gosu 0.7.16 → 0.7.17
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- data/Gosu/Version.hpp +2 -2
- data/GosuImpl/AudioFmod.cpp +7 -1
- data/GosuImpl/RubyGosuStub.mm +4 -1
- data/GosuImpl/RubyGosu_wrap.cxx +2 -2
- data/GosuImpl/TimingUnix.cpp +4 -1
- data/GosuImpl/TimingWin.cpp +31 -28
- data/GosuImpl/WindowWin.cpp +4 -0
- data/Rakefile +12 -18
- data/examples/ChipmunkIntegration.rb +1 -1
- data/examples/OpenGLIntegration.rb +1 -1
- data/examples/RMagickIntegration.rb +1 -1
- data/examples/Tutorial.cpp +2 -2
- data/examples/Tutorial.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/gosu/patches.rb +2 -2
- data/reference/cpp/_version_8hpp.html +4 -4
- data/reference/cpp/_version_8hpp_source.html +2 -2
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu.html +10 -10
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Color.html +3 -3
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Font.html +5 -5
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Image.html +9 -9
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Sample.html +3 -3
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/SampleInstance.html +5 -5
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Song.html +7 -7
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/TextInput.html +1 -1
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Gosu/Window.html +17 -17
- data/reference/rdoc/classes/Numeric.html +2 -2
- data/reference/rdoc/created.rid +1 -1
- metadata +2 -912
- data/dependencies/libogg/AUTHORS +0 -4
- data/dependencies/libogg/CHANGES +0 -33
- data/dependencies/libogg/COPYING +0 -28
- data/dependencies/libogg/Makefile.am +0 -32
- data/dependencies/libogg/Makefile.in +0 -713
- data/dependencies/libogg/README +0 -103
- data/dependencies/libogg/aclocal.m4 +0 -6807
- data/dependencies/libogg/compile +0 -142
- data/dependencies/libogg/config.guess +0 -1465
- data/dependencies/libogg/config.h.in +0 -70
- data/dependencies/libogg/config.sub +0 -1569
- data/dependencies/libogg/configure +0 -23018
- data/dependencies/libogg/configure.in +0 -301
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/changelog +0 -68
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/control +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/copyright +0 -37
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/libogg-dev.docs +0 -1
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/libogg-dev.install +0 -8
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/libogg0.README.Debian +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/libogg0.install +0 -1
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/rules +0 -154
- data/dependencies/libogg/debian/watch +0 -3
- data/dependencies/libogg/depcomp +0 -529
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/Makefile.am +0 -11
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/Makefile.in +0 -518
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/framing.html +0 -431
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/index.html +0 -104
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/Makefile.am +0 -28
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/Makefile.in +0 -378
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/bitpacking.html +0 -99
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/datastructures.html +0 -59
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/decoding.html +0 -100
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/encoding.html +0 -64
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/general.html +0 -105
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/index.html +0 -39
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_packet.html +0 -75
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_packet_clear.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page.html +0 -74
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_bos.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_checksum_set.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_continued.html +0 -64
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_eos.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_granulepos.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_packets.html +0 -75
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_pageno.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_serialno.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_page_version.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_clear.html +0 -61
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_destroy.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_eos.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_flush.html +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_init.html +0 -66
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_packetin.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_packetout.html +0 -71
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_packetpeek.html +0 -85
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_pagein.html +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_pageout.html +0 -66
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_reset.html +0 -61
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_reset_serialno.html +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_stream_state.html +0 -121
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_buffer.html +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_clear.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_destroy.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_init.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_pageout.html +0 -79
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_pageseek.html +0 -68
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_reset.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_state.html +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/ogg_sync_wrote.html +0 -73
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_adv.html +0 -64
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_adv1.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_bits.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_buffer.html +0 -66
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_bytes.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_get_buffer.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_look.html +0 -66
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_look1.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_read.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_read1.html +0 -63
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_readinit.html +0 -64
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_reset.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_write.html +0 -68
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_writealign.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_writeclear.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_writecopy.html +0 -69
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_writeinit.html +0 -62
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/oggpack_writetrunc.html +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/overview.html +0 -44
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/reference.html +0 -93
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/style.css +0 -7
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/vorbis_comment.html +0 -70
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/libogg/vorbis_info.html +0 -80
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/ogg-multiplex.html +0 -445
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/oggstream.html +0 -234
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/rfc3533.txt +0 -843
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/rfc3534.txt +0 -339
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/stream.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/vorbisword2.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/white-ogg.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/doc/white-xifish.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/Makefile.am +0 -3
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/Makefile.in +0 -481
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/ogg/Makefile.am +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/ogg/Makefile.in +0 -428
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/ogg/config_types.h.in +0 -11
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/ogg/ogg.h +0 -202
- data/dependencies/libogg/include/ogg/os_types.h +0 -127
- data/dependencies/libogg/install-sh +0 -323
- data/dependencies/libogg/libogg.spec +0 -106
- data/dependencies/libogg/libogg.spec.in +0 -106
- data/dependencies/libogg/ltmain.sh +0 -6426
- data/dependencies/libogg/macos/compat/strdup.c +0 -21
- data/dependencies/libogg/macos/compat/sys/types.h +0 -1
- data/dependencies/libogg/macos/libogg.mcp +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/macos/libogg.mcp.exp +0 -64
- data/dependencies/libogg/macosx/English.lproj/InfoPlist.strings +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libogg/macosx/Info.plist +0 -30
- data/dependencies/libogg/macosx/Ogg.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj +0 -303
- data/dependencies/libogg/macosx/Ogg_Prefix.pch +0 -5
- data/dependencies/libogg/missing +0 -357
- data/dependencies/libogg/ogg-uninstalled.pc.in +0 -14
- data/dependencies/libogg/ogg.m4 +0 -102
- data/dependencies/libogg/ogg.pc.in +0 -14
- data/dependencies/libogg/src/Makefile.am +0 -28
- data/dependencies/libogg/src/Makefile.in +0 -536
- data/dependencies/libogg/src/bitwise.c +0 -784
- data/dependencies/libogg/src/framing.c +0 -1800
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/Makefile.am +0 -5
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/Makefile.in +0 -327
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/build_ogg_dynamic.bat +0 -18
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/build_ogg_dynamic_debug.bat +0 -18
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/build_ogg_static.bat +0 -18
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/build_ogg_static_debug.bat +0 -18
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/ogg.def +0 -78
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/ogg.dsw +0 -41
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/ogg_dynamic.dsp +0 -128
- data/dependencies/libogg/win32/ogg_static.dsp +0 -108
- data/dependencies/libpng/ANNOUNCE +0 -61
- data/dependencies/libpng/CHANGES +0 -2173
- data/dependencies/libpng/INSTALL +0 -199
- data/dependencies/libpng/KNOWNBUG +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libpng/LICENSE +0 -109
- data/dependencies/libpng/README +0 -264
- data/dependencies/libpng/TODO +0 -24
- data/dependencies/libpng/Y2KINFO +0 -55
- data/dependencies/libpng/configure +0 -13
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/COPYING +0 -340
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/LICENSE +0 -50
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/Makefile.mingw32 +0 -130
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/Makefile.sgi +0 -104
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/Makefile.unx +0 -132
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/Makefile.w32 +0 -113
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/README +0 -186
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/makevms.com +0 -132
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/readpng.c +0 -304
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/readpng.h +0 -88
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/readpng2.c +0 -645
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/readpng2.h +0 -121
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/readppm.c +0 -179
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/rpng-win.c +0 -684
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/rpng-x.c +0 -904
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/rpng2-win.c +0 -1225
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/rpng2-x.c +0 -2127
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/toucan.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/wpng.c +0 -853
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/writepng.c +0 -392
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/gregbook/writepng.h +0 -133
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/decoder/README +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/decoder/gather.sh +0 -8
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/decoder/makefile.std +0 -44
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/decoder/pngusr.h +0 -67
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/encoder/README +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/encoder/dummy_inflate.c +0 -27
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/encoder/gather.sh +0 -9
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/encoder/makefile.std +0 -43
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminim/encoder/pngusr.h +0 -66
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/README +0 -153
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/makefile.std +0 -65
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/makefile.tc3 +0 -38
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/makevms.com +0 -92
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/png2pnm.bat +0 -41
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/png2pnm.c +0 -430
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/png2pnm.sh +0 -42
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/pngminus.bat +0 -4
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/pngminus.sh +0 -5
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/pnm2png.bat +0 -41
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/pnm2png.c +0 -533
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngminus/pnm2png.sh +0 -42
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn0g01.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn0g02.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn0g04.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn0g08.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn0g16.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn2c08.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn2c16.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn3p01.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn3p02.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn3p04.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn3p08.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn4a08.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn4a16.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn6a08.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/pngsuite/basn6a16.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/PngFile.c +0 -439
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/PngFile.h +0 -27
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/README.txt +0 -58
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.c +0 -961
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.dsp +0 -147
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.dsw +0 -29
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.ico +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/VisualPng.rc +0 -152
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/cexcept.h +0 -243
- data/dependencies/libpng/contrib/visupng/resource.h +0 -23
- data/dependencies/libpng/example.c +0 -814
- data/dependencies/libpng/libpng-1.2.29.txt +0 -2906
- data/dependencies/libpng/libpng.3 +0 -3680
- data/dependencies/libpng/libpngpf.3 +0 -274
- data/dependencies/libpng/png.5 +0 -74
- data/dependencies/libpng/png.c +0 -798
- data/dependencies/libpng/png.h +0 -3569
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngbar.jpg +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngbar.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngconf.h +0 -1481
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngerror.c +0 -343
- data/dependencies/libpng/pnggccrd.c +0 -103
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngget.c +0 -901
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngmem.c +0 -608
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngnow.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngpread.c +0 -1598
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngread.c +0 -1479
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngrio.c +0 -167
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngrtran.c +0 -4292
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngrutil.c +0 -3183
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngset.c +0 -1268
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngtest.c +0 -1563
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngtest.png +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngtrans.c +0 -662
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngvcrd.c +0 -1
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngwio.c +0 -234
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngwrite.c +0 -1532
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngwtran.c +0 -572
- data/dependencies/libpng/pngwutil.c +0 -2802
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/beos/x86-shared.proj +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/beos/x86-shared.txt +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/beos/x86-static.proj +0 -0
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/beos/x86-static.txt +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpng.bpf +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpng.bpg +0 -25
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpng.bpr +0 -157
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpng.cpp +0 -29
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpng.readme.txt +0 -25
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpngstat.bpf +0 -22
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/libpngstat.bpr +0 -109
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/cbuilder5/zlib.readme.txt +0 -14
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/netware.txt +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc6/README.txt +0 -57
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc6/libpng.dsp +0 -472
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc6/libpng.dsw +0 -59
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc6/pngtest.dsp +0 -314
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/PRJ0041.mak +0 -21
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/README.txt +0 -57
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/README_zlib.txt +0 -44
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/libpng.sln +0 -88
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/libpng.vcproj +0 -702
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/pngtest.vcproj +0 -459
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/visualc71/zlib.vcproj +0 -670
- data/dependencies/libpng/projects/wince.txt +0 -6
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/CMakeLists.txt +0 -210
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/SCOPTIONS.ppc +0 -7
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/descrip.mms +0 -52
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng-config-body.in +0 -96
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng-config-head.in +0 -21
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng-config.in +0 -124
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng.icc +0 -44
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng.pc-configure.in +0 -10
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/libpng.pc.in +0 -10
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makefile.beos +0 -226
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makefile.netbsd +0 -45
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makefile.openbsd +0 -73
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makefile.os2 +0 -69
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makefile.std +0 -92
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/makevms.com +0 -144
- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/pngos2.def +0 -257
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- data/dependencies/libpng/scripts/smakefile.ppc +0 -30
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/AUTHORS +0 -3
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/CHANGES +0 -48
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/COPYING +0 -28
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/Makefile.am +0 -41
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/Makefile.in +0 -759
- data/dependencies/libvorbis/README +0 -132
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Topic:
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Sample granularity editing of a Vorbis file; inferred arbitrary sample
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length starting offsets / PCM stream lengths
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Overview:
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Vorbis, like mp3, is a frame-based* audio compression where audio is
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broken up into discrete short time segments. These segments are
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'atomic' that is, one must recover the entire short time segment from
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the frame packet; there's no way to recover only a part of the PCM time
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segment from part of the coded packet without expanding the entire
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packet and then discarding a portion of the resulting PCM audio.
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* In mp3, the data segment representing a given time period is called
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a 'frame'; the roughly equivalent Vorbis construct is a 'packet'.
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Thus, when we edit a Vorbis stream, the finest physical editing
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granularity is on these packet boundaries (the mp3 case is
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actually somewhat more complex and mp3 editing is more complicated
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than just snipping on a frame boundary because time data can be spread
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backward or forward over frames. In Vorbis, packets are all
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stand-alone). Thus, at the physical packet level, Vorbis is still
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limited to streams that contain an integral number of packets.
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However, Vorbis streams may still exactly represent and be edited to a
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PCM stream of arbitrary length and starting offset without padding the
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beginning or end of the decoded stream or requiring that the desired
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edit points be packet aligned. Vorbis makes use of Ogg stream
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framing, and this framing provides time-stamping data, called a
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'granule position'; our starting offset and finished stream length may
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be inferred from correct usage of the granule position data.
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Time stamping mechanism:
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Vorbis packets are bundled into into Ogg pages (note that pages do not
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necessarily contain integral numbers of packets, but that isn't
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inportant in this discussion. More about Ogg framing can be found in
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ogg/doc/framing.html). Each page that contains a packet boundary is
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stamped with the absolute sample-granularity offset of the data, that
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is, 'complete samples-to-date' up to the last completed packet of that
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page. (The same mechanism is used for eg, video, where the number
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represents complete 2-D frames, and so on).
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(It's possible but rare for a packet to span more than two pages such
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that page[s] in the middle have no packet boundary; these packets have
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a granule position of '-1'.)
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This granule position mechaism in Ogg is used by Vorbis to indicate when the
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PCM data intended to be represented in a Vorbis segment begins a
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number of samples into the data represented by the first packet[s]
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and/or ends before the physical PCM data represented in the last
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packet[s].
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File length a non-integral number of frames:
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A file to be encoded in Vorbis will probably not encode into an
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integral number of packets; such a file is encoded with the last
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packet containing 'extra'* samples. These samples are not padding; they
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will be discarded in decode.
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*(For best results, the encoder should use extra samples that preserve
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the character of the last frame. Simply setting them to zero will
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introduce a 'cliff' that's hard to encode, resulting in spread-frame
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noise. Libvorbis extrapolates the last frame past the end of data to
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produce the extra samples. Even simply duplicating the last value is
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better than clamping the signal to zero).
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The encoder indicates to the decoder that the file is actually shorter
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than all of the samples ('original' + 'extra') by setting the granule
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position in the last page to a short value, that is, the last
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timestamp is the original length of the file discarding extra samples.
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The decoder will see that the number of samples it has decoded in the
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last page is too many; it is 'original' + 'extra', where the
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granulepos says that through the last packet we only have 'original'
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number of samples. The decoder then ignores the 'extra' samples.
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This behavior is to occur only when the end-of-stream bit is set in
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the page (indicating last page of the logical stream).
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Note that it not legal for the granule position of the last page to
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indicate that there are more samples in the file than actually exist,
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however, implementations should handle such an illegal file gracefully
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in the interests of robust programming.
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It is possible that we will the PCM data represented by a Vorbis
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stream to begin at a position later than where the decoded PCM data
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really begins after an integral packet boundary, a situation analagous
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to the above description where the PCM data does not end at an
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integral packet boundary. The easiest example is taking a clip out of
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a larger Vorbis stream, and choosing a beginning point of the clip
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that is not on a packet boundary; we need to ignore a few samples to
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get the desired beginning point.
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marking an arbitrary ending point. If the encoder wishes sample zero
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'short' granule position value with the completion of the second*
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audio packet. The granule position is associated with the second
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packet simply by making sure the second packet completes its page.
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*(We associate the short value with the second packet for two reasons.
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a) The first packet only primes the overlap/add buffer. No data is
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returned before decoding the second packet; this places the decision
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information at the point of decision. b) Placing the short value on
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the first packet would make the value negative (as the first packet
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normally represents position zero); a negative value would break the
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requirement that granule positions increase; the headers have
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position values of zero)
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The decoder sees that on the first page that will return
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data from the overlap/add queue, we have more samples than the granule
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position accounts for, and discards the 'surplus' from the beginning
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of the queue.
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Note that short granule values (indicating less than the actually
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returned about of data) are not legal in the Vorbis spec outside of
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indicating beginning and ending sample positions. However, decoders
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should, at minimum, tolerate inadvertant short values elsewhere in the
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stream (just as they should tolerate out-of-order/non-increasing
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granulepos values, although this too is illegal).
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It's also possible that the granule position of the first page of an
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amount of PCM audio decoded. This implies only that we are starting
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playback at some point into the logical stream, a potentially common
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occurence in streaming applications where the decoder may be
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connecting into a live stream. The decoder should not treat the long
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value specially.
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A long value elsewhere in the stream would normally occur only when a
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page is lost or out of sequence, as indicated by the page's sequence
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number. A long value under any other situation is not legal, however
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a decoder should tolerate both possibilities.
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Error return codes possible from libvorbis and libvorbisfile:
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'false' value (eg, ready? T or F) or an error condition. Code can
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OV_FALSE The call returned a 'false' status (eg, ov_bitrate_instant
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there is no instantaneous bitrate information to report.
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OV_HOLE libvorbis/libvorbisfile is alerting the application that
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there was an interruption in the data (one of: garbage
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between pages, loss of sync followed by recapture, or a
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corrupt page)
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OV_EREAD A read from media returned an error.
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OV_EFAULT Internal logic fault; indicates a bug or heap/stack
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corruption.
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OV_EIMPL The bitstream makes use of a feature not implemented in this
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library version.
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OV_EINVAL Invalid argument value.
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OV_ENOTVORBIS Bitstream/page/packet is not Vorbis data.
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OV_EBADHEADER Invalid Vorbis bitstream header.
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OV_EVERSION Vorbis version mismatch.
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OV_ENOTAUDIO Packet data submitted to vorbis_synthesis is not audio data.
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OV_EBADPACKET Invalid packet submitted to vorbis_synthesis.
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OV_EBADLINK Invalid stream section supplied to libvorbis/libvorbisfile,
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or the requested link is corrupt.
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OV_ENOSEEK Bitstream is not seekable.
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****************************************************************
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*** Libvorbis functions that can return failure/error codes:
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int vorbis_analysis_headerout()
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OV_EIMPL
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int vorbis_analysis_wrote()
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OV_EINVAL
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OV_ENOTVORBIS, OV_EVERSION, OV_EBADHEADER
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int vorbis_synthesis()
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OV_ENOTAUDIO, OV_EBADPACKET
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int vorbis_synthesis_read()
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OV_EINVAL
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****************************************************************
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*** Libvorbisfile functions that can return failure/error codes:
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int ov_open_callbacks()
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OV_EREAD, OV_ENOTVORBIS, OV_EVERSION, OV_EBADHEADER, OV_FAULT
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int ov_open()
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OV_EREAD, OV_ENOTVORBIS, OV_EVERSION, OV_EBADHEADER, OV_FAULT
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long ov_bitrate()
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OV_EINVAL, OV_FALSE
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long ov_bitrate_instant()
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OV_FALSE
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ogg_int64_t ov_raw_total()
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OV_EINVAL
|
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ogg_int64_t ov_pcm_total()
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OV_EINVAL
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double ov_time_total()
|
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OV_EINVAL
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int ov_raw_seek()
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int ov_pcm_seek_page()
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int ov_time_seek()
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OV_ENOSEEK, OV_EINVAL, OV_EREAD, OV_BADLINK, OV_FAULT
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<h1>Ogg Vorbis: Fidelity measurement and terminology discussion</h1>
|
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|
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<p>Terminology discussed in this document is based on common terminology
|
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associated with contemporary codecs such as MPEG I audio layer 3
|
77
|
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(mp3). However, some differences in terminology are useful in the
|
78
|
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context of Vorbis as Vorbis functions somewhat differently than most
|
79
|
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current formats. For clarity, then, we describe a common terminology
|
80
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for discussion of Vorbis's and other formats' audio quality.</p>
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|
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<h2>Subjective and Objective</h2>
|
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|
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|
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<p><em>Objective</em> fidelity is a measure, based on a computable,
|
85
|
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mechanical metric, of how carefully an output matches an input. For
|
86
|
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example, a stereo amplifier may claim to introduce less that .01%
|
87
|
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total harmonic distortion when amplifying an input signal; this claim
|
88
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is easy to verify given proper equipment, and any number of testers are
|
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likely to arrive at the same, exact results. One need not listen to
|
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the equipment to make this measurement.</p>
|
91
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|
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<p>However, given two amplifiers with identical, verifiable objective
|
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specifications, listeners may strongly prefer the sound quality of one
|
94
|
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over the other. This is actually the case in the decades old debate
|
95
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[some would say jihad] among audiophiles involving vacuum tube versus
|
96
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solid state amplifiers. There are people who can tell the difference,
|
97
|
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and strongly prefer one over the other despite seemingly identical,
|
98
|
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measurable quality. This preference is <em>subjective</em> and
|
99
|
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difficult to measure but nonetheless real.</p>
|
100
|
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|
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|
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<p>Individual elements of subjective differences often can be qualified,
|
102
|
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but overall subjective quality generally is not measurable. Different
|
103
|
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observers are likely to disagree on the exact results of a subjective
|
104
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test as each observer's perspective differs. When measuring
|
105
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subjective qualities, the best one can hope for is average, empirical
|
106
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results that show statistical significance across a group.</p>
|
107
|
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|
108
|
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<p>Perceptual codecs are most concerned with subjective, not objective,
|
109
|
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quality. This is why evaluating a perceptual codec via distortion
|
110
|
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measures and sonograms alone is useless; these objective measures may
|
111
|
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provide insight into the quality or functioning of a codec, but cannot
|
112
|
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answer the much squishier subjective question, "Does it sound
|
113
|
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good?". The tube amplifier example is perhaps not the best as very few
|
114
|
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people can hear, or care to hear, the minute differences between tubes
|
115
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and transistors, whereas the subjective differences in perceptual
|
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codecs tend to be quite large even when objective differences are
|
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not.</p>
|
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|
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|
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<h2>Fidelity, Artifacts and Differences</h2>
|
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|
121
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<p>Audio <em>artifacts</em> and loss of fidelity or more simply
|
122
|
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put, audio <em>differences</em> are not the same thing.</p>
|
123
|
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|
124
|
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<p>A loss of fidelity implies differences between the perceived input and
|
125
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output signal; it does not necessarily imply that the differences in
|
126
|
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output are displeasing or that the output sounds poor (although this
|
127
|
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is often the case). Tube amplifiers are <em>not</em> higher fidelity
|
128
|
-
than modern solid state and digital systems. They simply produce a
|
129
|
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form of distortion and coloring that is either unnoticeable or actually
|
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pleasing to many ears.</p>
|
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|
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<p>As compared to an original signal using hard metrics, all perceptual
|
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codecs [ASPEC, ATRAC, MP3, WMA, AAC, TwinVQ, AC3 and Vorbis included]
|
134
|
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lose objective fidelity in order to reduce bitrate. This is fact. The
|
135
|
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idea is to lose fidelity in ways that cannot be perceived. However,
|
136
|
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most current streaming applications demand bitrates lower than what
|
137
|
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can be achieved by sacrificing only objective fidelity; this is also
|
138
|
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fact, despite whatever various company press releases might claim.
|
139
|
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Subjective fidelity eventually must suffer in one way or another.</p>
|
140
|
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|
141
|
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<p>The goal is to choose the best possible tradeoff such that the
|
142
|
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fidelity loss is graceful and not obviously noticeable. Most listeners
|
143
|
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of FM radio do not realize how much lower fidelity that medium is as
|
144
|
-
compared to compact discs or DAT. However, when compared directly to
|
145
|
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source material, the difference is obvious. A cassette tape is lower
|
146
|
-
fidelity still, and yet the degradation, relatively speaking, is
|
147
|
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graceful and generally easy not to notice. Compare this graceful loss
|
148
|
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of quality to an average 44.1kHz stereo mp3 encoded at 80 or 96kbps.
|
149
|
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The mp3 might actually be higher objective fidelity but subjectively
|
150
|
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sounds much worse.</p>
|
151
|
-
|
152
|
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<p>Thus, when a CODEC <em>must</em> sacrifice subjective quality in order
|
153
|
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to satisfy a user's requirements, the result should be a
|
154
|
-
<em>difference</em> that is generally either difficult to notice
|
155
|
-
without comparison, or easy to ignore. An <em>artifact</em>, on the
|
156
|
-
other hand, is an element introduced into the output that is
|
157
|
-
immediately noticeable, obviously foreign, and undesired. The famous
|
158
|
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'underwater' or 'twinkling' effect synonymous with low bitrate (or
|
159
|
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poorly encoded) mp3 is an example of an <em>artifact</em>. This
|
160
|
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working definition differs slightly from common usage, but the coined
|
161
|
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distinction between differences and artifacts is useful for our
|
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discussion.</p>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<p>The goal, when it is absolutely necessary to sacrifice subjective
|
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|
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fidelity, is obviously to strive for differences and not artifacts.
|
166
|
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The vast majority of codecs today fail at this task miserably,
|
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|
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predictably, and regularly in one way or another. Avoiding such
|
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|
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failures when it is necessary to sacrifice subjective quality is a
|
169
|
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fundamental design objective of Vorbis and that objective is reflected
|
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in Vorbis's design and tuning.</p>
|
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|
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<div id="copyright">
|
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The Xiph Fish Logo is a
|
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trademark (™) of Xiph.Org.<br/>
|
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These pages © 1994 - 2005 Xiph.Org. All rights reserved.
|
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|
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|
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<h1>Ogg Vorbis encoding format documentation</h1>
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<p><img src="wait.png" alt="wait"/>As of writing, not all the below document
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<h2>Documents</h2>
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<li><a href="packet.html">Vorbis packet structure</a></li>
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<li><a href="envelope.html">Temporal envelope shaping and blocksize</a></li>
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<li><a href="mdct.html">Time domain segmentation and MDCT transform</a></li>
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<li><a href="resolution.html">The resolution floor</a></li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="probmodel.html">The Vorbis probability model</a></li>
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<li><a href="bitpack.html">The Vorbis bitpacker</a></li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="oggstream.html">Ogg bitstream overview</a></li>
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<li><a href="framing.html">Ogg logical bitstream and framing spec</a></li>
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<li><a href="vorbis-stream.html">Vorbis packet->Ogg bitstream mapping</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li><a href="programming.html">Programming with libvorbis</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2>Description</h2>
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<p>Ogg Vorbis is a general purpose compressed audio format
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for high quality (44.1-48.0kHz, 16+ bit, polyphonic) audio and music
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at moderate fixed and variable bitrates (40-80 kb/s/channel). This
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places Vorbis in the same class as audio representations including
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MPEG-1 audio layer 3, MPEG-4 audio (AAC and TwinVQ), and PAC.</p>
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<p>Vorbis is the first of a planned family of Ogg multimedia coding
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formats being developed as part of the Xiph.org Foundation's Ogg multimedia
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project. See <a href="http://www.xiph.org/">http://www.xiph.org/</a>
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for more information.</p>
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<h2>Vorbis technical documents</h2>
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<p>A Vorbis encoder takes in overlapping (but contiguous) short-time
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segments of audio data. The encoder analyzes the content of the audio
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to determine an optimal compact representation; this phase of encoding
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is known as <em>analysis</em>. For each short-time block of sound,
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the encoder then packs an efficient representation of the signal, as
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determined by analysis, into a raw packet much smaller than the size
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required by the original signal; this phase is <em>coding</em>.
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Lastly, in a streaming environment, the raw packets are then
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structured into a continuous stream of octets; this last phase is
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<em>streaming</em>. Note that the stream of octets is referred to both
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as a 'byte-' and 'bit-'stream; the latter usage is acceptible as the
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stream of octets is a physical representation of a true logical
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bit-by-bit stream.</p>
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<p>A Vorbis decoder performs a mirror image process of extracting the
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original sequence of raw packets from an Ogg stream (<em>stream
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decomposition</em>), reconstructing the signal representation from the
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raw data in the packet (<em>decoding</em>) and them reconstituting an
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audio signal from the decoded representation (<em>synthesis</em>).</p>
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<p>The <a href="programming.html">Programming with libvorbis</a>
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documents discuss use of the reference Vorbis codec library
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(libvorbis) produced by the Xiph.org Foundation.</p>
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<p>The data representations and algorithms necessary at each step to
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encode and decode Ogg Vorbis bitstreams are described by the below
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documents in sufficient detail to construct a complete Vorbis codec.
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Note that at the time of writing, Vorbis is still in a 'Request For
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Comments' stage of development; despite being in advanced stages of
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development, input from the multimedia community is welcome.</p>
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<h3>Vorbis analysis and synthesis</h3>
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<p>Analysis begins by seperating an input audio stream into individual,
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overlapping short-time segments of audio data. These segments are
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then transformed into an alternate representation, seeking to
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represent the original signal in a more efficient form that codes into
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a smaller number of bytes. The analysis and transformation stage is
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the most complex element of producing a Vorbis bitstream.</p>
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<p>The corresponding synthesis step in the decoder is simpler; there is
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no analysis to perform, merely a mechanical, deterministic
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reconstruction of the original audio data from the transform-domain
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representation.</p>
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<li><a href="packet.html">Vorbis packet structure</a>:
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Describes the basic analysis components necessary to produce Vorbis
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packets and the structure of the packet itself.</li>
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<li><a href="envelope.html">Temporal envelope shaping and blocksize</a>:
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Use of temporal envelope shaping and variable blocksize to minimize
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time-domain energy leakage during wide dynamic range and spectral energy
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swings. Also discusses time-related principles of psychoacoustics.</li>
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<li><a href="mdct.html">Time domain segmentation and MDCT transform</a>:
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Division of time domain data into individual overlapped, windowed
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short-time vectors and transformation using the MDCT</li>
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<li><a href="resolution.html">The resolution floor</a>: Use of frequency
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doamin psychoacoustics, and the MDCT-domain noise, masking and resolution
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floors</li>
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<li><a href="residuals.html">MDCT-domain fine structure</a>: Production,
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quantization and massaging of MDCT-spectrum fine structure</li>
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<h3>Vorbis coding and decoding</h3>
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<p>Coding and decoding converts the transform-domain representation of
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the original audio produced by analysis to and from a bitwise packed
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raw data packet. Coding and decoding consist of two logically
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orthogonal concepts, <em>back-end coding</em> and <em>bitpacking</em>.</p>
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<p><em>Back-end coding</em> uses a probability model to represent the raw numbers
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of the audio representation in as few physical bits as possible;
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familiar examples of back-end coding include Huffman coding and Vector
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Quantization.</p>
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<p><em>Bitpacking</em> arranges the variable sized words of the back-end
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coding into a vector of octets without wasting space. The octets
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produced by coding a single short-time audio segment is one raw Vorbis
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packet.</p>
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<li><a href="probmodel.html">The Vorbis probability model</a></li>
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<li><a href="bitpack.html">The Vorbis bitpacker</a>: Arrangement of
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variable bit-length words into an octet-aligned packet.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3>Vorbis streaming and stream decomposition</h3>
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<p>Vorbis packets contain the raw, bitwise-compressed representation of a
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snippet of audio. These packets contain no structure and cannot be
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strung together directly into a stream; for streamed transmission and
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storage, Vorbis packets are encoded into an Ogg bitstream.</p>
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<li><a href="oggstream.html">Ogg bitstream overview</a>: High-level
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description of Ogg logical bitstreams, how logical bitstreams
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(of mixed media types) can be combined into physical bitstreams, and
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restrictions on logical-to-physical mapping. Note that this document is
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not specific only to Ogg Vorbis.</li>
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<li><a href="framing.html">Ogg logical bitstream and framing
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spec</a>: Low level, complete specification of Ogg logical
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bitstream pages. Note that this document is not specific only to Ogg
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Vorbis.</li>
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<li><a href="vorbis-stream.html">Vorbis bitstream mapping</a>:
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Specifically describes mapping Vorbis data into an
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Ogg physical bitstream.</li>
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The Xiph Fish Logo is a
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trademark (™) of Xiph.Org.<br/>
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These pages © 1994 - 2005 Xiph.Org. All rights reserved.
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