@oriro/orirocli 0.1.11 → 0.1.12

package/skills/science/sci-chemistry/SKILL.md

@@ -1,89 +1,89 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-disable-model-invocation: true
-name: sci-chemistry
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-
-
-
-  Chemistry fundamentals — atomic structure, bonding, reactions, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry basics.
-
-
-
-  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
----
-
-# Chemistry Fundamentals
-
-## Atomic structure
-
-**Subatomic particles:** Proton (positive, nucleus), Neutron (neutral, nucleus), Electron (negative, orbitals).
-**Atomic number (Z):** Number of protons = element identity.
-**Mass number (A):** Protons + neutrons.
-**Isotopes:** Same protons, different neutrons. Same element, different mass. (C-12, C-13, C-14)
-
-**Electron configuration:** Electrons occupy orbitals in energy levels.
-Aufbau principle: Fill lowest energy first.
-Pauli exclusion: Max 2 electrons per orbital, opposite spin.
-Hund's rule: Fill each orbital in a sublevel singly before pairing.
-
-**Periodic table patterns:**
-Electronegativity increases right and up.
-Atomic radius increases left and down.
-Ionization energy increases right and up.
-Metals on left, nonmetals on right, metalloids on staircase.
-
-## Chemical bonding
-
-**Ionic bonding:** Transfer of electrons between metal and nonmetal. Electronegativity difference > 1.7. Forms crystal lattices. High melting points.
-**Covalent bonding:** Sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Single (2e), double (4e), triple (6e) bonds.
-**Polar covalent:** Unequal sharing. One atom more electronegative → partial charges (δ+ and δ-).
-**Intermolecular forces (weakest to strongest):** London dispersion < Dipole-dipole < Hydrogen bonding.
-H-bonding: N-H, O-H, or F-H with another electronegative atom. Responsible for water's unusual properties.
-
-## Chemical reactions
-
-**Balancing equations:** Conservation of mass. Same atoms on both sides.
-**Reaction types:**
-Synthesis: A + B → AB
-Decomposition: AB → A + B
-Single replacement: A + BC → AC + B
-Double replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
-Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
-
-**Stoichiometry:** Mole ratios from balanced equations convert between amounts.
-Mole: 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number).
-Molar mass: Mass of one mole (from periodic table).
-
-**Limiting reagent:** Runs out first; determines maximum product.
-Percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%
-
-## Acid-base chemistry
-
-**Arrhenius:** Acid = H⁺ donor in water; Base = OH⁻ donor.
-**Brønsted-Lowry:** Acid = proton donor; Base = proton acceptor. (Broader definition)
-**pH = -log[H⁺]**. Scale 0-14. < 7 acidic, 7 neutral, > 7 basic.
-Strong acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃): Completely dissociate.
-Weak acids (acetic acid, carbonic acid): Partially dissociate. Use Ka for calculations.
-
-## Thermochemistry
-
-**Endothermic:** Absorbs heat (ΔH positive). Surroundings cool.
-**Exothermic:** Releases heat (ΔH negative). Surroundings warm.
-**Hess's Law:** ΔH of reaction = sum of ΔH of steps. Path-independent.
-**Standard enthalpies of formation (ΔH°f):** Energy to form 1 mole from elements in standard states.
-**Gibbs free energy:** ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. If ΔG < 0: spontaneous. ΔG = 0: equilibrium.
-
-## Organic chemistry basics
-
-Carbon: Forms 4 bonds. Backbone of life. Chains, rings, branching.
-**Functional groups:**
--OH (alcohol): Hydroxyl group. Hydrophilic.
--COOH (carboxylic acid): Acidic. Found in amino acids, fatty acids.
--NH₂ (amine): Basic. Found in amino acids, DNA bases.
--C=O (carbonyl): Aldehyde (end carbon) or Ketone (middle carbon).
-**Isomers:** Same molecular formula, different structure. Different properties.
-
-Sources: OpenStax Chemistry 2e (CC-BY), Khan Academy Chemistry, Zumdahl Chemistry (principles)
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: sci-chemistry
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+
+
+  Chemistry fundamentals — atomic structure, bonding, reactions, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry basics.
+
+
+
+  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
+---
+
+# Chemistry Fundamentals
+
+## Atomic structure
+
+**Subatomic particles:** Proton (positive, nucleus), Neutron (neutral, nucleus), Electron (negative, orbitals).
+**Atomic number (Z):** Number of protons = element identity.
+**Mass number (A):** Protons + neutrons.
+**Isotopes:** Same protons, different neutrons. Same element, different mass. (C-12, C-13, C-14)
+
+**Electron configuration:** Electrons occupy orbitals in energy levels.
+Aufbau principle: Fill lowest energy first.
+Pauli exclusion: Max 2 electrons per orbital, opposite spin.
+Hund's rule: Fill each orbital in a sublevel singly before pairing.
+
+**Periodic table patterns:**
+Electronegativity increases right and up.
+Atomic radius increases left and down.
+Ionization energy increases right and up.
+Metals on left, nonmetals on right, metalloids on staircase.
+
+## Chemical bonding
+
+**Ionic bonding:** Transfer of electrons between metal and nonmetal. Electronegativity difference > 1.7. Forms crystal lattices. High melting points.
+**Covalent bonding:** Sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Single (2e), double (4e), triple (6e) bonds.
+**Polar covalent:** Unequal sharing. One atom more electronegative → partial charges (δ+ and δ-).
+**Intermolecular forces (weakest to strongest):** London dispersion < Dipole-dipole < Hydrogen bonding.
+H-bonding: N-H, O-H, or F-H with another electronegative atom. Responsible for water's unusual properties.
+
+## Chemical reactions
+
+**Balancing equations:** Conservation of mass. Same atoms on both sides.
+**Reaction types:**
+Synthesis: A + B → AB
+Decomposition: AB → A + B
+Single replacement: A + BC → AC + B
+Double replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
+Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
+
+**Stoichiometry:** Mole ratios from balanced equations convert between amounts.
+Mole: 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number).
+Molar mass: Mass of one mole (from periodic table).
+
+**Limiting reagent:** Runs out first; determines maximum product.
+Percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%
+
+## Acid-base chemistry
+
+**Arrhenius:** Acid = H⁺ donor in water; Base = OH⁻ donor.
+**Brønsted-Lowry:** Acid = proton donor; Base = proton acceptor. (Broader definition)
+**pH = -log[H⁺]**. Scale 0-14. < 7 acidic, 7 neutral, > 7 basic.
+Strong acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃): Completely dissociate.
+Weak acids (acetic acid, carbonic acid): Partially dissociate. Use Ka for calculations.
+
+## Thermochemistry
+
+**Endothermic:** Absorbs heat (ΔH positive). Surroundings cool.
+**Exothermic:** Releases heat (ΔH negative). Surroundings warm.
+**Hess's Law:** ΔH of reaction = sum of ΔH of steps. Path-independent.
+**Standard enthalpies of formation (ΔH°f):** Energy to form 1 mole from elements in standard states.
+**Gibbs free energy:** ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. If ΔG < 0: spontaneous. ΔG = 0: equilibrium.
+
+## Organic chemistry basics
+
+Carbon: Forms 4 bonds. Backbone of life. Chains, rings, branching.
+**Functional groups:**
+-OH (alcohol): Hydroxyl group. Hydrophilic.
+-COOH (carboxylic acid): Acidic. Found in amino acids, fatty acids.
+-NH₂ (amine): Basic. Found in amino acids, DNA bases.
+-C=O (carbonyl): Aldehyde (end carbon) or Ketone (middle carbon).
+**Isomers:** Same molecular formula, different structure. Different properties.
+
+Sources: OpenStax Chemistry 2e (CC-BY), Khan Academy Chemistry, Zumdahl Chemistry (principles)

package/skills/science/sci-climate/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/science/sci-climate/SKILL.md

@@ -1,72 +1,72 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-disable-model-invocation: true
-name: sci-climate
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-
-
-
-
-
-  Climate science — the climate system, greenhouse effect, climate change evidence, impacts, and mitigation and adaptation strategies.
-
-  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
----
-
-# Climate Science
-
-## The climate system
-
-Five components interact to determine climate:
-**Atmosphere:** Thin layer of gases. Weather happens here. Greenhouse gases trap heat.
-**Hydrosphere:** Oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater. Oceans absorb 90%+ of excess heat and 25% of CO₂.
-**Cryosphere:** Ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, permafrost. High albedo reflects sunlight.
-**Biosphere:** All living things. Absorb and release carbon, affect albedo.
-**Geosphere:** Land surface. Soil carbon, volcanism, weathering.
-
-## The greenhouse effect
-
-Solar radiation passes through atmosphere → Earth absorbs and warms → Earth emits infrared (heat) radiation → Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, O₃) absorb IR and re-emit in all directions → Earth warms more than it would without atmosphere.
-Natural greenhouse effect is essential for life. Enhanced greenhouse effect from human emissions is causing warming.
-
-**Key greenhouse gases:**
-CO₂: 76% of anthropogenic GHG. Fossil fuels, deforestation. Long atmospheric lifetime (centuries).
-CH₄ (Methane): 16%. Agriculture (livestock, rice), natural gas, landfills. 80× more potent than CO₂ over 20 years but shorter lifetime.
-N₂O: 6%. Agriculture (fertilizers). ~270× CO₂ over 100 years.
-F-gases: Industrial. Very high GWP (global warming potential).
-
-## Evidence for human-caused climate change
-
-**Temperature:** Global surface temperature has risen ~1.2°C since pre-industrial times (IPCC AR6, 2021). Warming accelerating. 2015-2023: hottest years on record.
-**CO₂:** Atmospheric CO₂ was ~280 ppm pre-industrial. Now >420 ppm — highest in at least 3 million years. Rise directly tracks industrial emissions.
-**Ice cores:** Bubbles in ancient ice contain ancient air. CO₂ and temperature correlated over 800,000 years of records. Current CO₂ rise unprecedented in rate.
-**Isotopic signature:** Human-emitted CO₂ has distinct carbon isotope ratio (lighter C-12 from fossil fuels) — measurable fingerprint.
-**Attribution:** Statistical methods can attribute specific extreme events to climate change. Human influence now detectably affects virtually all regions.
-
-## Observed impacts (current and near-term)
-
-Sea level rise: ~20 cm since 1900; accelerating. Thermal expansion + ice melt.
-Ocean acidification: pH dropped 0.1 units (30% more acidic). CO₂ + water → carbonic acid.
-Extreme weather: Heat waves, extreme precipitation, drought, tropical cyclone intensity all increasing.
-Arctic amplification: Arctic warming 3× faster than global average. Sea ice extent at record lows.
-Ecosystem shifts: Species moving poleward and upslope. Coral bleaching increasing.
-
-## Mitigation strategies
-
-**Decarbonize electricity:** Solar and wind now cheapest sources of new generation in most of the world. Storage improving rapidly.
-**Electrify everything:** EVs, heat pumps, electric industrial processes. Works when grid is clean.
-**Energy efficiency:** Cheapest unit of energy is the one not used.
-**Land use:** Halting deforestation + reforestation + agricultural soil management.
-**Methane reduction:** Faster near-term impact than CO₂.
-**Carbon removal:** Direct air capture, bioenergy with carbon capture, enhanced weathering. Currently expensive and limited scale.
-
-## Carbon budgets
-
-To limit warming to 1.5°C with 50% probability: ~500 GtCO₂ remaining from 2020.
-At current ~40 GtCO₂/year emissions: budget exhausted in ~12 years from 2020.
-For 2°C with 67% probability: ~1,150 GtCO₂ remaining from 2020.
-
-Sources: IPCC AR6 (2021-2022, free public access at ipcc.ch), NOAA (noaa.gov),
-NASA climate portal (climate.nasa.gov), Carbon Brief (free, evidence-based)
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: sci-climate
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+
+
+
+
+  Climate science — the climate system, greenhouse effect, climate change evidence, impacts, and mitigation and adaptation strategies.
+
+  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
+---
+
+# Climate Science
+
+## The climate system
+
+Five components interact to determine climate:
+**Atmosphere:** Thin layer of gases. Weather happens here. Greenhouse gases trap heat.
+**Hydrosphere:** Oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater. Oceans absorb 90%+ of excess heat and 25% of CO₂.
+**Cryosphere:** Ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, permafrost. High albedo reflects sunlight.
+**Biosphere:** All living things. Absorb and release carbon, affect albedo.
+**Geosphere:** Land surface. Soil carbon, volcanism, weathering.
+
+## The greenhouse effect
+
+Solar radiation passes through atmosphere → Earth absorbs and warms → Earth emits infrared (heat) radiation → Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, O₃) absorb IR and re-emit in all directions → Earth warms more than it would without atmosphere.
+Natural greenhouse effect is essential for life. Enhanced greenhouse effect from human emissions is causing warming.
+
+**Key greenhouse gases:**
+CO₂: 76% of anthropogenic GHG. Fossil fuels, deforestation. Long atmospheric lifetime (centuries).
+CH₄ (Methane): 16%. Agriculture (livestock, rice), natural gas, landfills. 80× more potent than CO₂ over 20 years but shorter lifetime.
+N₂O: 6%. Agriculture (fertilizers). ~270× CO₂ over 100 years.
+F-gases: Industrial. Very high GWP (global warming potential).
+
+## Evidence for human-caused climate change
+
+**Temperature:** Global surface temperature has risen ~1.2°C since pre-industrial times (IPCC AR6, 2021). Warming accelerating. 2015-2023: hottest years on record.
+**CO₂:** Atmospheric CO₂ was ~280 ppm pre-industrial. Now >420 ppm — highest in at least 3 million years. Rise directly tracks industrial emissions.
+**Ice cores:** Bubbles in ancient ice contain ancient air. CO₂ and temperature correlated over 800,000 years of records. Current CO₂ rise unprecedented in rate.
+**Isotopic signature:** Human-emitted CO₂ has distinct carbon isotope ratio (lighter C-12 from fossil fuels) — measurable fingerprint.
+**Attribution:** Statistical methods can attribute specific extreme events to climate change. Human influence now detectably affects virtually all regions.
+
+## Observed impacts (current and near-term)
+
+Sea level rise: ~20 cm since 1900; accelerating. Thermal expansion + ice melt.
+Ocean acidification: pH dropped 0.1 units (30% more acidic). CO₂ + water → carbonic acid.
+Extreme weather: Heat waves, extreme precipitation, drought, tropical cyclone intensity all increasing.
+Arctic amplification: Arctic warming 3× faster than global average. Sea ice extent at record lows.
+Ecosystem shifts: Species moving poleward and upslope. Coral bleaching increasing.
+
+## Mitigation strategies
+
+**Decarbonize electricity:** Solar and wind now cheapest sources of new generation in most of the world. Storage improving rapidly.
+**Electrify everything:** EVs, heat pumps, electric industrial processes. Works when grid is clean.
+**Energy efficiency:** Cheapest unit of energy is the one not used.
+**Land use:** Halting deforestation + reforestation + agricultural soil management.
+**Methane reduction:** Faster near-term impact than CO₂.
+**Carbon removal:** Direct air capture, bioenergy with carbon capture, enhanced weathering. Currently expensive and limited scale.
+
+## Carbon budgets
+
+To limit warming to 1.5°C with 50% probability: ~500 GtCO₂ remaining from 2020.
+At current ~40 GtCO₂/year emissions: budget exhausted in ~12 years from 2020.
+For 2°C with 67% probability: ~1,150 GtCO₂ remaining from 2020.
+
+Sources: IPCC AR6 (2021-2022, free public access at ipcc.ch), NOAA (noaa.gov),
+NASA climate portal (climate.nasa.gov), Carbon Brief (free, evidence-based)

package/skills/science/sci-data-analysis/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/science/sci-data-analysis/SKILL.md

@@ -1,87 +1,87 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-name: sci-data-analysis
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-
-  Scientific data analysis — descriptive statistics, visualization, common analytical errors, interpreting results, and communicating findings.
-
-
-
-
-
-  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
----
-
-# Scientific Data Analysis
-
-## Data types and appropriate analysis
-
-**Continuous:** Can take any value (temperature, weight, time). Use mean, SD, t-tests, ANOVA, regression.
-**Discrete:** Whole numbers only (counts of events). Use Poisson distribution, chi-square.
-**Categorical/Nominal:** Named categories (blood type, country). Frequencies, chi-square, logistic regression.
-**Ordinal:** Ordered categories (survey ratings). Median, non-parametric tests.
-
-## Exploratory data analysis (EDA)
-
-Before any formal analysis: Explore the data visually.
-Check: Sample size, missing data, outliers, distribution shape, range of values.
-**Look at your data.** Errors hide in unchecked datasets.
-
-**Visualizations for exploration:**
-Histogram: Distribution of one continuous variable.
-Box plot: Median, quartiles, outliers. Compare distributions across groups.
-Scatter plot: Relationship between two continuous variables.
-Bar chart: Comparison of categorical groups.
-Heatmap: Correlation matrix or 2D distribution.
-
-## Common analytical errors
-
-**Confounding:** Third variable causes both the observed "cause" and "effect."
-Ice cream and drowning both increase in summer (confound = summer/heat).
-Fix: Control for potential confounders; randomize if possible.
-
-**Selection bias:** Sample not representative of target population.
-Online surveys miss those without internet. Volunteer studies miss reluctant participants.
-Effects can go any direction — can't predict direction of bias without knowing who's missing.
-
-**Measurement error:** Systematic error (bias) vs. random error (noise).
-Systematic: Thermostat always reads 2°C too high. Shifts results in one direction.
-Random: Measurement fluctuates randomly. Averages out with large samples.
-
-**Multiple comparisons:** Test 20 hypotheses → expect 1 false positive at α=0.05 just by chance.
-Corrections: Bonferroni (divide α by number of tests), FDR control.
-
-**Ecological fallacy:** Group-level associations don't apply to individuals.
-Countries with higher chocolate consumption have more Nobel laureates. Doesn't mean eating chocolate makes you smarter.
-
-**Reverse causation:** Direction of causality unclear.
-"Depression linked to social media use" — does social media cause depression, or do depressed people use more social media?
-
-## Data visualization principles
-
-**Purpose before design:** What decision or understanding does this chart need to support?
-**Data-ink ratio (Tufte):** Maximize proportion of ink used to display data vs. non-data. Remove chart junk.
-**Titles:** State the conclusion, not just the variable name. "Revenue grew 40% after product launch" not "Monthly Revenue."
-**Color:** Use sparingly. No more than 5-7 colors. Color-blind safe palettes (ColorBrewer).
-**Scale:** Start continuous axes at meaningful points. Bar charts should start at zero (area encodes value). Line charts don't need to start at zero.
-**Annotate:** Add context to unusual data points. Add trend lines where helpful.
-
-## Communicating results
-
-**The PICO framework for presenting findings:**
-P — Population: Who was studied?
-I — Intervention/Exposure: What was the factor of interest?
-C — Comparison: What was the reference?
-O — Outcome: What was measured?
-
-**Effect size vs. statistical significance:** Always report both.
-"The intervention reduced hospitalizations by 3% (relative risk 0.97, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p=0.04)"
-The absolute reduction (3%), CI (uncertainty), AND p-value all matter.
-
-**Uncertainty communication:** Confidence intervals show a range, not false precision.
-Avoid: "The true value is X." Better: "We estimate the value is X (95% CI: Y to Z)."
-
-Sources: Tufte "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" (principles),
-OpenStax Statistics (CC-BY), Gelman & Hill Data Analysis (principles), ASA Statement on p-values
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+name: sci-data-analysis
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+  Scientific data analysis — descriptive statistics, visualization, common analytical errors, interpreting results, and communicating findings.
+
+
+
+
+
+  Sources: OpenStax textbooks (CC-BY), Khan Academy, MIT OCW, NOAA, IPCC reports.
+---
+
+# Scientific Data Analysis
+
+## Data types and appropriate analysis
+
+**Continuous:** Can take any value (temperature, weight, time). Use mean, SD, t-tests, ANOVA, regression.
+**Discrete:** Whole numbers only (counts of events). Use Poisson distribution, chi-square.
+**Categorical/Nominal:** Named categories (blood type, country). Frequencies, chi-square, logistic regression.
+**Ordinal:** Ordered categories (survey ratings). Median, non-parametric tests.
+
+## Exploratory data analysis (EDA)
+
+Before any formal analysis: Explore the data visually.
+Check: Sample size, missing data, outliers, distribution shape, range of values.
+**Look at your data.** Errors hide in unchecked datasets.
+
+**Visualizations for exploration:**
+Histogram: Distribution of one continuous variable.
+Box plot: Median, quartiles, outliers. Compare distributions across groups.
+Scatter plot: Relationship between two continuous variables.
+Bar chart: Comparison of categorical groups.
+Heatmap: Correlation matrix or 2D distribution.
+
+## Common analytical errors
+
+**Confounding:** Third variable causes both the observed "cause" and "effect."
+Ice cream and drowning both increase in summer (confound = summer/heat).
+Fix: Control for potential confounders; randomize if possible.
+
+**Selection bias:** Sample not representative of target population.
+Online surveys miss those without internet. Volunteer studies miss reluctant participants.
+Effects can go any direction — can't predict direction of bias without knowing who's missing.
+
+**Measurement error:** Systematic error (bias) vs. random error (noise).
+Systematic: Thermostat always reads 2°C too high. Shifts results in one direction.
+Random: Measurement fluctuates randomly. Averages out with large samples.
+
+**Multiple comparisons:** Test 20 hypotheses → expect 1 false positive at α=0.05 just by chance.
+Corrections: Bonferroni (divide α by number of tests), FDR control.
+
+**Ecological fallacy:** Group-level associations don't apply to individuals.
+Countries with higher chocolate consumption have more Nobel laureates. Doesn't mean eating chocolate makes you smarter.
+
+**Reverse causation:** Direction of causality unclear.
+"Depression linked to social media use" — does social media cause depression, or do depressed people use more social media?
+
+## Data visualization principles
+
+**Purpose before design:** What decision or understanding does this chart need to support?
+**Data-ink ratio (Tufte):** Maximize proportion of ink used to display data vs. non-data. Remove chart junk.
+**Titles:** State the conclusion, not just the variable name. "Revenue grew 40% after product launch" not "Monthly Revenue."
+**Color:** Use sparingly. No more than 5-7 colors. Color-blind safe palettes (ColorBrewer).
+**Scale:** Start continuous axes at meaningful points. Bar charts should start at zero (area encodes value). Line charts don't need to start at zero.
+**Annotate:** Add context to unusual data points. Add trend lines where helpful.
+
+## Communicating results
+
+**The PICO framework for presenting findings:**
+P — Population: Who was studied?
+I — Intervention/Exposure: What was the factor of interest?
+C — Comparison: What was the reference?
+O — Outcome: What was measured?
+
+**Effect size vs. statistical significance:** Always report both.
+"The intervention reduced hospitalizations by 3% (relative risk 0.97, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p=0.04)"
+The absolute reduction (3%), CI (uncertainty), AND p-value all matter.
+
+**Uncertainty communication:** Confidence intervals show a range, not false precision.
+Avoid: "The true value is X." Better: "We estimate the value is X (95% CI: Y to Z)."
+
+Sources: Tufte "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" (principles),
+OpenStax Statistics (CC-BY), Gelman & Hill Data Analysis (principles), ASA Statement on p-values

package/skills/science/sci-environmental-science/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
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+MIT License
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+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
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+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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