scipy 1.16.2__cp313-cp313t-win_arm64.whl

scipy/interpolate/_fitpack_impl.py

@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+"""
+fitpack (dierckx in netlib) --- A Python-C wrapper to FITPACK (by P. Dierckx).
+        FITPACK is a collection of FORTRAN programs for curve and surface
+        fitting with splines and tensor product splines.
+
+See
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20010524124604/http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be:80/cwis/research/nalag/research/topics/fitpack.html
+or
+ http://www.netlib.org/dierckx/
+
+Copyright 2002 Pearu Peterson all rights reserved,
+Pearu Peterson <pearu@cens.ioc.ee>
+Permission to use, modify, and distribute this software is given under the
+terms of the SciPy (BSD style) license. See LICENSE.txt that came with
+this distribution for specifics.
+
+NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.  USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
+
+TODO: Make interfaces to the following fitpack functions:
+    For univariate splines: cocosp, concon, fourco, insert
+    For bivariate splines: profil, regrid, parsur, surev
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['splrep', 'splprep', 'splev', 'splint', 'sproot', 'spalde',
+           'bisplrep', 'bisplev', 'insert', 'splder', 'splantider']
+
+import warnings
+import numpy as np
+from . import _fitpack
+from numpy import (atleast_1d, array, ones, zeros, sqrt, ravel, transpose,
+                   empty, iinfo, asarray)
+
+# Try to replace _fitpack interface with
+#  f2py-generated version
+from . import _dfitpack as dfitpack
+
+
+dfitpack_int = dfitpack.types.intvar.dtype
+
+
+def _int_overflow(x, exception, msg=None):
+    """Cast the value to an dfitpack_int and raise an OverflowError if the value
+    cannot fit.
+    """
+    if x > iinfo(dfitpack_int).max:
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = f'{x!r} cannot fit into an {dfitpack_int!r}'
+        raise exception(msg)
+    return dfitpack_int.type(x)
+
+
+_iermess = {
+    0: ["The spline has a residual sum of squares fp such that "
+        "abs(fp-s)/s<=0.001", None],
+    -1: ["The spline is an interpolating spline (fp=0)", None],
+    -2: ["The spline is weighted least-squares polynomial of degree k.\n"
+         "fp gives the upper bound fp0 for the smoothing factor s", None],
+    1: ["The required storage space exceeds the available storage space.\n"
+        "Probable causes: data (x,y) size is too small or smoothing parameter"
+        "\ns is too small (fp>s).", ValueError],
+    2: ["A theoretically impossible result when finding a smoothing spline\n"
+        "with fp = s. Probable cause: s too small. (abs(fp-s)/s>0.001)",
+        ValueError],
+    3: ["The maximal number of iterations (20) allowed for finding smoothing\n"
+        "spline with fp=s has been reached. Probable cause: s too small.\n"
+        "(abs(fp-s)/s>0.001)", ValueError],
+    10: ["Error on input data", ValueError],
+    'unknown': ["An error occurred", TypeError]
+}
+
+_iermess2 = {
+    0: ["The spline has a residual sum of squares fp such that "
+        "abs(fp-s)/s<=0.001", None],
+    -1: ["The spline is an interpolating spline (fp=0)", None],
+    -2: ["The spline is weighted least-squares polynomial of degree kx and ky."
+         "\nfp gives the upper bound fp0 for the smoothing factor s", None],
+    -3: ["Warning. The coefficients of the spline have been computed as the\n"
+         "minimal norm least-squares solution of a rank deficient system.",
+         None],
+    1: ["The required storage space exceeds the available storage space.\n"
+        "Probable causes: nxest or nyest too small or s is too small. (fp>s)",
+        ValueError],
+    2: ["A theoretically impossible result when finding a smoothing spline\n"
+        "with fp = s. Probable causes: s too small or badly chosen eps.\n"
+        "(abs(fp-s)/s>0.001)", ValueError],
+    3: ["The maximal number of iterations (20) allowed for finding smoothing\n"
+        "spline with fp=s has been reached. Probable cause: s too small.\n"
+        "(abs(fp-s)/s>0.001)", ValueError],
+    4: ["No more knots can be added because the number of B-spline\n"
+        "coefficients already exceeds the number of data points m.\n"
+        "Probable causes: either s or m too small. (fp>s)", ValueError],
+    5: ["No more knots can be added because the additional knot would\n"
+        "coincide with an old one. Probable cause: s too small or too large\n"
+        "a weight to an inaccurate data point. (fp>s)", ValueError],
+    10: ["Error on input data", ValueError],
+    11: ["rwrk2 too small, i.e., there is not enough workspace for computing\n"
+         "the minimal least-squares solution of a rank deficient system of\n"
+         "linear equations.", ValueError],
+    'unknown': ["An error occurred", TypeError]
+}
+
+_parcur_cache = {'t': array([], float), 'wrk': array([], float),
+                 'iwrk': array([], dfitpack_int), 'u': array([], float),
+                 'ub': 0, 'ue': 1}
+
+
+def splprep(x, w=None, u=None, ub=None, ue=None, k=3, task=0, s=None, t=None,
+            full_output=0, nest=None, per=0, quiet=1):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splprep`
+    if task <= 0:
+        _parcur_cache = {'t': array([], float), 'wrk': array([], float),
+                         'iwrk': array([], dfitpack_int), 'u': array([], float),
+                         'ub': 0, 'ue': 1}
+    x = atleast_1d(x)
+    idim, m = x.shape
+    if per:
+        for i in range(idim):
+            if x[i][0] != x[i][-1]:
+                if not quiet:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        RuntimeWarning(f'Setting x[{i}][{m}]=x[{i}][0]'), 
+                        stacklevel=2
+                    )
+                x[i][-1] = x[i][0]
+    if not 0 < idim < 11:
+        raise TypeError('0 < idim < 11 must hold')
+    if w is None:
+        w = ones(m, float)
+    else:
+        w = atleast_1d(w)
+    ipar = (u is not None)
+    if ipar:
+        _parcur_cache['u'] = u
+        if ub is None:
+            _parcur_cache['ub'] = u[0]
+        else:
+            _parcur_cache['ub'] = ub
+        if ue is None:
+            _parcur_cache['ue'] = u[-1]
+        else:
+            _parcur_cache['ue'] = ue
+    else:
+        _parcur_cache['u'] = zeros(m, float)
+    if not (1 <= k <= 5):
+        raise TypeError(f'1 <= k= {k} <=5 must hold')
+    if not (-1 <= task <= 1):
+        raise TypeError('task must be -1, 0 or 1')
+    if (not len(w) == m) or (ipar == 1 and (not len(u) == m)):
+        raise TypeError('Mismatch of input dimensions')
+    if s is None:
+        s = m - sqrt(2*m)
+    if t is None and task == -1:
+        raise TypeError('Knots must be given for task=-1')
+    if t is not None:
+        _parcur_cache['t'] = atleast_1d(t)
+    n = len(_parcur_cache['t'])
+    if task == -1 and n < 2*k + 2:
+        raise TypeError('There must be at least 2*k+2 knots for task=-1')
+    if m <= k:
+        raise TypeError('m > k must hold')
+    if nest is None:
+        nest = m + 2*k
+
+    if (task >= 0 and s == 0) or (nest < 0):
+        if per:
+            nest = m + 2*k
+        else:
+            nest = m + k + 1
+    nest = max(nest, 2*k + 3)
+    u = _parcur_cache['u']
+    ub = _parcur_cache['ub']
+    ue = _parcur_cache['ue']
+    t = _parcur_cache['t']
+    wrk = _parcur_cache['wrk']
+    iwrk = _parcur_cache['iwrk']
+    t, c, o = _fitpack._parcur(ravel(transpose(x)), w, u, ub, ue, k,
+                               task, ipar, s, t, nest, wrk, iwrk, per)
+    _parcur_cache['u'] = o['u']
+    _parcur_cache['ub'] = o['ub']
+    _parcur_cache['ue'] = o['ue']
+    _parcur_cache['t'] = t
+    _parcur_cache['wrk'] = o['wrk']
+    _parcur_cache['iwrk'] = o['iwrk']
+    ier = o['ier']
+    fp = o['fp']
+    n = len(t)
+    u = o['u']
+    c.shape = idim, n - k - 1
+    tcku = [t, list(c), k], u
+    if ier <= 0 and not quiet:
+        warnings.warn(
+            RuntimeWarning(
+                _iermess[ier][0] + f"\tk={k} n={len(t)} m={m} fp={fp} s={s}"
+            ), 
+            stacklevel=2
+        )
+    if ier > 0 and not full_output:
+        if ier in [1, 2, 3]:
+            warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning(_iermess[ier][0]), stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            try:
+                raise _iermess[ier][1](_iermess[ier][0])
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise _iermess['unknown'][1](_iermess['unknown'][0]) from e
+    if full_output:
+        try:
+            return tcku, fp, ier, _iermess[ier][0]
+        except KeyError:
+            return tcku, fp, ier, _iermess['unknown'][0]
+    else:
+        return tcku
+
+
+_curfit_cache = {'t': array([], float), 'wrk': array([], float),
+                 'iwrk': array([], dfitpack_int)}
+
+
+def splrep(x, y, w=None, xb=None, xe=None, k=3, task=0, s=None, t=None,
+           full_output=0, per=0, quiet=1):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splrep`
+    if task <= 0:
+        _curfit_cache = {}
+    x, y = map(atleast_1d, [x, y])
+    m = len(x)
+    if w is None:
+        w = ones(m, float)
+        if s is None:
+            s = 0.0
+    else:
+        w = atleast_1d(w)
+        if s is None:
+            s = m - sqrt(2*m)
+    if not len(w) == m:
+        raise TypeError(f'len(w)={len(w)} is not equal to m={m}')
+    if (m != len(y)) or (m != len(w)):
+        raise TypeError('Lengths of the first three arguments (x,y,w) must '
+                        'be equal')
+    if not (1 <= k <= 5):
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'Given degree of the spline (k={k}) is not supported. (1<=k<=5)'
+        )
+    if m <= k:
+        raise TypeError('m > k must hold')
+    if xb is None:
+        xb = x[0]
+    if xe is None:
+        xe = x[-1]
+    if not (-1 <= task <= 1):
+        raise TypeError('task must be -1, 0 or 1')
+    if t is not None:
+        task = -1
+    if task == -1:
+        if t is None:
+            raise TypeError('Knots must be given for task=-1')
+        numknots = len(t)
+        _curfit_cache['t'] = empty((numknots + 2*k + 2,), float)
+        _curfit_cache['t'][k+1:-k-1] = t
+        nest = len(_curfit_cache['t'])
+    elif task == 0:
+        if per:
+            nest = max(m + 2*k, 2*k + 3)
+        else:
+            nest = max(m + k + 1, 2*k + 3)
+        t = empty((nest,), float)
+        _curfit_cache['t'] = t
+    if task <= 0:
+        if per:
+            _curfit_cache['wrk'] = empty((m*(k + 1) + nest*(8 + 5*k),), float)
+        else:
+            _curfit_cache['wrk'] = empty((m*(k + 1) + nest*(7 + 3*k),), float)
+        _curfit_cache['iwrk'] = empty((nest,), dfitpack_int)
+    try:
+        t = _curfit_cache['t']
+        wrk = _curfit_cache['wrk']
+        iwrk = _curfit_cache['iwrk']
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise TypeError("must call with task=1 only after"
+                        " call with task=0,-1") from e
+    if not per:
+        n, c, fp, ier = dfitpack.curfit(task, x, y, w, t, wrk, iwrk,
+                                        xb, xe, k, s)
+    else:
+        n, c, fp, ier = dfitpack.percur(task, x, y, w, t, wrk, iwrk, k, s)
+    tck = (t[:n], c[:n], k)
+    if ier <= 0 and not quiet:
+        _mess = (_iermess[ier][0] + f"\tk={k} n={len(t)} m={m} fp={fp} s={s}")
+        warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning(_mess), stacklevel=2)
+    if ier > 0 and not full_output:
+        if ier in [1, 2, 3]:
+            warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning(_iermess[ier][0]), stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            try:
+                raise _iermess[ier][1](_iermess[ier][0])
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise _iermess['unknown'][1](_iermess['unknown'][0]) from e
+    if full_output:
+        try:
+            return tck, fp, ier, _iermess[ier][0]
+        except KeyError:
+            return tck, fp, ier, _iermess['unknown'][0]
+    else:
+        return tck
+
+
+def splev(x, tck, der=0, ext=0):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splev`
+    t, c, k = tck
+    try:
+        c[0][0]
+        parametric = True
+    except Exception:
+        parametric = False
+    if parametric:
+        return list(map(lambda c, x=x, t=t, k=k, der=der:
+                        splev(x, [t, c, k], der, ext), c))
+    else:
+        if not (0 <= der <= k):
+            raise ValueError(f"0<=der={der}<=k={k} must hold")
+        if ext not in (0, 1, 2, 3):
+            raise ValueError(f"ext = {ext} not in (0, 1, 2, 3) ")
+
+        x = asarray(x)
+        shape = x.shape
+        x = atleast_1d(x).ravel()
+        if der == 0:
+            y, ier = dfitpack.splev(t, c, k, x, ext)
+        else:
+            y, ier = dfitpack.splder(t, c, k, x, der, ext)
+
+        if ier == 10:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid input data")
+        if ier == 1:
+            raise ValueError("Found x value not in the domain")
+        if ier:
+            raise TypeError("An error occurred")
+
+        return y.reshape(shape)
+
+
+def splint(a, b, tck, full_output=0):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splint`
+    t, c, k = tck
+    try:
+        c[0][0]
+        parametric = True
+    except Exception:
+        parametric = False
+    if parametric:
+        return list(map(lambda c, a=a, b=b, t=t, k=k:
+                        splint(a, b, [t, c, k]), c))
+    else:
+        aint, wrk = dfitpack.splint(t, c, k, a, b)
+        if full_output:
+            return aint, wrk
+        else:
+            return aint
+
+
+def sproot(tck, mest=10):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/sproot`
+    t, c, k = tck
+    if k != 3:
+        raise ValueError("sproot works only for cubic (k=3) splines")
+    try:
+        c[0][0]
+        parametric = True
+    except Exception:
+        parametric = False
+    if parametric:
+        return list(map(lambda c, t=t, k=k, mest=mest:
+                        sproot([t, c, k], mest), c))
+    else:
+        if len(t) < 8:
+            raise TypeError(f"The number of knots {len(t)}>=8")
+        z, m, ier = dfitpack.sproot(t, c, mest)
+        if ier == 10:
+            raise TypeError("Invalid input data. "
+                            "t1<=..<=t4<t5<..<tn-3<=..<=tn must hold.")
+        if ier == 0:
+            return z[:m]
+        if ier == 1:
+            warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning("The number of zeros exceeds mest"),
+                          stacklevel=2)
+            return z[:m]
+        raise TypeError("Unknown error")
+
+
+def spalde(x, tck):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/spalde`
+    t, c, k = tck
+    try:
+        c[0][0]
+        parametric = True
+    except Exception:
+        parametric = False
+    if parametric:
+        return list(map(lambda c, x=x, t=t, k=k:
+                        spalde(x, [t, c, k]), c))
+    else:
+        x = atleast_1d(x)
+        if len(x) > 1:
+            return list(map(lambda x, tck=tck: spalde(x, tck), x))
+        d, ier = dfitpack.spalde(t, c, k+1, x[0])
+        if ier == 0:
+            return d
+        if ier == 10:
+            raise TypeError("Invalid input data. t(k)<=x<=t(n-k+1) must hold.")
+        raise TypeError("Unknown error")
+
+# def _curfit(x,y,w=None,xb=None,xe=None,k=3,task=0,s=None,t=None,
+#           full_output=0,nest=None,per=0,quiet=1):
+
+
+_surfit_cache = {'tx': array([], float), 'ty': array([], float),
+                 'wrk': array([], float), 'iwrk': array([], dfitpack_int)}
+
+
+def bisplrep(x, y, z, w=None, xb=None, xe=None, yb=None, ye=None,
+             kx=3, ky=3, task=0, s=None, eps=1e-16, tx=None, ty=None,
+             full_output=0, nxest=None, nyest=None, quiet=1):
+    """
+    Find a bivariate B-spline representation of a surface.
+
+    Given a set of data points (x[i], y[i], z[i]) representing a surface
+    z=f(x,y), compute a B-spline representation of the surface. Based on
+    the routine SURFIT from FITPACK.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x, y, z : ndarray
+        Rank-1 arrays of data points.
+    w : ndarray, optional
+        Rank-1 array of weights. By default ``w=np.ones(len(x))``.
+    xb, xe : float, optional
+        End points of approximation interval in `x`.
+        By default ``xb = x.min(), xe=x.max()``.
+    yb, ye : float, optional
+        End points of approximation interval in `y`.
+        By default ``yb=y.min(), ye = y.max()``.
+    kx, ky : int, optional
+        The degrees of the spline (1 <= kx, ky <= 5).
+        Third order (kx=ky=3) is recommended.
+    task : int, optional
+        If task=0, find knots in x and y and coefficients for a given
+        smoothing factor, s.
+        If task=1, find knots and coefficients for another value of the
+        smoothing factor, s.  bisplrep must have been previously called
+        with task=0 or task=1.
+        If task=-1, find coefficients for a given set of knots tx, ty.
+    s : float, optional
+        A non-negative smoothing factor. If weights correspond
+        to the inverse of the standard-deviation of the errors in z,
+        then a good s-value should be found in the range
+        ``(m-sqrt(2*m),m+sqrt(2*m))`` where m=len(x).
+    eps : float, optional
+        A threshold for determining the effective rank of an
+        over-determined linear system of equations (0 < eps < 1).
+        `eps` is not likely to need changing.
+    tx, ty : ndarray, optional
+        Rank-1 arrays of the knots of the spline for task=-1
+    full_output : int, optional
+        Non-zero to return optional outputs.
+    nxest, nyest : int, optional
+        Over-estimates of the total number of knots. If None then
+        ``nxest = max(kx+sqrt(m/2),2*kx+3)``,
+        ``nyest = max(ky+sqrt(m/2),2*ky+3)``.
+    quiet : int, optional
+        Non-zero to suppress printing of messages.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tck : array_like
+        A list [tx, ty, c, kx, ky] containing the knots (tx, ty) and
+        coefficients (c) of the bivariate B-spline representation of the
+        surface along with the degree of the spline.
+    fp : ndarray
+        The weighted sum of squared residuals of the spline approximation.
+    ier : int
+        An integer flag about splrep success. Success is indicated if
+        ier<=0. If ier in [1,2,3] an error occurred but was not raised.
+        Otherwise an error is raised.
+    msg : str
+        A message corresponding to the integer flag, ier.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    splprep, splrep, splint, sproot, splev
+    UnivariateSpline, BivariateSpline
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `bisplev` to evaluate the value of the B-spline given its tck
+    representation.
+
+    If the input data is such that input dimensions have incommensurate
+    units and differ by many orders of magnitude, the interpolant may have
+    numerical artifacts. Consider rescaling the data before interpolation.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Dierckx P.:An algorithm for surface fitting with spline functions
+       Ima J. Numer. Anal. 1 (1981) 267-283.
+    .. [2] Dierckx P.:An algorithm for surface fitting with spline functions
+       report tw50, Dept. Computer Science,K.U.Leuven, 1980.
+    .. [3] Dierckx P.:Curve and surface fitting with splines, Monographs on
+       Numerical Analysis, Oxford University Press, 1993.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Examples are given :ref:`in the tutorial <tutorial-interpolate_2d_spline>`.
+
+    """
+    x, y, z = map(ravel, [x, y, z])  # ensure 1-d arrays.
+    m = len(x)
+    if not (m == len(y) == len(z)):
+        raise TypeError('len(x)==len(y)==len(z) must hold.')
+    if w is None:
+        w = ones(m, float)
+    else:
+        w = atleast_1d(w)
+    if not len(w) == m:
+        raise TypeError(f'len(w)={len(w)} is not equal to m={m}')
+    if xb is None:
+        xb = x.min()
+    if xe is None:
+        xe = x.max()
+    if yb is None:
+        yb = y.min()
+    if ye is None:
+        ye = y.max()
+    if not (-1 <= task <= 1):
+        raise TypeError('task must be -1, 0 or 1')
+    if s is None:
+        s = m - sqrt(2*m)
+    if tx is None and task == -1:
+        raise TypeError('Knots_x must be given for task=-1')
+    if tx is not None:
+        _surfit_cache['tx'] = atleast_1d(tx)
+    nx = len(_surfit_cache['tx'])
+    if ty is None and task == -1:
+        raise TypeError('Knots_y must be given for task=-1')
+    if ty is not None:
+        _surfit_cache['ty'] = atleast_1d(ty)
+    ny = len(_surfit_cache['ty'])
+    if task == -1 and nx < 2*kx+2:
+        raise TypeError('There must be at least 2*kx+2 knots_x for task=-1')
+    if task == -1 and ny < 2*ky+2:
+        raise TypeError('There must be at least 2*ky+2 knots_x for task=-1')
+    if not ((1 <= kx <= 5) and (1 <= ky <= 5)):
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'Given degree of the spline (kx,ky={kx},{ky}) is not supported. (1<=k<=5)'
+        )
+    if m < (kx + 1)*(ky + 1):
+        raise TypeError('m >= (kx+1)(ky+1) must hold')
+    if nxest is None:
+        nxest = int(kx + sqrt(m/2))
+    if nyest is None:
+        nyest = int(ky + sqrt(m/2))
+    nxest, nyest = max(nxest, 2*kx + 3), max(nyest, 2*ky + 3)
+    if task >= 0 and s == 0:
+        nxest = int(kx + sqrt(3*m))
+        nyest = int(ky + sqrt(3*m))
+    if task == -1:
+        _surfit_cache['tx'] = atleast_1d(tx)
+        _surfit_cache['ty'] = atleast_1d(ty)
+    tx, ty = _surfit_cache['tx'], _surfit_cache['ty']
+    wrk = _surfit_cache['wrk']
+    u = nxest - kx - 1
+    v = nyest - ky - 1
+    km = max(kx, ky) + 1
+    ne = max(nxest, nyest)
+    bx, by = kx*v + ky + 1, ky*u + kx + 1
+    b1, b2 = bx, bx + v - ky
+    if bx > by:
+        b1, b2 = by, by + u - kx
+    msg = "Too many data points to interpolate"
+    lwrk1 = _int_overflow(u*v*(2 + b1 + b2) +
+                          2*(u + v + km*(m + ne) + ne - kx - ky) + b2 + 1,
+                          OverflowError,
+                          msg=msg)
+    lwrk2 = _int_overflow(u*v*(b2 + 1) + b2, OverflowError, msg=msg)
+    tx, ty, c, o = _fitpack._surfit(x, y, z, w, xb, xe, yb, ye, kx, ky,
+                                    task, s, eps, tx, ty, nxest, nyest,
+                                    wrk, lwrk1, lwrk2)
+    _curfit_cache['tx'] = tx
+    _curfit_cache['ty'] = ty
+    _curfit_cache['wrk'] = o['wrk']
+    ier, fp = o['ier'], o['fp']
+    tck = [tx, ty, c, kx, ky]
+
+    ierm = min(11, max(-3, ier))
+    if ierm <= 0 and not quiet:
+        _mess = (
+            _iermess2[ierm][0] + 
+            f"\tkx,ky={kx},{ky} nx,ny={len(tx)},{len(ty)} m={m} fp={fp} s={s}"
+        )
+        warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning(_mess), stacklevel=2)
+    if ierm > 0 and not full_output:
+        if ier in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
+            _mess = (
+                f"\n\tkx,ky={kx},{ky} nx,ny={len(tx)},{len(ty)} m={m} fp={fp} s={s}"
+            )
+            warnings.warn(RuntimeWarning(_iermess2[ierm][0] + _mess), stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            try:
+                raise _iermess2[ierm][1](_iermess2[ierm][0])
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise _iermess2['unknown'][1](_iermess2['unknown'][0]) from e
+    if full_output:
+        try:
+            return tck, fp, ier, _iermess2[ierm][0]
+        except KeyError:
+            return tck, fp, ier, _iermess2['unknown'][0]
+    else:
+        return tck
+
+
+def bisplev(x, y, tck, dx=0, dy=0):
+    """
+    Evaluate a bivariate B-spline and its derivatives.
+
+    Return a rank-2 array of spline function values (or spline derivative
+    values) at points given by the cross-product of the rank-1 arrays `x` and
+    `y`.  In special cases, return an array or just a float if either `x` or
+    `y` or both are floats.  Based on BISPEV and PARDER from FITPACK.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x, y : ndarray
+        Rank-1 arrays specifying the domain over which to evaluate the
+        spline or its derivative.
+    tck : tuple
+        A sequence of length 5 returned by `bisplrep` containing the knot
+        locations, the coefficients, and the degree of the spline:
+        [tx, ty, c, kx, ky].
+    dx, dy : int, optional
+        The orders of the partial derivatives in `x` and `y` respectively.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    vals : ndarray
+        The B-spline or its derivative evaluated over the set formed by
+        the cross-product of `x` and `y`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    splprep, splrep, splint, sproot, splev
+    UnivariateSpline, BivariateSpline
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+        See `bisplrep` to generate the `tck` representation.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Dierckx P. : An algorithm for surface fitting
+       with spline functions
+       Ima J. Numer. Anal. 1 (1981) 267-283.
+    .. [2] Dierckx P. : An algorithm for surface fitting
+       with spline functions
+       report tw50, Dept. Computer Science,K.U.Leuven, 1980.
+    .. [3] Dierckx P. : Curve and surface fitting with splines,
+       Monographs on Numerical Analysis, Oxford University Press, 1993.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Examples are given :ref:`in the tutorial <tutorial-interpolate_2d_spline>`.
+
+    """
+    tx, ty, c, kx, ky = tck
+    if not (0 <= dx < kx):
+        raise ValueError(f"0 <= dx = {dx} < kx = {kx} must hold")
+    if not (0 <= dy < ky):
+        raise ValueError(f"0 <= dy = {dy} < ky = {ky} must hold")
+    x, y = map(atleast_1d, [x, y])
+    if (len(x.shape) != 1) or (len(y.shape) != 1):
+        raise ValueError("First two entries should be rank-1 arrays.")
+
+    msg = "Too many data points to interpolate."
+
+    _int_overflow(x.size * y.size, MemoryError, msg=msg)
+
+    if dx != 0 or dy != 0:
+        _int_overflow((tx.size - kx - 1)*(ty.size - ky - 1),
+                      MemoryError, msg=msg)
+        z, ier = dfitpack.parder(tx, ty, c, kx, ky, dx, dy, x, y)
+    else:
+        z, ier = dfitpack.bispev(tx, ty, c, kx, ky, x, y)
+
+    if ier == 10:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid input data")
+    if ier:
+        raise TypeError("An error occurred")
+    z.shape = len(x), len(y)
+    if len(z) > 1:
+        return z
+    if len(z[0]) > 1:
+        return z[0]
+    return z[0][0]
+
+
+def dblint(xa, xb, ya, yb, tck):
+    """Evaluate the integral of a spline over area [xa,xb] x [ya,yb].
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    xa, xb : float
+        The end-points of the x integration interval.
+    ya, yb : float
+        The end-points of the y integration interval.
+    tck : list [tx, ty, c, kx, ky]
+        A sequence of length 5 returned by bisplrep containing the knot
+        locations tx, ty, the coefficients c, and the degrees kx, ky
+        of the spline.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    integ : float
+        The value of the resulting integral.
+    """
+    tx, ty, c, kx, ky = tck
+    return dfitpack.dblint(tx, ty, c, kx, ky, xa, xb, ya, yb)
+
+
+def insert(x, tck, m=1, per=0):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/insert`
+    t, c, k = tck
+    try:
+        c[0][0]
+        parametric = True
+    except Exception:
+        parametric = False
+    if parametric:
+        cc = []
+        for c_vals in c:
+            tt, cc_val, kk = insert(x, [t, c_vals, k], m)
+            cc.append(cc_val)
+        return (tt, cc, kk)
+    else:
+        tt, cc, ier = _fitpack._insert(per, t, c, k, x, m)
+        if ier == 10:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid input data")
+        if ier:
+            raise TypeError("An error occurred")
+        return (tt, cc, k)
+
+
+def splder(tck, n=1):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splder`
+    if n < 0:
+        return splantider(tck, -n)
+
+    t, c, k = tck
+
+    if n > k:
+        raise ValueError(f"Order of derivative (n = {n!r}) must be <= "
+                         f"order of spline (k = {tck[2]!r})")
+
+    # Extra axes for the trailing dims of the `c` array:
+    sh = (slice(None),) + ((None,)*len(c.shape[1:]))
+
+    with np.errstate(invalid='raise', divide='raise'):
+        try:
+            for j in range(n):
+                # See e.g. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, Chapter 5
+
+                # Compute the denominator in the differentiation formula.
+                # (and append trailing dims, if necessary)
+                dt = t[k+1:-1] - t[1:-k-1]
+                dt = dt[sh]
+                # Compute the new coefficients
+                c = (c[1:-1-k] - c[:-2-k]) * k / dt
+                # Pad coefficient array to same size as knots (FITPACK
+                # convention)
+                c = np.r_[c, np.zeros((k,) + c.shape[1:])]
+                # Adjust knots
+                t = t[1:-1]
+                k -= 1
+        except FloatingPointError as e:
+            raise ValueError("The spline has internal repeated knots "
+                              f"and is not differentiable {n} times") from e
+
+    return t, c, k
+
+
+def splantider(tck, n=1):
+    # see the docstring of `_fitpack_py/splantider`
+    if n < 0:
+        return splder(tck, -n)
+
+    t, c, k = tck
+
+    # Extra axes for the trailing dims of the `c` array:
+    sh = (slice(None),) + (None,)*len(c.shape[1:])
+
+    for j in range(n):
+        # This is the inverse set of operations to splder.
+
+        # Compute the multiplier in the antiderivative formula.
+        dt = t[k+1:] - t[:-k-1]
+        dt = dt[sh]
+        # Compute the new coefficients
+        c = np.cumsum(c[:-k-1] * dt, axis=0) / (k + 1)
+        c = np.r_[np.zeros((1,) + c.shape[1:]),
+                  c,
+                  [c[-1]] * (k+2)]
+        # New knots
+        t = np.r_[t[0], t, t[-1]]
+        k += 1
+
+    return t, c, k