passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/elim.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version elim.lib 4.3.2.5 Jul_2023 "; // $Id: 76d540a115e0082bf7265fd0ac42bad3e1943bbe $
+category="Commutative Algebra";
+info="
+LIBRARY:  elim.lib      Elimination, Saturation and Blowing up
+
+PROCEDURES:
+ blowup0(j[,s1,s2])   create presentation of blownup ring of ideal j
+ elimRing(p)          create ring with block ordering for elimating vars in p
+ elim(id,..)          variables .. eliminated from id (ideal/module)
+ elim1(id,p)          variables .. eliminated from id (different algorithm)
+ elim2(id,..)         variables .. eliminated from id (different algorithm)
+ nselect(id,v)        select generators not containing variables given by v
+ sat(id,j)            saturated quotient of ideal/module id by ideal j
+ sat_with_exp(id,j)   saturated quotient of ideal/module id by ideal j with exponent
+ select(id,v)         select generators containing all variables given by v
+ select1(id,v)        select generators containing one variable given by v
+           (parameters in square brackets [] are optional)
+";
+
+LIB "inout.lib";
+LIB "general.lib";
+LIB "polylib.lib";
+LIB "ring.lib";
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc blowup0 (ideal J,ideal C, list #)
+"USAGE:   blowup0(J,C [,W]); J,C,W ideals
+@*       C = ideal of center of blowup, J = ideal to be blown up,
+         W = ideal of ambient space
+ASSUME:  inclusion of ideals : W in J, J in C.
+         If not, the procedure replaces J by J+W and C by C+J+W
+RETURN:  a ring, say B, containing the ideals C,J,W and the ideals
+@*         - bR (ideal defining the blown up basering)
+@*         - aS (ideal of blown up ambient space)
+@*         - eD (ideal of exceptional divisor)
+@*         - tT (ideal of total transform)
+@*         - sT (ideal of strict transform)
+@*         - bM (ideal of the blowup map from basering to B)
+@*       such that B/bR is isomorphic to the blowup ring BC.
+PURPOSE: compute the projective blowup of the basering in the center C, the
+         exceptional locus, the total and strict transform of J,
+         and the blowup map.
+         The projective blowup is a presentation of the blowup ring
+         BC = R[C] = R + t*C + t^2*C^2 + ... (also called Rees ring) of the
+         ideal C in the ring basering R.
+THEORY:  If basering = K[x1,...,xn] and C = <f1,...,fk> then let
+         B = K[x1,...,xn,y1,...,yk] and aS the preimage in B of W
+         under the map B -> K[x1,...,xn,t], xi -> xi, yi -> t*fi.
+         aS is homogeneous in the variables yi and defines a variety
+         Z=V(aS) in  A^n x P^(k-1), the ambient space of the blowup of V(W).
+         The projection Z -> A^n is an isomorphism outside the preimage
+         of the center V(C) in A^n and is called the blowup of the center.
+         The preimage of V(C) is called the exceptional set, the preimage of
+         V(J) is called the total transform of V(J). The strict transform
+         is the closure of (total transform minus the exceptional set).
+@*       If C = <x1,...,xn> then aS = <yi*xj - yj*xi | i,j=1,...,n>
+         and Z is the blowup of A^n in 0, the exceptional set is P^(k-1).
+NOTE:    The procedure creates a new ring with variables y(1..k) and x(1..n)
+         where n=nvars(basering) and k=ncols(C). The ordering is a block
+         ordering where the x-block has the ordering of the basering and
+         the y-block has ordering dp if C is not homogeneous
+         resp. the weighted ordering wp(b1,...bk) if C is homogeneous
+         with deg(C[i])=bi.
+SEE ALSO:blowUp, blowUp2
+EXAMPLE: example blowup0; shows examples
+"{
+   def br = basering;
+   list l = ringlist(br);
+   int n,k,i = nvars(br),ncols(C),0;
+   ideal W;
+   if (size(#) !=0)
+   { W = #[1];}
+   J = J,W;
+   //J = interred(J+W);
+//------------------------- create rings for blowup ------------------------
+//Create rings tr = K[x(1),...,x(n),t] and nr = K[x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(k)]
+//and map Bl: nr --> tr, x(i)->x(i), y(i)->t*fi.
+//Let ord be the ordering of the basering.
+//We change the ringlist l by changing l[2] and l[3]
+//For K[t,x(1),...,x(n),t]
+// - l[2]: the variables to x(1),...,x(n),t
+// - l[3]: the ordering to a block ordering (ord,dp(1))
+//For K[x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(k)]
+// - l[2]: the variables to x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(k),
+// - l[3]: the ordering to a block ordering (ord,dp) if C is
+//         not homogeneous or to (ord,wp(b1,...bk),ord) if C is
+//         homogeneous with deg(C[i])=bi;
+
+//--------------- create tr = K[x(1),...,x(n),t] ---------------------------
+   int s = size(l[3]);
+   for ( i=n; i>=1; i--)
+   {
+      l[2][i]="x("+string(i)+")";
+   }
+   l[2]=insert(l[2],"t",n);
+   l[3]=insert(l[3],list("dp",1),s-1);
+   def tr = ring(l);
+
+//--------------- create nr = K[x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(k)] ---------------
+   l[2]=delete(l[2],n+1);
+   l[3]=delete(l[3],s);
+   for ( i=k; i>=1; i--)
+   {
+      l[2][n+i]="y("+string(i)+")";
+   }
+
+   //---- change l[3]:
+   l[3][s+1] = l[3][s];         // save the module ordering of the basering
+   intvec w=1:k;
+   intvec v;                    // containing the weights for the variable
+   if( homog(C) )
+   {
+      for( i=k; i>=1; i--)
+      {
+         v[i]=deg(C[i]);
+      }
+      if (v != w)
+      {
+         l[3][s]=list("wp",v);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         l[3][s]=list("dp",v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      v=1:k;
+      l[3][s]=list("dp",v);
+   }
+   def nr = ring(l);
+
+//-------- create blowup map Bl: nr --> tr, x(i)->x(i), y(i)->t*fi ---------
+   setring tr;
+   ideal C = fetch(br,C);
+   ideal bl = x(1..n);
+   for( i=1; i<=k; i++) { bl = bl,t*C[i]; }
+   map Bl = nr,bl;
+   ideal Z;
+//------------------ compute blown up objects and return  -------------------
+   setring nr;
+   ideal bR = preimage(tr,Bl,Z);   //ideal of blown up affine space A^n
+   ideal C = fetch(br,C);
+   ideal J = fetch(br,J);
+   ideal W = fetch(br,W);
+   ideal aS = interred(bR+W);                //ideal of ambient space
+   ideal tT = interred(J+bR+W);              //ideal of total transform
+   ideal eD = interred(C+J+bR+W);            //ideal of exceptional divisor
+   ideal sT = sat(tT,C)[1];       //ideal of strict transform
+   ideal bM = x(1..n);            //ideal of blowup map br --> nr
+
+   export(bR,C,J,W,aS,tT,eD,sT,bM);
+   return(nr);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r  = 0,(x,y),dp;
+   poly f  = x2+y3;
+   ideal C = x,y;           //center of blowup
+   def B1 = blowup0(f,C);
+   setring B1;
+   aS;                      //ideal of blown up ambient space
+   tT;                      //ideal of total transform of f
+   sT;                      //ideal of strict transform of f
+   eD;                      //ideal of exceptional divisor
+   bM;                      //ideal of blowup map r --> B1
+
+   ring R  = 0,(x,y,z),ds;
+   poly f  = y2+x3+z5;
+   ideal C = y2,x,z;
+   ideal W = z-x;
+   def B2 = blowup0(f,C,W);
+   setring B2;
+   B2;                       //weighted ordering
+   bR;                       //ideal of blown up R
+   aS;                       //ideal of blown up R/W
+   sT;                       //strict transform of f
+   eD;                       //ideal of exceptional divisor
+   //Note that the different affine charts are {y(i)=1}
+ }
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc elimRing ( poly vars, list #)
+"USAGE:   elimRing(vars [,w,str]); vars = product of variables to be eliminated
+         (type poly), w = intvec (specifying weights for all variables),
+         str = string either \"a\" or \"b\" (default: w=ringweights, str=\"a\")
+RETURN:  a list, say L, with R:=L[1] a ring and L[2] an intvec.
+         The ordering in R is an elimination ordering for the variables
+         appearing in vars depending on \"a\" resp. \"b\". Let w1 (resp. w2)
+         be the intvec of weights of the variables to be eliminated (resp. not
+         to be eliminated).
+         The monomial ordering of R has always 2 blocks, the first
+         block corresponds to the (given) variables to be eliminated.
+@*       If str = \"a\" the first block is a(w1,0..0) and the second block is
+         wp(w) resp. ws(w) if the first variable not to be eliminated is local.
+@*       If str = \"b\" the 1st block has ordering wp(w1) and the 2nd block
+         is wp(w2) resp. ws(w2) if the first variable not to be eliminated is
+         local.
+@*       If the basering is a quotient ring P/Q, then R is also a quotient ring
+         with Q replaced by a standard basis of Q w.r.t. the new ordering
+         (parameters are not touched).
+@*       The intvec L[2] is the intvec of variable weights (or the given w)
+         with weights <= 0 replaced by 1.
+PURPOSE: Prepare a ring for eliminating vars from an ideal/module by
+         computing a standard basis in R with a fast monomial ordering.
+         This procedure is used by the procedure elim.
+EXAMPLE: example elimRing; shows an example
+"
+{
+  def BR = basering;
+  int nvarBR = nvars(BR);
+  list BRlist = ringlist(BR);
+  //------------------ set resp. compute ring weights ----------------------
+  int ii;
+  intvec @w;              //to store weights of all variables
+  @w[nvarBR] = 0;
+  @w = @w + 1;            //initialize @w as 1..1
+  string str = "a";       //default for specifying elimination ordering
+  if (size(#) == 0)       //default values
+  {
+     @w = ringweights(BR);     //compute the ring weights (proc from ring.lib)
+  }
+
+  if (size(#) == 1)
+  {
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "intvec" )
+    {
+       @w = #[1];              //take the given weights
+    }
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "string" )
+    {
+       str = #[1];             //string for specifying elimination ordering
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (size(#) >= 2)
+  {
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "intvec" and typeof(#[2]) == "string" )
+    {
+       @w = #[1];              //take the given weights
+       str = #[2];             //string for specifying elimination ordering
+
+    }
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "string" and typeof(#[2]) == "intvec" )
+    {
+       str = #[1];             //string for specifying elimination ordering
+       @w = #[2];              //take the given weights
+    }
+  }
+
+  for ( ii=1; ii<=size(@w); ii++ )
+  {
+    if ( @w[ii] <= 0 )
+    {
+       @w[ii] = 1;             //replace non-positive weights by 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  //------ get variables to be eliminated together with their weights -------
+  intvec w1,w2;  //for ringweights of first (w1) and second (w2) block
+  list v1,v2;    //for variables of first (to be liminated) and second block
+
+  for( ii=1; ii<=nvarBR; ii++ )
+  {
+     if( vars/var(ii)==0 )    //treat variables not to be eliminated
+     {
+        w2 = w2,@w[ii];
+        v2 = v2+list(string(var(ii)));
+        if ( ! defined(local) )
+        {
+           int local = (var(ii) < 1);
+         }
+     }
+     else
+     {
+        w1 = w1,@w[ii];
+        v1 = v1+list(string(var(ii)));
+     }
+  }
+
+  if ( size(w1) <= 1 )
+  {
+    ERROR("## elimination of no variables?");
+  }
+  if ( size(w2) <= 1 )
+  {
+    ERROR("## elimination of all variables is not possible");
+  }
+
+  w1 = w1[2..size(w1)];
+  w2 = w2[2..size(w2)];
+  BRlist[2] = v1 + v2;         //put variables to be eliminated in front
+
+  //-------- create elimination ordering with two blocks and weights ---------
+  //Assume that the first r of the n variables are to be eliminated.
+  //Then, in case of an a-ordering (default), the new ring ordering will be
+  //of the form (a(1..1,0..0),dp) with r 1's and n-r 0's or (a(w1,0..0),wp(@w))
+  //if there are variable weights which are not 1.
+  //In the case of a b-ordering the ordering will be a block ordering with two
+  //blocks of the form (dp(r),dp(n-r))  resp. (wp(w1),dp(w2))
+
+  list B3;                     //this will become the list for new ordering
+
+  //----- b-ordering case:
+  if ( str == "b" )
+  {
+    if( w1==1 )              //weights for vars to be eliminated are all 1
+    {
+       B3[1] = list("dp", w1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       B3[1] = list("wp", w1);
+    }
+
+    if( w2==1 )              //weights for vars not to be eliminated are all 1
+    {
+       if ( local )
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("ds", w2);
+       }
+       else
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("dp", w2);
+       }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       if ( local )
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("ws", w2);
+       }
+       else
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("wp", w2);
+       }
+    }
+  }
+
+  //----- a-ordering case:
+  else
+  {
+    //define first the second block
+    if( @w==1 )              //weights for all vars are 1
+    {
+       if ( local )
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("ls", @w);
+       }
+       else
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("dp", @w);
+       }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       if ( local )
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("ws", @w);
+       }
+       else
+       {
+          B3[2] = list("wp", @w);
+       }
+    }
+
+    //define now the first a-block of the form a(w1,0..0)
+    intvec @v;
+    @v[nvarBR] = 0;
+    @v = @v+w1;
+    B3[1] = list("a", @v);
+  }
+  BRlist[3] = B3;
+
+  //----------- put module ordering always at the end and return -------------
+
+  BRlist[3] = insert(BRlist[3],list("C",intvec(0)),size(B3));
+
+  def eRing = ring(quotientList(BRlist));
+  list result = eRing, @w;
+  return (result);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z,u,v),(c,lp);
+   def P = elimRing(yu);  P;
+   intvec w = 1,1,3,4,5;
+   elimRing(yu,w);
+
+   ring S =  (0,a),(x,y,z,u,v),ws(1,2,3,4,5);
+   minpoly = a2+1;
+   qring T = std(ideal(x+y2+v3,(x+v)^2));
+   def Q = elimRing(yv)[1];
+   setring Q; Q;
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc elim (def id, list #)
+"USAGE:   elim(id,arg[,s]);  id ideal/module, arg can be either an intvec v or
+         a product p of variables (type poly), s a string determining the
+         method which can be \"slimgb\" or \"std\" or, additionally,
+         \"withWeigts\".
+RETURN: ideal/module obtained from id by eliminating either the variables
+        with indices appearing in v or the variables appearing in p.
+        Does not work in a qring.
+METHOD: elim uses elimRing to create a ring with an elimination ordering for
+        the variables to be eliminated and then applies std if \"std\"
+        is given, or slimgb if \"slimgb\" is given, or a heuristically chosen
+        method.
+@*      If the variables in the basering have weights these weights are used
+        in elimRing. If a string \"withWeigts\" as (optional) argument is given
+        Singular computes weights for the variables to make the input as
+        homogeneous as possible.
+@*      The method is different from that used by eliminate and elim1;
+        depending on the example, any of these commands can be faster.
+NOTE:   No special monomial ordering is required, i.e. the ordering can be
+        local or mixed. The result is a SB with respect to the ordering of
+        the second block used by elimRing. E.g. if the first var not to be
+        eliminated is global, resp. local, this ordering is dp, resp. ds
+        (or wp, resp. ws, with the given weights for these variables).
+        If printlevel > 0 the ring for which the output is a SB is shown.
+SEE ALSO: eliminate, elim1
+EXAMPLE: example elim; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if (size(#) == 0)
+  {
+    ERROR("## specify variables to be eliminated");
+  }
+  if (isQuotientRing(basering))
+  {
+    ERROR("`elim` cannot eliminate in qring, use `eliminate`");
+  }
+  int pr = printlevel - voice + 2;   //for ring display if printlevel > 0
+  def BR = basering;
+  intvec save_opt=option(get);
+  list lER;                          //for list returned by elimRing
+//-------------------------------- check input -------------------------------
+  poly vars;
+  int ne;                           //for number of vars to be eliminated
+  int ii;
+  if (size(#) > 0)
+  {
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "poly" )
+    {
+      vars = #[1];
+      for( ii=1; ii<=nvars(BR); ii++ )
+      {
+        if ( vars/var(ii) != 0)
+        { ne++; }
+      }
+    }
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "intvec" or typeof(#[1]) == "int")
+    {
+      ne = size(#[1]);
+      vars=1;
+      for( ii=1; ii<=ne; ii++ )
+      {
+        vars=vars*var(#[1][ii]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  string method;                    //for "std" or "slimgb" or "withWeights"
+  if (size(#) >= 2)
+  {
+    if ( typeof(#[2]) == "string" )
+    {
+       if ( #[2] == "withWeights" )
+       {
+         intvec @w = weight(id);        //computation of weights
+       }
+       if ( #[2] == "std" ) { method = "std"; }
+       if ( #[2] == "slimgb" ) { method = "slimgb"; }
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ERROR("expected `elim(ideal,intvec[,string])`");
+    }
+
+    if (size(#) == 3)
+    {
+       if ( typeof(#[3]) == "string" )
+       {
+          if ( #[3] == "withWeights" )
+          {
+            intvec @w = weight(id);        //computation of weights
+          }
+          if ( #[3] == "std" ) { method = "std"; }
+          if ( #[3] == "slimgb" ) { method = "slimgb"; }
+       }
+    }
+
+    if ( method == "" )
+    {
+      ERROR("expected \"std\" or \"slimgb\" or \"withWeights\" as the optional string parameters");
+    }
+  }
+
+//-------------- create new ring and map objects to new ring ------------------
+   if ( defined(@w) )
+   {
+      lER = elimRing(vars,@w);  //in this case lER[2] = @w
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      lER = elimRing(vars);
+      intvec @w = lER[2];      //in this case w is the intvec of
+                               //variable weights as computed in elimRing
+   }
+   def ER = lER[1];
+   setring ER;
+   def id = imap(BR,id);
+   poly vars = imap(BR,vars);
+
+//---------- now eliminate in new ring and map back to old ring ---------------
+  //if possible apply std(id,hi,w) where hi is the first hilbert function
+  //of id with respect to the weights w. If w is not defined (i.e. good weights
+  //@w are computed then id is only approximately @w-homogeneous and
+  //the hilbert driven std cannot be used directly; however, stdhilb
+  //homogenizes first and applies the hilbert driven std to the homogenization
+
+   option(redThrough);
+   if (typeof(id)=="matrix")
+   {
+     id = matrix(stdhilb(module(id),method,@w));
+   }
+   else
+   {
+     id = stdhilb(id,method,@w);
+   }
+
+   //### Todo: hier sollte id = groebner(id, "hilb"); verwendet werden.
+   //da z.Zt. (Jan 09) groebener bei extra Gewichtsvektor a(...) aber stets std
+   //aufruft und ausserdem "withWeigts" nicht kennt, ist groebner(id, "hilb")
+   //zunaechst nicht aktiviert. Ev. nach Ueberarbeitung von groebner aktivieren
+
+   id = nselect(id,1..ne);
+   if ( pr > 0 )
+   {
+     "// result is a SB in the following ring:";
+      ER;
+   }
+   option(set,save_opt);
+   setring BR;
+   return(imap(ER,id));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,u,v,w),dp;
+   ideal i=x-u,y-u2,w-u3,v-x+y3;
+   elim(i,3..4);
+   elim(i,uv);
+   int p = printlevel;
+   printlevel = 2;
+   elim(i,uv,"withWeights","slimgb");
+   printlevel = p;
+
+   ring S =  (0,a),(x,y,z,u,v),ws(1,2,3,4,5);
+   minpoly = a2+1;
+   ideal i=x-u,y-u2,az-u3,v-x+ay3;
+   module m=i*gen(1)+i*gen(2);
+   m=elim(m,xy);
+   show(m);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc elim2 (def id, intvec va)
+"USAGE:   elim2(id,v);  id ideal/module, v intvec
+RETURNS: ideal/module obtained from id by eliminating variables in v
+NOTE:    no special monomial ordering is required, result is a SB with
+         respect to ordering dp (resp. ls) if the first var not to be
+         eliminated belongs to a -p (resp. -s) blockordering
+SEE ALSO: elim1, eliminate, elim
+EXAMPLE: example elim2; shows examples
+"
+{
+//---- get variables to be eliminated and create string for new ordering ------
+   int ii; poly vars=1;
+   for( ii=1; ii<=size(va); ii++ ) { vars=vars*var(va[ii]); }
+   if(  attrib(basering,"global")) { string ordering = "dp"; }
+   else { string ordering = "ls"; }
+//-------------- create new ring and map objects to new ring ------------------
+   def br = basering;
+   ring @newr = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], "("+varstr(br)+")", ordering);
+   def i = imap(br,id);
+   poly vars = imap(br,vars);
+//---------- now eliminate in new ring and map back to old ring ---------------
+   i = eliminate(i,vars);
+   setring br;
+   return(imap(@newr,i));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,u,v,w),dp;
+   ideal i=x-u,y-u2,w-u3,v-x+y3;
+   elim2(i,3..4);
+   module m=i*gen(1)+i*gen(2);
+   m=elim2(m,3..4);show(m);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc elim1 (def id, list #)
+"USAGE:   elim1(id,arg); id ideal/module, arg can be either an intvec v or a
+         product p of variables (type poly)
+RETURN: ideal/module obtained from id by eliminating either the variables
+        with indices appearing in v or the variables appearing in p
+METHOD:  elim1 calls eliminate but in a ring with ordering dp (resp. ls)
+         if the first var not to be eliminated belongs to a -p (resp. -s)
+         ordering.
+NOTE:    no special monomial ordering is required.
+SEE ALSO: elim, eliminate
+EXAMPLE: example elim1; shows examples
+"
+{
+   def br = basering;
+   if (isQuotientRing(br))
+   {
+      ERROR ("elim1 cannot eliminate in a qring, use eliminate");
+   }
+//------------- create product vars of variables to be eliminated -------------
+  poly vars;
+  int ii;
+  if (size(#) > 0)
+  {
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "poly" ) {  vars = #[1]; }
+    if ( typeof(#[1]) == "intvec" or typeof(#[1]) == "int")
+    {
+      vars=1;
+      for( ii=1; ii<=size(#[1]); ii++ )
+      {
+        vars=vars*var(#[1][ii]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+//---- get variables to be eliminated and create string for new ordering ------
+   for( ii=1; ii<=nvars(basering); ii++ )
+   {
+      if( vars/var(ii)==0 ) { poly p = 1+var(ii); break;}
+   }
+   if( ord(p)==0 ) { string ordering = "ls"; }
+   if( ord(p)>0 ) { string ordering = "dp"; }
+//-------------- create new ring and map objects to new ring ------------------
+   ring @newr = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], "("+varstr(br)+")", ordering, "no_minpoly");
+   def id = fetch(br,id);
+   poly vars = fetch(br,vars);
+//---------- now eliminate in new ring and map back to old ring ---------------
+   id = eliminate(id,vars);
+   setring br;
+   return(imap(@newr,id));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,t,s,z),dp;
+   ideal i=x-t,y-t2,z-t3,s-x+y3;
+   elim1(i,ts);
+   module m=i*gen(1)+i*gen(2);
+   m=elim1(m,3..4); show(m);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc nselect (def id, intvec v)
+"USAGE:   nselect(id,v); id = ideal, module or matrix, v = intvec
+RETURN:  generators (or columns) of id not containing the variables with index
+         an entry of v
+SEE ALSO: select, select1
+EXAMPLE: example nselect; shows examples
+"
+{
+   if (typeof(id) != "ideal")
+   {
+      if (typeof(id)=="module" || typeof(id)=="matrix")
+      {
+        module id1 = module(id);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        ERROR("// *** input must be of type ideal or module or matrix");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      ideal id1 = id;
+   }
+   int j,k;
+   int n,m = size(v), ncols(id1);
+   for( k=1; k<=m; k++ )
+   {
+      for( j=1; j<=n; j++ )
+      {
+        if( size(id1[k]/var(v[j]))!=0 )
+        {
+           id1[k]=0; break;
+        }
+      }
+   }
+   if(typeof(id)=="matrix")
+   {
+      return(matrix(simplify(id1,2)));
+   }
+   return(simplify(id1,2));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,t,s,z),(c,dp);
+   ideal i=x-y,y-z2,z-t3,s-x+y3;
+   nselect(i,3);
+   module m=i*(gen(1)+gen(2));
+   m;
+   nselect(m,3..4);
+   nselect(matrix(m),3..4);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc sat (def id, ideal j)
+"USAGE:   sat(id,j);  id=ideal/module, j=ideal
+RETURN:  ideal/module
+         saturation of id with respect to j (= union_(k=1...) of id:j^k)
+NOTE:    result is a standard basis in the basering
+KEYWORDS: saturation
+SEE ALSO: modSat; sat_with_exp
+EXAMPLE: example sat; shows an example
+"{
+   return(system("sat",id,j));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r     = 2,(x,y,z),dp;
+   poly F     = x5+y5+(x-y)^2*xyz;
+   ideal j    = jacob(F);
+   sat(j,maxideal(1));
+   sat(j,maxideal(2));
+}
+proc sat_with_exp (def id, ideal j)
+"USAGE:   sat(id,j);  id=ideal/module, j=ideal
+RETURN:  list of an ideal/module [1] and an integer [2]:
+         [1] = saturation of id with respect to j (= union_(k=1...) of id:j^k)
+         [2] = saturation exponent (= min( k | id:j^k = id:j^(k+1) ))
+NOTE:    [1] is a standard basis in the basering
+KEYWORDS: saturation
+SEE ALSO: modSat; sat
+EXAMPLE: example sat_with_exp; shows an example
+"{
+   int ii,kk;
+   def i=id;
+   if (!attrib(id,"isSB")) { id=std(id);}
+   int p = printlevel-voice+2;  // p=printlevel (default: p=0)
+   while( ii<=ncols(i) )
+   {
+      dbprint(p,"// compute quotient "+string(kk+1));
+      i=quotient(id,j);
+      for( ii=1; ii<=ncols(i); ii++ )
+      {
+         if( reduce(i[ii],id,5)!=0 ) break;
+      }
+      id=std(i);
+      kk++;
+   }
+   dbprint(p,"// saturation becomes stable after "+string(kk-1)+" iteration(s)","");
+   list L = id,kk-1;
+   return (L);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r     = 2,(x,y,z),dp;
+   poly F     = x5+y5+(x-y)^2*xyz;
+   ideal j    = jacob(F);
+   sat(j,maxideal(1));
+   sat(j,maxideal(2));
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc select (def id, intvec v)
+"USAGE:   select(id,n[,m]); id = ideal/module/matrix, v = intvec
+RETURN:  generators/columns of id containing all variables with index
+         an entry of v
+NOTE:    use 'select1' for selecting generators/columns containing at least
+         one of the variables with index an entry of v
+SEE ALSO: select1, nselect
+EXAMPLE: example select; shows examples
+"
+{
+   if (typeof(id) != "ideal")
+   {
+      if (typeof(id)=="module" || typeof(id)=="matrix")
+      {
+        module id1 = module(id);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        ERROR("// *** input must be of type ideal or module or matrix");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      ideal id1 = id;
+   }
+   int j,k;
+   int n,m = size(v), ncols(id1);
+   for( k=1; k<=m; k++ )
+   {
+      for( j=1; j<=n; j++ )
+      {
+         if( size(id1[k]/var(v[j]))==0)
+         {
+            id1[k]=0; break;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   if(typeof(id)=="matrix")
+   {
+      return(matrix(simplify(id1,2)));
+   }
+   return(simplify(id1,2));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,t,s,z),(c,dp);
+   ideal i=x-y,y-z2,z-t3,s-x+y3;
+   ideal j=select(i,1);
+   j;
+   module m=i*(gen(1)+gen(2));
+   m;
+   select(m,1..2);
+   select(matrix(m),1..2);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc select1 (def id, intvec v)
+"USAGE:   select1(id,v); id = ideal/module/matrix, v = intvec
+RETURN:  generators/columns of id containing at least one of the variables
+         with index an entry of v
+NOTE:    use 'select' for selecting generators/columns containing all variables
+         with index an entry of v
+SEE ALSO: select, nselect
+EXAMPLE: example select1; shows examples
+"
+{
+   if (typeof(id) != "ideal")
+   {
+      if (typeof(id)=="module" || typeof(id)=="matrix")
+      {
+        module id1 = module(id);
+        module I;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        ERROR("// *** input must be of type ideal or module or matrix");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      ideal id1 = id;
+      ideal I;
+   }
+   int j,k;
+   int n,m = size(v), ncols(id1);
+   for( k=1; k<=m; k++ )
+   {  for( j=1; j<=n; j++ )
+      {
+         if( size(subst(id1[k],var(v[j]),0)) != size(id1[k]) )
+         {
+            I = I,id1[k]; break;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   if(typeof(id)=="matrix")
+   {
+      return(matrix(simplify(I,2)));
+   }
+   return(simplify(I,2));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,t,s,z),(c,dp);
+   ideal i=x-y,y-z2,z-t3,s-x+y3;
+   ideal j=select1(i,1);j;
+   module m=i*(gen(1)+gen(2)); m;
+   select1(m,1..2);
+   select1(matrix(m),1..2);
+}
+/*
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//                      EXAMPLEs
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Siehe auch file 'tst-elim' mit grossem Beispiel;
+example blowup0;
+example elimRing;
+example elim;
+example elim1;
+example nselect;
+example sat;
+example select;
+example select1;
+//===========================================================================
+//         Rationale Normalkurve vom Grad d im P^d bzw. im A^d:
+//homogen s:t -> (t^d:t^(d-1)s: ...: s^d), inhomogen t ->(t^d:t^(d-1): ...:t)
+
+//------------------- 1. Homogen:
+//Varianten der Methode
+int d = 5;
+ring R = 0,(s,t,x(0..d)),dp;
+ideal I;
+for( int ii=0; ii<=d; ii++) {I = I,ideal(x(ii)-t^(d-ii)*s^ii); }
+
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..2,"std");
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..2,"slimgb");
+ideal eI = elim(I,st,"withWeights");
+ideal eI = elim(I,st,"std","withWeights");
+//komplizierter
+int d = 50;
+ring R = 0,(s,t,x(0..d)),dp;
+ideal I;
+for( int ii=0; ii<=d; ii++) {I = I,ideal(x(ii)-t^(d-ii)*s^ii); }
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..2);               //56(44)sec (slimgb 22(17),hilb 33(26))
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim1(I,1..2);              //71(53)sec
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = eliminate(I,st);            //70(51)sec (wie elim1)
+timer-tt;
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..2,"withWeights"); //190(138)sec
+                                //(weights73(49), slimgb43(33), hilb71(53)
+timer-tt;
+//------------------- 2. Inhomogen
+int d = 50;
+ring r = 0,(t,x(0..d)),dp;
+ideal I;
+for( int ii=0; ii<=d; ii++) {I = I+ideal(x(ii)-t^(d-ii)); }
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1,);                //20(15)sec (slimgb13(10), hilb6(5))
+ideal eI = elim(I,1,"std");           //17sec (std 11, hilb 6)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim1(I,t);               //8(6)sec
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = eliminate(I,t);           //7(6)sec
+timer-tt;
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..1,"withWeights"); //189(47)sec
+//(weights73(42), slimgb43(1), hilb70(2)
+timer-tt;
+
+//===========================================================================
+//        Zufaellige Beispiele, homogen
+system("random",37);
+ring R = 0,x(1..6),lp;
+ideal I = sparseid(4,3);
+
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1);                //108(85)sec (slimgb 29(23), hilb79(61)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1,"std");          //(139)sec (std 77, hilb 61)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim1(I,1);               //(nach 45 min abgebrochen)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = eliminate(I,x(1));        //(nach 45 min abgebrochen)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+
+//        Zufaellige Beispiele, inhomogen
+system("random",37);
+ring R = 32003,x(1..5),dp;
+ideal I = sparseid(4,2,3);
+option(prot,redThrough);
+
+intvec w = 1,1,1,1,1,1;
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1,w);            //(nach 5min abgebr.) hilb schlaegt nicht zu
+timer-tt; tt = timer;              //BUG!!!!!!
+
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1);              //(nach 5min abgebr.) hilb schlaegt nicht zu
+timer-tt; tt = timer;              //BUG!!!!!!
+ideal eI = elim1(I,1);             //8(7.8)sec
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = eliminate(I,x(1));      //8(7.8)sec
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+
+                              BUG!!!!
+//        Zufaellige Beispiele, inhomogen, lokal
+system("random",37);
+ring R = 32003,x(1..6),ds;
+ideal I = sparseid(4,1,2);
+option(prot,redThrough);
+int tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim(I,1);                //(haengt sich auf)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = elim1(I,1);               //(0)sec !!!!!!
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+ideal eI = eliminate(I,x(1));        //(ewig mit ...., abgebrochen)
+timer-tt; tt = timer;
+
+ring R1 =(32003),(x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5),x(6)),(a(1,0,0,0,0,0),ds,C);
+ideal I = imap(R,I);
+I = std(I);                           //(haengt sich auf) !!!!!!!
+
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..1,"withWeights"); //(47)sec (weights42, slimgb1, hilb2)
+timer-tt;
+
+ring R1 =(32003),(x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5),x(6)),(a(1,0,0,0,0,0),ds,C);
+ideal I = imap(R,I);
+I = std(I);                           //(haengt sich auf) !!!!!!!
+
+ideal eI = elim(I,1..1,"withWeights"); //(47)sec (weights42, slimgb1, hilb2)
+timer-tt;
+*/