passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/combinat/species/generating_series.py

@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+r"""
+Generating series
+
+This file makes a number of extensions to lazy power series by
+endowing them with some semantic content for how they're to be
+interpreted.
+
+This code is based on the work of Ralf Hemmecke and Martin Rubey's
+Aldor-Combinat, which can be found at
+http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/people/hemmecke/aldor/combinat/index.html.
+In particular, the relevant section for this file can be found at
+http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/people/hemmecke/AldorCombinat/combinatse10.html.
+One notable difference is that we use power-sum symmetric functions
+as the coefficients of our cycle index series.
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.modules
+    sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+    sage: p = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).power()
+    sage: CIS = CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)
+    sage: geo1 = CIS(lambda i: p([1])^i)
+    sage: geo2 = CIS(lambda i: p([2])^(i // 2) if is_even(i) else 0)
+    sage: s = geo1 * geo2
+    sage: s[0]
+    p[]
+    sage: s[1]
+    p[1]
+    sage: s[2]
+    p[1, 1] + p[2]
+    sage: s[3]
+    p[1, 1, 1] + p[2, 1]
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.rings.lazy_series import LazyPowerSeries, LazySymmetricFunction
+from sage.rings.lazy_series_ring import LazyPowerSeriesRing, LazySymmetricFunctions
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.arith.misc import divisors, factorial
+from sage.combinat.partition import Partition, Partitions
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_function
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.sf.sf', 'SymmetricFunctions')
+
+
+class OrdinaryGeneratingSeries(LazyPowerSeries):
+    r"""
+    A class for ordinary generating series.
+
+    Note that it is just a :class:`LazyPowerSeries` whose elements
+    have some extra methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+        sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+        sage: f = R(lambda n: n)
+        sage: f
+        z + 2*z^2 + 3*z^3 + 4*z^4 + 5*z^5 + 6*z^6 + O(z^7)
+    """
+
+    def count(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the number of structures on a set of size ``n``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- the size of the set
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = R(range(20))
+            sage: f.count(10)
+            10
+        """
+        return self.coefficient(n)
+
+    def counts(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the number of structures on a set for size ``i`` for
+        each ``i`` in ``range(n)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = R(range(20))
+            sage: f.counts(10)
+            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+        """
+        return [self.count(i) for i in range(n)]
+
+
+class OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(LazyPowerSeriesRing):
+    r"""
+    Return the ring of ordinary generating series over ``R``.
+
+    Note that it is just a
+    :class:`LazyPowerSeriesRing` whose elements have
+    some extra methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+        sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ); R
+        Lazy Taylor Series Ring in z over Rational Field
+        sage: [R(lambda n: 1).coefficient(i) for i in range(4)]
+        [1, 1, 1, 1]
+        sage: R(lambda n: 1).counts(4)
+        [1, 1, 1, 1]
+        sage: R == loads(dumps(R))
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We test to make sure that caching works::
+
+        sage: R is OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing.options.halting_precision(15)
+            sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: TestSuite(R).run(skip="_test_construction")
+
+            sage: OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing.options._reset()  # reset options
+        """
+        super().__init__(base_ring, names='z')
+
+    Element = OrdinaryGeneratingSeries
+
+
+class ExponentialGeneratingSeries(LazyPowerSeries):
+    r"""
+    A class for ordinary generating series.
+
+    Note that it is just a
+    :class:`LazyPowerSeries` whose elements have
+    some extra methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing
+        sage: R = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+        sage: f = R(lambda n: n)
+        sage: f
+        z + 2*z^2 + 3*z^3 + 4*z^4 + 5*z^5 + 6*z^6 + O(z^7)
+    """
+
+    def count(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the number of structures of size ``n``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: R = ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = R(lambda n: 1)
+            sage: [f.count(i) for i in range(7)]
+            [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720]
+        """
+        return factorial(n) * self.coefficient(n)
+
+    def counts(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the number of structures on a set for size ``i`` for
+        each ``i`` in ``range(n)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: R = ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = R(range(20))
+            sage: f.counts(5)
+            [0, 1, 4, 18, 96]
+        """
+        return [self.count(i) for i in range(n)]
+
+    def functorial_composition(self, y):
+        r"""
+        Return the exponential generating series which is the functorial
+        composition of ``self`` with ``y``.
+
+        If `f = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_n \frac{x^n}{n!}` and
+        `g = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} g_n \frac{x^n}{n!}`, then
+        functorial composition `f \Box g` is defined as
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+             f \Box g = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_{g_n} \frac{x^n}{n!}.
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        - Section 2.2 of [BLL1998]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = species.SimpleGraphSpecies()
+            sage: g = G.generating_series()
+            sage: [g.coefficient(i) for i in range(10)]
+            [1, 1, 1, 4/3, 8/3, 128/15, 2048/45, 131072/315, 2097152/315, 536870912/2835]
+
+            sage: E = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: E2 = E.restricted(min=2, max=3)
+            sage: WP = species.SubsetSpecies()
+            sage: P2 = E2*E
+            sage: g1 = WP.generating_series()
+            sage: g2 = P2.generating_series()
+            sage: g1.functorial_composition(g2)[:10]
+            [1, 1, 1, 4/3, 8/3, 128/15, 2048/45, 131072/315, 2097152/315, 536870912/2835]
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P(lambda n: self.count(y.count(n)) / factorial(n), 0)
+
+
+class ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(LazyPowerSeriesRing):
+    r"""
+    Return the ring of exponential generating series over ``R``.
+
+    Note that it is just a
+    :class:`LazyPowerSeriesRing` whose elements have
+    some extra methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing
+        sage: R = ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ); R
+        Lazy Taylor Series Ring in z over Rational Field
+        sage: [R(lambda n: 1).coefficient(i) for i in range(4)]
+        [1, 1, 1, 1]
+        sage: R(lambda n: 1).counts(4)
+        [1, 1, 2, 6]
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We test to make sure that caching works::
+
+        sage: R is ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing
+            sage: ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing.options.halting_precision(15)
+            sage: R = ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: TestSuite(R).run(skip="_test_construction")
+
+            sage: ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing.options._reset()  # reset options
+        """
+        super().__init__(base_ring, names='z')
+
+    Element = ExponentialGeneratingSeries
+
+
+class CycleIndexSeries(LazySymmetricFunction):
+    def count(self, t):
+        """
+        Return the number of structures corresponding to a certain cycle
+        type ``t``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+            sage: p = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).power()
+            sage: CIS = CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = CIS([0, p([1]), 2*p([1,1]), 3*p([2,1])])
+            sage: f.count([1])
+            1
+            sage: f.count([1,1])
+            4
+            sage: f.count([2,1])
+            6
+        """
+        t = Partition(t)
+        return t.aut() * self.coefficient_cycle_type(t)
+
+    def coefficient_cycle_type(self, t):
+        """
+        Return the coefficient of a cycle type ``t`` in ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+            sage: p = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).power()
+            sage: CIS = CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = CIS([0, p([1]), 2*p([1,1]),3*p([2,1])])
+            sage: f.coefficient_cycle_type([1])
+            1
+            sage: f.coefficient_cycle_type([1,1])
+            2
+            sage: f.coefficient_cycle_type([2,1])
+            3
+        """
+        t = Partition(t)
+        p = self.coefficient(t.size())
+        return p.coefficient(t)
+
+    def isotype_generating_series(self):
+        """
+        Return the isotype generating series of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: cis = P.cycle_index_series()                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: f = cis.isotype_generating_series()                                   # needs sage.modules
+            sage: f[:10]                                                                # needs sage.modules
+            [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30]
+        """
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        OGS = OrdinaryGeneratingSeriesRing(R)
+        return OGS(lambda n: self._ogs_gen(n, self._coeff_stream._approximate_order),
+                   self._coeff_stream._approximate_order)
+
+    def _ogs_gen(self, n, ao):
+        """
+        Return a generator for the coefficients of the ordinary generating
+        series obtained from a cycle index series.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: cis = P.cycle_index_series()                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: [cis._ogs_gen(i, 0) for i in range(10)]                               # needs sage.modules
+            [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30]
+        """
+        if n < ao:
+            return 0
+        return sum(self.coefficient(n).coefficients())
+
+    def generating_series(self):
+        """
+        Return the generating series of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PartitionSpecies()
+            sage: cis = P.cycle_index_series()                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: f = cis.generating_series()                                           # needs sage.modules
+            sage: f[:5]                                                                 # needs sage.modules
+            [1, 1, 1, 5/6, 5/8]
+        """
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        EGS = ExponentialGeneratingSeriesRing(R)
+        return EGS(lambda n: self._egs_gen(n, self._coeff_stream._approximate_order),
+                   self._coeff_stream._approximate_order)
+
+    def _egs_gen(self, n, ao):
+        """
+        Return a generator for the coefficients of the exponential
+        generating series obtained from a cycle index series.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: cis = P.cycle_index_series()                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: [cis._egs_gen(i, 0) for i in range(10)]                               # needs sage.modules
+            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+        """
+        if n < ao:
+            return 0
+        return self.coefficient(n).coefficient([1]*n)
+
+    def derivative(self, n=1):
+        r"""
+        Return the species-theoretic `n`-th derivative of ``self``.
+
+        For a cycle index series `F (p_{1}, p_{2}, p_{3}, \ldots)`, its
+        derivative is the cycle index series `F' = D_{p_{1}} F` (that is,
+        the formal derivative of `F` with respect to the variable `p_{1}`).
+
+        If `F` is the cycle index series of a species `S` then `F'` is the
+        cycle index series of an associated species `S'` of `S`-structures
+        with a "hole".
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The species `E` of sets satisfies the relationship `E' = E`::
+
+            sage: E = species.SetSpecies().cycle_index_series()                         # needs sage.modules
+            sage: E[:8] == E.derivative()[:8]                                           # needs sage.modules
+            True
+
+        The species `C` of cyclic orderings and the species `L` of linear
+        orderings satisfy the relationship `C' = L`::
+
+            sage: C = species.CycleSpecies().cycle_index_series()                       # needs sage.modules
+            sage: L = species.LinearOrderSpecies().cycle_index_series()                 # needs sage.modules
+            sage: L[:8] == C.derivative()[:8]                                           # needs sage.libs.pari sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        return self.derivative_with_respect_to_p1(n=n)
+
+    def pointing(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the species-theoretic pointing of ``self``.
+
+        For a cycle index `F`, its pointing is the cycle index series
+        `F^{\bullet} = p_{1} \cdot F'`.
+
+        If `F` is the cycle index series of a species `S` then `F^{\bullet}`
+        is the cycle index series of an associated species `S^{\bullet}`
+        of `S`-structures with a marked "root".
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The species `E^{\bullet}` of "pointed sets" satisfies
+        `E^{\bullet} = X \cdot E`::
+
+            sage: E = species.SetSpecies().cycle_index_series()                         # needs sage.modules
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies().cycle_index_series()                   # needs sage.modules
+            sage: E.pointing()[:8] == (X*E)[:8]                                         # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        X = self.parent()([1], valuation=1)
+        return X * self.derivative_with_respect_to_p1()
+
+    def exponential(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the species-theoretic exponential of ``self``.
+
+        For a cycle index `Z_{F}` of a species `F`, its exponential is the
+        cycle index series `Z_{E} \circ Z_{F}`, where `Z_{E}` is the
+        :meth:`~sage.combinat.species.generating_series.ExponentialCycleIndexSeries`.
+
+        The exponential `Z_{E} \circ Z_{F}` is then the cycle index series
+        of the species `E \circ F` of "sets of `F`-structures".
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let `BT` be the species of binary trees, `BF` the species of binary
+        forests, and `E` the species of sets. Then we have `BF = E \circ BT`::
+
+            sage: BT = species.BinaryTreeSpecies().cycle_index_series()                 # needs sage.modules
+            sage: BF = species.BinaryForestSpecies().cycle_index_series()               # needs sage.modules
+            sage: BT.exponential().isotype_generating_series()[:8] == BF.isotype_generating_series()[:8]                # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        base_ring = self.parent().base_ring().base_ring()
+        E = ExponentialCycleIndexSeries(base_ring)
+        return E(self)
+
+    def logarithm(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the combinatorial logarithm of ``self``.
+
+        For a cycle index `Z_{F}` of a species `F`, its logarithm is the
+        cycle index series `Z_{\Omega} \circ Z_{F}`, where `Z_{\Omega}` is the
+        :meth:`~sage.combinat.species.generating_series.LogarithmCycleIndexSeries`.
+
+        The logarithm `Z_{\Omega} \circ Z_{F}` is then the cycle index series
+        of the (virtual) species `\Omega \circ F` of "connected `F`-structures".
+        In particular, if `F = E^{+} \circ G` for `E^{+}` the species of
+        nonempty sets and `G` some other species, then `\Omega \circ F = G`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let `G` be the species of nonempty graphs and  `CG` be the species of nonempty connected
+        graphs. Then `G = E^{+} \circ CG`, so `CG = \Omega \circ G`::
+
+            sage: G = species.SimpleGraphSpecies().cycle_index_series() - 1             # needs sage.modules
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import LogarithmCycleIndexSeries
+            sage: CG = LogarithmCycleIndexSeries()(G)                                   # needs sage.modules
+            sage: CG.isotype_generating_series()[0:8]                                   # needs sage.libs.pari sage.modules
+            [0, 1, 1, 2, 6, 21, 112, 853]
+        """
+        base_ring = self.parent().base_ring().base_ring()
+        Omega = LogarithmCycleIndexSeries(base_ring)
+        return Omega(self)
+
+
+class CycleIndexSeriesRing(LazySymmetricFunctions):
+    r"""
+    Return the ring of cycle index series over ``R``.
+
+    This is the ring of formal power series `\Lambda[x]`, where
+    `\Lambda` is the ring of symmetric functions over ``R`` in the
+    `p`-basis. Its purpose is to house the cycle index series of
+    species (in a somewhat nonstandard notation tailored to Sage):
+    If `F` is a species, then the *cycle index series* of `F` is
+    defined to be the formal power series
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \sum_{n \geq 0} \frac{1}{n!} (\sum_{\sigma \in S_n}
+        \operatorname{fix} F[\sigma]
+        \prod_{z \text{ is a cycle of } \sigma}
+        p_{\text{length of } z}) x^n
+        \in \Lambda_\QQ [x],
+
+    where `\operatorname{fix} F[\sigma]` denotes the number of
+    fixed points of the permutation `F[\sigma]` of `F[n]`. We
+    notice that this power series is "equigraded" (meaning that
+    its `x^n`-coefficient is homogeneous of degree `n`). A more
+    standard convention in combinatorics would be to use
+    `x_i` instead of `p_i`, and drop the `x` (that is, evaluate
+    the above power series at `x = 1`); but this would be more
+    difficult to implement in Sage, as it would be an element
+    of a power series ring in infinitely many variables.
+
+    Note that it is just a :class:`LazyPowerSeriesRing` (whose base
+    ring is `\Lambda`) whose elements have some extra methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+        sage: R = CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ); R                                           # needs sage.modules
+        Cycle Index Series Ring over Rational Field
+        sage: p = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).p()                                            # needs sage.modules
+        sage: R(lambda n: p[n])                                                         # needs sage.modules
+        p[] + p[1] + p[2] + p[3] + p[4] + p[5] + p[6] + O^7
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We test to make sure that caching works::
+
+        sage: R is CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)                                             # needs sage.modules
+        True
+    """
+    Element = CycleIndexSeries
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring, sparse=True):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+            sage: CycleIndexSeriesRing.options.halting_precision(12)
+            sage: R = CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: TestSuite(R).run()                                                    # needs sage.libs.singular sage.modules
+
+            sage: CycleIndexSeriesRing.options._reset()  # reset options
+        """
+        p = SymmetricFunctions(base_ring).power()
+        super().__init__(p)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import CycleIndexSeriesRing
+            sage: CycleIndexSeriesRing(QQ)                                              # needs sage.modules
+            Cycle Index Series Ring over Rational Field
+        """
+        return "Cycle Index Series Ring over %s" % self.base_ring()
+
+
+@cached_function
+def _exp_term(n, R=QQ):
+    r"""
+    Compute the order-``n`` term of the cycle index series of the species
+    `E` of sets.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import _exp_term
+        sage: [_exp_term(i) for i in range(4)]                                          # needs sage.modules
+        [p[], p[1], 1/2*p[1, 1] + 1/2*p[2], 1/6*p[1, 1, 1] + 1/2*p[2, 1] + 1/3*p[3]]
+    """
+    p = SymmetricFunctions(R).power()
+    return sum(p(part) / part.aut() for part in Partitions(n))
+
+
+@cached_function
+def ExponentialCycleIndexSeries(R=QQ):
+    r"""
+    Return the cycle index series of the species `E` of sets.
+
+    This cycle index satisfies
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        Z_{E} = \sum_{n \geq 0} \sum_{\lambda \vdash n}
+        \frac{p_{\lambda}}{z_{\lambda}}.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import ExponentialCycleIndexSeries
+        sage: ExponentialCycleIndexSeries()[:5]                                         # needs sage.modules
+        [p[], p[1], 1/2*p[1, 1] + 1/2*p[2], 1/6*p[1, 1, 1] + 1/2*p[2, 1]
+         + 1/3*p[3], 1/24*p[1, 1, 1, 1] + 1/4*p[2, 1, 1] + 1/8*p[2, 2]
+         + 1/3*p[3, 1] + 1/4*p[4]]
+    """
+    CIS = CycleIndexSeriesRing(R)
+    return CIS(_exp_term)
+
+
+@cached_function
+def _cl_term(n, R=QQ):
+    r"""
+    Compute the order-``n`` term of the cycle index series of
+    the virtual species `\Omega`, the compositional inverse of
+    the species `E^{+}` of nonempty sets.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import _cl_term
+        sage: [_cl_term(i) for i in range(4)]                                           # needs sage.modules
+        [0, p[1], -1/2*p[1, 1] - 1/2*p[2], 1/3*p[1, 1, 1] - 1/3*p[3]]
+    """
+    n = Integer(n)  # check that n is an integer
+
+    p = SymmetricFunctions(R).power()
+
+    res = p.zero()
+    if n == 1:
+        res = p([1])
+    elif n > 1:
+        res = 1/n * ((-1)**(n-1) * p([1])**n - sum(d * p([n // d]).plethysm(_cl_term(d, R)) for d in divisors(n)[:-1]))
+
+    return res
+
+
+@cached_function
+def LogarithmCycleIndexSeries(R=QQ):
+    r"""
+    Return the cycle index series of the virtual species `\Omega`, the
+    compositional inverse of the species `E^{+}` of nonempty sets.
+
+    The notion of virtual species is treated thoroughly in [BLL1998]_.
+    The specific algorithm used here to compute the cycle index of
+    `\Omega` is found in [Labelle2008]_.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The virtual species `\Omega` is 'properly virtual', in the sense that
+    its cycle index has negative coefficients::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.species.generating_series import LogarithmCycleIndexSeries
+        sage: LogarithmCycleIndexSeries()[0:4]                                          # needs sage.modules
+        [0, p[1], -1/2*p[1, 1] - 1/2*p[2], 1/3*p[1, 1, 1] - 1/3*p[3]]
+
+    Its defining property is that `\Omega \circ E^{+} = E^{+} \circ \Omega = X`
+    (that is, that composition with `E^{+}` in both directions yields the
+    multiplicative identity `X`)::
+
+        sage: Eplus = sage.combinat.species.set_species.SetSpecies(min=1).cycle_index_series()      # needs sage.modules
+        sage: LogarithmCycleIndexSeries()(Eplus)[0:4]                                   # needs sage.modules
+        [0, p[1], 0, 0]
+    """
+    CIS = CycleIndexSeriesRing(R)
+    return CIS(_cl_term)