passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/algebras/fusion_rings/fusion_ring.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-singular
+"""
+Fusion rings
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2019 Daniel Bump <bump at match.stanford.edu>
+#                     Guillermo Aboumrad <gh_willieab>
+#                     Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#                     Nicolas Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#                2022 Guillermo Aboumrad <gh_willieab>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from itertools import product, zip_longest
+from multiprocessing import Pool, set_start_method
+from sage.combinat.q_analogues import q_int
+from sage.algebras.fusion_rings.fast_parallel_fusion_ring_braid_repn import (
+    executor,
+    _unflatten_entries
+)
+from sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_characters import WeylCharacterRing
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.matrix.special import diagonal_matrix
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.misc import inject_variable
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import CyclotomicField
+from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+
+
+class FusionRing(WeylCharacterRing):
+    r"""
+    Return the Fusion Ring (Verlinde Algebra) of level ``k``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ct`` -- the Cartan type of a simple (finite-dimensional) Lie algebra
+    - ``k`` -- nonnegative integer
+    - ``conjugate`` -- (default: ``False``) set ``True`` to obtain
+      the complex conjugate ring
+    - ``cyclotomic_order`` -- (default: computed depending on ``ct`` and ``k``)
+    - ``fusion_labels`` -- (default: ``None``) either a tuple of strings to use as labels of the
+      basis of simple objects, or a string from which the labels will be
+      constructed
+    - ``inject_variables`` -- (default: ``False``) use with ``fusion_labels``.
+      If ``inject_variables`` is ``True``, the fusion labels will be variables
+      that can be accessed from the command line
+
+    The cyclotomic order is an integer `N` such that all computations
+    will return elements of the cyclotomic field of `N`-th roots of unity.
+    Normally you will never need to change this but consider changing it
+    if :meth:`root_of_unity` raises a :exc:`ValueError`.
+
+    This algebra has a basis (sometimes called *primary fields* but here
+    called *simple objects*) indexed by the weights of level `\leq k`.
+    These arise as the fusion algebras of Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) conformal
+    field theories, or as Grothendieck groups of tilting modules for quantum
+    groups at roots of unity. The :class:`FusionRing` class is implemented as
+    a variant of the :class:`WeylCharacterRing`.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [BaKi2001]_ Chapter 3
+    - [DFMS1996]_ Chapter 16
+    - [EGNO2015]_ Chapter 8
+    - [Feingold2004]_
+    - [Fuchs1994]_
+    - [Row2006]_
+    - [Walton1990]_
+    - [Wan2010]_
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2", 2)
+        sage: [f1, f2] = A22.fundamental_weights()
+        sage: M = [A22(x) for x in [0*f1, 2*f1, 2*f2, f1+f2, f2, f1]]
+        sage: [M[3] * x for x in M]
+        [A22(1,1),
+         A22(0,1),
+         A22(1,0),
+         A22(0,0) + A22(1,1),
+         A22(0,1) + A22(2,0),
+         A22(1,0) + A22(0,2)]
+
+    You may assign your own labels to the basis elements. In the next
+    example, we create the `SO(5)` fusion ring of level `2`, check the
+    weights of the basis elements, then assign new labels to them while
+    injecting them into the global namespace::
+
+        sage: B22 = FusionRing("B2", 2)
+        sage: b = [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]; b
+        [B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,1), B22(2,0), B22(1,1), B22(0,2)]
+        sage: [x.weight() for x in b]
+        [(0, 0), (1, 0), (1/2, 1/2), (2, 0), (3/2, 1/2), (1, 1)]
+        sage: B22.fusion_labels(['I0', 'Y1', 'X', 'Z', 'Xp', 'Y2'], inject_variables=True)
+        sage: b = [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]; b
+        [I0, Y1, X, Z, Xp, Y2]
+        sage: [(x, x.weight()) for x in b]
+        [(I0, (0, 0)),
+         (Y1, (1, 0)),
+         (X, (1/2, 1/2)),
+         (Z, (2, 0)),
+         (Xp, (3/2, 1/2)),
+         (Y2, (1, 1))]
+        sage: X * Y1
+        X + Xp
+        sage: Z * Z
+        I0
+
+    A fixed order of the basis keys is available with :meth:`get_order`.
+    This is the order used by methods such as :meth:`s_matrix`. You may
+    use :meth:`CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order` to reorder the basis::
+
+        sage: B22.set_order([x.weight() for x in [I0, Y1, Y2, X, Xp, Z]])
+        sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
+        [I0, Y1, Y2, X, Xp, Z]
+
+    To reset the labels, you may run :meth:`fusion_labels` with no parameter::
+
+        sage: B22.fusion_labels()
+        sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
+        [B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,2), B22(0,1), B22(1,1), B22(2,0)]
+
+    To reset the order to the default, simply set it to the list of basis
+    element keys::
+
+        sage: B22.set_order(B22.basis().keys().list())
+        sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
+        [B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,1), B22(2,0), B22(1,1), B22(0,2)]
+
+    The fusion ring has a number of methods that reflect its role
+    as the Grothendieck ring of a *modular tensor category* (MTC). These
+    include twist methods :meth:`Element.twist` and :meth:`Element.ribbon`
+    for its elements related to the ribbon structure, and the
+    `S`-matrix :meth:`s_ij`.
+
+    There are two natural normalizations of the `S`-matrix. Both
+    are explained in Chapter 3 of [BaKi2001]_. The one that is computed
+    by the method :meth:`s_matrix`, or whose individual entries
+    are computed by :meth:`s_ij` is denoted `\tilde{s}` in
+    [BaKi2001]_. It is not unitary.
+
+    The unitary `S`-matrix is `s=D^{-1/2}\tilde{s}` where
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        D = \sum_V d_i(V)^2.
+
+    The sum is over all simple objects `V` with
+    `d_i(V)` the *quantum dimension*. We will call quantity `D`
+    the *global quantum dimension* and `\sqrt{D}` the
+    *total quantum order*. They are  computed by :meth:`global_q_dimension`
+    and :meth:`total_q_order`. The unitary `S`-matrix `s` may be obtained
+    using :meth:`s_matrix` with the option ``unitary=True``.
+
+    Let us check the Verlinde formula, which is [DFMS1996]_ (16.3). This
+    famous identity states that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        N^k_{ij} = \sum_l \frac{s(i, \ell)\, s(j, \ell)\, \overline{s(k, \ell)}}{s(I, \ell)},
+
+    where `N^k_{ij}` are the fusion coefficients, i.e. the structure
+    constants of the fusion ring, and ``I`` is the unit object.
+    The `S`-matrix has the property that if `i*` denotes the dual
+    object of `i`, implemented in Sage as ``i.dual()``, then
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        s(i*, j) = s(i, j*) = \overline{s(i, j)}.
+
+    This is equation (16.5) in [DFMS1996]_. Thus with `N_{ijk}=N^{k*}_{ij}`
+    the Verlinde formula is equivalent to
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        N_{ijk} = \sum_l \frac{s(i, \ell)\, s(j, \ell)\, s(k, \ell)}{s(I, \ell)},
+
+    In this formula `s` is the normalized unitary `S`-matrix
+    denoted `s` in [BaKi2001]_. We may define a function that
+    corresponds to the right-hand side, except using
+    `\tilde{s}` instead of `s`::
+
+        sage: def V(i, j, k):
+        ....:     R = i.parent()
+        ....:     return sum(R.s_ij(i, l) * R.s_ij(j, l) * R.s_ij(k, l) / R.s_ij(R.one(), l)
+        ....:                for l in R.basis())
+
+    This does not produce ``self.N_ijk(i, j, k)`` exactly, because of the
+    missing normalization factor. The following code to check the
+    Verlinde formula takes this into account::
+
+       sage: def test_verlinde(R):
+       ....:     b0 = R.one()
+       ....:     c = R.global_q_dimension()
+       ....:     return all(V(i, j, k) == c * R.N_ijk(i, j, k) for i in R.basis()
+       ....:                for j in R.basis() for k in R.basis())
+
+    Every fusion ring should pass this test::
+
+        sage: test_verlinde(FusionRing("A2", 1))
+        True
+        sage: test_verlinde(FusionRing("B4", 2)) # long time (.56s)
+        True
+
+    As an exercise, the reader may verify the examples in
+    Section 5.3 of [RoStWa2009]_. Here we check the example
+    of the Ising modular tensor category, which is related
+    to the Belavin, Polyakov, Zamolodchikov  minimal model `M(4, 3)`
+    or to an `E_8` coset model. See [DFMS1996]_ Sections 7.4.2 and 18.4.1.
+    [RoStWa2009]_ Example 5.3.4 tells us how to
+    construct it as the conjugate of the `E_8` level 2
+    :class:`FusionRing`::
+
+        sage: I = FusionRing("E8", 2, conjugate=True)
+        sage: I.fusion_labels(["i0", "p", "s"], inject_variables=True)
+        sage: b = I.basis().list(); b
+        [i0, p, s]
+        sage: Matrix([[x*y for x in b] for y in b]) # long time (.93s)
+        [    i0      p      s]
+        [     p     i0      s]
+        [     s      s i0 + p]
+        sage: [x.twist() for x in b]
+        [0, 1, 1/8]
+        sage: [x.ribbon() for x in b]
+        [1, -1, zeta128^8]
+        sage: [I.r_matrix(i, j, k) for (i, j, k) in [(s, s, i0), (p, p, i0), (p, s, s), (s, p, s), (s, s, p)]]
+        [-zeta128^56, -1, -zeta128^32, -zeta128^32, zeta128^24]
+        sage: I.r_matrix(s, s, i0) == I.root_of_unity(-1/8)
+        True
+        sage: I.global_q_dimension()
+        4
+        sage: I.total_q_order()
+        2
+        sage: [x.q_dimension()^2 for x in b]
+        [1, 1, 2]
+        sage: I.s_matrix()
+        [                       1                        1 -zeta128^48 + zeta128^16]
+        [                       1                        1  zeta128^48 - zeta128^16]
+        [-zeta128^48 + zeta128^16  zeta128^48 - zeta128^16                        0]
+        sage: I.s_matrix().apply_map(lambda x:x^2)
+        [1 1 2]
+        [1 1 2]
+        [2 2 0]
+
+    The term *modular tensor category* refers to the fact that associated
+    with the category there is a projective representation of the modular
+    group `SL(2, \ZZ)`. We recall that this group is generated by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        S = \begin{pmatrix} & -1\\1\end{pmatrix}, \qquad
+        T = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1\\ &1 \end{pmatrix}
+
+    subject to the relations `(ST)^3 = S^2`, `S^2T = TS^2`, and `S^4 = I`.
+    Let `s` be the normalized `S`-matrix, and
+    `t` the diagonal matrix whose entries are the twists of the simple
+    objects. Let `s` the unitary `S`-matrix and `t` the matrix of twists,
+    and `C` the conjugation matrix :meth:`conj_matrix`. Let
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        D_+ = \sum_i d_i^2 \theta_i, \qquad D_- = d_i^2 \theta_i^{-1},
+
+    where `d_i` and `\theta_i` are the quantum dimensions and twists of the
+    simple objects. Let `c` be the Virasoro central charge, a rational number
+    that is computed in :meth:`virasoro_central_charge`. It is known that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \sqrt{\frac{D_+}{D_-}} = e^{i\pi c/4}.
+
+    It is proved in [BaKi2001]_ Equation (3.1.17) that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        (st)^3 = e^{i\pi c/4} s^2, \qquad
+        s^2 = C, \qquad C^2 = 1, \qquad Ct = tC.
+
+    Therefore `S \mapsto s, T \mapsto t` is a projective representation
+    of `SL(2, \ZZ)`. Let us confirm these identities for the Fibonacci MTC
+    ``FusionRing("G2", 1)``::
+
+        sage: R = FusionRing("G2", 1)
+        sage: S = R.s_matrix(unitary=True)
+        sage: T = R.twists_matrix()
+        sage: C = R.conj_matrix()
+        sage: c = R.virasoro_central_charge(); c
+        14/5
+        sage: (S*T)^3 == R.root_of_unity(c/4) * S^2
+        True
+        sage: S^2 == C
+        True
+        sage: C*T == T*C
+        True
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, ct, k, base_ring=ZZ, prefix=None, style='coroots', conjugate=False, cyclotomic_order=None, fusion_labels=None, inject_variables=False):
+        """
+        Normalize input to ensure a unique representation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: F1 = FusionRing('B3', 2)
+            sage: F2 = FusionRing(CartanType('B3'), QQ(2), ZZ)
+            sage: F3 = FusionRing(CartanType('B3'), int(2), style='coroots')
+            sage: F1 is F2 and F2 is F3
+            True
+
+            sage: A23 = FusionRing('A2', 3)
+            sage: TestSuite(A23).run()
+
+            sage: B22 = FusionRing('B2', 2)
+            sage: TestSuite(B22).run()
+
+            sage: C31 = FusionRing('C3', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(C31).run()
+
+            sage: D41 = FusionRing('D4', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(D41).run()
+
+            sage: G22 = FusionRing('G2', 2)
+            sage: TestSuite(G22).run()
+
+            sage: F41 = FusionRing('F4', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(F41).run()
+
+            sage: E61 = FusionRing('E6', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(E61).run()
+
+            sage: E71 = FusionRing('E7', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(E71).run()
+
+            sage: E81 = FusionRing('E8', 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(E81).run()
+        """
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, ct, base_ring=base_ring,
+                                     prefix=prefix, style=style, k=k,
+                                     conjugate=conjugate,
+                                     cyclotomic_order=cyclotomic_order,
+                                     fusion_labels=fusion_labels,
+                                     inject_variables=inject_variables)
+
+    def _test_verlinde(self, **options):
+        """
+        Check the Verlinde formula for this :class:`FusionRing` instance.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G22 = FusionRing("G2", 2)
+            sage: G22._test_verlinde()
+        """
+        tester = self._tester(**options)
+        c = self.global_q_dimension()
+        i0 = self.one()
+        from sage.misc.misc import some_tuples
+        B = self.basis()
+        for x, y, z in some_tuples(B, 3, tester._max_runs):
+            v = sum(self.s_ij(x, w) * self.s_ij(y, w) * self.s_ij(z, w) / self.s_ij(i0, w) for w in B)
+            tester.assertEqual(v, c * self.N_ijk(x, y, z))
+
+    def _test_total_q_order(self, **options):
+        r"""
+        Check that the total quantum order is real and positive.
+
+        The total quantum order is the positive square root
+        of the global quantum dimension. This indirectly test the
+        Virasoro central charge.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G22 = FusionRing("G2", 2)
+            sage: G22._test_total_q_order()
+        """
+        tester = self._tester(**options)
+        tqo = self.total_q_order(base_coercion=False)
+        tester.assertTrue(tqo.is_real_positive())
+        tester.assertEqual(tqo**2, self.global_q_dimension(base_coercion=False))
+
+    def test_braid_representation(self, max_strands=6, anyon=None):
+        """
+        Check that we can compute valid braid group representations.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``max_strands`` -- (default: 6) maximum number of braid group strands
+        - ``anyon`` -- (optional) run this test on this particular simple object
+
+        Create a braid group representation using :meth:`get_braid_generators`
+        and confirms the braid relations.  This test indirectly partially
+        verifies the correctness of the orthogonal F-matrix solver. If the
+        code were incorrect the method would not be deterministic because the
+        fusing anyon is chosen randomly. (A different choice is made for each
+        number of strands tested.) However the doctest is deterministic since
+        it will always return ``True``. If the anyon parameter is omitted,
+        a random anyon is tested for each number of strands up to ``max_strands``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A21 = FusionRing("A2", 1)
+            sage: A21.test_braid_representation(max_strands=4)
+            True
+            sage: F41 = FusionRing("F4", 1)            # long time
+            sage: F41.test_braid_representation()      # long time
+            True
+        """
+        if not self.is_multiplicity_free(): # Braid group representation is not available if self is not multiplicity free
+            raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for multiplicity free fusion rings")
+        b = self.basis()
+        results = []
+        # Test with different numbers of strands
+        for n_strands in range(3, max_strands+1):
+            # Randomly select a fusing anyon. Skip the identity element, since
+            # its braiding matrices are trivial
+            if anyon is not None:
+                a = anyon
+            else:
+                while True:
+                    a = b.random_element()
+                    if a != self.one():
+                        break
+            pow = a ** n_strands
+            d = pow.monomials()[0]
+            # Try to find 'interesting' braid group reps i.e. skip 1-d reps
+            for k, v in pow.monomial_coefficients().items():
+                if v > 1:
+                    d = self(k)
+                break
+            comp_basis, sig = self.get_braid_generators(a, d, n_strands, verbose=False)
+            results.append(len(comp_basis) > 0)
+            results.append(self.gens_satisfy_braid_gp_rels(sig))
+        return all(results)
+
+    def fusion_labels(self, labels=None, inject_variables=False):
+        r"""
+        Set the labels of the basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``labels`` -- (default: ``None``) a list of strings or string
+        - ``inject_variables`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``,
+          then inject the variable names into the global namespace; note that
+          this could override objects already defined
+
+        If ``labels`` is a list, the length of the list must equal the
+        number of basis elements. These become the names of
+        the basis elements.
+
+        If ``labels`` is a string, this is treated as a prefix and a
+        list of names is generated.
+
+        If ``labels`` is ``None``, then this resets the labels to the default.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A13 = FusionRing("A1", 3)
+            sage: A13.fusion_labels("x")
+            sage: fb = list(A13.basis()); fb
+            [x0, x1, x2, x3]
+            sage: Matrix([[x*y for y in A13.basis()] for x in A13.basis()])
+            [     x0      x1      x2      x3]
+            [     x1 x0 + x2 x1 + x3      x2]
+            [     x2 x1 + x3 x0 + x2      x1]
+            [     x3      x2      x1      x0]
+
+        We give an example where the variables are injected into the
+        global namespace::
+
+            sage: A13.fusion_labels("y", inject_variables=True)
+            sage: y0
+            y0
+            sage: y0.parent() is A13
+            True
+
+        We reset the labels to the default::
+
+            sage: A13.fusion_labels()
+            sage: fb
+            [A13(0), A13(1), A13(2), A13(3)]
+            sage: y0
+            A13(0)
+        """
+        if labels is None:
+            # Remove the fusion labels
+            self._fusion_labels = None
+            return
+
+        B = self.basis()
+        if isinstance(labels, str):
+            labels = [labels + str(k) for k in range(len(B))]
+        elif len(labels) != len(B):
+            raise ValueError('invalid data')
+
+        d = {}
+        ac = self.simple_coroots()
+        for j, b in enumerate(self.get_order()):
+            t = tuple([b.inner_product(x) for x in ac])
+            d[t] = labels[j]
+            if inject_variables:
+                inject_variable(labels[j], B[b])
+        self._fusion_labels = d
+
+    @cached_method
+    def field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a cyclotomic field large enough to
+        contain the `2 \ell`-th roots of unity, as well as
+        all the `S`-matrix entries.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: FusionRing("A2", 2).field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 60 and degree 16
+            sage: FusionRing("B2", 2).field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 40 and degree 16
+        """
+        # if self._field is None:
+        # self._field = CyclotomicField(4 * self._cyclotomic_order)
+        # return self._field
+        return CyclotomicField(4 * self._cyclotomic_order)
+
+    def fvars_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a field containing the ``CyclotomicField`` computed by
+        :meth:`field` as well as all the F-symbols of the associated
+        ``FMatrix`` factory object.
+
+        This method is only available if ``self`` is multiplicity-free.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Depending on the ``CartanType`` associated to ``self`` and whether
+        a call to an F-matrix solver has been made, this method
+        will return the same field as :meth:`field`, a :func:`NumberField`,
+        or the :class:`QQbar<AlgebraicField>`.
+        See :meth:`FMatrix.attempt_number_field_computation` for more details.
+
+        Before running an F-matrix solver, the output of this method matches
+        that of :meth:`field`. However, the output may change upon successfully
+        computing F-symbols. Requesting braid generators triggers a call to
+        :meth:`FMatrix.find_orthogonal_solution`, so the output of this method
+        may change after such a computation.
+
+        By default, the output of methods like :meth:`r_matrix`,
+        :meth:`s_matrix`, :meth:`twists_matrix`, etc. will lie in the
+        ``fvars_field``, unless the ``base_coercion`` option is set to
+        ``False``.
+
+        This method does not trigger a solver run.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A13 = FusionRing("A1", 3, fusion_labels='a', inject_variables=True)
+            sage: A13.fvars_field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 40 and degree 16
+            sage: A13.field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 40 and degree 16
+            sage: a2**4
+            2*a0 + 3*a2
+            sage: comp_basis, sig = A13.get_braid_generators(a2, a2, 3, verbose=False)    # long time (<3s)
+            sage: A13.fvars_field()                                                    # long time
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial y^32 - ... - 500*y^2 + 25
+            sage: a2.q_dimension().parent()                                            # long time
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial y^32 - ... - 500*y^2 + 25
+            sage: A13.field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 40 and degree 16
+
+        In some cases, the :meth:`NumberField.optimized_representation()
+        <sage.rings.number_field.number_field.NumberField_absolute.optimized_representation>`
+        may be used to obtain a better defining polynomial for the
+        computed :func:`NumberField`.
+        """
+        if self.is_multiplicity_free():
+            return self.get_fmatrix().field()
+        raise NotImplementedError("method is only available for multiplicity free fusion rings")
+
+    def root_of_unity(self, r, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return `e^{i\pi r}` as an element of ``self.field()`` if possible.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``r`` -- a rational number
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A11 = FusionRing("A1", 1)
+            sage: A11.field()
+            Cyclotomic Field of order 24 and degree 8
+            sage: for n in [1..7]:
+            ....:     try:
+            ....:         print(n, A11.root_of_unity(2/n))
+            ....:     except ValueError as err:
+            ....:         print(n, err)
+            1 1
+            2 -1
+            3 zeta24^4 - 1
+            4 zeta24^6
+            5 not a root of unity in the field
+            6 zeta24^4
+            7 not a root of unity in the field
+        """
+        n = 2 * r * self._cyclotomic_order
+        if n not in ZZ:
+            raise ValueError("not a root of unity in the field")
+        ret = self.field().gen() ** n
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def get_order(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the weights of the basis vectors in a fixed order.
+
+        You may change the order of the basis using :meth:`CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A15 = FusionRing("A1", 5)
+            sage: w = A15.get_order(); w
+            [(0, 0), (1/2, -1/2), (1, -1), (3/2, -3/2), (2, -2), (5/2, -5/2)]
+            sage: A15.set_order([w[k] for k in [0, 4, 1, 3, 5, 2]])
+            sage: [A15(x) for x in A15.get_order()]
+            [A15(0), A15(4), A15(1), A15(3), A15(5), A15(2)]
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This duplicates :meth:`get_order` from
+            :class:`CombinatorialFreeModule` except the result
+            is *not* cached. Caching of
+            :meth:`CombinatorialFreeModule.get_order` causes inconsistent
+            results after calling :meth:`CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order`.
+        """
+        if self._order is None:
+            self.set_order(self.basis().keys().list())
+        return self._order
+
+    def some_elements(self):
+        """
+        Return some elements of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: D41 = FusionRing('D4', 1)
+            sage: D41.some_elements()
+            [D41(1,0,0,0), D41(0,0,1,0), D41(0,0,0,1)]
+        """
+        return [self.monomial(x) for x in self.fundamental_weights()
+                if self.level(x) <= self._k]
+
+    def fusion_level(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the level `k` of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B22 = FusionRing('B2', 2)
+            sage: B22.fusion_level()
+            2
+        """
+        return self._k
+
+    def fusion_l(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the product `\ell = m_g(k + h^\vee)`, where `m_g` denotes the
+        square of the ratio of the lengths of long to short roots of
+        the underlying Lie algebra, `k` denotes the level of the FusionRing,
+        and `h^\vee` denotes the dual Coxeter number of the underlying Lie
+        algebra.
+
+        This value is used to define the associated root `2\ell`-th
+        of unity `q = e^{i\pi/\ell}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B22 = FusionRing('B2', 2)
+            sage: B22.fusion_l()
+            10
+            sage: D52 = FusionRing('D5', 2)
+            sage: D52.fusion_l()
+            10
+        """
+        return self._l
+
+    def virasoro_central_charge(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Virasoro central charge of the WZW conformal
+        field theory associated with the Fusion Ring.
+
+        If `\mathfrak{g}` is the corresponding semisimple Lie algebra, this is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \frac{k\dim\mathfrak{g}}{k+h^\vee},
+
+        where `k` is the level and `h^\vee` is the dual Coxeter number.
+        See [DFMS1996]_ Equation (15.61).
+
+        Let `d_i` and `\theta_i` be the quantum dimensions and
+        twists of the simple objects. By Proposition 2.3 in [RoStWa2009]_,
+        there exists a rational number `c` such that
+        `D_+ / \sqrt{D} = e^{i\pi c/4}`, where `D_+ = \sum d_i^2 \theta_i`
+        is computed in :meth:`D_plus` and `D = \sum d_i^2 > 0` is computed
+        by :meth:`global_q_dimension`. Squaring this identity and
+        remembering that `D_+ D_- = D` gives
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            D_+ / D_- = e^{i\pi c/2}.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = FusionRing("A1", 2)
+            sage: c = R.virasoro_central_charge(); c
+            3/2
+            sage: Dp = R.D_plus(); Dp
+            2*zeta32^6
+            sage: Dm = R.D_minus(); Dm
+            -2*zeta32^10
+            sage: Dp / Dm == R.root_of_unity(c/2)
+            True
+        """
+        dim_g = len(self.space().roots()) + self.cartan_type().rank()
+        return self._conj * self._k * dim_g / (self._k + self._h_check)
+
+    def conj_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the conjugation matrix, which is the permutation matrix
+        for the conjugation (dual) operation on basis elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: FusionRing("A2", 1).conj_matrix()
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 1 0]
+        """
+        b = self.basis().list()
+        return matrix(ZZ, [[i == j.dual() for i in b] for j in b])
+
+    def twists_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a diagonal matrix describing the twist corresponding to
+        each simple object in the ``FusionRing``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B21=FusionRing("B2", 1)
+            sage: [x.twist() for x in B21.basis().list()]
+            [0, 1, 5/8]
+            sage: [B21.root_of_unity(x.twist()) for x in B21.basis().list()]
+            [1, -1, zeta32^10]
+            sage: B21.twists_matrix()
+            [        1         0         0]
+            [        0        -1         0]
+            [        0         0 zeta32^10]
+        """
+        B = self.basis()
+        return diagonal_matrix(B[x].ribbon() for x in self.get_order())
+
+    @cached_method
+    def N_ijk(self, elt_i, elt_j, elt_k):
+        r"""
+        Return the symmetric fusion coefficient `N_{ijk}`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``elt_i``, ``elt_j``, ``elt_k`` -- elements of the fusion basis
+
+        This is the same as `N_{ij}^{k\ast}`, where `N_{ij}^k` are
+        the structure coefficients of the ring (see :meth:`Nk_ij`),
+        and `k\ast` denotes the dual element. The coefficient `N_{ijk}`
+        is unchanged under permutations of the three basis vectors.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G23 = FusionRing("G2", 3)
+            sage: G23.fusion_labels("g")
+            sage: b = G23.basis().list(); b
+            [g0, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5]
+            sage: [(x, y, z) for x in b for y in b for z in b if G23.N_ijk(x, y, z) > 1]
+            [(g3, g3, g3), (g3, g3, g4), (g3, g4, g3), (g4, g3, g3)]
+            sage: all(G23.N_ijk(x, y, z)==G23.N_ijk(y, z, x) for x in b for y in b for z in b)
+            True
+            sage: all(G23.N_ijk(x, y, z)==G23.N_ijk(y, x, z) for x in b for y in b for z in b)
+            True
+        """
+        return (elt_i * elt_j).monomial_coefficients().get(elt_k.dual().weight(), 0)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def Nk_ij(self, elt_i, elt_j, elt_k):
+        r"""
+        Return the fusion coefficient `N^k_{ij}`.
+
+        These are the structure coefficients of the fusion ring, so
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            i * j = \sum_{k} N_{ij}^k k.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2", 2)
+            sage: b = A22.basis().list()
+            sage: all(x*y == sum(A22.Nk_ij(x, y, k)*k for k in b) for x in b for y in b)
+            True
+        """
+        return (elt_i * elt_j).monomial_coefficients(copy=False).get(elt_k.weight(), 0)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def s_ij(self, elt_i, elt_j, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the element of the `S`-matrix of this fusion ring corresponding to
+        the given elements.
+
+        This is the unnormalized `S`-matrix, denoted `\tilde{s}_{ij}`
+        in [BaKi2001]_ . To obtain the normalized `S`-matrix, divide by
+        :meth:`global_q_dimension()` or use :meth:`S_matrix()` with
+        the option ``unitary=True``.
+
+        This is computed using the formula
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            s_{i, j} = \frac{1}{\theta_i\theta_j} \sum_k N_{ik}^j d_k \theta_k,
+
+        where `\theta_k` is the twist and `d_k` is the quantum
+        dimension. See [Row2006]_ Equation (2.2) or [EGNO2015]_
+        Proposition 8.13.8.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``elt_i``, ``elt_j`` -- elements of the fusion basis
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G21 = FusionRing("G2", 1)
+            sage: b = G21.basis()
+            sage: [G21.s_ij(x, y) for x in b for y in b]
+            [1, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -1]
+        """
+        ijtwist = elt_i.twist() + elt_j.twist()
+        ret = sum(k.q_dimension(base_coercion=False) * self.Nk_ij(elt_i, k, elt_j)
+                   * self.root_of_unity(k.twist() - ijtwist, base_coercion=False)
+                   for k in self.basis())
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def s_ijconj(self, elt_i, elt_j, base_coercion=True):
+        """
+        Return the conjugate of the element of the `S`-matrix given by
+        ``self.s_ij(elt_i, elt_j, base_coercion=base_coercion)``.
+
+        See :meth:`s_ij`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G21 = FusionRing("G2", 1)
+            sage: b = G21.basis()
+            sage: [G21.s_ijconj(x, y) for x in b for y in b]
+            [1, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -1]
+
+        This method works with all possible types of fields returned by
+        ``self.fmats.field()``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: E62 = FusionRing("E6", 2)
+            sage: E62.fusion_labels("e", inject_variables=True)
+            sage: E62.s_ij(e8, e1).conjugate() == E62.s_ijconj(e8, e1)
+            True
+            sage: F41 = FusionRing("F4", 1)
+            sage: fmats = F41.get_fmatrix()
+            sage: fmats.find_orthogonal_solution(verbose=False)
+            sage: b = F41.basis()
+            sage: all(F41.s_ijconj(x, y) == F41._basecoer(F41.s_ij(x, y, base_coercion=False).conjugate()) for x in b for y in b)
+            True
+            sage: G22 = FusionRing("G2", 2)
+            sage: fmats = G22.get_fmatrix()
+            sage: fmats.find_orthogonal_solution(verbose=False)         # long time (~11 s)
+            sage: b = G22.basis()                                       # long time
+            sage: all(G22.s_ijconj(x, y) == fmats.field()(G22.s_ij(x, y, base_coercion=False).conjugate()) for x in b for y in b)   # long time
+            True
+        """
+        ret = self.s_ij(elt_i, elt_j, base_coercion=False).conjugate()
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def s_matrix(self, unitary=False, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the `S`-matrix of this fusion ring.
+
+        OPTIONAL:
+
+        - ``unitary`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); set to ``True`` to
+          obtain the unitary `S`-matrix
+
+        Without the ``unitary`` parameter, this is the matrix denoted
+        `\widetilde{s}` in [BaKi2001]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: D91 = FusionRing("D9", 1)
+            sage: D91.s_matrix()
+            [          1           1           1           1]
+            [          1           1          -1          -1]
+            [          1          -1 -zeta136^34  zeta136^34]
+            [          1          -1  zeta136^34 -zeta136^34]
+            sage: S = D91.s_matrix(unitary=True); S
+            [            1/2             1/2             1/2             1/2]
+            [            1/2             1/2            -1/2            -1/2]
+            [            1/2            -1/2 -1/2*zeta136^34  1/2*zeta136^34]
+            [            1/2            -1/2  1/2*zeta136^34 -1/2*zeta136^34]
+            sage: S*S.conjugate()
+            [1 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 1]
+        """
+        b = self.basis()
+        S = matrix([[self.s_ij(b[x], b[y], base_coercion=base_coercion)
+                     for x in self.get_order()] for y in self.get_order()])
+        if unitary:
+            return S / self.total_q_order(base_coercion=base_coercion)
+        return S
+
+    @cached_method
+    def r_matrix(self, i, j, k, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the R-matrix entry corresponding to the subobject ``k``
+        in the tensor product of ``i`` with ``j``.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This method only gives complete information when `N_{ij}^k = 1`
+            (an important special case). Tables of MTC including R-matrices
+            may be found in Section 5.3 of [RoStWa2009]_ and in [Bond2007]_.
+
+        The R-matrix is a homomorphism `i \otimes j \rightarrow j \otimes i`.
+        This may be hard to describe since the object `i \otimes j`
+        may be reducible. However if `k` is a simple subobject of
+        `i \otimes j` it is also a subobject of `j \otimes i`. If we fix
+        embeddings `k \rightarrow i \otimes j`, `k \rightarrow j \otimes i`
+        we may ask for the scalar automorphism of `k` induced by the
+        R-matrix. This method computes that scalar. It is possible to
+        adjust the set of embeddings `k \rightarrow i \otimes j` (called
+        a *gauge*) so that this scalar equals
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \pm \sqrt{\frac{ \theta_k }{ \theta_i \theta_j }}.
+
+        If `i \neq j`, the gauge may be used to control the sign of
+        the square root. But if `i = j` then we must be careful
+        about the sign. These cases are computed by a formula
+        of [BDGRTW2019]_, Proposition 2.3.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: I = FusionRing("E8", 2, conjugate=True)  # Ising MTC
+            sage: I.fusion_labels(["i0", "p", "s"], inject_variables=True)
+            sage: I.r_matrix(s, s, i0) == I.root_of_unity(-1/8)
+            True
+            sage: I.r_matrix(p, p, i0)
+            -1
+            sage: I.r_matrix(p, s, s) == I.root_of_unity(-1/2)
+            True
+            sage: I.r_matrix(s, p, s) == I.root_of_unity(-1/2)
+            True
+            sage: I.r_matrix(s, s, p) == I.root_of_unity(3/8)
+            True
+        """
+        if self.Nk_ij(i, j, k) == 0:
+            return self.field().zero() if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None) else self.fvars_field().zero()
+        if i != j:
+            ret = self.root_of_unity((k.twist(reduced=False) - i.twist(reduced=False) - j.twist(reduced=False)) / 2, base_coercion=False)
+        else:
+            i0 = self.one()
+            B = self.basis()
+            ret = sum(y.ribbon(base_coercion=False)**2 / (i.ribbon(base_coercion=False) * x.ribbon(base_coercion=False)**2)
+                   * self.s_ij(i0, y, base_coercion=False) * self.s_ij(i, z, base_coercion=False) * self.s_ijconj(x, z, base_coercion=False)
+                   * self.s_ijconj(k, x, base_coercion=False) * self.s_ijconj(y, z, base_coercion=False) / self.s_ij(i0, z, base_coercion=False)
+                   for x in B for y in B for z in B) / (self.total_q_order(base_coercion=False)**4)
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def global_q_dimension(self, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return `\sum d_i^2`, where the sum is over all simple objects
+        and `d_i` is the quantum dimension.
+
+        The global `q`-dimension is a positive real number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: FusionRing("E6", 1).global_q_dimension()
+            3
+        """
+        ret = sum(x.q_dimension(base_coercion=False) ** 2 for x in self.basis())
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def total_q_order(self, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the positive square root of :meth:`self.global_q_dimension()
+        <global_q_dimension>` as an element of :meth:`self.field() <field>`.
+
+        This is implemented as `D_{+}e^{-i\pi c/4}`, where `D_+` is
+        :meth:`D_plus()` and `c` is :meth:`virasoro_central_charge()`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: F = FusionRing("G2", 1)
+            sage: tqo=F.total_q_order(); tqo
+            zeta60^15 - zeta60^11 - zeta60^9 + 2*zeta60^3 + zeta60
+            sage: tqo.is_real_positive()
+            True
+            sage: tqo^2 == F.global_q_dimension()
+            True
+        """
+        c = self.virasoro_central_charge()
+        ret = self.D_plus(base_coercion=False) * self.root_of_unity(-c/4, base_coercion=False)
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def D_plus(self, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return `\sum d_i^2\theta_i` where `i` runs through the simple objects,
+        `d_i` is the quantum dimension and `\theta_i` is the twist.
+
+        This is denoted `p_+` in [BaKi2001]_ Chapter 3.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B31 = FusionRing("B3", 1)
+            sage: Dp = B31.D_plus(); Dp
+            2*zeta48^13 - 2*zeta48^5
+            sage: Dm = B31.D_minus(); Dm
+            -2*zeta48^3
+            sage: Dp*Dm == B31.global_q_dimension()
+            True
+            sage: c = B31.virasoro_central_charge(); c
+            7/2
+            sage: Dp/Dm == B31.root_of_unity(c/2)
+            True
+        """
+        ret = sum((x.q_dimension(base_coercion=False))**2 * x.ribbon(base_coercion=False) for x in self.basis())
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def D_minus(self, base_coercion=True):
+        r"""
+        Return `\sum d_i^2\theta_i^{-1}` where `i` runs through the simple
+        objects, `d_i` is the quantum dimension and `\theta_i` is the twist.
+
+        This is denoted `p_-` in [BaKi2001]_ Chapter 3.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E83 = FusionRing("E8", 3, conjugate=True)
+            sage: [Dp, Dm] = [E83.D_plus(), E83.D_minus()]
+            sage: Dp*Dm == E83.global_q_dimension()
+            True
+            sage: c = E83.virasoro_central_charge(); c
+            -248/11
+            sage: Dp*Dm == E83.global_q_dimension()
+            True
+        """
+        ret = sum((x.q_dimension(base_coercion=False))**2 / x.ribbon(base_coercion=False) for x in self.basis())
+        if (not base_coercion) or (self._basecoer is None):
+            return ret
+        return self._basecoer(ret)
+
+    def is_multiplicity_free(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if the fusion multiplicities
+        :meth:`Nk_ij` are bounded by 1.
+
+        The :class:`FMatrix` is available only for multiplicity free
+        instances of :class:`FusionRing`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: [FusionRing(ct, k).is_multiplicity_free() for ct in ("A1", "A2", "B2", "C3") for k in (1, 2, 3)]
+            [True, True, True, True, True, False, True, True, False, True, False, False]
+        """
+        ct = self.cartan_type()
+        k = self.fusion_level()
+        if ct.letter == 'A':
+            if ct.n == 1:
+                return True
+            return k <= 2
+        # if ct.letter in ['B', 'D', 'G', 'F', 'E']:
+        if ct.letter in ['B', 'D', 'F', 'G']:
+            return k <= 2
+        if ct.letter == 'C':
+            if ct.n == 2:
+                return k <= 2
+            return k == 1
+        if ct.letter == 'E':
+            if ct.n == 8:
+                return k <= 3
+            return k <= 2
+
+    ###################################
+    #   Braid group representations   #
+    ###################################
+
+    def get_computational_basis(self, a, b, n_strands):
+        r"""
+        Return the so-called computational basis for `\text{Hom}(b, a^n)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- a basis element
+        - ``b`` -- another basis element
+        - ``n_strands`` -- the number of strands for a braid group
+
+        Let `n=` ``n_strands`` and let `k` be the greatest integer `\leq n/2`.
+        The braid group acts on `\text{Hom}(b, a^n)`. This action
+        is computed in :meth:`get_braid_generators`. This method
+        returns the computational basis in the form of a list of
+        fusion trees. Each tree is represented by an `(n-2)`-tuple
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (m_1, \ldots, m_k, l_1, \ldots, l_{k-2})
+
+        such that each `m_j` is an irreducible constituent in `a \otimes a`
+        and
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{l}
+            b \in l_{k-2} \otimes m_{k}, \\
+            l_{k-2} \in l_{k-3} \otimes m_{k-1}, \\
+            \cdots, \\
+            l_2 \in l_1 \otimes m_3, \\
+            l_1 \in m_1 \otimes m_2,
+            \end{array}
+
+        where `z \in x \otimes y` means `N_{xy}^z \neq 0`.
+
+        As a computational device when ``n_strands`` is odd, we pad the
+        vector `(m_1, \ldots, m_k)` with an additional `m_{k+1}` equal to `a`.
+        However, this `m_{k+1}` does *not* appear in the output of this method.
+
+        The following example appears in Section 3.1 of [CW2015]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A14 = FusionRing("A1", 4)
+            sage: A14.get_order()
+            [(0, 0), (1/2, -1/2), (1, -1), (3/2, -3/2), (2, -2)]
+            sage: A14.fusion_labels(["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four"], inject_variables=True)
+            sage: [A14(x) for x in A14.get_order()]
+            [zero, one, two, three, four]
+            sage: A14.get_computational_basis(one, two, 4)
+            [(two, two), (two, zero), (zero, two)]
+        """
+        def _get_trees(fr, top_row, root):
+            if len(top_row) == 2:
+                m1, m2 = top_row
+                return [[]] if fr.Nk_ij(m1, m2, root) else []
+            else:
+                m1, m2 = top_row[:2]
+                return [(l, *b) for l in fr.basis() for b in _get_trees(fr, [l]+top_row[2:], root) if fr.Nk_ij(m1, m2, l)]
+
+        comp_basis = []
+        for top in product((a*a).monomials(), repeat=n_strands//2):
+            # If the n_strands is odd, we must extend the top row by a fusing anyon
+            top_row = list(top)+[a]*(n_strands % 2)
+            comp_basis.extend((*top, *levels) for levels in _get_trees(self, top_row, b))
+        return comp_basis
+
+    def get_fmatrix(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""
+        Construct an :class:`FMatrix` factory to solve the pentagon relations
+        and organize the resulting F-symbols.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A15 = FusionRing("A1", 5)
+            sage: A15.get_fmatrix()
+            F-Matrix factory for The Fusion Ring of Type A1 and level 5 with Integer Ring coefficients
+        """
+        # Initialize fresh FMatrix object. Useful if you need to reset
+        # FMatrix properties and there are various FusionRing objects (unique)
+        # associated to same level and algebra.
+        if not hasattr(self, 'fmats') or kwargs.get('new', False):
+            kwargs.pop('new', None)
+            from sage.algebras.fusion_rings.f_matrix import FMatrix
+            self.fmats = FMatrix(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        return self.fmats
+
+    def _emap(self, mapper, input_args, worker_pool=None):
+        r"""
+        Apply the given mapper to each element of the given input iterable
+        and return the results (with no duplicates) in a list.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``mapper`` -- string specifying the name of a function defined
+          in the ``fast_parallel_fusion_ring_braid_repn`` module
+        - ``input_args`` -- tuple of arguments to be passed to mapper
+
+        This method applies the mapper in parallel if a ``worker_pool``
+        is provided.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If ``worker_pool`` is not provided, function maps and reduces on
+            a single process. If ``worker_pool`` is provided, the function
+            attempts to determine whether it should use multiprocessing
+            based on the length of the input iterable. If it cannot determine
+            the length of the input iterable then it uses multiprocessing
+            with the default chunksize of `1` if chunksize is not
+            explicitly provided.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: FR = FusionRing("A1", 4)
+            sage: FR.fusion_labels(['idd', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], inject_variables=True)
+            sage: fmats = FR.get_fmatrix()
+            sage: fmats.find_orthogonal_solution(verbose=False)             # long time
+            sage: len(FR._emap('sig_2k', (1, one, one, 5)))                 # long time
+            13
+            sage: FR = FusionRing("A1", 2)
+            sage: FR.fusion_labels("a", inject_variables=True)
+            sage: fmats = FR.get_fmatrix()
+            sage: fmats.find_orthogonal_solution(verbose=False)
+            sage: len(FR._emap('odd_one_out', (a1, a1, 7)))
+            16
+        """
+        n_proc = worker_pool._processes if worker_pool is not None else 1
+        input_iter = [(child_id, n_proc, input_args) for child_id in range(n_proc)]
+        no_mp = worker_pool is None
+        # Map phase
+        input_iter = zip_longest([], input_iter, fillvalue=(mapper, id(self)))
+        results = []
+        if no_mp:
+            mapped = map(executor, input_iter)
+        else:
+            mapped = worker_pool.imap_unordered(executor, input_iter, chunksize=1)
+        # Reduce phase
+        for worker_results in mapped:
+            results.extend(worker_results)
+        return results
+
+    def get_braid_generators(self,
+                            fusing_anyon,
+                            total_charge_anyon,
+                            n_strands,
+                            checkpoint=False,
+                            save_results='',
+                            warm_start='',
+                            use_mp=True,
+                            verbose=True):
+        r"""
+        Compute generators of the Artin braid group on ``n_strands`` strands.
+
+        If `a = ` ``fusing_anyon`` and `b = ` ``total_charge_anyon``
+        the generators are endomorphisms of `\text{Hom}(b, a^n)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``fusing_anyon`` -- a basis element of ``self``
+        - ``total_charge_anyon`` -- a basis element of ``self``
+        - ``n_strands`` -- positive integer greater than 2
+        - ``checkpoint`` -- boolean (default: ``False``);
+          whether the F-matrix solver should pickle checkpoints
+        - ``save_results`` -- (optional) a string indicating the name of
+          a file in which to pickle computed F-symbols for later use
+        - ``warm_start`` -- (optional) a string indicating the name of a
+          pickled checkpoint file to "warm" start the F-matrix solver.
+          The pickle may be a checkpoint generated by the solver, or
+          a file containing solver results. If all F-symbols are known,
+          we don't run the solver again.
+        - ``use_mp`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether
+          to use multiprocessing to speed up the computation; this is
+          highly recommended.
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether
+          to be verbose with the computation
+
+        For more information on the optional parameters, see
+        :meth:`FMatrix.find_orthogonal_solution`.
+
+        Given a simple object in the fusion category, here called
+        ``fusing_anyon`` allowing the universal R-matrix to act on adjacent
+        pairs in the fusion of ``n_strands`` copies of ``fusing_anyon``
+        produces an action of the braid group. This representation can
+        be decomposed over another anyon, here called ``total_charge_anyon``.
+        See [CHW2015]_.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The method outputs a pair of data ``(comp_basis, sig)`` where
+        ``comp_basis`` is a list of basis elements of the braid group
+        module, parametrized by a list of fusion ring elements describing
+        a fusion tree. For example with 5 strands the fusion tree
+        is as follows. See :meth:`get_computational_basis`
+        for more information.
+
+        .. IMAGE:: ../../../media/fusiontree.png
+           :scale: 45
+           :align: center
+
+        ``sig`` is a list of braid group generators as matrices. In
+        some cases these will be represented as sparse matrices.
+
+        In the following example we compute a 5-dimensional braid group
+        representation on 5 strands associated to the spin representation
+        in the modular tensor category `SU(2)_4 \cong SO(3)_2`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A14 = FusionRing("A1", 4)
+            sage: A14.get_order()
+            [(0, 0), (1/2, -1/2), (1, -1), (3/2, -3/2), (2, -2)]
+            sage: A14.fusion_labels(["one", "two", "three", "four", "five"], inject_variables=True)
+            sage: [A14(x) for x in A14.get_order()]
+            [one, two, three, four, five]
+            sage: two ** 5
+            5*two + 4*four
+            sage: comp_basis, sig = A14.get_braid_generators(two, two, 5, verbose=False) # long time
+            sage: A14.gens_satisfy_braid_gp_rels(sig)                                 # long time
+            True
+            sage: len(comp_basis) == 5                                                # long time
+            True
+        """
+        if n_strands < 3:
+            raise ValueError("the number of strands must be an integer at least 3")
+        # Construct associated FMatrix object and solve for F-symbols
+        self.get_fmatrix()
+        if self.fmats._chkpt_status < 7:
+            self.fmats.find_orthogonal_solution(checkpoint=checkpoint,
+                                                save_results=save_results,
+                                                warm_start=warm_start,
+                                                use_mp=use_mp,
+                                                verbose=verbose)
+
+        # Set multiprocessing parameters. Context can only be set once, so we try to set it
+        try:
+            set_start_method('fork')
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+        # Turn off multiprocessing when field is QQbar due to pickling issues introduced by PARI upgrade in github issue #30537
+        pool = Pool() if use_mp and self.fvars_field() != QQbar else None
+
+        # Set up computational basis and compute generators one at a time
+        a, b = fusing_anyon, total_charge_anyon
+        comp_basis = self.get_computational_basis(a, b, n_strands)
+        d = len(comp_basis)
+        if verbose:
+            print("Computing an {}-dimensional representation of the Artin braid group on {} strands...".format(d, n_strands))
+
+        # Compute diagonal odd-indexed generators using the 3j-symbols
+        gens = {2*i+1: diagonal_matrix(self.r_matrix(a, a, c[i]) for c in comp_basis) for i in range(n_strands//2)}
+
+        # Compute even-indexed generators using F-matrices
+        for k in range(1, n_strands//2):
+            entries = self._emap('sig_2k', (k, a, b, n_strands), pool)
+
+            # Build cyclotomic field element objects from tuple of rationals repn
+            _unflatten_entries(self, entries)
+            gens[2*k] = matrix(dict(entries))
+
+        # If n_strands is odd, we compute the final generator
+        if n_strands % 2:
+            entries = self._emap('odd_one_out', (a, b, n_strands), pool)
+
+            # Build cyclotomic field element objects from tuple of rationals repn
+            _unflatten_entries(self, entries)
+            gens[n_strands-1] = matrix(dict(entries))
+
+        return comp_basis, [gens[k] for k in sorted(gens)]
+
+    def gens_satisfy_braid_gp_rels(self, sig):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if the matrices in the list ``sig`` satisfy
+        the braid relations.
+
+        This if `n` is the cardinality of ``sig``, this
+        confirms that these matrices define a representation of
+        the Artin braid group on `n+1` strands. Tests correctness of
+        :meth:`get_braid_generators`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: F41 = FusionRing("F4", 1, fusion_labels='f', inject_variables=True)
+            sage: f1*f1
+            f0 + f1
+            sage: comp, sig = F41.get_braid_generators(f1, f0, 4, verbose=False)
+            sage: F41.gens_satisfy_braid_gp_rels(sig)
+            True
+        """
+        n = len(sig)
+        braid_rels = all(sig[i] * sig[i+1] * sig[i] == sig[i+1] * sig[i] * sig[i+1] for i in range(n-1))
+        far_comm = all(sig[i] * sig[j] == sig[j] * sig[i] for i, j in product(range(n), repeat=2) if abs(i-j) > 1 and i > j)
+        singular = any(s.is_singular() for s in sig)
+        return braid_rels and far_comm and not singular
+
+    class Element(WeylCharacterRing.Element):
+        """
+        A class for FusionRing elements.
+        """
+        def is_simple_object(self):
+            r"""
+            Determine whether ``self`` is a simple object of the fusion ring.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2", 2)
+                sage: x = A22(1, 0); x
+                A22(1,0)
+                sage: x.is_simple_object()
+                True
+                sage: x^2
+                A22(0,1) + A22(2,0)
+                sage: (x^2).is_simple_object()
+                False
+            """
+            return self.parent()._k is not None and len(self._monomial_coefficients) == 1
+
+        def weight(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the parametrizing dominant weight in the level `k` alcove.
+
+            This method is only available for basis elements.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: A21 = FusionRing("A2", 1)
+                sage: [x.weight() for x in A21.basis().list()]
+                [(0, 0, 0), (2/3, -1/3, -1/3), (1/3, 1/3, -2/3)]
+            """
+            if len(self._monomial_coefficients) != 1:
+                raise ValueError("fusion weight is valid for basis elements only")
+            return next(iter(self._monomial_coefficients))
+
+        def twist(self, reduced=True):
+            r"""
+            Return a rational number `h` such that `\theta = e^{i \pi h}`
+            is the twist of ``self``. The quantity `e^{i \pi h}` is
+            also available using :meth:`ribbon`.
+
+            This method is only available for simple objects. If
+            `\lambda` is the weight of the object, then
+            `h = \langle \lambda, \lambda+2\rho \rangle`, where
+            `\rho` is half the sum of the positive roots.
+            As in [Row2006]_, this requires normalizing
+            the invariant bilinear form so that
+            `\langle \alpha, \alpha \rangle = 2` for short roots.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``reduced`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``
+              then return the twist reduced modulo 2
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: G21 = FusionRing("G2", 1)
+                sage: [x.twist() for x in G21.basis()]
+                [0, 4/5]
+                sage: [G21.root_of_unity(x.twist()) for x in G21.basis()]
+                [1, zeta60^14 - zeta60^4]
+                sage: zeta60 = G21.field().gen()
+                sage: zeta60^((4/5)*(60/2))
+                zeta60^14 - zeta60^4
+
+                sage: F42 = FusionRing("F4", 2)
+                sage: [x.twist() for x in F42.basis()]
+                [0, 18/11, 2/11, 12/11, 4/11]
+
+                sage: E62 = FusionRing("E6", 2)
+                sage: [x.twist() for x in E62.basis()]
+                [0, 26/21, 12/7, 8/21, 8/21, 26/21, 2/3, 4/7, 2/3]
+            """
+            if not self.is_simple_object():
+                raise ValueError("quantum twist is only available for simple objects of a FusionRing")
+            P = self.parent()
+            rho = P.space().rho()
+            # We copy self.weight() to skip the test (which was already done
+            # by self.is_simple_object()).
+            lam = next(iter(self._monomial_coefficients))
+            inner = lam.inner_product(lam + 2*rho)
+            twist = P._conj * P._nf * inner / P.fusion_l()
+            # Reduce modulo 2
+            if reduced:
+                f = twist.floor()
+                twist -= f
+                return twist + (f % 2)
+            return twist
+
+        def ribbon(self, base_coercion=True):
+            r"""
+            Return the twist or ribbon element of ``self``.
+
+            If `h` is the rational number modulo 2 produced by
+            ``self.twist()``, this  method produces `e^{i\pi h}`.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                An additive version of this is available as :meth:`twist`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: F = FusionRing("A1", 3)
+                sage: [x.twist() for x in F.basis()]
+                [0, 3/10, 4/5, 3/2]
+                sage: [x.ribbon(base_coercion=False) for x in F.basis()]
+                [1, zeta40^6, zeta40^12 - zeta40^8 + zeta40^4 - 1, -zeta40^10]
+                sage: [F.root_of_unity(x, base_coercion=False) for x in [0, 3/10, 4/5, 3/2]]
+                [1, zeta40^6, zeta40^12 - zeta40^8 + zeta40^4 - 1, -zeta40^10]
+            """
+            ret = self.parent().root_of_unity(self.twist(), base_coercion=False)
+            if (not base_coercion) or (self.parent()._basecoer is None):
+                return ret
+            return self.parent()._basecoer(ret)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def q_dimension(self, base_coercion=True):
+            r"""
+            Return the quantum dimension as an element of the cyclotomic
+            field of the `2\ell`-th roots of unity, where `l = m (k+h^\vee)`
+            with `m=1, 2, 3` depending on whether type is simply, doubly or
+            triply laced, `k` is the level and `h^\vee` is the dual
+            Coxeter number.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B22 = FusionRing("B2", 2)
+                sage: [(b.q_dimension())^2 for b in B22.basis()]
+                [1, 4, 5, 1, 5, 4]
+            """
+            if not self.is_simple_object():
+                raise ValueError("quantum dimension is only available for simple objects of a FusionRing")
+            P = self.parent()
+            lam = self.weight()
+            space = P.space()
+            rho = space.rho()
+            powers = {}
+            for alpha in space.positive_roots():
+                val = alpha.inner_product(lam + rho)
+                if val in powers:
+                    powers[val] += 1
+                else:
+                    powers[val] = 1
+                val = alpha.inner_product(rho)
+                if val in powers:
+                    powers[val] -= 1
+                else:
+                    powers[val] = -1
+            R = ZZ['q']
+            q = R.gen()
+            expr = R.fraction_field().one()
+            for val, exp in powers.items():
+                if exp > 0:
+                    expr *= q_int(P._nf * val, q)**exp
+                elif exp < 0:
+                    expr /= q_int(P._nf * val, q)**(-exp)
+            expr = R(expr)
+            expr = expr.substitute(q=q**4) / (q**(2 * expr.degree()))
+            zet = P.field().gen() ** (P._cyclotomic_order / P._l)
+            ret = expr.substitute(q=zet)
+
+            if (not base_coercion) or (self.parent()._basecoer is None):
+                return ret
+            return self.parent()._basecoer(ret)