passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/schubert.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,2551 @@
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version schubert.lib 4.2.0.1 Jan_2021 "; // $Id: 86df014868ca417401f2c2a4bcbecf731118e722 $
+category="Algebraic Geometry";
+info="
+LIBRARY:    schubert.lib    Procedures for Intersection Theory
+
+AUTHOR:     Hiep Dang,          email: hiep@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+
+OVERVIEW:
+
+    We implement new classes (variety, sheaf, stack, graph) and methods for
+    computing with them. An abstract variety is represented by a nonnegative
+    integer which is its dimension and a graded ring which is its Chow ring.
+    An abstract sheaf is represented by a variety and a polynomial which is its
+    Chern character. In particular, we implement the concrete varieties such as
+    projective spaces, Grassmannians, and projective bundles.
+
+    An important task of this library is related to the computation of
+    Gromov-Witten invariants. In particular, we implement new tools for the
+    computation in equivariant intersection theory. These tools are based on the
+    localization of moduli spaces of stable maps and Bott's formula. They are
+    useful for the computation of Gromov-Witten invariants. In order to do this,
+    we have to deal with moduli spaces of stable maps, which were introduced by
+    Kontsevich, and the graphs corresponding to the fixed point components of a
+    torus action on the moduli spaces of stable maps.
+
+    As an insightful example, the numbers of rational curves on general complete
+    intersection Calabi-Yau threefolds in projective spaces are computed up to
+    degree 6. The results are all in agreement with predictions made from mirror
+    symmetry computations.
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+    Hiep Dang,  Intersection theory with applications to the computation of
+                Gromov-Witten invariants, Ph.D thesis, TU Kaiserslautern, 2013.
+
+    Sheldon Katz and Stein A. Stromme, Schubert-A Maple package for intersection
+                theory and enumerative geometry, 1992.
+
+    Daniel R. Grayson, Michael E. Stillman, Stein A. Stromme, David Eisenbud and
+    Charley Crissman, Schubert2-A Macaulay2 package for computation in
+                intersection theory, 2010.
+
+    Maxim Kontsevich, Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions, 1995.
+
+PROCEDURES:
+    makeVariety(int,ideal)              create a variety
+    printVariety(variety)               print procedure for a variety
+    productVariety(variety,variety)     make the product of two varieties
+    ChowRing(variety)                   create the Chow ring of a variety
+    Grassmannian(int,int)               create a Grassmannian as a variety
+    projectiveSpace(int)                create a projective space as a variety
+    projectiveBundle(sheaf)             create a projective bundle as a variety
+    integral(variety,poly)              degree of a 0-cycle on a variety
+    makeSheaf(variety,poly)             create a sheaf
+    printSheaf(sheaf)                   print procedure for sheaves
+    rankSheaf(sheaf)                    return the rank of a sheaf
+    totalChernClass(sheaf)              compute the total Chern class of a sheaf
+    ChernClass(sheaf,int)               compute the k-th Chern class of a sheaf
+    topChernClass(sheaf)                compute the top Chern class of a sheaf
+    totalSegreClass(sheaf)              compute the total Segre class of a sheaf
+    dualSheaf(sheaf)                    make the dual of a sheaf
+    tensorSheaf(sheaf,sheaf)            make the tensor of two sheaves
+    symmetricPowerSheaf(sheaf,int)      make the k-th symmetric power of a sheaf
+    quotSheaf(sheaf,sheaf)              make the quotient of two sheaves
+    addSheaf(sheaf,sheaf)               make the direct sum of two sheaves
+    makeGraphVE(list,list)              create a graph from a list of vertices
+                                        and a list of edges
+    printGraphG(graph)                   print procedure for graphs
+    moduliSpace(variety,int)            create a moduli space of stable maps as
+                                        an algebraic stack
+    printStack(stack)                   print procedure for stacks
+    dimStack(stack)                     compute the dimension of a stack
+    fixedPoints(stack)                  compute the list of graphs corresponding
+                                        the fixed point components of a torus
+                                        action on the stack
+    contributionBundle(stack,graph)     compute the contribution bundle on a
+                                        stack at a graph
+    normalBundle(stack,graph)           compute the normal bundle on a stack at
+                                        a graph
+    multipleCover(int)                  compute the contribution of multiple
+                                        covers of a smooth rational curve as a
+                                        Gromov-Witten invariant
+    linesHypersurface(int)              compute the number of lines on a general
+                                        hypersurface
+    rationalCurve(int,list)             compute the Gromov-Witten invariant
+                                        corresponding the number of rational
+                                        curves on a general Calabi-Yau threefold
+    sumofquotients(stack,list)          prepare a command for parallel
+                                        computation
+    homog_part(poly,int)                compute a homogeneous component of a
+                                        polynomial.
+    homog_parts(poly,int,int)           compute the sum of homogeneous
+                                        components of a polynomial
+    logg(poly,int)                      compute Chern characters from total
+                                        Chern classes.
+    expp(poly,int)                      compute total Chern classes from Chern
+                                        characters
+    SchubertClass(list)                 compute the Schubert classes on a
+                                        Grassmannian
+    dualPartition(list)                 compute the dual of a partition
+
+KEYWORDS:       Intersection theory; Enumerative geometry; Schubert calculus;
+                Bott's formula; Gromov-Witten invariants.
+
+";
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+LIB "general.lib";
+LIB "homolog.lib";
+LIB "parallel.lib";
+LIB "ring.lib";
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/////////// create new objects in this library  ////////////////////////////////
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static proc mod_init()
+{
+    newstruct("variety","int dimension, ring baseRing, ideal relations");
+    newstruct("sheaf","variety currentVariety, poly ChernCharacter");
+    newstruct("graph","list vertices, list edges");
+    newstruct("stack","variety currentVariety, int degreeCurve");
+
+    system("install","variety","print",printVariety,1);
+    system("install","variety","*",productVariety,2);
+    system("install","sheaf","print",printSheaf,1);
+    system("install","sheaf","*",tensorSheaf,2);
+    system("install","sheaf","+",addSheaf,2);
+    system("install","sheaf","-",quotSheaf,2);
+    system("install","sheaf","^",symmetricPowerSheaf,2);
+    system("install","graph","print",printGraphG,1);
+    system("install","stack","print",printStack,1);
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//////// Procedures concerned with moduli spaces of stable maps ////////////////
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc printStack(stack M)
+"USAGE:     printStack(M); M stack
+ASSUME:     M is a moduli space of stable maps.
+THEORY:     This is the print function used by Singular to print a stack.
+KEYWORDS:   stack, moduli space of stable maps
+EXAMPLE:    example printStack; shows an example
+"
+{
+    "A moduli space of dimension", dimStack(M);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x),dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    M;
+}
+
+proc moduliSpace(variety V, int d)
+"USAGE:     moduliSpace(V,d); V variety, d int
+ASSUME:     V is a projective space and d is a positive integer.
+THEORY:     This is the function used by Singular to create a moduli space of
+            stable maps from a genus zero curve to a projective space.
+KEYWORDS:   stack, moduli space of stable maps, rational curves
+EXAMPLE:    example moduliSpace; shows an example
+"
+{
+    stack M;
+    M.currentVariety = V;
+    M.degreeCurve = d;
+    return(M);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x),dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    M;
+}
+
+proc dimStack(stack M)
+"USAGE:     dimStack(M); M stack
+RETURN:     int
+INPUT:      M is a moduli space of stable maps.
+OUTPUT:     the dimension of moduli space of stable maps.
+KEYWORDS:   dimension, moduli space of stable maps, rational curves
+EXAMPLE:    example dimStack; shows an example
+"
+{
+    variety V = M.currentVariety;
+    int n = V.dimension;
+    int d = M.degreeCurve;
+    return (n*d+n+d-3);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x),dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    dimStack(M);
+}
+
+proc fixedPoints(stack M)
+"USAGE:     fixedPoints(M); M stack
+RETURN:     list
+INPUT:      M is a moduli space of stable maps.
+OUTPUT:     a list of graphs corresponding the fixed point components of a torus
+            action on a moduli space of stable maps.
+KEYWORDS:   fixed points, moduli space of stable maps, graph
+EXAMPLE:    example fixedPoints; shows an example
+"
+{
+    int i,j,k,h,m,n,p,q;
+    list l;
+    int d = M.degreeCurve;
+    variety V = M.currentVariety;
+    int r = V.dimension;
+    for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+    {
+        for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+        {
+            if (i <> j)
+            {
+                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph1(d,i,j),2*d);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (d == 2)
+    {
+        for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+        {
+            for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+            {
+                for (k=0;k<=r;k++)
+                {
+                    if (i <> j and j <> k)
+                    {
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(1,1),i,j,k),2);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (d == 3)
+    {
+        for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+        {
+            for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+            {
+                for (k=0;k<=r;k++)
+                {
+                    if (i <> j and j <> k)
+                    {
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(2,1),i,j,k),2);
+                        for (h=0;h<=r;h++)
+                        {
+                            if (h <> k)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(1,1,1),i,j,k,h),2);
+                            }
+                            if (h <> j)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(1,1,1),i,j,k,h),6);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (d == 4)
+    {
+        for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+        {
+            for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+            {
+                for (k=0;k<=r;k++)
+                {
+                    if (i <> j and j <> k)
+                    {
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(3,1),i,j,k),3);
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(2,2),i,j,k),8);
+                        for (h=0;h<=r;h++)
+                        {
+                            if (h <> k)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(2,1,1),i,j,k,h),2);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(1,2,1),i,j,k,h),4);
+                            }
+                            if (h <> j)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(2,1,1),i,j,k,h),4);
+                            }
+                            for (m=0;m<=r;m++)
+                            {
+                                if (k <> h and m <> h)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),2);
+                                }
+                                if (k <> h and m <> k)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),2);
+                                }
+                                if (h <> j and m <> j)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph43(list(1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),24);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (d == 5)
+    {
+        for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+        {
+            for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+            {
+                for (k=0;k<=r;k++)
+                {
+                    if (i <> j and j <> k)
+                    {
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(4,1),i,j,k),4);
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(3,2),i,j,k),6);
+                        for (h=0;h<=r;h++)
+                        {
+                            if (k <> h)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(3,1,1),i,j,k,h),3);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(1,3,1),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(2,2,1),i,j,k,h),4);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(2,1,2),i,j,k,h),8);
+                            }
+                            if (j <> h)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(3,1,1),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(2,2,1),i,j,k,h),8);
+                            }
+                            for (m=0;m<=r;m++)
+                            {
+                                if (k <> h and h <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),2);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),2);
+                                }
+                                if (k <> h and k <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,1,2,1),i,j,k,h,m),2);
+                                }
+                                if (j <> h and j <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph43(list(2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),12);
+                                }
+                                for (n=0;n<=r;n++)
+                                {
+                                    if (k <> h and h <> m and m <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph51(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and h <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph52(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and k <> m and k <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph53(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),6);
+                                    }
+                                    if (j <> h and h <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph54(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),8);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and k <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph55(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                    }
+                                    if (j <> h and j <> m and j <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph56(list(1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),120);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (d == 6)
+    {
+        for (i=0;i<=r;i++)
+        {
+            for (j=0;j<=r;j++)
+            {
+                for (k=0;k<=r;k++)
+                {
+                    if (i <> j and j <> k)
+                    {
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(5,1),i,j,k),5);
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(4,2),i,j,k),8);
+                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph2(list(3,3),i,j,k),18);
+                        for (h=0;h<=r;h++)
+                        {
+                            if (k <> h)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(4,1,1),i,j,k,h),4);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(1,4,1),i,j,k,h),8);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(3,2,1),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(3,1,2),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(1,3,2),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph31(list(2,2,2),i,j,k,h),16);
+                            }
+                            if (j <> h)
+                            {
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(4,1,1),i,j,k,h),8);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(3,2,1),i,j,k,h),6);
+                                l[size(l)+1] = list(graph32(list(2,2,2),i,j,k,h),48);
+                            }
+                            for (m=0;m<=r;m++)
+                            {
+                                if (k <> h and h <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(3,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),3);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(1,3,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),3);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(2,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(2,1,2,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(2,1,1,2),i,j,k,h,m),8);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph41(list(1,2,2,1),i,j,k,h,m),8);
+                                }
+                                if (k <> h and k <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(3,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),6);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,3,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),6);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,1,3,1),i,j,k,h,m),3);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(2,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),8);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,1,2,2),i,j,k,h,m),8);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(2,1,2,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph42(list(1,2,2,1),i,j,k,h,m),4);
+                                }
+                                if (j <> h and j <> m)
+                                {
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph43(list(3,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),18);
+                                    l[size(l)+1] = list(graph43(list(2,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m),16);
+                                }
+                                for (n=0;n<=r;n++)
+                                {
+                                    if (k <> h and h <> m and m <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph51(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph51(list(1,2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph51(list(1,1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and h <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph52(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph52(list(1,2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph52(list(1,1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph52(list(1,1,1,2,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and k <> m and k <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph53(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),12);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph53(list(1,2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),12);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph53(list(1,1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                    }
+                                    if (j <> h and h <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph54(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph54(list(1,1,2,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),16);
+                                    }
+                                    if (k <> h and k <> m and h <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph55(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph55(list(1,2,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),2);
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph55(list(1,1,1,2,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),4);
+                                    }
+                                    if (j <> h and j <> m and j <> n)
+                                    {
+                                        l[size(l)+1] = list(graph56(list(2,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n),48);
+                                    }
+                                    for (p=0;p<=r;p++)
+                                    {
+                                        if (k <> h and h <> m and m <> n and n <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph61(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),2);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and h <> m and m <> n and m <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph62(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),2);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and h <> m and h <> n and n <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph63(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),1);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and h <> m and h <> n and h <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph64(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),6);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and k <> m and k <> n and n <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph65(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),4);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and k <> m and m <> p and h <> n)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph66(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),6);
+                                        }
+                                        if (j <> h and h <> m and m <> n and m <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph67(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),8);
+                                        }
+                                        if (j <> h and h <> m and h <> n and h <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph68(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),12);
+                                        }
+                                        if (j <> h and h <> m and h <> n and n <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph69(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),2);
+                                        }
+                                        if (k <> h and k <> m and k <> n and k <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph610(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),24);
+                                        }
+                                        if (j <> h and j <> m and j <> n and j <> p)
+                                        {
+                                            l[size(l)+1] = list(graph611(list(1,1,1,1,1,1),i,j,k,h,m,n,p),720);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return (l);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    size(F);
+    typeof(F[1]) == "list";
+    typeof(F[1][1]) == "graph";
+    typeof(F[1][2]) == "int";
+}
+
+static proc torusList(variety P)
+"USAGE:     torusList(P); P variety
+RETURN:     list
+INPUT:      P is a projective space
+OUTPUT:     a list of numbers
+THEORY:     This is a procedure concerning the enumeration of rational curves.
+KEYWORDS:   torus action
+EXAMPLE:    example torusList; shows an example
+"
+{
+    int i;
+    int n = P.dimension;
+    list l;
+    for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
+    {
+        l = insert(l,number(10^i),size(l));
+    }
+    return (l);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    def L = torusList(P);
+    L;
+}
+
+proc contributionBundle(stack M, graph G, list #)
+"USAGE:     contributionBundle(M,G,#); M stack, G graph, # list
+RETURN:     number
+INPUT:      M is a moduli space of stable maps, G is a graph, # is a list.
+OUTPUT:     a number corresponding to the contribution bundle on a moduli space
+            of stable maps at a fixed point component (graph)
+KEYWORDS:   contribution bundle, graph, multiple cover, rational curve,
+SEE ALSO:   normalBundle
+EXAMPLE:    example contributionBundle; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    int i,j,a;
+    variety P = M.currentVariety;
+    def L = torusList(P);
+    int r = P.dimension;
+    int d;
+    if (size(#)==0) {d = 2*r - 3;}
+    else
+    {
+        if (typeof(#[1]) == "int") {d = #[1];}
+        else {Error("invalid optional argument");}
+    }
+    list e = G.edges;
+    list v = G.vertices;
+    number E = 1;
+    number V = 1;
+    if (r == 1)
+    {
+        for (i=1;i<=size(v);i++)
+        {
+            V = V*(-L[v[i][1]+1])^(v[i][2]-1);
+        }
+        for (j=1;j<=size(e);j++)
+        {
+            number f = 1;
+            if (e[j][3]<>1)
+            {
+                for (a=1;a<e[j][3];a++)
+                {
+                    f=f*(-a*L[e[j][1]+1]-(e[j][3]-a)*L[e[j][2]+1])/e[j][3];
+                }
+            }
+            E = E*f;
+            kill f;
+        }
+        return ((E*V)^2);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (i=1;i<=size(v);i++)
+        {
+            V = V*((d*L[v[i][1]+1])^(v[i][2]-1));
+        }
+        for (j=1;j<=size(e);j++)
+        {
+            number f = 1;
+            for (a=0;a<=d*e[j][3];a++)
+            {
+                f = f*((a*L[e[j][1]+1]+(d*e[j][3]-a)*L[e[j][2]+1])/e[j][3]);
+            }
+            E = E*f;
+            kill f;
+        }
+        return (E/V);
+    }
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    graph G = F[1][1];
+    number f = contributionBundle(M,G);
+    number g = contributionBundle(M,G,5);
+    f == g;
+}
+
+proc normalBundle(stack M, graph G)
+"USAGE:     normalBundle(M,G); M stack, G graph
+RETURN:     number
+INPUT:      M is a moduli space of stable maps, G is a graph
+OUTPUT:     a number corresponding to the normal bundle on a moduli space of
+            stable maps at a graph
+KEYWORDS:   normal bundle, graph, rational curves, multiple covers, lines on
+            hypersurfaces
+SEE ALSO:   contributionBundle
+EXAMPLE:    example normalBundle; shows an example
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    variety P = M.currentVariety;
+    def L = torusList(P);
+    int n = P.dimension;
+    list e = G.edges;
+    list v = G.vertices;
+    int i,j,k,h,b,m,a;
+    number N = 1;
+    for (j=1;j<=size(e);j++)
+    {
+        int d = e[j][3];
+        number c = (-1)^d*factorial(d)^2;
+        number y = c*(L[e[j][1]+1]-L[e[j][2]+1])^(2*d)/(number(d)^(2*d));
+        for (k=0;k<=n;k++)
+        {
+            if (k <> e[j][1] and k <> e[j][2])
+            {
+                for (a=0;a<=d;a++)
+                {
+                    y=y*((a*L[e[j][1]+1]+(d-a)*L[e[j][2]+1])/d - L[k+1]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        N = N*y;
+        kill y,d,c;
+    }
+    for (i=1;i<=size(v);i++)
+    {
+        number F = 1;
+        for (h=3;h<=size(v[i]);h++)
+        {
+            F = F*(L[v[i][h][1]+1]-L[v[i][h][2]+1])/v[i][h][3];
+        }
+        if (v[i][2] == 1)
+        {
+            N = N/F;
+            kill F;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            number z = 1;
+            for (m=0;m<=n;m++)
+            {
+                if (m<>v[i][1])
+                {
+                    z = z*(L[v[i][1]+1]-L[m+1]);
+                }
+            }
+            if (v[i][2] == 3)
+            {
+                N = N*F/z^2;
+                kill F,z;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                number g = 0;
+                for (b=3;b<=size(v[i]);b++)
+                {
+                    g = g + v[i][b][3]/(L[v[i][b][1]+1]-L[v[i][b][2]+1]);
+                }
+                N = N*F*g^(3-v[i][2])/(z^(v[i][2]-1));
+                kill g,F,z;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return (N);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    graph G = F[1][1];
+    number f = normalBundle(M,G);
+    f <> 0;
+}
+
+proc multipleCover(int d)
+"USAGE:     multipleCover(d); d int
+RETURN:     number
+THEORY:     This is the contribution of degree d multiple covers of a smooth
+            rational curve as a Gromov-Witten invariant.
+KEYWORDS:   Gromov-Witten invariants, multiple covers
+SEE ALSO:   rationalCurve, linesHypersurface
+EXAMPLE:    example multipleCover; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(1);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,d);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    int i;
+    number r = 0;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(F);i++)
+    {
+        graph G = F[i][1];
+        number s = contributionBundle(M,G);
+        number t = F[i][2]*normalBundle(M,G);
+        r = r + s/t;
+        kill s,t,G;
+    }
+    return (r);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    multipleCover(1);
+    multipleCover(2);
+    multipleCover(3);
+    multipleCover(4);
+    multipleCover(5);
+    multipleCover(6);
+}
+
+proc linesHypersurface(int n)
+"USAGE:     linesHypersurface(n); n int
+RETURN:     number
+THEORY:     This is the number of lines on a general hypersurface of degree
+            d = 2n-3 in an n-dimensional projective space.
+KEYWORDS:   Gromov-Witten invariants, lines on hypersurfaces
+SEE ALSO:   linesHypersurface, multipleCover
+EXAMPLE:    example linesHypersurface; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(n);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,1);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    int i;
+    number r = 0;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(F);i++)
+    {
+        graph G = F[i][1];
+        number s = contributionBundle(M,G);
+        number t = F[i][2]*normalBundle(M,G);
+        r = r + s/t;
+        kill s,t,G;
+    }
+    return (r);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    linesHypersurface(2);
+    linesHypersurface(3);
+    linesHypersurface(4);
+    linesHypersurface(5);
+    linesHypersurface(6);
+    linesHypersurface(7);
+    linesHypersurface(8);
+    linesHypersurface(9);
+    linesHypersurface(10);
+}
+
+proc sumofquotients(stack M, list F, list #)
+"USAGE:     sumofquotient(M,F,#); M stack, F list, # list
+RETURN:     number
+THEORY:     This is useful for the parallel computation of rationalCurve.
+KEYWORDS:   Gromov-Witten invariants, rational curves on Calabi-Yau threefolds
+EXAMPLE:    example sumofquotients; shows an example
+"
+{
+    if (size(#) == 0) {list l = 5;}
+    else {list l = #;}
+    number sum = 0;
+    number s, t;
+    int i,j;
+    for (i = size(F); i > 0; i--)
+    {
+        s = 1;
+        for (j=1;j<=size(l);j++)
+        {
+            s = s*contributionBundle(M,F[i][1],list(l[j]));
+        }
+        t = F[i][2]*normalBundle(M,F[i][1]);
+        sum = sum + s/t;
+    }
+    return(sum);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(4);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,2);
+    list F = fixedPoints(M);
+    sumofquotients(M,F);
+    sumofquotients(M,F,list(5));
+}
+
+proc rationalCurve(int d, list #)
+"USAGE:     rationalCurve(d,#); d int, # list
+RETURN:     number
+THEORY:     This is the Gromov-Witten invariant corresponding the number of
+            rational curves on a general Calabi-Yau threefold.
+KEYWORDS:   Gromov-Witten invariants, rational curves on Calabi-Yau threefolds
+SEE ALSO:   linesHypersurface, multipleCover
+EXAMPLE:    example rationalCurve; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    int n,i;
+    if (size(#) == 0) {n = 4; list l = 5;}
+    else {n = size(#)+3; list l = #;}
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(n);
+    stack M = moduliSpace(P,d);
+    def F = fixedPoints(M);
+    int ncpus = system("--cpus");
+    int sizeF = size(F);
+    list args;
+    int from = 1;
+    int to;
+    if (ncpus>sizeF) { ncpus=sizeF; }
+    for (i = 1; i <= ncpus; i++)
+    {
+        to = (sizeF*i) div ncpus;
+        args[i] = list(M, list(F[from..to]), l);
+        from = to+1;
+    }
+    list results = parallelWaitAll("sumofquotients", args);
+    number r = 0;
+    for (i = 1; i <= ncpus; i++)
+    {
+        r = r + results[i];
+    }
+    return (r);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    rationalCurve(1);
+    /*
+    rationalCurve(2);
+    rationalCurve(3);
+    rationalCurve(4);
+    rationalCurve(1,list(4,2));
+    rationalCurve(1,list(3,3));
+    rationalCurve(1,list(3,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(1,list(2,2,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(2,list(4,2));
+    rationalCurve(2,list(3,3));
+    rationalCurve(2,list(3,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(2,list(2,2,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(3,list(4,2));
+    rationalCurve(3,list(3,3));
+    rationalCurve(3,list(3,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(3,list(2,2,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(4,list(4,2));
+    rationalCurve(4,list(3,3));
+    rationalCurve(4,list(3,2,2));
+    rationalCurve(4,list(2,2,2,2));
+    */
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/////////// Procedures concerned with graphs ///////////////////////////////////
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc printGraphG(graph G)
+"USAGE:     printGraphG(G); G graph
+ASSUME:     G is a graph.
+THEORY:     This is the print function used by Singular to print a graph.
+KEYWORDS:   graph
+EXAMPLE:    example printGraphG; shows an example
+"
+{
+    "A graph with", size(G.vertices), "vertices and", size(G.edges), "edges";
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    graph G = makeGraphVE(list(list(0,1,list(0,1,2)),list(1,1,list(1,0,2))),
+    list(list(0,1,2)));
+    G;
+}
+
+proc makeGraphVE(list v, list e)
+"USAGE:     makeGraphVE(v,e); v list, e list
+ASSUME:     v is a list of vertices, e is a list of edges.
+RETURN:     graph with vertices v and edges e.
+THEORY:     Creates a graph from a list of vertices and edges.
+KEYWORDS:   graph
+EXAMPLE:    example makeGraphVE; shows an example
+{
+    graph G;
+    G.vertices = v;
+    G.edges = e;
+    return(G);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    graph G = makeGraphVE(list(list(0,1,list(0,1,2)),list(1,1,list(1,0,2))),
+    list(list(0,1,2)));
+    G;
+}
+
+static proc graph1(int d, int i, int j)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d;
+    list f2 = j,i,d;
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,1,f2;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2;
+    G.edges = list(f1);
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph2(list d, int i, int j, int k)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3;
+    G.edges = f1,f3;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph31(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph32(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f5 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,3,f2,f3,f4;
+    list v3 = k,1,f5;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f4;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph41(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int l)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,l,d[4];
+    list f8 = l,h,d[4];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f7;
+    list v5 = l,1,f8;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph42(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int l)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = k,l,d[4];
+    list f7 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f8 = l,k,d[4];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,3,f4,f5,f6;
+    list v4 = h,1,f7;
+    list v5 = l,1,f8;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f6;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph43(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int l)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f5 = j,l,d[4];
+    list f6 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f7 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f8 = l,j,d[4];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,4,f2,f3,f4,f5;
+    list v3 = k,1,f6;
+    list v4 = h,1,f7;
+    list v5 = l,1,f8;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f4,f5;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph51(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = m,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,m,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f7;
+    list v5 = m,2,f8,f9;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph52(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,3,f6,f7,f9;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph53(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = k,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,k,d[4];
+    list f9 = k,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,k,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,4,f4,f5,f7,f9;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph54(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,3,f2,f3,f5;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,3,f6,f7,f9;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph55(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = k,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,k,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,3,f4,f5,f7;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f9;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph56(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = j,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,j,d[4];
+    list f9 = j,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,j,d[5];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,5,f2,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph61(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = m,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,m,d[5];
+    list f11 = n,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,n,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f7;
+    list v5 = m,2,f8,f9;
+    list v6 = n,2,f10,f11;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph62(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = m,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,m,d[5];
+    list f11 = m,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,m,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f7;
+    list v5 = m,3,f8,f9,f11;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph63(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list f11 = n,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,n,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,3,f6,f7,f9;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,2,f10,f11;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph64(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list f11 = h,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,h,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,2,f4,f5;
+    list v4 = h,4,f6,f7,f9,f11;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph65(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = k,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,k,d[4];
+    list f9 = k,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,k,d[5];
+    list f11 = n,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,n,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,4,f4,f5,f7,f9;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,2,f10,f11;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph66(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = k,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,k,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list f11 = m,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,m,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,3,f4,f5,f7;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f9;
+    list v5 = m,2,f8,f11;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph67(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = m,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,m,d[5];
+    list f11 = m,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,m,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,3,f2,f3,f5;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,2,f6,f7;
+    list v5 = m,3,f8,f9,f11;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph68(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list f11 = h,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,h,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,3,f2,f3,f5;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,4,f6,f7,f9,f11;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph69(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = h,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,h,d[4];
+    list f9 = h,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,h,d[5];
+    list f11 = n,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,n,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,3,f2,f3,f5;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,3,f6,f7,f9;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,2,f10,f11;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph610(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = k,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,k,d[3];
+    list f7 = k,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,k,d[4];
+    list f9 = k,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,k,d[5];
+    list f11 = k,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,k,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,2,f2,f3;
+    list v3 = k,5,f4,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+static proc graph611(list d, int i, int j, int k, int h, int m, int n, int p)
+{
+    graph G;
+    list f1 = i,j,d[1];
+    list f2 = j,i,d[1];
+    list f3 = j,k,d[2];
+    list f4 = k,j,d[2];
+    list f5 = j,h,d[3];
+    list f6 = h,j,d[3];
+    list f7 = j,m,d[4];
+    list f8 = m,j,d[4];
+    list f9 = j,n,d[5];
+    list f10 = n,j,d[5];
+    list f11 = j,p,d[6];
+    list f12 = p,j,d[6];
+    list v1 = i,1,f1;
+    list v2 = j,6,f2,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    list v3 = k,1,f4;
+    list v4 = h,1,f6;
+    list v5 = m,1,f8;
+    list v6 = n,1,f10;
+    list v7 = p,1,f12;
+    G.vertices = v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7;
+    G.edges = f1,f3,f5,f7,f9,f11;
+    return (G);
+}
+
+proc homog_part(poly f, int n)
+"USAGE:     homog_part(f,n); f poly, n int
+RETURN:     poly
+PURPOSE:    computing the homogeneous component of a polynomial.
+EXAMPLE:    example homog_part; shows examples
+"
+{
+    int i;
+    poly p;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(f);i++)
+    {
+        if (deg(f[i])==n) {p=p+f[i];}
+    }
+    return (p);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x,y,z),wp(1,2,3);
+    poly f = 1+x+x2+x3+x4+y+y2+y3+z+z2+xy+xz+yz+xyz;
+    homog_part(f,0);
+    homog_part(f,1);
+    homog_part(f,2);
+    homog_part(f,3);
+    homog_part(f,4);
+    homog_part(f,5);
+    homog_part(f,6);
+}
+
+proc homog_parts(poly f, int i, int j)
+"USAGE:     homog_parts(f,i,j); f poly, i int, j int
+RETURN:     poly
+THEORY:     computing a polynomial which is the sum of the homogeneous
+            components of a polynomial.
+EXAMPLE:    example homog_parts; shows examples
+"
+{
+    int k;
+    poly p;
+    for (k=i;k<=j;k++)
+    {
+        p=p+homog_part(f,k);
+    }
+    return (p);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x,y,z),wp(1,2,3);
+    poly f = 1+x+x2+x3+x4+y+y2+y3+z+z2+xy+xz+yz+xyz;
+    homog_parts(f,2,4);
+}
+
+proc logg(poly f, int n)
+"USAGE:     logg(f,n); f poly, n int
+RETURN:     poly
+THEORY:     computing Chern characters from total Chern classes.
+EXAMPLE:    example logg; shows examples
+"
+{
+    poly p;
+    int i,j,k,m;
+    if (n==0) {p=0;}
+    if (n==1) {p=homog_part(f,1);}
+    else
+    {
+        list l=-homog_part(f,1);
+        for (j=2;j<=n;j++)
+        {
+            poly q;
+            for (k=1;k<j;k++)
+            {
+                q=q+homog_part(f,k)*l[j-k];
+            }
+            q=-j*homog_part(f,j)-q;
+            l=insert(l,q,size(l));
+            kill q;
+        }
+        for (m=1;m<=n;m++)
+        {
+            p=p+1/factorial(m)*(-1)^m*l[m];
+        }
+    }
+    return (p);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x,y),wp(1,2);
+    poly f = 1+x+y;
+    logg(f,4);
+}
+
+proc expp(poly f, int n)
+"USAGE:     expp(f,n); f poly, n int
+RETURN:     poly
+PURPOSE:    computing total Chern classes from Chern characters.
+EXAMPLE:    example expp; shows examples
+"
+{
+    poly p;
+    int i,j,k;
+    if (deg(f)==0) {p=1;}
+    else
+    {
+        list l=1;
+        for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
+        {
+            poly q;
+            for (j=1;j<=i;j++)
+            {
+                q=q+factorial(j)*(-1)^(j-1)*l[i-j+1]*homog_part(f,j)/i;
+            }
+            l=insert(l,q,size(l));
+            kill q;
+        }
+        for (k=1;k<=size(l);k++)
+        {
+            p=p+l[k];
+        }
+    }
+    return (p);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,x,dp;
+    poly f = 3+x;
+    expp(f,3);
+}
+
+static proc adams(poly f, int n)
+{
+    poly p;
+    int i;
+    for (i=0;i<=deg(f);i++)
+    {
+        p=p+n^i*homog_part(f,i);
+    }
+    return (p);
+}
+
+static proc wedges(int n, poly f, int d)
+{
+    int i,j;
+    list l;
+    if (n==0) {l=1;}
+    if (n==1) {l=1,f;}
+    else
+    {
+        l=1,f;
+        for (i=2;i<=n;i++)
+        {
+            poly q;
+            for (j=1;j<=i;j++)
+            {
+                q=q+((-1)^(i-j))*homog_parts(l[j]*adams(f,i-j+1),0,d)/i;
+            }
+            l=insert(l,q,size(l));
+            kill q;
+        }
+    }
+    return (l);
+}
+
+static proc schur(list p, poly f)
+{
+    int i,j;
+    int n = size(p);
+    matrix M[n][n];
+    for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
+    {
+        for (j=1;j<=n;j++)
+        {
+            M[i,j] = homog_part(f,p[i]+j-i);
+        }
+    }
+    return (det(M));
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//////// Procedures concerned with abstract varieties //////////////////////////
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc printVariety(variety V)
+"USAGE:     printVariety(V); V variety
+ASSUME:     V is an abstract variety
+THEORY:     This is the print function used by Singular to print an abstract
+            variety.
+KEYWORDS:   abstract variety, projective space, Grassmannian
+EXAMPLE:    example printVariety; shows an example
+"
+{
+    "A variety of dimension", V.dimension;
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(h,e),wp(1,1);
+    ideal rels = he,h2+e2;
+    variety V = makeVariety(2,rels);
+    V;
+}
+
+proc makeVariety(int d, ideal i)
+"USAGE:     makeVariety(d,i); d int, i ideal
+ASSUME:     d is a nonnegative integer, i is an ideal
+RETURN:     variety
+THEORY:     create an abstract variety which has dimension d, and its Chow ring
+            should be a quotient ring
+KEYWORDS:   abstract variety, projective space, Grassmannian
+EXAMPLE:    example makeVariety; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    variety V;
+    V.dimension = d;
+    V.baseRing = R;
+    V.relations = i;
+    return(V);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(h,e),wp(1,1);
+    ideal rels = he,h2+e2;
+    variety V = makeVariety(2,rels);
+    V;
+    V.dimension;
+    V.relations;
+}
+
+proc ChowRing(variety V)
+"USAGE:     ChowRing(V); V variety
+ASSUME:     V is an abstract variety
+RETURN:     qring
+KEYWORDS:   Chow ring, abstract variety, projective space, Grassmannian
+EXAMPLE:    example makeVariety; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    ideal rels = V.relations;
+    qring CR = std(rels);
+    return (CR);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(h,e),wp(1,1);
+    ideal rels = he,h2+e2;
+    int d = 2;
+    variety V = makeVariety(2,rels);
+    ChowRing(V);
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc Grassmannian(int k, int n, list #)
+"USAGE:     Grassmannian(k,n); k int, n int
+RETURN:     variety
+THEORY:     create a Grassmannian G(k,n) as an abstract variety. This abstract
+            variety has diemnsion k(n-k) and its Chow ring is the quotient ring
+            of a polynomial ring in n-k variables q(1),...,q(n-k), which are the
+            Chern classes of tautological quotient bundle on G(k,n), modulo some
+            ideal generated by n-k polynomials which come from the Giambelli
+            formula. The monomial ordering of this Chow ring is 'wp' with vector
+            (1..k,1..n-k). Moreover, we export the Chern characters of
+            tautological subbundle and quotient bundle on G(k,n)
+            (say 'subBundle' and 'quotientBundle').
+KEYWORDS:   Grassmannian, abstract variety, Schubert calculus
+SEE ALSO:   projectiveSpace, projectiveBundle
+EXAMPLE:    example Grassmannian; shows examples
+"
+{
+    string q;
+    if (size(#)==0) {q = "q";}
+    else
+    {
+        if (typeof(#[1]) == "string") {q = #[1];}
+        else {Error("invalid optional argument");}
+    }
+    variety G;
+    G.dimension = k*(n-k);
+    execute("ring r = 0,("+q+"(1..n-k)),wp(1..n-k);");
+    setring r;
+    G.baseRing = r;
+    int i,j;
+    poly v = 1;
+    poly u = 1;
+    for (j=1;j<=n-k;j++) {v=v+q(j);}
+    list l;
+    for (i=1;i<=k;i++)
+    {
+        l=insert(l,1,size(l));
+        u=u+(-1)^i*schur(l,v);
+    }
+    l=insert(l,1,size(l));
+    ideal rels = schur(l,v);
+    int h = k+2;
+    while (h<=n)
+    {
+        l=insert(l,1,size(l));
+        rels = rels,schur(l,v);
+        h++;
+    }
+    G.relations = rels;
+    int d = k*(n-k);
+    poly subBundle = reduce(logg(u,d)+k,std(rels));
+    poly quotientBundle = reduce(logg(v,d)+n-k,std(rels));
+    export (subBundle,quotientBundle);
+    kill u,v,d,l,rels;
+    return (G);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G24 = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    G24;
+    def r = G24.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    subBundle;
+    quotientBundle;
+    G24.dimension;
+    G24.relations;
+    ChowRing(G24);
+}
+
+proc projectiveSpace(int n, list #)
+"USAGE:     projectiveSpace(n); n int
+RETURN:     variety
+THEORY:     create a projective space of dimension n as an abstract variety. Its
+            Chow ring is a quotient ring in one variable h modulo the ideal
+            generated by h^(n+1).
+KEYWORDS:   projective space, abstract variety
+SEE ALSO:   Grassmannian, projectiveBundle
+EXAMPLE:    example projectiveSpace; shows examples
+"
+{
+    string h;
+    if (size(#)==0) {h = "h";}
+    else
+    {
+        if (typeof(#[1]) == "string") {h = #[1];}
+        else {Error("invalid optional argument");}
+    }
+    variety P;
+    P.dimension = n;
+    ring r = create_ring(0, "("+h+")", "wp(1)");
+    setring r;
+    P.baseRing = r;
+    ideal rels = var(1)^(n+1);
+    P.relations = rels;
+    poly u = 1;
+    poly v = 1 + var(1);
+    list l;
+    int i;
+    for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
+    {
+        l=insert(l,1,size(l));
+        u=u+(-1)^i*schur(l,v);
+    }
+    poly subBundle = reduce(logg(u,n)+n,std(rels));
+    poly quotientBundle = reduce(logg(v,n)+1,std(rels));
+    export(subBundle,quotientBundle);
+    kill rels,u,v,l;
+    return (P);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(3);
+    P;
+    P.dimension;
+    def r = P.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    P.relations;
+    ChowRing(P);
+}
+
+proc projectiveBundle(sheaf S, list #)
+"USAGE:     projectiveBundle(S); S sheaf
+INPUT:      a sheaf on an abstract variety
+RETURN:     variety
+THEORY:     create a projective bundle as an abstract variety. This is related
+            to the enumeration of conics.
+KEYWORDS:   projective bundle, abstract variety, sheaf, enumeration of conics
+SEE ALSO:   projectiveSpace, Grassmannian
+EXAMPLE:    example projectiveBundle; shows examples
+"
+{
+    string z;
+    if (size(#)==0) {z = "z";}
+    else
+    {
+        if (typeof(#[1]) == "string") {z = #[1];}
+        else {Error("invalid optional argument");}
+    }
+    variety A;
+    def B = S.currentVariety;
+    def R = B.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    ideal rels = B.relations;
+    int r = rankSheaf(S);
+    A.dimension = r - 1 + B.dimension;
+    poly c = totalChernClass(S);
+    ring P = create_ring(0, "("+z+")", "wp(1)");
+    def CR = P + R;
+    setring CR;
+    A.baseRing = CR;
+    poly c = imap(R,c);
+    ideal rels = imap(R,rels);
+    poly g = var(1)^r;
+    int i;
+    for (i=1;i<=r;i++) {g=g+var(1)^(r-i)*homog_part(c,i);}
+    A.relations = rels,g;
+    poly u = 1 + var(1);
+    poly f = logg(u,A.dimension)+1;
+    poly QuotientBundle = reduce(f,std(A.relations));
+    export (QuotientBundle);
+    kill f,rels;
+    return (A);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(3,5);
+    def r = G.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    sheaf B = dualSheaf(S)^2;
+    variety PB = projectiveBundle(B);
+    PB;
+    def R = PB.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    QuotientBundle;
+    ChowRing(PB);
+}
+
+proc productVariety(variety U, variety V)
+"USAGE:     productVariety(U,V); U variety, V variety
+INPUT:      two abstract varieties
+OUTPUT:     a product variety as an abstract variety
+RETURN:     variety
+KEYWORDS:   product variety, abstract variety
+SEE ALSO:   projectiveSpace, Grassmannian, projectiveBundle
+EXAMPLE:    example productVariety; shows examples
+"
+{
+    //def br = basering;
+    def ur = U.baseRing; setring ur;
+    ideal ii1 = U.relations;
+    def vr = V.baseRing; setring vr;
+    ideal ii2 = V.relations;
+    variety W;
+    W.dimension = U.dimension + V.dimension;
+    def temp = ringtensor(ur,vr);
+    setring temp;
+    W.baseRing = temp;
+    ideal i1 = imap(ur,ii1);
+    ideal i2 = imap(vr,ii2);
+    W.relations = i1 + i2;
+    setring ur;
+    kill ii1;
+    setring vr;
+    kill ii2;
+    //setring br;
+    return (W);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety P = projectiveSpace(3);
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    variety W = productVariety(P,G);
+    W;
+    W.dimension == P.dimension + G.dimension;
+    def r = W.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    W.relations;
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc integral(variety V, poly f)
+"USAGE:     integral(V,f); V variety, f poly
+INPUT:      a abstract variety and a polynomial
+RETURN:     int
+PURPOSE:    computing intersection numbers.
+EXAMPLE:    example integral; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    ideal rels = V.relations;
+    return (leadcoef(reduce(f,std(rels))));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def r = G.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    integral(G,q(1)^4);
+}
+
+proc SchubertClass(list p)
+"USAGE:     SchubertClass(p); p list
+INPUT:      a list of integers which is a partition
+RETURN:     poly
+PURPOSE:    compute the Schubert classes on a Grassmannian.
+EXAMPLE:    example SchubertClass; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    setring R;
+    poly f = 1;
+    if (size(p) == 0) {return (f);}
+    int i;
+    for (i=1;i<=nvars(R);i++)
+    {
+        f = f + var(i);
+    }
+    return (schur(p,f));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def r = G.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    list p = 1,1;
+    SchubertClass(p);
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc dualPartition(int k, int n, list p)
+"USAGE:     dualPartition(k,n,p); k int, n int, p list
+INPUT:      two integers and a partition
+RETURN:     list
+PURPOSE:    compute the dual of a partition.
+SEE ALSO:   SchubertClass
+EXAMPLE:    example dualPartition; shows an example
+"
+{
+    while (size(p) < k)
+    {
+        p = insert(p,0,size(p));
+    }
+    int i;
+    list l;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(p);i++)
+    {
+        l[i] = n-k-p[size(p)-i+1];
+    }
+    return (l);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    ring r = 0,(x),dp;
+    dualPartition(2,4,list(2,1));
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+////////// Procedures concerned with abstract sheaves ///////////////////////////////////
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc printSheaf(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     printSheaf(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     string
+INPUT:      a sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the print function used by Singular to print a sheaf.
+SEE ALSO:   makeSheaf, rankSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example printSheaf; shows an example
+"
+{
+    "A sheaf of rank ", rankSheaf(S);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety X;
+    X.dimension = 4;
+    ring r = 0,(c(1..2),d(1..3)),wp(1..2,1..3);
+    setring r;
+    X.baseRing = r;
+    poly c = 1 + c(1) + c(2);
+    poly ch = 2 + logg(c,4);
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(X,ch);
+    S;
+}
+
+proc makeSheaf(variety V, poly ch)
+"USAGE:     makeSheaf(V,ch); V variety, ch poly
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     create a sheaf on an abstract variety, and its Chern character is
+            the polynomial ch.
+SEE ALSO:   printSheaf, rankSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example makeSheaf; shows an example
+"
+{
+    def R = basering;
+    sheaf S;
+    S.currentVariety = V;
+    S.ChernCharacter = ch;
+    return(S);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety X;
+    X.dimension = 4;
+    ring r = 0,(c(1..2),d(1..3)),wp(1..2,1..3);
+    setring r;
+    X.baseRing = r;
+    poly c = 1 + c(1) + c(2);
+    poly ch = 2 + logg(c,4);
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(X,ch);
+    S;
+}
+
+proc rankSheaf(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     rankSheaf(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     int
+INPUT:      S is a sheaf
+OUTPUT:     a positive integer which is the rank of a sheaf.
+SEE ALSO:   makeSheaf, printSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example rankSheaf; shows an example
+"
+{
+    variety V = S.currentVariety;
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    poly f = S.ChernCharacter;
+    return (int(homog_part(f,0)));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    rankSheaf(S);
+}
+
+proc totalChernClass(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     totalChernClass(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     poly
+INPUT:      S is a sheaf
+OUTPUT:     a polynomial which is the total Chern class of a sheaf
+SEE ALSO:   totalSegreClass, topChernClass, ChernClass
+EXAMPLE:    example totalChernClass; shows an example
+"
+{
+    variety V = S.currentVariety;
+    int d = V.dimension;
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    poly ch = S.ChernCharacter;
+    poly f = expp(ch,d);
+    ideal rels = std(V.relations);
+    return (reduce(f,rels));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety X;
+    X.dimension = 4;
+    ring r = 0,(c(1..2),d(1..3)),wp(1..2,1..3);
+    setring r;
+    X.baseRing = r;
+    poly c = 1 + c(1) + c(2);
+    poly ch = 2 + logg(c,4);
+    sheaf E = makeSheaf(X,ch);
+    sheaf S = E^3;
+    totalChernClass(S);
+}
+
+proc ChernClass(sheaf S, int i)
+"USAGE:     ChernClass(S,i); S sheaf, i int
+INPUT:      S is a sheaf, i is a nonnegative integer
+RETURN:     poly
+THEORY:     This is the i-th Chern class of a sheaf
+SEE ALSO:   topChernClass, totalChernClass
+EXAMPLE:    example ChernClass; shows an example
+"
+{
+    return (homog_part(totalChernClass(S),i));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety X;
+    X.dimension = 4;
+    ring r = 0,(c(1..2),d(1..3)),wp(1..2,1..3);
+    setring r;
+    X.baseRing = r;
+    poly c = 1 + c(1) + c(2);
+    poly ch = 2 + logg(c,4);
+    sheaf E = makeSheaf(X,ch);
+    sheaf S = E^3;
+    ChernClass(S,1);
+    ChernClass(S,2);
+    ChernClass(S,3);
+    ChernClass(S,4);
+}
+
+proc topChernClass(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     topChernClass(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     poly
+INPUT:      S is a sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the top Chern class of a sheaf
+SEE ALSO:   ChernClass, totalChernClass
+EXAMPLE:    example topChernClass; shows an example
+"
+{
+    return (ChernClass(S,rankSheaf(S)));
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,quotientBundle);
+    sheaf B = S^3;
+    topChernClass(B);
+}
+
+proc totalSegreClass(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     totalSegreClass(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     poly
+INPUT:      S is a sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the total Segre class of a sheaf.
+SEE AlSO:   totalChernClass
+EXAMPLE:    example totalSegreClass; shows an example
+"
+{
+    //def D = dualSheaf(S);
+    variety V = S.currentVariety;
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    poly f = totalChernClass(S);
+    poly g;
+    int d = V.dimension;
+    ideal rels = std(V.relations);
+    if (f == 1) {return (1);}
+    else
+    {
+        poly t,h;
+        int i,j;
+        for (i=0;i<=d;i++) {t = t + (1-f)^i;}
+        for (j=0;j<=d;j++) {h = h + homog_part(t,j);}
+        return (reduce(h,rels));
+    }
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    totalSegreClass(S);
+}
+
+proc dualSheaf(sheaf S)
+"USAGE:     dualSheaf(S); S sheaf
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the dual of a sheaf
+SEE ALSO:   addSheaf, symmetricPowerSheaf, tensorSheaf, quotSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example dualSheaf; shows examples
+"
+{
+    variety V = S.currentVariety;
+    int d = V.dimension;
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    poly ch = S.ChernCharacter;
+    poly f = adams(ch,-1);
+    sheaf D;
+    D.currentVariety = V;
+    D.ChernCharacter = f;
+    return (D);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    sheaf D = dualSheaf(S);
+    D;
+}
+
+proc tensorSheaf(sheaf A, sheaf B)
+"USAGE:     tensorSheaf(A,B); A sheaf, B sheaf
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the tensor product of two sheaves
+SEE ALSO:   addSheaf, symmetricPowerSheaf, quotSheaf, dualSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example tensorSheaf; shows examples
+"
+{
+    sheaf S;
+    variety V1 = A.currentVariety;
+    variety V2 = B.currentVariety;
+    def R1 = V1.baseRing;
+    setring R1;
+    poly c1 = A.ChernCharacter;
+    def R2 = V2.baseRing;
+    setring R2;
+    poly c2 = B.ChernCharacter;
+    if (nvars(R1) < nvars(R2))
+    {
+        S.currentVariety = V2;
+        poly c = imap(R1,c1);
+        poly f = homog_parts(c*c2,0,V2.dimension);
+        S.ChernCharacter = f;
+        return (S);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        setring R1;
+        S.currentVariety = V1;
+        poly c = imap(R2,c2);
+        poly f = homog_parts(c1*c,0,V1.dimension);
+        S.ChernCharacter = f;
+        return (S);
+    }
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(3,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    sheaf Q = makeSheaf(G,quotientBundle);
+    sheaf T = S*Q;
+    T;
+}
+
+proc symmetricPowerSheaf(sheaf S, int n)
+"USAGE:     symmetricPowerSheaf(S,n); S sheaf, n int
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the n-th symmetric power of a sheaf
+SEE ALSO:   quotSheaf, addSheaf, tensorSheaf, dualSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example symmetricPowerSheaf; shows examples
+"
+{
+    variety V = S.currentVariety;
+    def R = V.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    int r = rankSheaf(S);
+    int d = V.dimension;
+    int i,j,m;
+    poly f = S.ChernCharacter;
+    poly result;
+    list s,w;
+    if (n==0) {result=1;}
+    if (n==1) {result=f;}
+    else
+    {
+        s = 1,f;
+        w = wedges(n,f,d);
+        for (i=2;i<=n;i++)
+        {
+            if (i<=r) {m=i;}
+            else {m=r;}
+            poly q;
+            for (j=1;j<=m;j++)
+            {
+                q = q + ((-1)^(j+1))*homog_parts(w[j+1]*s[i-j+1],0,d);
+            }
+            s = insert(s,q,size(s));
+            kill q;
+        }
+        result = s[n+1];
+    }
+    sheaf A;
+    A.currentVariety = V;
+    A.ChernCharacter = result;
+    return (A);
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(2,4);
+    def R = G.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,quotientBundle);
+    sheaf B = symmetricPowerSheaf(S,3);
+    B;
+    sheaf A = S^3;
+    A;
+    A.ChernCharacter == B.ChernCharacter;
+}
+
+proc quotSheaf(sheaf A, sheaf B)
+"USAGE:     quotSheaf(A,B); A sheaf, B sheaf
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the quotient of two sheaves
+SEE ALSO:   addSheaf, symmetricPowerSheaf, tensorSheaf, dualSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example quotSheaf; shows an example
+"
+{
+    sheaf S;
+    variety V1 = A.currentVariety;
+    variety V2 = B.currentVariety;
+    def R1 = V1.baseRing;
+    setring R1;
+    poly c1 = A.ChernCharacter;
+    def R2 = V2.baseRing;
+    setring R2;
+    poly c2 = B.ChernCharacter;
+    if (nvars(R1) < nvars(R2))
+    {
+        S.currentVariety = V2;
+        poly c = imap(R1,c1);
+        S.ChernCharacter = c - c2;
+        return (S);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        setring R1;
+        S.currentVariety = V1;
+        poly c = imap(R2,c2);
+        S.ChernCharacter = c1 - c;
+        return (S);
+    }
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(3,5);
+    def r = G.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    sheaf B = dualSheaf(S)^2;
+    sheaf B3 = dualSheaf(S)^3;
+    sheaf B5 = dualSheaf(S)^5;
+    variety PB = projectiveBundle(B);
+    def R = PB.baseRing;
+    setring R;
+    sheaf Q = makeSheaf(PB,QuotientBundle);
+    sheaf V = dualSheaf(Q)*B3;
+    sheaf A = B5 - V;
+    A;
+}
+
+proc addSheaf(sheaf A, sheaf B)
+"USAGE:     addSheaf(A,B); A sheaf, B sheaf
+RETURN:     sheaf
+THEORY:     This is the direct sum of two sheaves.
+SEE ALSO:   quotSheaf, symmetricPowerSheaf, tensorSheaf, dualSheaf
+EXAMPLE:    example addSheaf; shows an example
+"
+{
+    sheaf S;
+    variety V1 = A.currentVariety;
+    variety V2 = B.currentVariety;
+    def R1 = V1.baseRing;
+    setring R1;
+    poly c1 = A.ChernCharacter;
+    def R2 = V2.baseRing;
+    setring R2;
+    poly c2 = B.ChernCharacter;
+    if (nvars(R1) < nvars(R2))
+    {
+        S.currentVariety = V2;
+        poly c = imap(R1,c1);
+        S.ChernCharacter = c + c2;
+        return (S);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        setring R1;
+        S.currentVariety = V1;
+        poly c = imap(R2,c2);
+        S.ChernCharacter = c1 + c;
+        return (S);
+    }
+}
+example
+{
+    "EXAMPLE:"; echo=2;
+    variety G = Grassmannian(3,5);
+    def r = G.baseRing;
+    setring r;
+    sheaf S = makeSheaf(G,subBundle);
+    sheaf Q = makeSheaf(G,quotientBundle);
+    sheaf D = S + Q;
+    D;
+    D.ChernCharacter == rankSheaf(D);
+    totalChernClass(D) == 1;
+}