS))
+    def test_incremental(self, name):
+        # Test incremental construction of the triangulation
+
+        if INCREMENTAL_DATASETS[name][0][0].shape[1] > 3:
+            # too slow (testing of the result --- qhull is still fast)
+            return
+
+        chunks, opts = INCREMENTAL_DATASETS[name]
+        points = np.concatenate(chunks, axis=0)
+
+        obj = qhull.Voronoi(chunks[0], incremental=True,
+                             qhull_options=opts)
+        for chunk in chunks[1:]:
+            obj.add_points(chunk)
+
+        obj2 = qhull.Voronoi(points)
+
+        obj3 = qhull.Voronoi(chunks[0], incremental=True,
+                             qhull_options=opts)
+        if len(chunks) > 1:
+            obj3.add_points(np.concatenate(chunks[1:], axis=0),
+                            restart=True)
+
+        # -- Check that the incremental mode agrees with upfront mode
+        assert_equal(len(obj.point_region), len(obj2.point_region))
+        assert_equal(len(obj.point_region), len(obj3.point_region))
+
+        # The vertices may be in different order or duplicated in
+        # the incremental map
+        for objx in obj, obj3:
+            vertex_map = {-1: -1}
+            for i, v in enumerate(objx.vertices):
+                for j, v2 in enumerate(obj2.vertices):
+                    if np.allclose(v, v2):
+                        vertex_map[i] = j
+
+            def remap(x):
+                if hasattr(x, '__len__'):
+                    return tuple({remap(y) for y in x})
+                try:
+                    return vertex_map[x]
+                except KeyError as e:
+                    message = (f"incremental result has spurious vertex "
+                               f"at {objx.vertices[x]!r}")
+                    raise AssertionError(message) from e
+
+            def simplified(x):
+                items = set(map(sorted_tuple, x))
+                if () in items:
+                    items.remove(())
+                items = [x for x in items if len(x) > 1]
+                items.sort()
+                return items
+
+            assert_equal(
+                simplified(remap(objx.regions)),
+                simplified(obj2.regions)
+                )
+            assert_equal(
+                simplified(remap(objx.ridge_vertices)),
+                simplified(obj2.ridge_vertices)
+                )
+
+            # XXX: compare ridge_points --- not clear exactly how to do this
+
+
+class Test_HalfspaceIntersection:
+    def assert_unordered_allclose(self, arr1, arr2, rtol=1e-7):
+        """Check that every line in arr1 is only once in arr2"""
+        assert_equal(arr1.shape, arr2.shape)
+
+        truths = np.zeros((arr1.shape[0],), dtype=bool)
+        for l1 in arr1:
+            indexes = np.nonzero((abs(arr2 - l1) < rtol).all(axis=1))[0]
+            assert_equal(indexes.shape, (1,))
+            truths[indexes[0]] = True
+        assert_(truths.all())
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", [np.float64, int])
+    def test_cube_halfspace_intersection(self, dt):
+        halfspaces = np.array([[-1, 0, 0],
+                               [0, -1, 0],
+                               [1, 0, -2],
+                               [0, 1, -2]], dtype=dt)
+        feasible_point = np.array([1, 1], dtype=dt)
+
+        points = np.array([[0.0, 0.0], [2.0, 0.0], [0.0, 2.0], [2.0, 2.0]])
+
+        hull = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(halfspaces, feasible_point)
+
+        assert_allclose(hull.intersections, points)
+
+    def test_self_dual_polytope_intersection(self):
+        fname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data',
+                             'selfdual-4d-polytope.txt')
+        ineqs = np.genfromtxt(fname)
+        halfspaces = -np.hstack((ineqs[:, 1:], ineqs[:, :1]))
+
+        feas_point = np.array([0., 0., 0., 0.])
+        hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(halfspaces, feas_point)
+
+        assert_equal(hs.intersections.shape, (24, 4))
+
+        assert_almost_equal(hs.dual_volume, 32.0)
+        assert_equal(len(hs.dual_facets), 24)
+        for facet in hs.dual_facets:
+            assert_equal(len(facet), 6)
+
+        dists = halfspaces[:, -1] + halfspaces[:, :-1].dot(feas_point)
+        self.assert_unordered_allclose((halfspaces[:, :-1].T/dists).T, hs.dual_points)
+
+        points = itertools.permutations([0., 0., 0.5, -0.5])
+        for point in points:
+            assert_equal(np.sum((hs.intersections == point).all(axis=1)), 1)
+
+    def test_wrong_feasible_point(self):
+        halfspaces = np.array([[-1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+                               [0.0, -1.0, 0.0],
+                               [1.0, 0.0, -1.0],
+                               [0.0, 1.0, -1.0]])
+        feasible_point = np.array([0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
+        #Feasible point is (ndim,) instead of (ndim-1,)
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                      qhull.HalfspaceIntersection, halfspaces, feasible_point)
+        feasible_point = np.array([[0.5], [0.5]])
+        #Feasible point is (ndim-1, 1) instead of (ndim-1,)
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                      qhull.HalfspaceIntersection, halfspaces, feasible_point)
+        feasible_point = np.array([[0.5, 0.5]])
+        #Feasible point is (1, ndim-1) instead of (ndim-1,)
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                      qhull.HalfspaceIntersection, halfspaces, feasible_point)
+
+        feasible_point = np.array([-0.5, -0.5])
+        #Feasible point is outside feasible region
+        assert_raises(qhull.QhullError,
+                      qhull.HalfspaceIntersection, halfspaces, feasible_point)
+
+    def test_incremental(self):
+        #Cube
+        halfspaces = np.array([[0., 0., -1., -0.5],
+                               [0., -1., 0., -0.5],
+                               [-1., 0., 0., -0.5],
+                               [1., 0., 0., -0.5],
+                               [0., 1., 0., -0.5],
+                               [0., 0., 1., -0.5]])
+        #Cut each summit
+        extra_normals = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                                  [1., 1., -1.],
+                                  [1., -1., 1.],
+                                  [1, -1., -1.]])
+        offsets = np.array([[-1.]]*8)
+        extra_halfspaces = np.hstack((np.vstack((extra_normals, -extra_normals)),
+                                      offsets))
+
+        feas_point = np.array([0., 0., 0.])
+
+        inc_hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(halfspaces, feas_point, incremental=True)
+
+        inc_res_hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(halfspaces, feas_point,
+                                                 incremental=True)
+
+        for i, ehs in enumerate(extra_halfspaces):
+            inc_hs.add_halfspaces(ehs[np.newaxis, :])
+
+            inc_res_hs.add_halfspaces(ehs[np.newaxis, :], restart=True)
+
+            total = np.vstack((halfspaces, extra_halfspaces[:i+1, :]))
+
+            hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(total, feas_point)
+
+            assert_allclose(inc_hs.halfspaces, inc_res_hs.halfspaces)
+            assert_allclose(inc_hs.halfspaces, hs.halfspaces)
+
+            #Direct computation and restart should have points in same order
+            assert_allclose(hs.intersections, inc_res_hs.intersections)
+            #Incremental will have points in different order than direct computation
+            self.assert_unordered_allclose(inc_hs.intersections, hs.intersections)
+
+        inc_hs.close()
+
+    def test_cube(self):
+        # Halfspaces of the cube:
+        halfspaces = np.array([[-1., 0., 0., 0.],  # x >= 0
+                               [1., 0., 0., -1.],  # x <= 1
+                               [0., -1., 0., 0.],  # y >= 0
+                               [0., 1., 0., -1.],  # y <= 1
+                               [0., 0., -1., 0.],  # z >= 0
+                               [0., 0., 1., -1.]])  # z <= 1
+        point = np.array([0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
+
+        hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(halfspaces, point)
+
+        # qhalf H0.5,0.5,0.5 o < input.txt
+        qhalf_points = np.array([
+            [-2, 0, 0],
+            [2, 0, 0],
+            [0, -2, 0],
+            [0, 2, 0],
+            [0, 0, -2],
+            [0, 0, 2]])
+        qhalf_facets = [
+            [2, 4, 0],
+            [4, 2, 1],
+            [5, 2, 0],
+            [2, 5, 1],
+            [3, 4, 1],
+            [4, 3, 0],
+            [5, 3, 1],
+            [3, 5, 0]]
+
+        assert len(qhalf_facets) == len(hs.dual_facets)
+        for a, b in zip(qhalf_facets, hs.dual_facets):
+            assert set(a) == set(b)  # facet orientation can differ
+
+        assert_allclose(hs.dual_points, qhalf_points)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("k", range(1,4))
+    def test_halfspace_batch(self, k):
+        # Test that we can add halfspaces a few at a time
+        big_square = np.array([[ 1.,  0., -2.],
+                               [-1.,  0., -2.],
+                               [ 0.,  1., -2.],
+                               [ 0., -1., -2.]])
+
+        small_square = np.array([[ 1.,  0., -1.],
+                                 [-1.,  0., -1.],
+                                 [ 0.,  1., -1.],
+                                 [ 0., -1., -1.]])
+
+        hs = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(big_square,
+                                         np.array([0.3141, 0.2718]),
+                                         incremental=True)
+
+        hs.add_halfspaces(small_square[0:k,:])
+        hs.add_halfspaces(small_square[k:4,:])
+        hs.close()
+
+        # Check the intersections are correct (they are the corners of the small square)
+        expected_intersections = np.array([[1., 1.],
+                                           [1., -1.],
+                                           [-1., 1.],
+                                           [-1., -1.]])
+        actual_intersections = hs.intersections
+        # They may be in any order, so just check that under some permutation 
+        # expected=actual.
+
+        ind1 = np.lexsort((actual_intersections[:, 1], actual_intersections[:, 0]))
+        ind2 = np.lexsort((expected_intersections[:, 1], expected_intersections[:, 0]))
+        assert_allclose(actual_intersections[ind1], expected_intersections[ind2])
+
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("halfspaces", [
+    (np.array([-0.70613882, -0.45589431, 0.04178256])),
+    (np.array([[-0.70613882, -0.45589431,  0.04178256],
+               [0.70807342, -0.45464871, -0.45969769],
+               [0.,  0.76515026, -0.35614825]])),
+    ])
+    def test_gh_19865(self, halfspaces):
+        # starting off with a feasible interior point and
+        # adding halfspaces for which it is no longer feasible
+        # should result in an error rather than a problematic
+        # intersection polytope
+        initial_square =  np.array(
+                    [[1, 0, -1], [0, 1, -1], [-1, 0, -1], [0, -1, -1]]
+                )
+        incremental_intersector = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(initial_square,
+                                                              np.zeros(2),
+                                                              incremental=True)
+        with pytest.raises(qhull.QhullError, match="feasible.*-0.706.*"):
+            incremental_intersector.add_halfspaces(halfspaces)
+
+
+    def test_gh_19865_3d(self):
+        # 3d case where closed half space is enforced for
+        # feasibility
+        halfspaces = np.array([[1, 1, 1, -1], # doesn't exclude origin
+                               [-1, -1, -1, -1], # doesn't exclude origin
+                               [1, 0, 0, 0]]) # the origin is on the line
+        initial_cube = np.array([[1, 0, 0, -1],
+                                 [-1, 0, 0, -1],
+                                 [0, 1, 0, -1],
+                                 [0, -1, 0, -1],
+                                 [0, 0, 1, -1],
+                                 [0, 0, -1, -1]])
+        incremental_intersector = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(initial_cube,
+                                                              np.zeros(3),
+                                                              incremental=True)
+        with pytest.raises(qhull.QhullError, match="feasible.*[1 0 0 0]"):
+            incremental_intersector.add_halfspaces(halfspaces)
+
+
+    def test_2d_add_halfspace_input(self):
+        # incrementally added halfspaces should respect the 2D
+        # array shape requirement
+        initial_square =  np.array(
+                    [[1, 0, -1], [0, 1, -1], [-1, 0, -1], [0, -1, -1]]
+                )
+        incremental_intersector = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(initial_square,
+                                                              np.zeros(2),
+                                                              incremental=True)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="2D array"):
+            incremental_intersector.add_halfspaces(np.ones((4, 4, 4)))
+
+    def test_1d_add_halfspace_input(self):
+        # we do allow 1D `halfspaces` input to add_halfspaces()
+        initial_square =  np.array(
+                    [[1, 0, -1], [0, 1, -1], [-1, 0, -1], [0, -1, -1]]
+                )
+        incremental_intersector = qhull.HalfspaceIntersection(initial_square,
+                                                              np.zeros(2),
+                                                              incremental=True)
+        assert_allclose(incremental_intersector.dual_vertices, np.arange(4))
+        incremental_intersector.add_halfspaces(np.array([2, 2, -1]))
+        assert_allclose(incremental_intersector.dual_vertices, np.arange(5))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("diagram_type", [Voronoi, qhull.Delaunay])
+def test_gh_20623(diagram_type):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(123)
+    invalid_data = rng.random((4, 10, 3))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="dimensions"):
+        diagram_type(invalid_data)
+
+
+def test_gh_21286():
+    generators = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1.1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
+    tri = qhull.Delaunay(generators)
+    # verify absence of segfault reported in ticket:
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+        tri.find_simplex(1)
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+        # strikingly, Delaunay object has shape
+        # () just like np.asanyarray(1) above
+        tri.find_simplex(tri)
+
+
+def test_find_simplex_ndim_err():
+    generators = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1.1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
+    tri = qhull.Delaunay(generators)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        tri.find_simplex([2, 2, 2])