vllm-cpu-avx512bf16 0.9.0.post2__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.whl

vllm/v1/worker/tpu_model_runner.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1510 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+import bisect
+import gc
+import time
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, cast
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.distributed
+import torch.nn as nn
+# TPU XLA related
+import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+import torch_xla.runtime as xr
+
+import vllm.envs as envs
+from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import AttentionType
+from vllm.attention.layer import Attention
+from vllm.compilation.wrapper import TorchCompileWrapperWithCustomDispatcher
+from vllm.config import VllmConfig, get_layers_from_vllm_config
+from vllm.forward_context import set_forward_context
+from vllm.logger import init_logger
+from vllm.model_executor.model_loader import get_model
+from vllm.multimodal import MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY
+from vllm.multimodal.inputs import (BatchedTensorInputs, MultiModalKwargs,
+                                    PlaceholderRange)
+from vllm.multimodal.utils import group_mm_inputs_by_modality
+from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors
+from vllm.utils import LayerBlockType, cdiv, is_pin_memory_available
+from vllm.v1.attention.backends.pallas import (PallasAttentionBackend,
+                                               PallasMetadata)
+from vllm.v1.core.encoder_cache_manager import compute_encoder_budget
+from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import (AttentionSpec, FullAttentionSpec,
+                                        KVCacheConfig, KVCacheSpec,
+                                        SlidingWindowSpec)
+from vllm.v1.outputs import (EMPTY_MODEL_RUNNER_OUTPUT, LogprobsTensors,
+                             ModelRunnerOutput)
+from vllm.v1.sample.tpu.metadata import TPUSupportedSamplingMetadata
+from vllm.v1.sample.tpu.sampler import Sampler as TPUSampler
+from vllm.v1.utils import bind_kv_cache
+from vllm.v1.worker.gpu_input_batch import CachedRequestState, InputBatch
+from vllm.v1.worker.lora_model_runner_mixin import LoRAModelRunnerMixin
+
+from .utils import sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from vllm.v1.core.sched.output import SchedulerOutput
+
+logger = init_logger(__name__)
+
+# Here we utilize the behavior that out-of-bound index is ignored.
+# FIXME(woosuk): Find a more reliable way to prevent possible bugs.
+_PAD_SLOT_ID = 1_000_000_000
+INVALID_TOKEN_ID = -1
+# Smallest output size
+MIN_NUM_SEQS = 8
+
+
+#########################################################
+# Ways to avoid recompilation
+#########################################################
+#
+# The model executor has two primary components:
+# 1. preparing the model and sampler inputs
+# 2. executing the model and sampler.
+# The core idea is to avoid any TPU computation during input preparation. For
+# better compilation tracking and increased flexibility, the model execution and
+# sampler are divided into several distinct components.
+#
+# Below are the detailed steps:
+#
+# Step 1
+# It is recommended to avoid TPU operations when preparing the model and sampler
+# inputs. CPU tensors can be prepared and transferred to the XLA device using
+# cpu_tensor.to(xla_device), which only triggers CPU to TPU transfers and avoids
+# compilation.
+#
+# Step 2
+# The TPU execution should be decomposed into subgraphs (4 at the moment):
+# 1. the main model
+# 2. selecting hidden states for each request
+# 3. sampler
+# 4. encoder.
+# Each subgraph should be decorated in a torch.compile. This is used to make
+# sure that we have the same subgraph topology in both dummy_run and
+# xecute_model. The results from these subgraphs should either be passed to
+# other subgraphs, or transferred from TPU to CPU using xla_tensor.cpu() for
+# subsequent processing on the CPU.
+#
+# Step 3
+# The dummy_run should be comprehensive, ensuring all potential input shapes and
+# branch predictions are included as subgraph inputs to facilitate
+# pre-compilation.
+class TPUModelRunner(LoRAModelRunnerMixin):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
+        device: torch.device,
+    ):
+        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
+        self.model_config = vllm_config.model_config
+        self.cache_config = vllm_config.cache_config
+        self.lora_config = vllm_config.lora_config
+        self.load_config = vllm_config.load_config
+        self.parallel_config = vllm_config.parallel_config
+        self.scheduler_config = vllm_config.scheduler_config
+        self.speculative_config = vllm_config.speculative_config
+        self.prompt_adapter_config = vllm_config.prompt_adapter_config
+        self.observability_config = vllm_config.observability_config
+        self.device_config = vllm_config.device_config
+
+        model_config = self.model_config
+        cache_config = self.cache_config
+        scheduler_config = self.scheduler_config
+        parallel_config = self.parallel_config
+        self.device = device
+        self.check_recompilation = envs.VLLM_XLA_CHECK_RECOMPILATION
+
+        self.enforce_eager = model_config.enforce_eager
+
+        self.num_xla_graphs = 0
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("init")
+
+        self.pin_memory = is_pin_memory_available()
+        self.dtype = self.model_config.dtype
+        self._hidden_states_dtype = self.dtype
+
+        self.is_multimodal_model = model_config.is_multimodal_model
+        self.sliding_window = model_config.get_sliding_window()
+        self.block_size = cache_config.block_size
+        self.max_model_len = model_config.max_model_len
+        self.max_num_blocks_per_req = cdiv(self.max_model_len, self.block_size)
+        # InputBatch needs to work with sampling tensors greater than padding
+        # to avoid dynamic shapes. Also, avoid suboptimal alignment.
+        self.max_num_reqs = max(scheduler_config.max_num_seqs, MIN_NUM_SEQS)
+        self.num_tokens_paddings = _get_token_paddings(
+            min_token_size=16,
+            max_token_size=scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens,
+            padding_gap=envs.VLLM_TPU_BUCKET_PADDING_GAP)
+        # In case `max_num_tokens < max(num_tokens_paddings)` use the actual
+        # padded max value to pre-allocate data structures and pre-compile.
+        self.max_num_tokens = self.num_tokens_paddings[-1]
+
+        # Model-related.
+        self.num_attn_layers = model_config.get_num_layers_by_block_type(
+            parallel_config, LayerBlockType.attention)
+        self.num_query_heads = model_config.get_num_attention_heads(
+            parallel_config)
+        self.num_kv_heads = model_config.get_num_kv_heads(parallel_config)
+        self.head_size = model_config.get_head_size()
+        self.hidden_size = model_config.get_hidden_size()
+        self.vocab_size = model_config.get_vocab_size()
+
+        # Multi-modal data support
+        self.mm_registry = MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY
+        self.uses_mrope = model_config.uses_mrope
+        # TODO: Support M-RoPE (e.g, Qwen2-VL)
+        assert not self.uses_mrope, "TPU does not support M-RoPE yet."
+
+        encoder_compute_budget, encoder_cache_size = compute_encoder_budget(
+            model_config=model_config,
+            scheduler_config=scheduler_config,
+            mm_registry=self.mm_registry,
+        )
+        self.max_num_encoder_input_tokens = encoder_compute_budget
+        self.encoder_cache_size = encoder_cache_size
+
+        # Lazy initialization
+        # self.model: nn.Module  # Set after load_model
+        self.kv_caches: list[torch.Tensor] = []
+        # req_id -> (input_id -> encoder_output)
+        self.encoder_cache: dict[str, dict[int, torch.Tensor]] = {}
+        # self.input_batch: InputBatch  # Persistent batch.
+
+        # Request states.
+        self.requests: dict[str, CachedRequestState] = {}
+
+        # Cached torch/numpy tensor
+        # The pytorch tensor and numpy array share the same buffer.
+        # Sometimes the numpy op is faster so we create both.
+        self.input_ids_cpu = torch.zeros(self.max_num_tokens,
+                                         dtype=torch.int32,
+                                         device="cpu")
+
+        self.positions_cpu = torch.zeros(self.max_num_tokens,
+                                         dtype=torch.int32,
+                                         device="cpu")
+        self.positions_np = self.positions_cpu.numpy()
+
+        self.block_table_cpu = torch.zeros(
+            (self.max_num_reqs, self.max_num_blocks_per_req),
+            dtype=torch.int32,
+            device="cpu")
+
+        self.query_start_loc_cpu = torch.zeros(self.max_num_tokens + 1,
+                                               dtype=torch.int32,
+                                               device="cpu",
+                                               pin_memory=self.pin_memory)
+        self.query_start_loc_np = self.query_start_loc_cpu.numpy()
+
+        self.seq_lens_cpu = torch.zeros(self.max_num_tokens,
+                                        dtype=torch.int32,
+                                        device="cpu",
+                                        pin_memory=self.pin_memory)
+        self.seq_lens_np = self.seq_lens_cpu.numpy()
+
+        # Range tensor with values [0 .. self.max_num_tokens - 1].
+        # Used to initialize positions / context_lens / seq_lens
+        # Keep in int64 to avoid overflow with long context
+        self.arange_np = np.arange(self.max_num_tokens, dtype=np.int64)
+        self.num_reqs_paddings = _get_req_paddings(
+            min_req_size=MIN_NUM_SEQS, max_req_size=self.max_num_reqs)
+
+        # tensors for structured decoding
+        self.grammar_bitmask_cpu = torch.zeros(
+            (self.max_num_reqs, cdiv(self.vocab_size, 32)),
+            dtype=torch.int32,
+            device="cpu",
+            pin_memory=self.pin_memory)
+        self.require_structured_out_cpu = torch.zeros(
+            (self.max_num_reqs, 1),
+            dtype=torch.bool,
+            device="cpu",
+            pin_memory=self.pin_memory)
+        self.structured_decode_arange = torch.arange(
+            0, 32, device="cpu", pin_memory=self.pin_memory)
+
+        # Get maximum number of mm items per modality (batch size).
+        self.max_num_mm_items_by_modality = dict()
+        if (self.is_multimodal_model and self.max_num_encoder_input_tokens > 0
+                and self.encoder_cache_size > 0):
+            max_tokens_by_modality_dict = (
+                MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY.
+                get_max_tokens_per_item_by_nonzero_modality(self.model_config))
+            for modality, max_tokens in max_tokens_by_modality_dict.items():
+                # Check how many items of this modality can be supported by
+                # the encoder budget.
+                encoder_budget = min(self.max_num_encoder_input_tokens,
+                                     self.encoder_cache_size)
+
+                max_num_mm_items_encoder_budget = cdiv(encoder_budget,
+                                                       max_tokens)
+
+                # Check how many items of this modality can be supported by
+                # the decoder budget.
+                max_mm_items_per_req = self.mm_registry.\
+                    get_mm_limits_per_prompt(self.model_config)[modality]
+
+                # NOTE: We do not consider max_num_batched_tokens on purpose
+                # because the multimodal embeddings can be generated in advance
+                # and chunked prefilled.
+                max_num_mm_items_decoder_budget = self.max_num_reqs * \
+                    max_mm_items_per_req
+
+                max_num_mm_items = min(max_num_mm_items_encoder_budget,
+                                       max_num_mm_items_decoder_budget)
+                self.max_num_mm_items_by_modality[modality] = max_num_mm_items
+
+    def _update_num_xla_graphs(self, case_str):
+        check_comp = self.check_recompilation and not self.enforce_eager
+        if not check_comp:
+            return
+
+        total_cached_graphs = xr.get_num_cached_compilation_graph()
+        new_compiled_graphs = total_cached_graphs - self.num_xla_graphs
+        if new_compiled_graphs == 0:
+            return
+
+        logger.info("Add new %d compiled XLA graphs due to %s",
+                    new_compiled_graphs, case_str)
+        self.num_xla_graphs += new_compiled_graphs
+
+    def _verify_num_xla_graphs(self, case_str):
+        check_comp = self.check_recompilation and not self.enforce_eager
+        if not check_comp:
+            return
+
+        curr_cached_graph = xr.get_num_cached_compilation_graph()
+        assert self.num_xla_graphs == curr_cached_graph, (
+            "Recompilation after warm up is detected during {}."
+            " num_xla_graphs = {} curr_cached_graph = {}".format(
+                case_str, self.num_xla_graphs, curr_cached_graph))
+
+    def _update_states(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput") -> bool:
+        """Update the cached states and the persistent batch with the scheduler
+        output.
+
+        The updated states are used by the `_prepare_inputs` function to create
+        the input GPU tensors for the model.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if there is a new/resumed/paused/finished request.
+            If False, we can skip copying SamplingMetadata to the GPU.
+        """
+        # Remove finished requests from the cached states.
+        for req_id in scheduler_output.finished_req_ids:
+            self.requests.pop(req_id, None)
+            self.encoder_cache.pop(req_id, None)
+
+        # Remove the finished requests from the persistent batch.
+        # NOTE(woosuk): There could be an edge case where finished_req_ids and
+        # scheduled_req_ids overlap. This happens when a request is aborted and
+        # then resubmitted with the same ID. In this case, we treat them as two
+        # distinct requests - clearing the cached states for the first request
+        # and handling the second as a new request.
+        removed_req_indices: list[int] = []
+        for req_id in scheduler_output.finished_req_ids:
+            req_index = self.input_batch.remove_request(req_id)
+            if req_index is not None:
+                removed_req_indices.append(req_index)
+
+        # Free the cached encoder outputs.
+        for req_id, input_id in scheduler_output.free_encoder_input_ids:
+            encoder_outputs = self.encoder_cache.get(req_id)
+            if encoder_outputs is not None:
+                encoder_outputs.pop(input_id, None)
+                if not encoder_outputs:
+                    self.encoder_cache.pop(req_id, None)
+
+        # Remove the unscheduled requests from the persistent batch.
+        # NOTE(woosuk): The unscheduled requests are either preempted requests
+        # or running requests that are not scheduled in this step. We remove
+        # them from the persistent batch but keep their cached states since
+        # they will be scheduled again sometime in the future.
+        scheduled_req_ids = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens.keys()
+        cached_req_ids = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.keys()
+        unscheduled_req_ids = cached_req_ids - scheduled_req_ids
+        # NOTE(woosuk): The persistent batch optimization assumes that
+        # consecutive batches contain mostly the same requests. If batches
+        # have low request overlap (e.g., alternating between two distinct
+        # sets of requests), this optimization becomes very inefficient.
+        for req_id in unscheduled_req_ids:
+            req_index = self.input_batch.remove_request(req_id)
+            assert req_index is not None
+            removed_req_indices.append(req_index)
+
+        req_ids_to_add: list[str] = []
+        # Add new requests to the cached states.
+        for new_req_data in scheduler_output.scheduled_new_reqs:
+            req_id = new_req_data.req_id
+            sampling_params = new_req_data.sampling_params
+
+            self.requests[req_id] = CachedRequestState(
+                req_id=req_id,
+                prompt_token_ids=new_req_data.prompt_token_ids,
+                mm_inputs=new_req_data.mm_inputs,
+                mm_positions=new_req_data.mm_positions,
+                sampling_params=sampling_params,
+                generator=None,
+                block_ids=new_req_data.block_ids,
+                num_computed_tokens=new_req_data.num_computed_tokens,
+                output_token_ids=[],
+                lora_request=new_req_data.lora_request,
+            )
+
+            req_ids_to_add.append(req_id)
+
+        # Update the states of the running/resumed requests.
+        for req_data in scheduler_output.scheduled_cached_reqs:
+            req_id = req_data.req_id
+            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
+
+            # Update the cached states.
+            req_state.num_computed_tokens = req_data.num_computed_tokens
+            if not req_data.resumed_from_preemption:
+                # Append the new blocks to the existing block IDs.
+                req_state.block_ids.extend(req_data.new_block_ids)
+            else:
+                # The request is resumed from preemption.
+                # Replace the existing block IDs with the new ones.
+                req_state.block_ids = req_data.new_block_ids
+
+            req_index = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.get(req_id)
+            if req_index is None:
+                # The request is not in the persistent batch.
+                # The request was either preempted and resumed later, or was not
+                # scheduled in the previous step and needs to be added again.
+                req_ids_to_add.append(req_id)
+                continue
+
+            # Update the persistent batch.
+            self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_index] = (
+                req_data.num_computed_tokens)
+            self.input_batch.block_table.append_row(req_data.new_block_ids,
+                                                    req_index)
+
+        # Add the new or resumed requests to the persistent batch.
+        # The smaller empty indices are filled first.
+        removed_req_indices = sorted(removed_req_indices, reverse=True)
+        for req_id in req_ids_to_add:
+            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
+            if removed_req_indices:
+                # Fill the empty index.
+                req_index = removed_req_indices.pop()
+            else:
+                # Append to the end.
+                req_index = None
+            self.input_batch.add_request(req_state, req_index)
+
+        # Condense the batched states if there are empty indices.
+        if removed_req_indices:
+            self.input_batch.condense(removed_req_indices)
+
+        return len(unscheduled_req_ids) > 0 or len(req_ids_to_add) > 0
+
+    def get_model(self) -> nn.Module:
+        assert self.model is not None
+        return self.model
+
+    def get_kv_cache_spec(self) -> dict[str, KVCacheSpec]:
+        """
+        Generates the KVCacheSpec by parsing the kv cache format from each
+        Attention module in the static forward context.
+        Returns:
+            KVCacheSpec: A dictionary mapping layer names to their KV cache
+            format. Layers that do not need KV cache are not included.
+        """
+
+        layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config, Attention)
+        block_size = self.vllm_config.cache_config.block_size
+        kv_cache_spec: dict[str, KVCacheSpec] = {}
+        for layer_name, attn_module in layers.items():
+            if attn_module.attn_type == AttentionType.DECODER:
+                if attn_module.sliding_window is not None:
+                    kv_cache_spec[layer_name] = SlidingWindowSpec(
+                        block_size=block_size,
+                        num_kv_heads=attn_module.num_kv_heads,
+                        head_size=attn_module.head_size,
+                        dtype=attn_module.dtype,
+                        sliding_window=attn_module.sliding_window,
+                        use_mla=False,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    kv_cache_spec[layer_name] = FullAttentionSpec(
+                        block_size=block_size,
+                        num_kv_heads=attn_module.num_kv_heads,
+                        head_size=attn_module.head_size,
+                        dtype=attn_module.dtype,
+                        use_mla=False,
+                    )
+            elif attn_module.attn_type in (AttentionType.ENCODER,
+                                           AttentionType.ENCODER_ONLY):
+                # encoder-only attention does not need KV cache.
+                continue
+            elif attn_module.attn_type == AttentionType.ENCODER_DECODER:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Unknown attention type: {attn_module.attn_type}")
+
+        return kv_cache_spec
+
+    def _prepare_inputs(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"):
+        total_num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
+        assert total_num_scheduled_tokens > 0
+        num_reqs = self.input_batch.num_reqs
+        assert num_reqs > 0
+
+        # Get the number of scheduled tokens for each request.
+        num_scheduled_tokens_per_req = []
+        max_num_scheduled_tokens_all_reqs = 0
+        for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids[:num_reqs]:
+            assert req_id is not None
+            num_tokens = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[req_id]
+            num_scheduled_tokens_per_req.append(num_tokens)
+            max_num_scheduled_tokens_all_reqs = max(
+                max_num_scheduled_tokens_all_reqs, num_tokens)
+        num_scheduled_tokens_per_req = np.array(num_scheduled_tokens_per_req,
+                                                dtype=np.int32)
+        assert max_num_scheduled_tokens_all_reqs > 0
+
+        # Get request indices.
+        # E.g., [2, 5, 3] -> [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]
+        # For each scheduled token, what are the corresponding req index.
+        req_indices = np.repeat(self.arange_np[:num_reqs],
+                                num_scheduled_tokens_per_req)
+
+        # Get batched arange.
+        # E.g., [2, 5, 3] -> [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
+        # For each scheduled token, what is its position in corresponding req.
+        arange = np.concatenate(
+            [self.arange_np[:n] for n in num_scheduled_tokens_per_req])
+
+        # Get positions.
+        positions_np = self.positions_np[:total_num_scheduled_tokens]
+        np.add(self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_indices],
+               arange,
+               out=positions_np)
+
+        # Get token indices.
+        # E.g., [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
+        # -> [0, 1, M, M + 1, M + 2, M + 3, M + 4, 2 * M, 2 * M + 1, 2 * M + 2]
+        # where M is the max_model_len.
+        token_indices = (positions_np +
+                         req_indices * self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu.shape[1])
+
+        # NOTE(woosuk): We use torch.index_select instead of np.take here
+        # because torch.index_select is much faster than np.take for large
+        # tensors.
+        torch.index_select(self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu_tensor.flatten(),
+                           0,
+                           torch.from_numpy(token_indices),
+                           out=self.input_ids_cpu[:total_num_scheduled_tokens])
+
+        # Calculate the slot mapping.
+        # E.g., [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
+        # -> [0, 0, K, K, K + 1, K + 1, K + 2, 2 * K, 2 * K, 2 * K + 1]
+        # where K is the max_num_blocks_per_req and the block size is 2.
+        # NOTE(woosuk): We can't simply use `token_indices // block_size` here
+        # because M (max_model_len) is not necessarily divisible by block_size.
+        # req_indices: # E.g., [2, 5, 3] -> [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]
+        block_table_indices = (req_indices * self.max_num_blocks_per_req +
+                               positions_np // self.block_size)
+        # NOTE(woosuk): We use torch.index_select instead of np.take here
+        # because torch.index_select is much faster than np.take for large
+        # tensors.
+        block_table_cpu = self.input_batch.block_table[0].get_cpu_tensor()
+        block_numbers = block_table_cpu.flatten()[block_table_indices].numpy()
+        block_offsets = positions_np % self.block_size
+        np.add(block_numbers * self.block_size,
+               block_offsets,
+               out=self.input_batch.block_table[0].
+               slot_mapping_np[:total_num_scheduled_tokens])
+
+        # Prepare the attention metadata.
+        self.query_start_loc_np[0] = 0
+        np.cumsum(num_scheduled_tokens_per_req,
+                  out=self.query_start_loc_np[1:num_reqs + 1])
+        self.query_start_loc_np[num_reqs + 1:] = 1
+
+        self.seq_lens_np[:num_reqs] = (
+            self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[:num_reqs] +
+            num_scheduled_tokens_per_req)
+
+        # Do the padding and copy the tensors to the TPU.
+        padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens = _get_padded_token_len(
+            self.num_tokens_paddings, total_num_scheduled_tokens)
+        # Zero out to avoid spurious values from prev iteration (last cp chunk)
+        self.input_ids_cpu[
+            total_num_scheduled_tokens:padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens] = 0
+        self.input_ids = self.input_ids_cpu[:
+                                            padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens].to(
+                                                self.device)
+        self.position_ids = self.positions_cpu[:
+                                               padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens].to(
+                                                   self.device)
+        self.input_batch.block_table[0].slot_mapping_cpu[
+            total_num_scheduled_tokens:] = _PAD_SLOT_ID
+        slot_mapping = (
+            self.input_batch.block_table[0].
+            slot_mapping_cpu[:padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens].to(
+                self.device))
+        block_tables = self.block_table_cpu[:self.max_num_reqs]
+        block_tables[:num_reqs, :self.max_num_blocks_per_req] = (
+            self.input_batch.block_table[0].get_cpu_tensor()[:num_reqs])
+        block_tables = block_tables.to(self.device)
+        query_start_loc = self.query_start_loc_cpu[:self.max_num_reqs + 1].to(
+            self.device)
+        seq_lens = self.seq_lens_cpu[:self.max_num_reqs].to(self.device)
+
+        if self.lora_config is not None:
+            # We need to respect padding when activating LoRA adapters
+            padded_num_scheduled_tokens_per_req = np.copy(
+                num_scheduled_tokens_per_req
+            )  # Copying to avoid accidental state corruption bugs
+            padded_num_scheduled_tokens_per_req[-1] += \
+                padded_total_num_scheduled_tokens - total_num_scheduled_tokens
+
+            self.set_active_loras(self.input_batch,
+                                  padded_num_scheduled_tokens_per_req)
+
+        attn_metadata = PallasMetadata(
+            slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
+            block_tables=block_tables,
+            context_lens=seq_lens,
+            query_start_loc=query_start_loc,
+            num_seqs=torch.tensor([num_reqs],
+                                  dtype=torch.int32,
+                                  device=self.device),
+        )
+        # NOTE(woosuk): Due to chunked prefills, there can be at most 1 partial
+        # request in the batch. While we should not sample any token from this
+        # partial request, we do so for simplicity. We will ignore the sampled
+        # token from the partial request.
+        # TODO: Support prompt logprobs.
+        padded_num_reqs = _get_padded_num_reqs_with_upper_limit(
+            num_reqs, self.max_num_reqs)
+        # Indices at which we sample (positions of last token in the sequence).
+        # Padded to avoid recompiling when `num_reqs` varies.
+        logits_indices = self.query_start_loc_cpu[1:padded_num_reqs + 1] - 1
+        logits_indices = logits_indices.to(self.device)
+
+        layer_names = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config,
+                                                  Attention).keys()
+        per_layer_attn_metadata = {
+            layer_name: attn_metadata
+            for layer_name in layer_names
+        }
+        return per_layer_attn_metadata, logits_indices, padded_num_reqs
+
+    def _scatter_placeholders(
+        self,
+        embeds: torch.Tensor,
+        is_embed: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if is_embed is None:
+            return embeds
+
+        placeholders = embeds.new_full(
+            (is_embed.shape[0], embeds.shape[-1]),
+            fill_value=torch.nan,
+        )
+        placeholders[is_embed] = embeds
+        return placeholders
+
+    def _gather_placeholders(
+        self,
+        placeholders: torch.Tensor,
+        is_embed: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if is_embed is None:
+            return placeholders
+
+        return placeholders[is_embed]
+
+    def _execute_mm_encoder(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"):
+        scheduled_encoder_inputs = scheduler_output.scheduled_encoder_inputs
+        if not scheduled_encoder_inputs:
+            return
+
+        # Batch the multi-modal inputs.
+        mm_inputs = list[MultiModalKwargs]()
+        req_ids_pos = list[tuple[str, int, PlaceholderRange]]()
+        for req_id, encoder_input_ids in scheduled_encoder_inputs.items():
+            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
+
+            for mm_input_id in encoder_input_ids:
+                mm_inputs.append(req_state.mm_inputs[mm_input_id])
+                req_ids_pos.append(
+                    (req_id, mm_input_id, req_state.mm_positions[mm_input_id]))
+
+        # Batch mm inputs as much as we can: if a request in the batch has
+        # multiple modalities or a different modality than the previous one,
+        # we process it separately to preserve item order.
+        # FIXME(ywang96): This is a hacky way to deal with multiple modalities
+        # in the same batch while still being able to benefit from batching
+        # multimodal inputs. The proper solution should be reordering the
+        # encoder outputs.
+        grouped_mm_inputs_list = group_mm_inputs_by_modality(mm_inputs)
+
+        encoder_outputs = []
+        for grouped_mm_inputs in grouped_mm_inputs_list:
+            batched_mm_inputs = MultiModalKwargs.batch(grouped_mm_inputs)
+            batched_mm_inputs = MultiModalKwargs.as_kwargs(
+                batched_mm_inputs,
+                dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
+                device=self.device,
+            )
+
+            # Run the encoder.
+            # `curr_group_outputs` is either of the following:
+            # 1. A tensor of shape (num_items, feature_size, hidden_size)
+            # in case feature_size is fixed across all multimodal items.
+            # 2. A list or tuple (length: num_items) of tensors, each of shape
+            # (feature_size, hidden_size) in case the feature size is dynamic
+            # depending on the input multimodal items.
+            xm.mark_step()
+            curr_group_outputs = self.model.get_multimodal_embeddings(
+                **batched_mm_inputs)
+            xm.mark_step()
+
+            sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs(
+                curr_group_outputs,
+                expected_num_items=len(grouped_mm_inputs),
+            )
+
+            if isinstance(curr_group_outputs, torch.Tensor):
+                encoder_outputs.append(curr_group_outputs)
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(curr_group_outputs, (list, tuple))
+                for output in curr_group_outputs:
+                    encoder_outputs.append(output)
+
+        # Cache the encoder outputs.
+        # NOTE (NickLucche) here we diverge from logic in other runners, as we
+        # assume to only have whole mm items to process. Hence we avoid the
+        # intrinsic dynamism that `scatter_mm_placeholders` introduces.
+        for (req_id, input_id, pos_info), output in zip(
+                req_ids_pos,
+                encoder_outputs,
+        ):
+            if req_id not in self.encoder_cache:
+                self.encoder_cache[req_id] = {}
+            assert pos_info.is_embed is None, "Expected all positions to be"\
+                " contiguous and embeddings."
+            self.encoder_cache[req_id][input_id] = output
+
+    def _gather_mm_embeddings(
+        self,
+        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
+    ) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
+        mm_embeds: list[torch.Tensor] = []
+        for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids:
+            num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[
+                req_id]
+            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
+            num_computed_tokens = req_state.num_computed_tokens
+            mm_positions = req_state.mm_positions
+            # TODO unroll loop and assume/enforce --disable_chunked_mm_input
+            # NOTE (NickLucche) here we diverge from logic in other runners, as
+            # we assume to only have whole mm items to process. Hence we avoid
+            # the intrinsic dynamism that `gather_mm_placeholders` introduces.
+            for i, pos_info in enumerate(mm_positions):
+                start_pos = pos_info.offset
+                num_encoder_tokens = pos_info.length
+
+                # The encoder output is needed if the two ranges overlap:
+                # [num_computed_tokens,
+                #  num_computed_tokens + num_scheduled_tokens) and
+                # [start_pos, start_pos + num_encoder_tokens)
+                if start_pos >= num_computed_tokens + num_scheduled_tokens:
+                    # The encoder output is not needed in this step.
+                    break
+                if start_pos + num_encoder_tokens <= num_computed_tokens:
+                    # The encoder output is already processed and stored
+                    # in the decoder's KV cache.
+                    continue
+
+                assert req_id in self.encoder_cache
+                assert i in self.encoder_cache[req_id]
+                assert pos_info.is_embed is None, "Expected all positions to"\
+                " be contiguous and embeddings."
+                encoder_output = self.encoder_cache[req_id][i]
+                mm_embeds.append(encoder_output)
+        return mm_embeds
+
+    def _get_model_inputs(self, input_ids: torch.Tensor,
+                          mm_embeds: list[torch.Tensor]):
+        if self.is_multimodal_model:
+            # NOTE(woosuk): To unify token ids and soft tokens (vision
+            # embeddings), we always use embeddings (rather than token ids)
+            # as input to the multimodal model, even when the input is text.
+            if mm_embeds:
+                inputs_embeds = self.model.get_input_embeddings(
+                    input_ids, mm_embeds)
+            else:
+                inputs_embeds = self.model.get_input_embeddings(input_ids)
+            return None, inputs_embeds
+        else:
+            # For text-only models, we use token ids as input.
+            # While it is possible to use embeddings as input just like the
+            # multimodal models, it is not desirable for performance since
+            # then the embedding layer is not included in the CUDA graph.
+            return input_ids, None
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def execute_model(
+        self,
+        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
+        intermediate_tensors: Optional[IntermediateTensors] = None,
+    ) -> ModelRunnerOutput:
+        # Update cached state
+        self._update_states(scheduler_output)
+        if not scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens:
+            # Return empty ModelRunnerOutput if there's no work to do.
+            return EMPTY_MODEL_RUNNER_OUTPUT
+
+        if self.is_multimodal_model:
+            # Run the multimodal encoder if any.
+            self._execute_mm_encoder(scheduler_output)
+            mm_embeds = self._gather_mm_embeddings(scheduler_output)
+        else:
+            mm_embeds = []
+        xm.mark_step()
+        # Prepare inputs
+        attn_metadata, logits_indices, padded_num_reqs = self._prepare_inputs(
+            scheduler_output)
+        input_ids, inputs_embeds = self._get_model_inputs(
+            self.input_ids, mm_embeds)
+        xm.mark_step()
+        num_reqs = self.input_batch.num_reqs
+        # Run the decoder
+        with set_forward_context(
+                attn_metadata,
+                self.vllm_config,
+                num_tokens=scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens):
+            hidden_states = self.model(
+                input_ids=input_ids,
+                positions=self.position_ids,
+                inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
+            )
+        hidden_states = self.select_hidden_states(hidden_states,
+                                                  logits_indices)
+        logits = self.compute_logits(hidden_states)
+        tpu_sampling_metadata = TPUSupportedSamplingMetadata.\
+            from_input_batch(self.input_batch, padded_num_reqs, self.device)
+        if scheduler_output.grammar_bitmask is not None:
+            require_struct_decoding, grammar_bitmask_padded, arange = \
+                self.prepare_structured_decoding_input(logits, scheduler_output)
+            logits = self.structured_decode(require_struct_decoding,
+                                            grammar_bitmask_padded, logits,
+                                            arange)
+        selected_token_ids = self.sample_from_logits(logits,
+                                                     tpu_sampling_metadata)
+
+        # NOTE (NickLucche) Use the original logits (before any penalties or
+        # temperature scaling) for the top-k logprobs. We can't enforce it due
+        # to recompilations outside torch.compiled code, so just make sure
+        # `sample_from_logits` does not modify the logits in-place.
+        logprobs = self.gather_logprobs(logits, selected_token_ids) \
+            if tpu_sampling_metadata.logprobs else None
+
+        # Remove padding on cpu and keep dynamic op outside of xla graph.
+        selected_token_ids = selected_token_ids.cpu()[:num_reqs]
+        logprobs_lists = logprobs.tolists() \
+            if tpu_sampling_metadata.logprobs else None
+
+        # Update the cache state concurrently. Code above will not block until
+        # we use `selected_token_ids`. Add mark_step if post-processing changes
+        request_seq_lens: list[tuple[int, CachedRequestState, int]] = []
+        discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices = []
+        for i, req_id in zip(range(num_reqs), self.input_batch.req_ids):
+            assert req_id is not None
+            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
+            seq_len = (req_state.num_computed_tokens +
+                       scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[req_id])
+            if seq_len >= req_state.num_tokens:
+                request_seq_lens.append((i, req_state, seq_len))
+            else:
+                # Ignore the sampled token from the partial request.
+                # Rewind the generator state as if the token was not sampled.
+                generator = self.input_batch.generators.get(i)
+                if generator is not None:
+                    # This relies on cuda-specific torch-internal impl details
+                    generator.set_offset(generator.get_offset() - 4)
+
+                # Record the index of the request that should not be sampled,
+                # so that we could clear the sampled tokens before returning.
+                discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices.append(i)
+
+        assert all(
+            req_id is not None for req_id in
+            self.input_batch.req_ids[:num_reqs]), "req_ids contains None"
+        req_ids = cast(list[str], self.input_batch.req_ids[:num_reqs])
+
+        prompt_logprobs_dict: dict[str, Optional[LogprobsTensors]] = {}
+        for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids[:num_reqs]:
+            prompt_logprobs_dict[req_id] = None
+
+        max_gen_len = selected_token_ids.shape[-1]
+        if max_gen_len == 1:
+            valid_sampled_token_ids = selected_token_ids.tolist()
+
+            # Mask out the sampled tokens that should not be sampled.
+            # TODO: Keep in sync with gpu_model_runner.py, in particular
+            #       the "else" case here
+            for i in discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices:
+                valid_sampled_token_ids[i].clear()
+
+            # Append sampled tokens
+            for i, req_state, seq_len in request_seq_lens:
+                token_id = valid_sampled_token_ids[i][0]
+                self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu[i, seq_len] = token_id
+                req_state.output_token_ids.append(token_id)
+                self.input_batch.num_tokens[i] += 1
+
+        else:
+            valid_mask = selected_token_ids != INVALID_TOKEN_ID
+            gen_lens = valid_mask.sum(dim=1).tolist()
+            valid_sampled_token_ids = [
+                seq.tolist()
+                for seq in selected_token_ids[valid_mask].split(gen_lens)
+            ]
+            self.input_batch.num_tokens[:num_reqs] += gen_lens
+            for i, req_state, seq_len in request_seq_lens:
+                target_slice = slice(seq_len - gen_lens[i] + 1, seq_len + 1)
+                self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu[
+                    i, target_slice] = valid_sampled_token_ids[i]
+                req_state.output_token_ids.extend(valid_sampled_token_ids[i])
+
+        model_runner_output = ModelRunnerOutput(
+            req_ids=req_ids,
+            req_id_to_index=self.input_batch.req_id_to_index,
+            sampled_token_ids=valid_sampled_token_ids,
+            spec_token_ids=None,
+            logprobs=logprobs_lists,
+            prompt_logprobs_dict=prompt_logprobs_dict,
+        )
+
+        # Check there are no new graphs compiled - all the graphs should be
+        # captured and compiled during warm up.
+        self._verify_num_xla_graphs("execute_model")
+
+        return model_runner_output
+
+    def load_model(self) -> None:
+        self.device = self.device_config.device
+
+        # NOTE(woosuk): While the executor assigns the TP ranks to the worker
+        # process, the ranks can be different from the ranks internally assigned
+        # by the xm runtime. Therefore, there is a mismatch in the rank
+        # assignment between the gloo (cpu) runtime and the xm (tpu) runtime.
+        # This is not a problem in linear layers because all-reduce is
+        # rank-agnostic. However, it matters for all-gather as the ranks
+        # determine the order of concatenating the output tensors.
+        # As a workaround, we use the xm's rank assignment only when loading
+        # the embedding weights.
+        xm_tp_rank = xr.global_ordinal()
+        with patch(
+                "vllm.model_executor.layers.vocab_parallel_embedding."
+                "get_tensor_model_parallel_rank",
+                return_value=xm_tp_rank):
+            model = get_model(vllm_config=self.vllm_config)
+        if self.lora_config is not None:
+            model = self.load_lora_model(model, self.model_config,
+                                         self.scheduler_config,
+                                         self.lora_config, self.device)
+
+        # Sync all pending XLA execution during model initialization and weight
+        # loading.
+        xm.mark_step()
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        self.model = model
+        self.sampler = TPUSampler()
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def _dummy_run(self, num_tokens: int) -> None:
+        if self.is_multimodal_model:
+            input_ids = None
+            inputs_embeds = torch.zeros((num_tokens, self.hidden_size),
+                                        dtype=self.dtype,
+                                        device=self.device)
+        else:
+            input_ids = torch.zeros((num_tokens),
+                                    dtype=torch.int32,
+                                    device=self.device)
+            inputs_embeds = None
+        actual_num_reqs = min(num_tokens, self.max_num_reqs)
+        position_ids = torch.zeros(num_tokens,
+                                   dtype=torch.int32,
+                                   device=self.device)
+        slot_mapping = torch.zeros(num_tokens,
+                                   dtype=torch.int64,
+                                   device=self.device)
+        block_tables = torch.zeros(
+            (self.max_num_reqs, self.block_table_cpu.shape[1]),
+            dtype=torch.int32,
+            device=self.device)
+        query_lens = [1] * self.max_num_reqs
+        query_start_loc = torch.cumsum(torch.tensor([0] + query_lens,
+                                                    dtype=torch.int32),
+                                       dim=0,
+                                       dtype=torch.int32).to(self.device)
+        context_lens = torch.ones((self.max_num_reqs, ),
+                                  dtype=torch.int32,
+                                  device=self.device)
+        num_seqs = torch.tensor([actual_num_reqs],
+                                dtype=torch.int32,
+                                device=self.device)
+        attn_metadata = PallasMetadata(
+            slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
+            block_tables=block_tables,
+            context_lens=context_lens,
+            query_start_loc=query_start_loc,
+            num_seqs=num_seqs,
+        )
+
+        if self.is_multimodal_model:
+            torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(inputs_embeds, 0)
+        else:
+            torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(input_ids, 0)
+        torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(position_ids, 0)
+        torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(attn_metadata.slot_mapping, 0)
+
+        layer_names = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config,
+                                                  Attention).keys()
+        per_layer_attn_metadata = {
+            layer_name: attn_metadata
+            for layer_name in layer_names
+        }
+
+        with self.maybe_dummy_run_with_lora(
+                self.lora_config,
+                np.array([num_tokens], dtype=np.int32)), set_forward_context(
+                    per_layer_attn_metadata, self.vllm_config, 0):
+            out = self.model(input_ids=input_ids,
+                             positions=position_ids,
+                             inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds)
+        self._hidden_states_dtype = out.dtype
+
+    def _precompile_mm_encoder(self) -> None:
+        # Pre-compile MM encoder for all supported data modalities.
+        hf_config = self.vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
+        for mode, max_items_by_mode in \
+            self.max_num_mm_items_by_modality.items():
+            logger.info(
+                "Compiling Multimodal %s Encoder with different input"
+                " shapes.", mode)
+            start = time.perf_counter()
+            # No padding for MM encoder just yet.
+            for num_items in range(1, max_items_by_mode + 1):
+                logger.info("  -- mode: %s items: %d", mode, num_items)
+                batched_dummy_mm_inputs = self._get_mm_dummy_batch(
+                    mode, num_items)
+                # Run multimodal encoder.
+                xm.mark_step()
+                mm_embeds = self.model.\
+                    get_multimodal_embeddings(**batched_dummy_mm_inputs)
+                xm.mark_step()
+                num_patches = mm_embeds[0].shape[0]
+                items_size = num_patches * num_items
+
+                # NOTE (NickLucche) pre-compile `get_input_embeddings` when mm
+                # embeddings are present. We assume `--disable-mm-chunked`,
+                # hence only whole items can be scheduled. This implies we just
+                # need to compile when `num_items` fit the (padded) `input_ids`
+                for num_tokens in self.num_tokens_paddings:
+                    if num_tokens >= items_size:
+                        # XLA Workaround: if torch.zeros(..device) is used, XLA
+                        # compiles a scalar+expansion op, which won't match
+                        # the graph generated at runtime. CPU->TPU must be used
+                        placeholders_ids = torch.zeros(num_tokens,
+                                                       dtype=torch.int32,
+                                                       device="cpu")
+                        # Align placeholders and actual num mm_embeddings.
+                        placeholders_ids[:items_size] = \
+                            hf_config.image_token_index
+
+                        placeholders_ids = placeholders_ids.to(self.device)
+                        # Assign outputs or the graph will be cut short.
+                        a, b = self._get_model_inputs(placeholders_ids,
+                                                      [mm_embeds])
+                        assert a is None
+                        xm.mark_step()
+
+            # Pre-compile `get_input_embeddings` when mm_embeddings are not
+            # present. Chunk is only made of text, no mm_placeholders.
+            for num_tokens in self.num_tokens_paddings:
+                placeholders_ids = torch.zeros(num_tokens,
+                                               dtype=torch.int32,
+                                               device="cpu")
+                placeholders_ids = placeholders_ids.to(self.device)
+                a, b = self._get_model_inputs(placeholders_ids, [])
+                assert a is None
+                xm.mark_step()
+
+            xm.wait_device_ops()
+            end = time.perf_counter()
+            logger.info(
+                "Multimodal %s Encoder compilation finished in in %.2f "
+                "[secs].", mode, end - start)
+
+    def _precompile_backbone(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Compiling the model with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        for num_tokens in self.num_tokens_paddings:
+            logger.info("  -- num_tokens: %d", num_tokens)
+            self._dummy_run(num_tokens)
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("model backbone")
+
+    def _precompile_select_hidden_states(self) -> None:
+        # Compile hidden state selection function for bucketed
+        # n_tokens x max_num_reqs. Graph is really small so this is fine.
+        logger.info(
+            "Compiling select_hidden_states with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        hsize = self.model_config.get_hidden_size()
+        for num_tokens in self.num_tokens_paddings:
+            dummy_hidden = torch.zeros((num_tokens, hsize),
+                                       device=self.device,
+                                       dtype=self._hidden_states_dtype)
+            torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(dummy_hidden, 0)
+            for num_reqs in self.num_reqs_paddings:
+                indices = torch.zeros(num_reqs,
+                                      dtype=torch.int32,
+                                      device=self.device)
+                torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(indices, 0)
+                self.select_hidden_states(dummy_hidden, indices)
+                logger.info("  -- num_tokens: %d, num_seqs: %d", num_tokens,
+                            num_reqs)
+                # Requests can't be more than tokens. But do compile for the
+                # next bigger value in case num_tokens uses bucketed padding.
+                if num_reqs >= min(num_tokens, self.max_num_reqs):
+                    break
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("select_hidden_states")
+
+    def _precompile_compute_logits(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Compiling compute_logits with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        hsize = self.model_config.get_hidden_size()
+        for num_reqs in self.num_reqs_paddings:
+            dummy_hidden = torch.zeros((num_reqs, hsize),
+                                       device=self.device,
+                                       dtype=self._hidden_states_dtype)
+            torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(dummy_hidden, 0)
+            self.compute_logits(dummy_hidden)
+            logger.info("  -- num_seqs: %d", num_reqs)
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("compute_logits")
+
+    def _precompile_structured_decoding(self) -> None:
+        logger.info(
+            "Compiling structured_decoding with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        for num_reqs in self.num_reqs_paddings:
+            dummy_logits = torch.zeros((num_reqs, self.vocab_size),
+                                       device=self.device,
+                                       dtype=self._hidden_states_dtype)
+            dummy_require_struct_decoding = \
+                self.require_structured_out_cpu[:num_reqs].to(self.device)
+            dummy_grammar_bitmask = \
+                self.grammar_bitmask_cpu[:num_reqs].to(self.device)
+            # The first dimension of the above 3 dummy tensors cannot be
+            # mark_dynamic because some operations in structured_decode require
+            # them to be static.
+            arange = self.structured_decode_arange.to(self.device)
+            self.structured_decode(dummy_require_struct_decoding,
+                                   dummy_grammar_bitmask, dummy_logits, arange)
+            logger.info("  -- num_seqs: %d", num_reqs)
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("structured_decoding")
+
+    def _precompile_sample_from_logits(self) -> None:
+        logger.info(
+            "Compiling sample_from_logits with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        for num_reqs in self.num_reqs_paddings:
+            dummy_logits = torch.zeros((num_reqs, self.vocab_size),
+                                       device=self.device,
+                                       dtype=self._hidden_states_dtype)
+            # The first dimension of dummy_logits cannot be mark_dynamic
+            # because some operations in the sampler require it to be static.
+            for all_greedy in [False, True]:
+                generate_params_if_all_greedy = not all_greedy
+                sampling_metadata = (
+                    TPUSupportedSamplingMetadata.from_input_batch(
+                        self.input_batch,
+                        num_reqs,
+                        self.device,
+                        generate_params_if_all_greedy,
+                    ))
+                sampling_metadata.all_greedy = all_greedy
+                self.sample_from_logits(dummy_logits, sampling_metadata)
+            logger.info("  -- num_seqs: %d", num_reqs)
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("sample_from_logits")
+
+    def _precompile_gather_logprobs(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Compiling gather_logprobs with different input shapes.")
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        for num_reqs in self.num_reqs_paddings:
+            dummy_logits = torch.zeros((num_reqs, self.vocab_size),
+                                       device=self.device,
+                                       dtype=self._hidden_states_dtype)
+            dummy_tokens = torch.zeros((num_reqs, 1),
+                                       dtype=torch.int64).to(self.device)
+            self.gather_logprobs(dummy_logits, dummy_tokens)
+            logger.info("  -- num_seqs: %d", num_reqs)
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        end = time.perf_counter()
+        logger.info("Compilation finished in %.2f [secs].", end - start)
+        self._update_num_xla_graphs("gather_logprobs")
+
+    def capture_model(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Precompile all the subgraphs with possible input shapes.
+        """
+        self._precompile_mm_encoder()
+        self._precompile_backbone()
+        self._precompile_select_hidden_states()
+        self._precompile_compute_logits()
+        self._precompile_structured_decoding()
+        self._precompile_sample_from_logits()
+        self._precompile_gather_logprobs()
+
+    def profile_run(
+        self,
+        num_tokens: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Profile with multimodal encoder & encoder cache.
+        # TODO: handle encoder-decoder models once we support them.
+        if (self.is_multimodal_model and self.max_num_encoder_input_tokens > 0
+                and self.encoder_cache_size > 0):
+
+            # NOTE: Currently model is profiled with a single non-text
+            # modality with the max possible input tokens even when
+            # it supports multiple.
+            dummy_data_modality, max_num_mm_items = max(
+                self.max_num_mm_items_by_modality.items(), key=lambda t: t[1])
+
+            encoder_budget = min(self.max_num_encoder_input_tokens,
+                                 self.encoder_cache_size)
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Encoder cache will be initialized with a budget of %d tokens,"
+                " and profiled with %s %s items of the maximum feature size.",
+                encoder_budget, max_num_mm_items, dummy_data_modality)
+
+            # Create dummy batch of multimodal inputs.
+            batched_dummy_mm_inputs = self._get_mm_dummy_batch(
+                dummy_data_modality, max_num_mm_items)
+
+            # Run multimodal encoder.
+            # Isolate encoder graph from post-processing to minimize
+            # impact of recompilation until it's fixed.
+            start = time.perf_counter()
+            xm.mark_step()
+            dummy_encoder_outputs = self.model.get_multimodal_embeddings(
+                **batched_dummy_mm_inputs)
+            xm.mark_step()
+            xm.wait_device_ops()
+            end = time.perf_counter()
+            logger.info(
+                "Multimodal Encoder profiling finished in in %.2f [secs].",
+                end - start)
+
+            assert len(dummy_encoder_outputs) == max_num_mm_items, (
+                "Expected dimension 0 of encoder outputs to match the number "
+                f"of multimodal data items: {max_num_mm_items}, got "
+                f"{len(dummy_encoder_outputs)=} instead. This is most likely "
+                "due to the 'get_multimodal_embeddings' method of the model "
+                "not implemented correctly.")
+
+            # Cache the dummy encoder outputs.
+            self.encoder_cache["tmp"] = dict(enumerate(dummy_encoder_outputs))
+
+        # Trigger compilation for general shape.
+        self._dummy_run(num_tokens)
+
+        xm.mark_step()
+        xm.wait_device_ops()
+        self.encoder_cache.clear()
+        gc.collect()
+
+    def initialize_kv_cache(self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize KV cache based on `kv_cache_config`.
+        Args:
+            kv_cache_config: Configuration for the KV cache, including the KV
+            cache size of each layer
+        """
+        if len(kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups) > 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Hybrid models with more than one KV cache type are not "
+                "supported yet.")
+
+        self.input_batch = InputBatch(
+            max_num_reqs=self.max_num_reqs,
+            max_model_len=self.max_model_len,
+            max_num_batched_tokens=self.max_num_tokens,
+            device=self.device,
+            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
+            vocab_size=self.model_config.get_vocab_size(),
+            block_size=kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups[0].kv_cache_spec.
+            block_size,
+        )
+        assert self.block_table_cpu.dtype == self.input_batch.block_table[
+            0].get_cpu_tensor().dtype
+
+        kv_caches: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
+
+        for kv_cache_group in kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups:
+            kv_cache_spec = kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec
+            for layer_name in kv_cache_group.layer_names:
+                tensor_config = kv_cache_config.tensors[layer_name]
+                assert tensor_config.size % kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes == 0
+                num_blocks = tensor_config.size // kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
+                if isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec):
+                    kv_cache_shape = PallasAttentionBackend.get_kv_cache_shape(
+                        num_blocks, kv_cache_spec.block_size,
+                        kv_cache_spec.num_kv_heads, kv_cache_spec.head_size)
+                    dtype = kv_cache_spec.dtype
+
+                    tpu_kv_cache = torch.zeros(kv_cache_shape,
+                                               dtype=dtype,
+                                               device=self.device)
+
+                    kv_caches[layer_name] = tpu_kv_cache
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+
+        bind_kv_cache(
+            kv_caches,
+            self.vllm_config.compilation_config.static_forward_context,
+            self.kv_caches)
+
+    def reset_dynamo_cache(self):
+        if self.is_multimodal_model:
+            compiled_model = self.model.get_language_model().model
+        else:
+            compiled_model = self.model.model
+        if isinstance(compiled_model, TorchCompileWrapperWithCustomDispatcher):
+            logger.info("Clear dynamo cache and cached dynamo bytecode.")
+            torch._dynamo.eval_frame.remove_from_cache(
+                compiled_model.original_code_object)
+            compiled_model.compiled_codes.clear()
+
+    @torch.compile(backend="openxla", fullgraph=True, dynamic=False)
+    def select_hidden_states(self, hidden_states, indices_do_sample):
+        return hidden_states[indices_do_sample]
+
+    @torch.compile(backend="openxla", fullgraph=True, dynamic=False)
+    def compute_logits(self,
+                       sample_hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.model.compute_logits(sample_hidden_states, None)
+
+    @torch.compile(backend="openxla", fullgraph=True, dynamic=False)
+    def sample_from_logits(
+            self, logits: torch.Tensor,
+            sampling_metadata: TPUSupportedSamplingMetadata) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Sample with xla-friendly function. This function is to be traced 
+        separately from `forward` for lighter compilation overhead.
+        """
+        if sampling_metadata.all_greedy:
+            out_tokens = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+        else:
+            out_tokens = self.sampler(logits,
+                                      sampling_metadata).sampled_token_ids
+        return out_tokens
+
+    @torch.compile(backend="openxla", fullgraph=True, dynamic=False)
+    def gather_logprobs(self, logits: torch.Tensor,
+                        sampled_tokens: torch.Tensor) -> LogprobsTensors:
+        """
+        Gather the top_logprobs with corresponding tokens. Use a fixed number
+        of logprobs as an alternative to having multiple pre-compiled graphs.
+        Select the number of logprobs actually demanded by each request on CPU.
+        """
+        logprobs = self.sampler.compute_logprobs(logits)
+        return self.sampler.gather_logprobs(
+            logprobs,
+            self.model_config.max_logprobs,
+            token_ids=sampled_tokens.squeeze(-1))
+
+    @torch.compile(backend="openxla", fullgraph=True, dynamic=False)
+    def structured_decode(self, require_struct_decoding: torch.Tensor,
+                          grammar_bitmask: torch.Tensor, logits: torch.Tensor,
+                          arange: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return torch.where(
+            require_struct_decoding,
+            self.apply_grammar_bitmask(logits, grammar_bitmask, arange),
+            logits)
+
+    def apply_grammar_bitmask(self, logits: torch.Tensor,
+                              grammar_bitmask: torch.Tensor,
+                              arange: torch.Tensor):
+        assert (logits.shape[0] == grammar_bitmask.shape[0])
+        logits_cloned = logits.clone()
+        for i in range(logits.shape[0]):
+            unpacked_bitmask = (torch.bitwise_right_shift(
+                grammar_bitmask[i][:, None], arange[None, :]) & 1) == 0
+            unpacked_bitmask = unpacked_bitmask.reshape(-1)[:self.vocab_size]
+            logits_cloned[i] = logits_cloned[i].masked_fill(
+                unpacked_bitmask, -float("inf"))
+        return logits_cloned
+
+    def get_multimodal_embeddings(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.model.get_multimodal_embeddings(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_input_embeddings(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.model.get_input_embeddings(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def prepare_structured_decoding_input(
+        self, logits: torch.Tensor, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        grammar_bitmask = scheduler_output.grammar_bitmask
+        assert grammar_bitmask is not None
+        num_reqs, _ = logits.shape
+
+        # Reset pre-allocated tensors
+        self.grammar_bitmask_cpu.zero_()
+        self.require_structured_out_cpu.zero_()
+
+        # We receive the structured output bitmask from the scheduler, but the
+        # indices of the requests in the batch may not match the indices of
+        # the bitmask since the scheduler doesn't know how the tpu runner is
+        # ordering the requests in the batch. We need to match the order of
+        # bitmask with the order of requests
+        struct_out_indices: list[int] = []
+        mask_indices: list[int] = []
+        for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids:
+            mask_index = scheduler_output.structured_output_request_ids.get(
+                req_id)
+            if mask_index is None:
+                continue
+            batch_index = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index[req_id]
+            struct_out_indices.append(batch_index)
+            mask_indices.append(mask_index)
+        self.grammar_bitmask_cpu[struct_out_indices] = torch.from_numpy(
+            grammar_bitmask[mask_indices])
+        # It's not guaranteed that all requests in this batch require
+        # structured output, so create a bool tensor to represent
+        # the requests that need structured output.
+        struct_out_indices = torch.tensor(struct_out_indices, dtype=torch.long)
+        self.require_structured_out_cpu[struct_out_indices] = True
+        return self.require_structured_out_cpu[:num_reqs].to(logits.device), \
+            self.grammar_bitmask_cpu[:num_reqs].to(logits.device), \
+            self.structured_decode_arange.to(logits.device)
+
+    def _get_mm_dummy_batch(self, modality: str,
+                            batch_size: int) -> BatchedTensorInputs:
+        # Dummy data for pre-compiling multimodal models.
+        dummy_request_data = self.mm_registry.get_decoder_dummy_data(
+            model_config=self.model_config,
+            seq_len=self.max_num_tokens,
+        )
+        dummy_mm_data = dummy_request_data.multi_modal_data
+
+        # Dummy data definition in V0 may contain multiple multimodal items
+        # (e.g, multiple images) for a single request, therefore here we
+        # always replicate first item by max_num_mm_items times since in V1
+        # they are scheduled to be processed separately.
+        assert isinstance(dummy_mm_data, MultiModalKwargs), (
+            "Expected dummy multimodal data to be of type "
+            f"MultiModalKwargs, got {type(dummy_mm_data)=} instead. "
+            "This is most likely due to the model not having a merged "
+            "processor.")
+
+        # When models have a merged processor, their dummy data is
+        # already batched `MultiModalKwargs`, therefore we take the first
+        # `MultiModalKwargsItem` from the desired modality to profile on.
+        dummy_mm_item = dummy_mm_data.get_item(modality=modality, item_index=0)
+        dummy_mm_kwargs = MultiModalKwargs.from_items([dummy_mm_item])
+
+        batched_dummy_mm_inputs = MultiModalKwargs.batch([dummy_mm_kwargs] *
+                                                         batch_size)
+        return MultiModalKwargs.as_kwargs(
+            batched_dummy_mm_inputs,
+            dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
+            device=self.device,
+        )
+
+
+def _get_req_paddings(min_req_size: int, max_req_size: int) -> list[int]:
+    logger.info("Preparing request paddings:")
+    # assert min_req_size is power of 2
+    assert (min_req_size & (min_req_size - 1) == 0) and min_req_size > 0
+    paddings: list = []
+    num = max(MIN_NUM_SEQS, min_req_size)
+    while num <= max_req_size and (len(paddings) == 0 or paddings[-1] != num):
+        paddings.append(num)
+        logger.info("    %d", num)
+        num = _get_padded_num_reqs_with_upper_limit(num + 1, max_req_size)
+    return paddings
+
+
+def _get_padded_num_reqs_with_upper_limit(x: int, upper_limit: int) -> int:
+    res = MIN_NUM_SEQS if x <= MIN_NUM_SEQS else 1 << (x - 1).bit_length()
+    return min(res, upper_limit)
+
+
+def _get_token_paddings(min_token_size: int, max_token_size: int,
+                        padding_gap: int) -> list[int]:
+    """Generate a list of padding size, starting from min_token_size, 
+    ending with a number that can cover max_token_size
+    
+    If padding_gap == 0 then:
+        increase 2X each time (exponential)
+    else:
+        first increase the size to twice, 
+        then increase the padding size by padding_gap.
+    """
+    # assert min_token_size is power of 2
+    assert (min_token_size & (min_token_size - 1) == 0) and min_token_size > 0
+    paddings = []
+    num = min_token_size
+
+    if padding_gap == 0:
+        logger.info("Using exponential token paddings:")
+        while True:
+            logger.info("    %d", num)
+            paddings.append(num)
+            if num >= max_token_size:
+                break
+            num *= 2
+    else:
+        logger.info("Using incremental token paddings:")
+        while num <= padding_gap:
+            logger.info("    %d", num)
+            paddings.append(num)
+            num *= 2
+        num //= 2
+        while num < max_token_size:
+            num += padding_gap
+            logger.info("    %d", num)
+            paddings.append(num)
+
+    return paddings
+
+
+def _get_padded_token_len(paddings: list[int], x: int) -> int:
+    """Return the first element in paddings list greater or equal to x.
+    """
+    index = bisect.bisect_left(paddings, x)
+    assert index < len(paddings)
+    return paddings[index]