@oriro/orirocli 0.1.11 → 0.1.12

package/skills/engineering/eng-robotics/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/engineering/eng-robotics/SKILL.md

@@ -1,92 +1,92 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-disable-model-invocation: true
-name: eng-robotics
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-  Robotics engineering — kinematics, dynamics, ROS, path planning, sensors,
-  actuators, control, and robot design. Activate for robot design, ROS programming,
-  kinematics calculations, path planning, or any robotics question.
-  Sources: MIT 6.832 OCW, ROS documentation (Apache 2.0).
----
-
-# Robotics Engineering
-
-## Robot kinematics
-
-### Degrees of freedom (DOF)
-
-DOF = number of independent parameters describing configuration.
-6-DOF robot arm: Can position end-effector at any position and orientation in 3D space.
-Grübler's formula (planar): M = 3(n-1) - 2j₁ - j₂
-
-### Forward kinematics (FK)
-
-Given joint angles → find end-effector position and orientation.
-Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters: Systematic representation of joint-link relationships.
-Transform chain: T_0_to_n = T₀₁ × T₁₂ × ... × T(n-1)n
-
-### Inverse kinematics (IK)
-
-Given desired end-effector pose → find joint angles.
-Analytical: Closed-form solution. Fast. Limited to specific geometries.
-Numerical (Jacobian): Iterative. General. Can get stuck in singularities.
-**Singularity:** Configuration where Jacobian rank drops. Robot loses DOF momentarily.
-
-## Robot dynamics
-
-τ = M(q)q'' + C(q,q')q' + G(q)
-τ = joint torques, M = mass matrix, C = Coriolis/centripetal, G = gravity.
-
-## Trajectory planning
-
-**Trapezoidal velocity profile:** Accelerate → constant velocity → decelerate.
-**S-curve profile:** Smooth transitions. Reduces vibration. Used in CNC and robotics.
-
-## Sensors
-
-**Encoders:** Position feedback. Incremental or absolute.
-**Force/torque sensors:** 6-axis at wrist. Enable force control.
-**IMU:** Accelerometers + gyroscopes. Orientation and acceleration.
-**LIDAR:** 3D point cloud. Obstacle detection, mapping.
-
-## ROS (Robot Operating System)
-
-De facto standard middleware for robotics.
-Publisher/Subscriber pattern via topics.
-Services: Request-response communication.
-Actions: Long-running tasks with feedback.
-
-```python
-import rclpy
-from rclpy.node import Node
-from std_msgs.msg import String
-
-class MinimalPublisher(Node):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__('minimal_publisher')
-        self.publisher_ = self.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)
-        self.timer = self.create_timer(0.5, self.timer_callback)
-
-    def timer_callback(self):
-        msg = String()
-        msg.data = 'Hello ORIRO'
-        self.publisher_.publish(msg)
-```
-
-## Control architectures
-
-**PID control:** Position + velocity loop cascaded.
-**Computed torque control:** Cancel nonlinear dynamics, apply linear PD.
-**Impedance control:** Control mechanical impedance. Good for contact tasks.
-**ISO TS 15066:** Collaborative robot safety — force and power limiting.
-
-## Path planning
-
-**A\*:** Heuristic search. Optimal if heuristic admissible.
-**RRT:** Probabilistic. Handles high-DOF spaces. Fast.
-**SLAM:** Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. Build map and localize.
-
-Sources: MIT OCW 6.832 Underactuated Robotics (CC-BY-NC-SA),
-ROS 2 documentation (Apache 2.0), Bruno Siciliano "Robotics" (principles)
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: eng-robotics
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+  Robotics engineering — kinematics, dynamics, ROS, path planning, sensors,
+  actuators, control, and robot design. Activate for robot design, ROS programming,
+  kinematics calculations, path planning, or any robotics question.
+  Sources: MIT 6.832 OCW, ROS documentation (Apache 2.0).
+---
+
+# Robotics Engineering
+
+## Robot kinematics
+
+### Degrees of freedom (DOF)
+
+DOF = number of independent parameters describing configuration.
+6-DOF robot arm: Can position end-effector at any position and orientation in 3D space.
+Grübler's formula (planar): M = 3(n-1) - 2j₁ - j₂
+
+### Forward kinematics (FK)
+
+Given joint angles → find end-effector position and orientation.
+Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters: Systematic representation of joint-link relationships.
+Transform chain: T_0_to_n = T₀₁ × T₁₂ × ... × T(n-1)n
+
+### Inverse kinematics (IK)
+
+Given desired end-effector pose → find joint angles.
+Analytical: Closed-form solution. Fast. Limited to specific geometries.
+Numerical (Jacobian): Iterative. General. Can get stuck in singularities.
+**Singularity:** Configuration where Jacobian rank drops. Robot loses DOF momentarily.
+
+## Robot dynamics
+
+τ = M(q)q'' + C(q,q')q' + G(q)
+τ = joint torques, M = mass matrix, C = Coriolis/centripetal, G = gravity.
+
+## Trajectory planning
+
+**Trapezoidal velocity profile:** Accelerate → constant velocity → decelerate.
+**S-curve profile:** Smooth transitions. Reduces vibration. Used in CNC and robotics.
+
+## Sensors
+
+**Encoders:** Position feedback. Incremental or absolute.
+**Force/torque sensors:** 6-axis at wrist. Enable force control.
+**IMU:** Accelerometers + gyroscopes. Orientation and acceleration.
+**LIDAR:** 3D point cloud. Obstacle detection, mapping.
+
+## ROS (Robot Operating System)
+
+De facto standard middleware for robotics.
+Publisher/Subscriber pattern via topics.
+Services: Request-response communication.
+Actions: Long-running tasks with feedback.
+
+```python
+import rclpy
+from rclpy.node import Node
+from std_msgs.msg import String
+
+class MinimalPublisher(Node):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__('minimal_publisher')
+        self.publisher_ = self.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)
+        self.timer = self.create_timer(0.5, self.timer_callback)
+
+    def timer_callback(self):
+        msg = String()
+        msg.data = 'Hello ORIRO'
+        self.publisher_.publish(msg)
+```
+
+## Control architectures
+
+**PID control:** Position + velocity loop cascaded.
+**Computed torque control:** Cancel nonlinear dynamics, apply linear PD.
+**Impedance control:** Control mechanical impedance. Good for contact tasks.
+**ISO TS 15066:** Collaborative robot safety — force and power limiting.
+
+## Path planning
+
+**A\*:** Heuristic search. Optimal if heuristic admissible.
+**RRT:** Probabilistic. Handles high-DOF spaces. Fast.
+**SLAM:** Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. Build map and localize.
+
+Sources: MIT OCW 6.832 Underactuated Robotics (CC-BY-NC-SA),
+ROS 2 documentation (Apache 2.0), Bruno Siciliano "Robotics" (principles)

package/skills/engineering/eng-systems/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/engineering/eng-systems/SKILL.md

@@ -1,81 +1,81 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-disable-model-invocation: true
-name: eng-systems
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-
-
-
-
-
-  Systems engineering — requirements analysis, system architecture, integration, verification, and complex system design.
-
-  Sources: MIT OCW, ASME principles, OSHA, engineering textbook fundamentals.
-  Consult a licensed professional engineer for safety-critical calculations.
----
-
-# Systems Engineering
-
-## What systems engineering is
-
-Systems engineering (SE) ensures that a complex system meets stakeholder needs through all phases of its life cycle.
-Not just engineering the components — engineering the whole, including interfaces between components, and how the system fits its operational environment.
-Critical for: aerospace, defense, large infrastructure, medical devices, complex software-hardware systems.
-
-## The SE process
-
-### Stakeholder needs analysis
-
-Who are the stakeholders? Operators, maintainers, acquirers, regulatory bodies.
-What do they need the system to DO (not what it IS)?
-Operational concept: Narrative description of how system will be used.
-ConOps (Concept of Operations): Formal document describing system operation from user perspective.
-
-### Requirements engineering
-
-**Stakeholder requirements → System requirements → Subsystem requirements**
-Good requirement: "The system shall [perform function] [under conditions] [to performance level]."
-**SMART requirements:** Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Traceable.
-**Requirement attributes:** Unique ID, statement, rationale, verification method, source.
-
-**Common requirement errors:**
-Ambiguous: "The system shall respond quickly" — define "quickly."
-Non-verifiable: "The system shall be user-friendly" — no objective test.
-Gold-plating: Requirements beyond actual stakeholder need.
-
-### System architecture
-
-**Functional decomposition:** Break system functions into sub-functions hierarchically.
-**Physical decomposition:** Map functions to physical components/subsystems.
-**Interface definition:** Define all interfaces between components. Interface Control Document (ICD).
-**N-squared diagram:** Visualize interfaces between all system elements.
-
-### Verification and Validation
-
-**Verification:** "Did we build the system right?" Does it meet specifications?
-Methods: Test (direct measurement), Analysis, Inspection, Demonstration.
-**Validation:** "Did we build the right system?" Does it meet stakeholder needs?
-Typically through operational testing with actual users.
-
-**Requirements traceability matrix:** Maps each requirement to its verification method, test, and result.
-
-## Reliability engineering
-
-**Reliability:** Probability that a system performs its required function for a specified period under stated conditions.
-**MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures):** λ = 1/MTBF (failure rate).
-**System reliability (series):** R_system = R₁ × R₂ × R₃ (all must work)
-**System reliability (parallel redundancy):** R_system = 1 - (1-R₁)(1-R₂) (either can work)
-
-**FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis):**
-For each component: What can fail? How can it fail? What's the effect? How severe? How likely? How detectable?
-RPN = Severity × Occurrence × Detection (1-10 each). Prioritize high RPN items.
-
-**Fault Tree Analysis (FTA):**
-Top-down. Start with undesired event. Work backward to root causes.
-AND gates: All inputs must occur. OR gates: Any input causes output.
-Quantify probability of top event from component failure rates.
-
-Sources: INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook (incose.org — free summaries),
-NASA Systems Engineering Handbook (free public domain), DAU SE Handbook, MIL-STD-882E safety standards
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: eng-systems
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+
+
+
+
+  Systems engineering — requirements analysis, system architecture, integration, verification, and complex system design.
+
+  Sources: MIT OCW, ASME principles, OSHA, engineering textbook fundamentals.
+  Consult a licensed professional engineer for safety-critical calculations.
+---
+
+# Systems Engineering
+
+## What systems engineering is
+
+Systems engineering (SE) ensures that a complex system meets stakeholder needs through all phases of its life cycle.
+Not just engineering the components — engineering the whole, including interfaces between components, and how the system fits its operational environment.
+Critical for: aerospace, defense, large infrastructure, medical devices, complex software-hardware systems.
+
+## The SE process
+
+### Stakeholder needs analysis
+
+Who are the stakeholders? Operators, maintainers, acquirers, regulatory bodies.
+What do they need the system to DO (not what it IS)?
+Operational concept: Narrative description of how system will be used.
+ConOps (Concept of Operations): Formal document describing system operation from user perspective.
+
+### Requirements engineering
+
+**Stakeholder requirements → System requirements → Subsystem requirements**
+Good requirement: "The system shall [perform function] [under conditions] [to performance level]."
+**SMART requirements:** Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Traceable.
+**Requirement attributes:** Unique ID, statement, rationale, verification method, source.
+
+**Common requirement errors:**
+Ambiguous: "The system shall respond quickly" — define "quickly."
+Non-verifiable: "The system shall be user-friendly" — no objective test.
+Gold-plating: Requirements beyond actual stakeholder need.
+
+### System architecture
+
+**Functional decomposition:** Break system functions into sub-functions hierarchically.
+**Physical decomposition:** Map functions to physical components/subsystems.
+**Interface definition:** Define all interfaces between components. Interface Control Document (ICD).
+**N-squared diagram:** Visualize interfaces between all system elements.
+
+### Verification and Validation
+
+**Verification:** "Did we build the system right?" Does it meet specifications?
+Methods: Test (direct measurement), Analysis, Inspection, Demonstration.
+**Validation:** "Did we build the right system?" Does it meet stakeholder needs?
+Typically through operational testing with actual users.
+
+**Requirements traceability matrix:** Maps each requirement to its verification method, test, and result.
+
+## Reliability engineering
+
+**Reliability:** Probability that a system performs its required function for a specified period under stated conditions.
+**MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures):** λ = 1/MTBF (failure rate).
+**System reliability (series):** R_system = R₁ × R₂ × R₃ (all must work)
+**System reliability (parallel redundancy):** R_system = 1 - (1-R₁)(1-R₂) (either can work)
+
+**FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis):**
+For each component: What can fail? How can it fail? What's the effect? How severe? How likely? How detectable?
+RPN = Severity × Occurrence × Detection (1-10 each). Prioritize high RPN items.
+
+**Fault Tree Analysis (FTA):**
+Top-down. Start with undesired event. Work backward to root causes.
+AND gates: All inputs must occur. OR gates: Any input causes output.
+Quantify probability of top event from component failure rates.
+
+Sources: INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook (incose.org — free summaries),
+NASA Systems Engineering Handbook (free public domain), DAU SE Handbook, MIL-STD-882E safety standards

package/skills/environment/env-biodiversity/LICENSE

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/skills/environment/env-biodiversity/SKILL.md

@@ -1,66 +1,66 @@
----
-watermark: ORIRO
-disable-model-invocation: true
-name: env-biodiversity
-provider: ORIRO.ai
-copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
-description: >
-
-
-
-  Biodiversity — ecosystems, species loss, conservation strategies, and biodiversity's role in human wellbeing.
-
-  Sources: IPCC, NRDC, EPA, IRENA, World Resources Institute. All free public sources.
----
-
-# Biodiversity
-
-## What biodiversity is
-
-**Genetic diversity:** Variation within species. Resilience to disease and environmental change.
-**Species diversity:** Variety of species in an area. Species richness, evenness.
-**Ecosystem diversity:** Variety of ecosystems (forests, wetlands, reefs, grasslands).
-All three levels matter and interact.
-
-**Estimates:** ~8.7 million species estimated total. ~1.8 million described. Vast majority undiscovered.
-
-## Why biodiversity matters
-
-**Ecosystem services:** Direct benefits humans receive from biodiversity:
-
-- Provisioning: Food, clean water, timber, medicines. 50-80% of drugs derived from or inspired by natural compounds.
-- Regulating: Climate regulation, flood control, water purification, pollination ($200B+ annual economic value), pest control.
-- Cultural: Recreation, tourism, spiritual, aesthetic.
-- Supporting: Nutrient cycling, soil formation, oxygen production.
-  **Interdependence:** Species loss triggers cascading effects. Keystone species (wolves, sea otters, bees) have disproportionate ecosystem impact.
-
-## Biodiversity crisis
-
-**Sixth mass extinction:** Current extinction rate 100-1,000× background rate. "Mass extinction" defined as loss of >75% of species in a geologically short time.
-IPBES (2019 report): 1 million species threatened with extinction.
-
-**Primary drivers (HIPPO):**
-H — Habitat destruction: #1 driver. Deforestation, agriculture expansion, development.
-I — Invasive species: Introduced species outcompete native species. Brown tree snake in Guam, kudzu in US.
-P — Pollution: Pesticides, plastics, chemicals, light, noise pollution.
-P — Population and overconsumption: Resource demand.
-O — Climate change: Increasingly significant driver.
-
-## Conservation strategies
-
-**Protected areas:** 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine areas currently protected (CBD targets: 30% by 2030 — "30x30").
-**Connectivity corridors:** Link habitat patches to allow species movement.
-**Restoration:** Active restoration of degraded habitats (Bonn Challenge: 350M ha by 2030).
-**Ex situ conservation:** Seed banks, zoos, botanical gardens — last resort, not substitute for in situ.
-**Species-specific conservation:** Recovery plans for critically endangered species.
-**Payment for ecosystem services (PES):** Economic mechanisms to reward conservation.
-**Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):** No-take zones allow fish populations to recover and spill over.
-
-## 30x30 and the Kunming-Montreal Framework
-
-2022 Biodiversity COP15: Agreed to protect 30% of land and 30% of oceans by 2030.
-Restore 30% of degraded ecosystems.
-Reduce pesticide risk by 50%, excess nutrient loss by 50%.
-Eliminate, phase out, or reform subsidies that harm biodiversity ($500B+/year currently).
-
-Sources: IPBES reports (ipbes.net — free), CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (cbd.int — free), WWF Living Planet Report (free), IUCN Red List (iucnredlist.org — free), National Geographic biodiversity education (free)
+---
+watermark: ORIRO
+disable-model-invocation: true
+name: env-biodiversity
+provider: ORIRO.ai
+copyright: Copyright (c) 2026 ORIRO.ai
+description: >
+
+
+
+  Biodiversity — ecosystems, species loss, conservation strategies, and biodiversity's role in human wellbeing.
+
+  Sources: IPCC, NRDC, EPA, IRENA, World Resources Institute. All free public sources.
+---
+
+# Biodiversity
+
+## What biodiversity is
+
+**Genetic diversity:** Variation within species. Resilience to disease and environmental change.
+**Species diversity:** Variety of species in an area. Species richness, evenness.
+**Ecosystem diversity:** Variety of ecosystems (forests, wetlands, reefs, grasslands).
+All three levels matter and interact.
+
+**Estimates:** ~8.7 million species estimated total. ~1.8 million described. Vast majority undiscovered.
+
+## Why biodiversity matters
+
+**Ecosystem services:** Direct benefits humans receive from biodiversity:
+
+- Provisioning: Food, clean water, timber, medicines. 50-80% of drugs derived from or inspired by natural compounds.
+- Regulating: Climate regulation, flood control, water purification, pollination ($200B+ annual economic value), pest control.
+- Cultural: Recreation, tourism, spiritual, aesthetic.
+- Supporting: Nutrient cycling, soil formation, oxygen production.
+  **Interdependence:** Species loss triggers cascading effects. Keystone species (wolves, sea otters, bees) have disproportionate ecosystem impact.
+
+## Biodiversity crisis
+
+**Sixth mass extinction:** Current extinction rate 100-1,000× background rate. "Mass extinction" defined as loss of >75% of species in a geologically short time.
+IPBES (2019 report): 1 million species threatened with extinction.
+
+**Primary drivers (HIPPO):**
+H — Habitat destruction: #1 driver. Deforestation, agriculture expansion, development.
+I — Invasive species: Introduced species outcompete native species. Brown tree snake in Guam, kudzu in US.
+P — Pollution: Pesticides, plastics, chemicals, light, noise pollution.
+P — Population and overconsumption: Resource demand.
+O — Climate change: Increasingly significant driver.
+
+## Conservation strategies
+
+**Protected areas:** 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine areas currently protected (CBD targets: 30% by 2030 — "30x30").
+**Connectivity corridors:** Link habitat patches to allow species movement.
+**Restoration:** Active restoration of degraded habitats (Bonn Challenge: 350M ha by 2030).
+**Ex situ conservation:** Seed banks, zoos, botanical gardens — last resort, not substitute for in situ.
+**Species-specific conservation:** Recovery plans for critically endangered species.
+**Payment for ecosystem services (PES):** Economic mechanisms to reward conservation.
+**Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):** No-take zones allow fish populations to recover and spill over.
+
+## 30x30 and the Kunming-Montreal Framework
+
+2022 Biodiversity COP15: Agreed to protect 30% of land and 30% of oceans by 2030.
+Restore 30% of degraded ecosystems.
+Reduce pesticide risk by 50%, excess nutrient loss by 50%.
+Eliminate, phase out, or reform subsidies that harm biodiversity ($500B+/year currently).
+
+Sources: IPBES reports (ipbes.net — free), CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (cbd.int — free), WWF Living Planet Report (free), IUCN Red List (iucnredlist.org — free), National Geographic biodiversity education (free)