passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/interfaces/singular.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2835 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-singular
+r"""
+Interface to Singular
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+This interface is extremely flexible, since it's exactly like
+typing into the Singular interpreter, and anything that works there
+should work here.
+
+The Singular interface will only work if Singular is installed on
+your computer; this should be the case, since Singular is included
+with Sage. The interface offers three pieces of functionality:
+
+#. ``singular_console()`` -- a function that dumps you
+   into an interactive command-line Singular session.
+
+#. ``singular(expr, type='def')`` -- creation of a
+   Singular object. This provides a Pythonic interface to Singular.
+   For example, if ``f=singular(10)``, then
+   ``f.factorize()`` returns the factorization of
+   `10` computed using Singular.
+
+#. ``singular.eval(expr)`` -- evaluation of arbitrary
+   Singular expressions, with the result returned as a string.
+
+Of course, there are polynomial rings and ideals in Sage as well
+(often based on a C-library interface to Singular). One can convert
+an object in the Singular interpreter interface to Sage by the
+method ``sage()``.
+
+
+Tutorial
+--------
+
+EXAMPLES: First we illustrate multivariate polynomial
+factorization::
+
+    sage: R1 = singular.ring(0, '(x,y)', 'dp')
+    sage: R1
+    polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+    // coefficients: QQ...
+    // number of vars : 2
+    //        block   1 : ordering dp
+    //                  : names    x y
+    //        block   2 : ordering C
+    sage: f = singular('9x16 - 18x13y2 - 9x12y3 + 9x10y4 - 18x11y2 + 36x8y4 + 18x7y5 - 18x5y6 + 9x6y4 - 18x3y6 - 9x2y7 + 9y8')
+    sage: f
+    9*x^16-18*x^13*y^2-9*x^12*y^3+9*x^10*y^4-18*x^11*y^2+36*x^8*y^4+18*x^7*y^5-18*x^5*y^6+9*x^6*y^4-18*x^3*y^6-9*x^2*y^7+9*y^8
+    sage: f.parent()
+    Singular
+
+::
+
+    sage: F = f.factorize(); F
+    [1]:
+       _[1]=9
+       _[2]=x^6-2*x^3*y^2-x^2*y^3+y^4
+       _[3]=-x^5+y^2
+    [2]:
+       1,1,2
+
+::
+
+    sage: F[1]
+    9,
+    x^6-2*x^3*y^2-x^2*y^3+y^4,
+    -x^5+y^2
+    sage: F[1][2]
+    x^6-2*x^3*y^2-x^2*y^3+y^4
+
+We can convert `f` and each exponent back to Sage objects
+as well.
+
+::
+
+    sage: g = f.sage(); g
+    9*x^16 - 18*x^13*y^2 - 9*x^12*y^3 + 9*x^10*y^4 - 18*x^11*y^2 + 36*x^8*y^4 + 18*x^7*y^5 - 18*x^5*y^6 + 9*x^6*y^4 - 18*x^3*y^6 - 9*x^2*y^7 + 9*y^8
+    sage: F[1][2].sage()
+    x^6 - 2*x^3*y^2 - x^2*y^3 + y^4
+    sage: g.parent()
+    Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+
+This example illustrates polynomial GCD's::
+
+    sage: R2 = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'lp')
+    sage: a = singular.new('3x2*(x+y)')
+    sage: b = singular.new('9x*(y2-x2)')
+    sage: g = a.gcd(b)
+    sage: g
+    x^2+x*y
+
+This example illustrates computation of a Groebner basis::
+
+    sage: R3 = singular.ring(0, '(a,b,c,d)', 'lp')
+    sage: I = singular.ideal(['a + b + c + d', 'a*b + a*d + b*c + c*d', 'a*b*c + a*b*d + a*c*d + b*c*d', 'a*b*c*d - 1'])
+    sage: I2 = I.groebner()
+    sage: I2
+    c^2*d^6-c^2*d^2-d^4+1,
+    c^3*d^2+c^2*d^3-c-d,
+    b*d^4-b+d^5-d,
+    b*c-b*d^5+c^2*d^4+c*d-d^6-d^2,
+    b^2+2*b*d+d^2,
+    a+b+c+d
+
+The following example is the same as the one in the Singular - Gap
+interface documentation::
+
+    sage: R  = singular.ring(0, '(x0,x1,x2)', 'lp')
+    sage: I1 = singular.ideal(['x0*x1*x2 -x0^2*x2', 'x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2', 'x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2'])
+    sage: I2 = I1.groebner()
+    sage: I2
+    x1^2*x2^2,
+    x0*x2^3-x1^2*x2^2+x1*x2^3,
+    x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2,
+    x0^2*x2-x0*x2^2-x1*x2^2
+    sage: I2.sage()
+    Ideal (x1^2*x2^2, x0*x2^3 - x1^2*x2^2 + x1*x2^3, x0*x1 - x0*x2 - x1*x2, x0^2*x2 - x0*x2^2 - x1*x2^2) of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x0, x1, x2 over Rational Field
+
+
+This example illustrates moving a polynomial from one ring to
+another. It also illustrates calling a method of an object with an
+argument.
+
+::
+
+    sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+    sage: f = singular('x3+y3+(x-y)*x2y2+z2')
+    sage: f
+    x^3*y^2-x^2*y^3+x^3+y^3+z^2
+    sage: R1 = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'ds')
+    sage: f = R.fetch(f)
+    sage: f
+    z^2+x^3+y^3+x^3*y^2-x^2*y^3
+
+We can calculate the Milnor number of `f`::
+
+    sage: _=singular.LIB('sing.lib')     # assign to _ to suppress printing
+    sage: f.milnor()
+    4
+
+The Jacobian applied twice yields the Hessian matrix of
+`f`, with which we can compute.
+
+::
+
+    sage: H = f.jacob().jacob()
+    sage: H
+    6*x+6*x*y^2-2*y^3,6*x^2*y-6*x*y^2,  0,
+    6*x^2*y-6*x*y^2,  6*y+2*x^3-6*x^2*y,0,
+    0,                0,                2
+    sage: H.sage()
+    [6*x + 6*x*y^2 - 2*y^3     6*x^2*y - 6*x*y^2                     0]
+    [    6*x^2*y - 6*x*y^2 6*y + 2*x^3 - 6*x^2*y                     0]
+    [                    0                     0                     2]
+    sage: H.det()   # This is a polynomial in Singular
+    72*x*y+24*x^4-72*x^3*y+72*x*y^3-24*y^4-48*x^4*y^2+64*x^3*y^3-48*x^2*y^4
+    sage: H.det().sage()   # This is the corresponding polynomial in Sage
+    72*x*y + 24*x^4 - 72*x^3*y + 72*x*y^3 - 24*y^4 - 48*x^4*y^2 + 64*x^3*y^3 - 48*x^2*y^4
+
+The 1x1 and 2x2 minors::
+
+    sage: H.minor(1)
+    2,
+    6*y+2*x^3-6*x^2*y,
+    6*x^2*y-6*x*y^2,
+    6*x^2*y-6*x*y^2,
+    6*x+6*x*y^2-2*y^3,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0
+    sage: H.minor(2)
+    12*y+4*x^3-12*x^2*y,
+    12*x^2*y-12*x*y^2,
+    12*x^2*y-12*x*y^2,
+    12*x+12*x*y^2-4*y^3,
+    -36*x*y-12*x^4+36*x^3*y-36*x*y^3+12*y^4+24*x^4*y^2-32*x^3*y^3+24*x^2*y^4,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0
+
+::
+
+    sage: _=singular.eval('option(redSB)')
+    sage: H.minor(1).groebner()
+    1
+
+Computing the Genus
+-------------------
+
+We compute the projective genus of ideals that define curves over
+`\QQ`. It is *very important* to load the
+``normal.lib`` library before calling the
+``genus`` command, or you'll get an error message.
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: singular.lib('normal.lib')
+    sage: R = singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+    sage: i2 = singular.ideal('y9 - x2*(x-1)^9 + x')
+    sage: i2.genus()
+    40
+
+Note that the genus can be much smaller than the degree::
+
+    sage: i = singular.ideal('y9 - x2*(x-1)^9')
+    sage: i.genus()
+    0
+
+An Important Concept
+--------------------
+
+The following illustrates an important concept: how Sage interacts
+with the data being used and returned by Singular. Let's compute a
+Groebner basis for some ideal, using Singular through Sage.
+
+::
+
+    sage: singular.lib('polylib.lib')
+    sage: singular.ring(32003, '(a,b,c,d,e,f)', 'lp')
+    polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+    // coefficients: ZZ/32003...
+    // number of vars : 6
+    //        block   1 : ordering lp
+    //                        : names    a b c d e f
+    //        block   2 : ordering C
+    sage: I = singular.ideal('cyclic(6)')
+    sage: g = singular('groebner(I)')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    TypeError: Singular error:
+    ...
+
+We restart everything and try again, but correctly.
+
+::
+
+    sage: singular.quit()
+    sage: singular.lib('polylib.lib'); R = singular.ring(32003, '(a,b,c,d,e,f)', 'lp')
+    sage: I = singular.ideal('cyclic(6)')
+    sage: I.groebner()
+    f^48-2554*f^42-15674*f^36+12326*f^30-12326*f^18+15674*f^12+2554*f^6-1,
+    ...
+
+It's important to understand why the first attempt at computing a
+basis failed. The line where we gave singular the input
+'groebner(I)' was useless because Singular has no idea what 'I' is!
+Although 'I' is an object that we computed with calls to Singular
+functions, it actually lives in Sage. As a consequence, the name
+'I' means nothing to Singular. When we called
+``I.groebner()``, Sage was able to call the groebner
+function on 'I' in Singular, since 'I' actually means something to
+Sage.
+
+Long Input
+----------
+
+The Singular interface reads in even very long input (using files)
+in a robust manner, as long as you are creating a new object.
+
+::
+
+    sage: t = '"%s"'%10^15000   # 15 thousand character string (note that normal Singular input must be at most 10000)
+    sage: a = singular.eval(t)
+    sage: a = singular(t)
+
+TESTS:
+
+We test an automatic coercion::
+
+    sage: a = 3*singular('2'); a
+    6
+    sage: type(a)
+    <class 'sage.interfaces.singular.SingularElement'>
+    sage: a = singular('2')*3; a
+    6
+    sage: type(a)
+    <class 'sage.interfaces.singular.SingularElement'>
+
+Create a ring over GF(9) to check that ``gftables`` has been installed,
+see :issue:`11645`::
+
+    sage: singular.eval("ring testgf9 = (9,x),(a,b,c,d,e,f),(M((1,2,3,0)),wp(2,3),lp);")
+    ''
+
+Verify that :issue:`17720` is fixed::
+
+    sage: R.<p> = QQ[]
+    sage: K.<p> = QQ.extension(p^2 - p - 1)
+    sage: r.<x,z> = K[]
+    sage: I = r.ideal(z)
+    sage: I.primary_decomposition()
+    [Ideal (z) of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, z over Number Field in p with defining polynomial p^2 - p - 1]
+    sage: [ J.gens() for J in I.primary_decomposition("gtz")]
+    [[z]]
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Joyner and William Stein (2005): first version
+
+- Neal Harris (unknown): perhaps added "An Important Concept"
+
+- Martin Albrecht (2006-03-05): code so singular.[tab] and x =
+  singular(...), x.[tab] includes all singular commands.
+
+- Martin Albrecht (2006-03-06): This patch adds the equality symbol to
+  singular. Also fix a problem in which " " as prompt means comparison
+  will break all further communication with Singular.
+
+- Martin Albrecht (2006-03-13): added current_ring() and
+  current_ring_name()
+
+- William Stein (2006-04-10): Fixed problems with ideal constructor
+
+- Martin Albrecht (2006-05-18): added sage_poly.
+
+- Simon King (2010-11-23): Reduce the overhead caused by waiting for
+  the Singular prompt by doing garbage collection differently.
+
+- Simon King (2011-06-06): Make conversion from Singular to Sage more flexible.
+
+- Simon King (2015): Extend pickling capabilities.
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2005 David Joyner and William Stein
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import pexpect
+import shlex
+import time
+
+from .expect import Expect, ExpectElement, FunctionElement, ExpectFunction
+
+import sage.interfaces.abc
+
+from sage.interfaces.tab_completion import ExtraTabCompletion
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence_generic
+from sage.structure.element import RingElement
+import sage.features.singular
+
+import sage.rings.integer
+
+from sage.misc.verbose import get_verbose
+from sage.misc.instancedoc import instancedoc
+
+
+class SingularError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raised if Singular printed an error message
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class Singular(ExtraTabCompletion, Expect):
+    r"""
+    Interface to the Singular interpreter.
+
+    EXAMPLES: A Groebner basis example.
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x0,x1,x2)', 'lp')
+        sage: I = singular.ideal([ 'x0*x1*x2 -x0^2*x2', 'x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2', 'x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2'])
+        sage: I.groebner()
+        x1^2*x2^2,
+        x0*x2^3-x1^2*x2^2+x1*x2^3,
+        x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2,
+        x0^2*x2-x0*x2^2-x1*x2^2
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Joyner and William Stein
+    """
+    def __init__(self, maxread=None, script_subdirectory=None,
+                 logfile=None, server=None, server_tmpdir=None,
+                 seed=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular == loads(dumps(singular))
+            True
+        """
+        prompt = '> '
+        Expect.__init__(self,
+                        terminal_echo=False,
+                        name='singular',
+                        prompt=prompt,
+                        # no tty, fine grained cputime()
+                        # and do not display CTRL-C prompt
+                        command="{} -t --ticks-per-sec 1000 --cntrlc=a".format(
+                            shlex.quote(sage.features.singular.Singular().absolute_filename())),
+                        server=server,
+                        server_tmpdir=server_tmpdir,
+                        script_subdirectory=script_subdirectory,
+                        restart_on_ctrlc=True,
+                        verbose_start=False,
+                        logfile=logfile,
+                        eval_using_file_cutoff=100 if platform.system() == "SunOS" else 1000)
+        self.__libs = []
+        self._prompt_wait = prompt
+        self.__to_clear = []   # list of variable names that need to be cleared.
+        self._seed = seed
+
+    def set_seed(self, seed=None):
+        """
+        Set the seed for singular interpreter.
+
+        The seed should be an integer at least 1
+        and not more than 30 bits.
+        See
+        http://www.singular.uni-kl.de/Manual/html/sing_19.htm#SEC26
+        and
+        http://www.singular.uni-kl.de/Manual/html/sing_283.htm#SEC323
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s = Singular()
+            sage: s.set_seed(1)
+            1
+            sage: [s.random(1,10) for i in range(5)]
+            [8, 10, 4, 9, 1]
+        """
+        if seed is None:
+            seed = self.rand_seed()
+        self.eval('system("--random",%d)' % seed)
+        self._seed = seed
+        return seed
+
+    def _start(self, alt_message=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s = Singular()
+            sage: s.is_running()
+            False
+            sage: s._start()
+            sage: s.is_running()
+            True
+            sage: s.quit()
+        """
+        self.__libs = []
+        Expect._start(self, alt_message)
+        # Load some standard libraries.
+        self.lib('general')   # assumed loaded by misc/constants.py
+
+        # these options are required by the new coefficient rings
+        # supported by Singular 3-1-0.
+        self.option("redTail")
+        self.option("redThrough")
+        self.option("intStrategy")
+        self._saved_options = self.option('get')
+        # set random seed
+        self.set_seed(self._seed)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import singular
+            sage: singular.__reduce__()
+            (<function reduce_load_Singular at 0x...>, ())
+        """
+        return reduce_load_Singular, ()
+
+    def _equality_symbol(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._equality_symbol()
+            '=='
+        """
+        return '=='
+
+    def _true_symbol(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._true_symbol()
+            '1'
+        """
+        return '1'
+
+    def _false_symbol(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._false_symbol()
+            '0'
+        """
+        return '0'
+
+    def _quit_string(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._quit_string()
+            'quit;'
+        """
+        return 'quit;'
+
+    def _send_interrupt(self):
+        """
+        Send an interrupt to Singular. If needed, additional
+        semi-colons are sent until we get back at the prompt.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following works without restarting Singular::
+
+            sage: a = singular(1)
+            sage: _ = singular._expect.sendline('while(1){};')
+            sage: singular.interrupt()
+            True
+
+        We can still access a::
+
+            sage: 2*a
+            2
+
+        Interrupting nothing or unfinished input also works::
+
+            sage: singular.interrupt()
+            True
+            sage: _ = singular._expect.sendline('1+')
+            sage: singular.interrupt()
+            True
+            sage: 3*a
+            3
+        """
+        # Work around for Singular bug
+        # http://www.singular.uni-kl.de:8002/trac/ticket/727
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+
+        E = self._expect
+        E.sendline(chr(3))
+        # The following is needed so interrupt() works even when
+        # there is no computation going on.
+        for i in range(5):
+            try:
+                E.expect_upto(self._prompt, timeout=0.1)
+                return
+            except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
+                pass
+            E.sendline(";")
+
+    def _read_in_file_command(self, filename):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._read_in_file_command('test')
+            '< "...";'
+
+            sage: filename = tmp_filename()
+            sage: f = open(filename, 'w')
+            sage: _ = f.write('int x = 2;\n')
+            sage: f.close()
+            sage: singular.read(filename)
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '2'
+        """
+        return '< "%s";' % filename
+
+    def eval(self, x, allow_semicolon=True, strip=True, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Send the code x to the Singular interpreter and return the output
+        as a string.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- string (of code)
+
+        - ``allow_semicolon`` -- (default: ``False``) if ``False`` then
+          raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the input line contains a semicolon
+
+        - ``strip`` -- ignored
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('2 > 1')
+            '1'
+            sage: singular.eval('2 + 2')
+            '4'
+
+        if the verbosity level is `> 1` comments are also printed
+        and not only returned.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: r = singular.ring(0,'(x,y,z)','dp')
+            sage: i = singular.ideal(['x^2','y^2','z^2'])
+            sage: s = i.std()
+            sage: singular.eval('hilb(%s)'%(s.name()))
+            '...// dimension (affine) = 0\n//
+            degree (affine) = 8'
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.verbose import set_verbose
+            sage: set_verbose(1)
+            sage: o = singular.eval('hilb(%s)'%(s.name()))
+            ...// dimension (affine) = 0
+            // degree (affine)  = 8
+
+        This is mainly useful if this method is called implicitly. Because
+        then intermediate results, debugging outputs and printed statements
+        are printed
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: o = s.hilb()
+            ...// dimension (affine) = 0
+            // degree (affine)  = 8
+            // ** right side is not a datum, assignment ignored
+            ...
+
+        rather than ignored
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: set_verbose(0)
+            sage: o = s.hilb()
+        """
+        # Simon King:
+        # In previous versions, the interface was first synchronised and then
+        # unused variables were killed. This created a considerable overhead.
+        # By github issue #10296, killing unused variables is now done inside
+        # singular.set(). Moreover, it is not done by calling a separate _eval_line.
+        # In that way, the time spent by waiting for the singular prompt is reduced.
+
+        # Before #10296, it was possible that garbage collection occurred inside
+        # of _eval_line. But collection of the garbage would launch another call
+        # to _eval_line. The result would have been a dead lock, that could only
+        # be avoided by synchronisation. Since garbage collection is now done
+        # without an additional call to _eval_line, synchronisation is not
+        # needed anymore, saving even more waiting time for the prompt.
+
+        # Uncomment the print statements below for low-level debugging of
+        # code that involves the singular interfaces.  Everything goes
+        # through here.
+
+        x = str(x).rstrip().rstrip(';')
+        x = x.replace("> ", ">\t")  # don't send a prompt  (added by Martin Albrecht)
+        if not allow_semicolon and x.find(";") != -1:
+            raise TypeError("singular input must not contain any semicolons:\n%s" % x)
+        if len(x) == 0 or x[len(x) - 1] != ';':
+            x += ';'
+
+        s = Expect.eval(self, x, **kwds)
+
+        # "Segment fault" is not a typo:
+        # Singular actually does use that string
+        if s.find("error occurred") != -1 or s.find("Segment fault") != -1:
+            raise SingularError('Singular error:\n%s' % s)
+
+        if get_verbose() > 0:
+            for line in s.splitlines():
+                if line.startswith("//"):
+                    print(line)
+            return s
+        else:
+            return s
+
+    def set(self, type, name, value):
+        """
+        Set the variable with given name to the given value.
+
+        REMARK:
+
+        If a variable in the Singular interface was previously marked for
+        deletion, the actual deletion is done here, before the new variable
+        is created in Singular.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.set('int', 'x', '2')
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '2'
+
+        We test that an unused variable is only actually deleted if this method
+        is called::
+
+            sage: a = singular(3)
+            sage: n = a.name()
+            sage: del a
+            sage: singular.eval(n)
+            '3'
+            sage: singular.set('int', 'y', '5')
+            sage: singular.eval('defined(%s)'%n)
+            '0'
+        """
+        cmd = ''.join('if(defined(%s)){kill %s;};' % (v, v)
+                      for v in self.__to_clear)
+        cmd += '%s %s=%s;' % (type, name, value)
+        self.__to_clear = []
+        self.eval(cmd)
+
+    def get(self, var):
+        """
+        Get string representation of variable named var.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.set('int', 'x', '2')
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '2'
+        """
+        return self.eval('print(%s);' % var)
+
+    def clear(self, var):
+        """
+        Clear the variable named ``var``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.set('int', 'x', '2')
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '2'
+            sage: singular.clear('x')
+
+        "Clearing the variable" means to allow to free the memory
+        that it uses in the Singular sub-process. However, the
+        actual deletion of the variable is only committed when
+        the next element in the Singular interface is created::
+
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '2'
+            sage: a = singular(3)
+            sage: singular.get('x')
+            '`x`'
+        """
+        # We add the variable to the list of vars to clear when we do an eval.
+        # We queue up all the clears and do them at once to avoid synchronizing
+        # the interface at the same time we do garbage collection, which can
+        # lead to subtle problems.    This was Willem Jan's ideas, implemented
+        # by William Stein.
+        self.__to_clear.append(var)
+
+    def _create(self, value, type='def'):
+        """
+        Create a new variable in the Singular session and returns the name
+        of that variable.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._create('2', type='int')
+            'sage...'
+            sage: singular.get(_)
+            '2'
+        """
+        name = self._next_var_name()
+        self.set(type, name, value)
+        return name
+
+    def __call__(self, x, type='def'):
+        """
+        Create a singular object X with given type determined by the string
+        x. This returns var, where var is built using the Singular
+        statement type var = ... x ... Note that the actual name of var
+        could be anything, and can be recovered using X.name().
+
+        The object X returned can be used like any Sage object, and wraps
+        an object in ``self``. The standard arithmetic operators work. Moreover
+        if foo is a function then X.foo(y,z,...) calls foo(X, y, z, ...)
+        and returns the corresponding object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x0,x1,x2)', 'lp')
+            sage: I = singular.ideal([ 'x0*x1*x2 -x0^2*x2', 'x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2', 'x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2'])
+            sage: I
+             -x0^2*x2+x0*x1*x2,
+            x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2,
+            x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2
+            sage: type(I)
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.singular.SingularElement'>
+            sage: I.parent()
+            Singular
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, SingularElement) and x.parent() is self:
+            return x
+        elif isinstance(x, ExpectElement):
+            return self(x.sage())
+        elif not isinstance(x, ExpectElement) and hasattr(x, '_singular_'):
+            return x._singular_(self)
+
+        # some convenient conversions
+        if type in ("module", "list") and isinstance(x, (list, tuple, Sequence_generic)):
+            x = str(x)[1:-1]
+
+        return SingularElement(self, type, x, False)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, S):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``S`` admits a coercion map into the
+        Singular interface.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._coerce_map_from_(ZZ)
+            True
+            sage: singular.coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            Call morphism:
+              From: Integer Ring
+              To:   Singular
+            sage: singular.coerce_map_from(float)
+        """
+        # we want to implement this without coercing, since singular has state.
+        if hasattr(S, 'an_element'):
+            if hasattr(S.an_element(), '_singular_'):
+                return True
+        elif S is int:
+            return True
+        return None
+
+    def cputime(self, t=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the amount of CPU time that the Singular session has used.
+        If ``t`` is not None, then it returns the difference
+        between the current CPU time and ``t``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t = singular.cputime()
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x0,x1,x2)', 'lp')
+            sage: I = singular.ideal([ 'x0*x1*x2 -x0^2*x2', 'x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2', 'x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2'])
+            sage: gb = I.groebner()
+            sage: singular.cputime(t) #random
+            0.02
+        """
+        if t:
+            return float(self.eval('timer-(%d)' % (int(1000 * t)))) / 1000.0
+        else:
+            return float(self.eval('timer')) / 1000.0
+
+    ###########################################################
+    # Singular libraries
+    ###########################################################
+    def lib(self, lib, reload=False):
+        """
+        Load the Singular library named lib.
+
+        Note that if the library was already loaded during this session it
+        is not reloaded unless the optional reload argument is ``True`` (the
+        default is ``False``).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.lib('sing.lib')
+            sage: singular.lib('sing.lib', reload=True)
+        """
+        if lib[-4:] != ".lib":
+            lib += ".lib"
+        if not reload and lib in self.__libs:
+            return
+        self.eval('LIB "%s"' % lib)
+        self.__libs.append(lib)
+
+    LIB = lib
+    load = lib
+
+    ##########################################################
+    # constructors
+    ##########################################################
+    def ideal(self, *gens):
+        """
+        Return the ideal generated by gens.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``gens`` -- list or tuple of Singular objects (or
+          objects that can be made into Singular objects via evaluation)
+
+        OUTPUT: the Singular ideal generated by the given list of gens
+
+        EXAMPLES: A Groebner basis example done in a different way.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: _ = singular.eval("ring R=0,(x0,x1,x2),lp")
+            sage: i1 = singular.ideal([ 'x0*x1*x2 -x0^2*x2', 'x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2', 'x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2'])
+            sage: i1
+            -x0^2*x2+x0*x1*x2,
+            x0^2*x1*x2-x0*x1^2*x2-x0*x1*x2^2,
+            x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: i2 = singular.ideal('groebner(%s);'%i1.name())
+            sage: i2
+            x1^2*x2^2,
+            x0*x2^3-x1^2*x2^2+x1*x2^3,
+            x0*x1-x0*x2-x1*x2,
+            x0^2*x2-x0*x2^2-x1*x2^2
+        """
+        if isinstance(gens, str):
+            gens = self(gens)
+
+        if isinstance(gens, SingularElement):
+            return self(gens.name(), 'ideal')
+
+        if not isinstance(gens, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("gens (=%s) must be a list, tuple, string, or Singular element" % gens)
+
+        if len(gens) == 1 and isinstance(gens[0], (list, tuple)):
+            gens = gens[0]
+        gens2 = []
+        for g in gens:
+            if not isinstance(g, SingularElement):
+                gens2.append(self.new(g))
+            else:
+                gens2.append(g)
+        return self(",".join(g.name() for g in gens2), 'ideal')
+
+    def list(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Create a list in Singular from a Sage list ``x``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.list([1,2])
+            [1]:
+               1
+            [2]:
+               2
+
+            sage: singular.list([1,2,[3,4]])
+            [1]:
+               1
+            [2]:
+               2
+            [3]:
+               [1]:
+                  3
+               [2]:
+                  4
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: singular.list([1,2,[x,ideal(x,y)]])
+            [1]:
+               1
+            [2]:
+               2
+            [3]:
+               [1]:
+                  x
+               [2]:
+                  _[1]=x
+                  _[2]=y
+
+        Strings have to be escaped before passing them to this method::
+
+            sage: singular.list([1,2,'"hi"'])
+            [1]:
+               1
+            [2]:
+               2
+            [3]:
+               hi
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that a list already converted to Singular can be
+        embedded into a list to be converted::
+
+            sage: singular.list([1, 2, singular.list([3, 4])])
+            [1]:
+               1
+            [2]:
+               2
+            [3]:
+               [1]:
+                  3
+               [2]:
+                  4
+        """
+
+        # We have to be careful about object destruction.
+
+        # If we convert an object to a Singular element, the only
+        # thing that goes into the list definition statement is the
+        # Singular variable name, so we need to keep the element
+        # around long enough to ensure that the variable still exists
+        # when we create the list.  We ensure this by putting created
+        # elements on a list, which gets destroyed when this function
+        # returns, by which time the list has been created.
+
+        singular_elements = []
+
+        def strify(x):
+            if isinstance(x, (list, tuple, Sequence_generic)):
+                return 'list(' + ','.join(strify(i) for i in x) + ')'
+            elif isinstance(x, SingularElement):
+                return x.name()
+            elif isinstance(x, (int, sage.rings.integer.Integer)):
+                return repr(x)
+            elif hasattr(x, '_singular_'):
+                e = x._singular_()
+                singular_elements.append(e)
+                return e.name()
+            else:
+                return str(x)
+
+        return self(strify(x), 'list')
+
+    def matrix(self, nrows, ncols, entries=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.lib("matrix")
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(3,2,'1,2,3,4,5,6')
+            sage: A
+            1,2,
+            3,4,
+            5,6
+            sage: A.gauss_col()
+            2,-1,
+            1,0,
+            0,1
+
+        AUTHORS:
+
+        - Martin Albrecht (2006-01-14)
+        """
+        name = self._next_var_name()
+        if entries is None:
+            self.eval('matrix %s[%s][%s]' % (name, nrows, ncols))
+        else:
+            self.eval('matrix %s[%s][%s] = %s' % (name, nrows, ncols, entries))
+        return SingularElement(self, None, name, True)
+
+    def ring(self, char=0, vars='(x)', order='lp', check=None):
+        r"""
+        Create a Singular ring and makes it the current ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``char`` -- string; a string specifying the characteristic
+          of the base ring, in the format accepted by Singular (see
+          examples below)
+
+        - ``vars`` -- tuple or string defining the variable names
+
+        - ``order`` -- string; the monomial order (default: ``'lp'``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a Singular ring
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This function is *not* identical to calling the Singular
+           ``ring`` function. In particular, it also attempts to
+           "kill" the variable names, so they can actually be used
+           without getting errors, and it sets printing of elements
+           for this range to short (i.e., with \*'s and carets).
+
+        EXAMPLES: We first declare `\QQ[x,y,z]` with degree reverse
+        lexicographic ordering.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: R
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: QQ...
+            // number of vars : 3
+            //        block   1 : ordering dp
+            //                  : names    x y z
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R1 = singular.ring(32003, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: R2 = singular.ring(32003, '(a,b,c,d)', 'lp')
+
+        This is a ring in variables named x(1) through x(10) over the
+        finite field of order `7`::
+
+            sage: R3 = singular.ring(7, '(x(1..10))', 'ds')
+
+        This is a polynomial ring over the transcendental extension
+        `\QQ(a)` of `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: R4 = singular.ring('(0,a)', '(mu,nu)', 'lp')
+
+        This is a ring over the field of single-precision floats::
+
+            sage: R5 = singular.ring('real', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+
+        This is over 50-digit floats::
+
+            sage: R6 = singular.ring('(real,50)', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+            sage: R7 = singular.ring('(complex,50,i)', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+
+        To use a ring that you've defined, use the set_ring() method on
+        the ring. This sets the ring to be the "current ring". For
+        example,
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(7, '(a,b)', 'ds')
+            sage: S = singular.ring('real', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+            sage: singular.new('10*a')
+            (1.000e+01)*a
+            sage: R.set_ring()
+            sage: singular.new('10*a')
+            3*a
+        """
+        if len(vars) > 2:
+            s = '; '.join('if(defined(%s)>0){kill %s;};' % (x, x)
+                          for x in vars[1:-1].split(','))
+            self.eval(s)
+
+        if check is not None:
+            from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+            deprecation(33319, 'The check= keyword argument does nothing.' + f'({check})')
+
+        R = self('%s,%s,%s' % (char, vars, order), 'ring')
+        self.eval('short=0')  # make output include *'s for multiplication for *THIS* ring.
+        return R
+
+    def string(self, x):
+        """
+        Create a Singular string from a Sage string. Note that the Sage
+        string has to be "double-quoted".
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.string('"Sage"')
+            Sage
+        """
+        return self(x, 'string')
+
+    def set_ring(self, R):
+        """
+        Set the current Singular ring to `R`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(7, '(a,b)', 'ds')
+            sage: S = singular.ring('real', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+            sage: singular.current_ring()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: Float()...
+            // number of vars : 2
+            //        block   1 : ordering lp
+            //                  : names    a b
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+            sage: singular.set_ring(R)
+            sage: singular.current_ring()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, local ordering
+            // coefficients: ZZ/7...
+            // number of vars : 2
+            //        block   1 : ordering ds
+            //                  : names    a b
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+        """
+        if not isinstance(R, SingularElement):
+            raise TypeError("R must be a singular ring")
+        self.eval("setring %s; short=0" % R.name(), allow_semicolon=True)
+
+    setring = set_ring
+
+    def current_ring_name(self):
+        """
+        Return the Singular name of the currently active ring in
+        Singular.
+
+        OUTPUT: currently active ring's name
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: r = PolynomialRing(GF(127),3,'xyz')
+            sage: r._singular_().name() == singular.current_ring_name()
+            True
+        """
+        ringlist = self.eval("listvar(ring)").splitlines()
+        p = re.compile(r"// ([a-zA-Z0-9_]*).*\[.*\].*\*.*")  # do this in constructor?
+        for line in ringlist:
+            m = p.match(line)
+            if m:
+                return m.group(1)
+        return None
+
+    def current_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the current ring of the running Singular session.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: r = PolynomialRing(GF(127),3,'xyz', order='invlex')
+            sage: r._singular_()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: ZZ/127...
+            // number of vars : 3
+            //        block   1 : ordering ip
+            //                  : names    x y z
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+            sage: singular.current_ring()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: ZZ/127...
+            // number of vars : 3
+            //        block   1 : ordering ip
+            //                  : names    x y z
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+        """
+        name = self.current_ring_name()
+        if name:
+            return self(name)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _tab_completion(self) -> list:
+        """
+        Return a list of all Singular commands.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._tab_completion()
+            ['exteriorPower',
+            ...
+            'crossprod']
+        """
+        p = re.compile("// *([a-z0-9A-Z_]*).*")  # compiles regular expression
+        proclist = self.eval("listvar(proc)").splitlines()
+        return [p.match(line).group(1) for line in proclist]
+
+    def console(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular_console() #not tested
+                                 SINGULAR                             /  Development
+             A Computer Algebra System for Polynomial Computations   /   version 3-0-4
+                                                                   0<
+                 by: G.-M. Greuel, G. Pfister, H. Schoenemann        \   Nov 2007
+            FB Mathematik der Universitaet, D-67653 Kaiserslautern    \
+        """
+        singular_console()
+
+    def version(self):
+        """
+        Return the version of Singular being used.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.version()
+            "Singular ... version 4...
+        """
+        return singular_version()
+
+    def _function_class(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._function_class()
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.singular.SingularFunction'>
+        """
+        return SingularFunction
+
+    def _function_element_class(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular._function_element_class()
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.singular.SingularFunctionElement'>
+        """
+        return SingularFunctionElement
+
+    def option(self, cmd=None, val=None):
+        """
+        Access to Singular's options as follows:
+
+        Syntax: option() Returns a string of all defined options.
+
+        Syntax: option( 'option_name' ) Sets an option. Note to disable an
+        option, use the prefix no.
+
+        Syntax: option( 'get' ) Returns an intvec of the state of all
+        options.
+
+        Syntax: option( 'set', intvec_expression ) Restores the state of
+        all options from an intvec (produced by option('get')).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.option()
+            //options: redefine loadLib usage prompt
+            sage: singular.option('get')
+            0,
+            10321
+            sage: old_options = _
+            sage: singular.option('noredefine')
+            sage: singular.option()
+            //options: loadLib usage prompt
+            sage: singular.option('set', old_options)
+            sage: singular.option('get')
+            0,
+            10321
+        """
+        if cmd is None:
+            return SingularFunction(self, "option")()
+        elif cmd == "get":
+            # return SingularFunction(self, "option")("\"get\"")
+            return self(self.eval("option(get)"), "intvec")
+        elif cmd == "set":
+            if not isinstance(val, SingularElement):
+                raise TypeError("singular.option('set') needs SingularElement as second parameter")
+            # SingularFunction(self,"option")("\"set\"",val)
+            self.eval("option(set,%s)" % val.name())
+        else:
+            SingularFunction(self, "option")(f'"{str(cmd)}"')
+
+    def _keyboard_interrupt(self):
+        print("Interrupting %s..." % self)
+        try:
+            self._expect.sendline(chr(4))
+        except pexpect.ExceptionPexpect as msg:
+            raise pexpect.ExceptionPexpect("THIS IS A BUG -- PLEASE REPORT. This should never happen.\n" + msg)
+        self._start()
+        raise KeyboardInterrupt("Restarting %s (WARNING: all variables defined in previous session are now invalid)" % self)
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class SingularElement(ExtraTabCompletion, ExpectElement, sage.interfaces.abc.SingularElement):
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, type, value, is_name=False):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = singular(2)
+            sage: loads(dumps(a))
+            2
+        """
+        RingElement.__init__(self, parent)
+        if parent is None:
+            return
+        if not is_name:
+            try:
+                self._name = parent._create(value, type)
+            # Convert SingularError to TypeError for
+            # coercion to work properly.
+            except SingularError as x:
+                self._session_number = -1
+                raise TypeError(x)
+            except BaseException:
+                self._session_number = -1
+                raise
+        else:
+            self._name = value
+        self._session_number = parent._session_number
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: r = singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+            sage: singular(0)
+            0
+            sage: singular('x') # indirect doctest
+            x
+            sage: singular.matrix(2,2)
+            0,0,
+            0,0
+            sage: singular.matrix(2,2,"(25/47*x^2*y^4 + 63/127*x + 27)^3,y,0,1")
+            15625/103823*x^6*y.., y,
+            0,                    1
+
+        Note that the output is truncated, and if ``self`` has a custom name then
+        it is used to print the items of the matrix, rather than abbreviating its
+        contents::
+
+            sage: M = singular.matrix(2,2,"(25/47*x^2*y^4 + 63/127*x + 27)^3,y,0,1")
+            sage: M.rename('T')
+            sage: M
+            T[1,1],y,
+            0,         1
+        """
+        s = super()._repr_()
+        if self._name in s:
+            if self.get_custom_name() is None and self.type() == 'matrix':
+                s = self.parent().eval('pmat(%s,20)' % (self.name()))
+        # compatibility for singular 4.3.2p10 and before
+        if s.startswith("polynomial ring,"):
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.term_order import singular_name_mapping
+            from sage.repl.rich_output import get_display_manager
+            # this is our cue that singular uses `rp` instead of `ip`
+            if singular_name_mapping['invlex'] == 'rp' and 'doctest' in str(get_display_manager()):
+                s = re.sub('^(// .*block.* : ordering )rp$', '\\1ip',
+                           s, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        return s
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R=singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+            sage: M=singular.matrix(3,3,'0,0,-x, 0,y,0, x*y,0,0')
+            sage: N=copy(M)
+            sage: N[1,1]=singular('x+y')
+            sage: N
+            x+y,0,-x,
+            0,  y,0,
+            x*y,0,0
+            sage: M
+            0,  0,-x,
+            0,  y,0,
+            x*y,0,0
+            sage: L=R.ringlist()
+            sage: L[4]=singular.ideal('x**2-5')
+            sage: Q=L.ring()
+            sage: otherR=singular.ring(5,'(x)','dp')
+            sage: cpQ=copy(Q)
+            sage: cpQ.set_ring()
+            sage: cpQ
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: QQ...
+            // number of vars : 2
+            //        block   1 : ordering dp
+            //                  : names    x y
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+            // quotient ring from ideal
+            _[1]=x^2-5
+            sage: R.fetch(M)
+            0,  0,-x,
+            0,  y,0,
+            x*y,0,0
+        """
+        if (self.type() == 'ring') or (self.type() == 'qring'):
+            # Problem: singular has no clean method to produce
+            # a copy of a ring/qring. We use ringlist, but this
+            # is only possible if we make self the active ring,
+            # use ringlist, and switch back to the previous
+            # base ring.
+            br = self.parent().current_ring()
+            self.set_ring()
+            OUT = (self.ringlist()).ring()
+            br.set_ring()
+            return OUT
+        else:
+            return self.parent()(self.name())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        Return the size of this Singular element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: len(A)
+            4
+        """
+        return int(self.size())
+
+    def __setitem__(self, n, value):
+        """
+        Set the `n`-th element of ``self`` to `x`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer *or* a 2-tuple (for setting
+          matrix elements)
+
+        - ``value`` -- anything (is coerced to a Singular
+          object if it is not one already)
+
+        OUTPUT: changes elements of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: A
+            0,0,
+            0,0
+            sage: A[1,1] = 5
+            sage: A
+            5,0,
+            0,0
+            sage: A[1,2] = '5*x + y + z3'
+            sage: A
+            5,z^3+5*x+y,
+            0,0
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        if not isinstance(value, SingularElement):
+            value = P(value)
+        if isinstance(n, tuple):
+            if len(n) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("If n (=%s) is a tuple, it must be a 2-tuple" % n)
+            x, y = n
+            P.eval('%s[%s,%s] = %s' % (self.name(), x, y, value.name()))
+        else:
+            P.eval('%s[%s] = %s' % (self.name(), n, value.name()))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this Singular element is not zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: bool(singular(0))
+            False
+            sage: bool(singular(1))
+            True
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.eval('%s == 0' % self.name()) == '0'
+
+    def sage_polystring(self):
+        r"""
+        If this Singular element is a polynomial, return a string
+        representation of this polynomial that is suitable for evaluation
+        in Python. Thus \* is used for multiplication and \*\* for
+        exponentiation. This function is primarily used internally.
+
+        The short=0 option *must* be set for the parent ring or this
+        function will not work as expected. This option is set by default
+        for rings created using ``singular.ring`` or set using
+        ``ring_name.set_ring()``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0,'(x,y)')
+            sage: f = singular('x^3 + 3*y^11 + 5')
+            sage: f
+            x^3+3*y^11+5
+            sage: f.sage_polystring()
+            'x**3+3*y**11+5'
+        """
+        return str(self).replace('^', '**')
+
+    def sage_global_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the current basering in Singular as a polynomial ring or quotient ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r1 = (9,x),(a,b,c,d,e,f),(M((1,2,3,0)),wp(2,3),lp)')
+            ''
+            sage: R = singular('r1').sage_global_ring()
+            sage: R
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c, d, e, f over Finite Field in x of size 3^2
+            sage: R.term_order()
+            Block term order with blocks:
+            (Matrix term order with matrix
+            [1 2]
+            [3 0],
+             Weighted degree reverse lexicographic term order with weights (2, 3),
+             Lexicographic term order of length 2)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r2 = (0,x),(a,b,c),dp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular('r2').sage_global_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r3 = (3,z),(a,b,c),dp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular.eval('minpoly = 1+z+z2+z3+z4')
+            ''
+            sage: singular('r3').sage_global_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c over Finite Field in z of size 3^4
+
+        Real and complex fields in both Singular and Sage are defined with a precision.
+        The precision in Singular is given in terms of digits, but in Sage it is given
+        in terms of bits. So, the digit precision is internally converted to a reasonable
+        bit precision::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r4 = (real,20),(a,b,c),dp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular('r4').sage_global_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c over Real Field with 70 bits of precision
+
+        The case of complex coefficients is not fully supported, yet, since
+        the generator of a complex field in Sage is always called "I"::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r5 = (complex,15,j),(a,b,c),dp')
+            ''
+            sage: R = singular('r5').sage_global_ring(); R
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b, c over Complex Field with 54 bits of precision
+            sage: R.base_ring()('k')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: given string 'k' is not a complex number
+            sage: R.base_ring()('I')
+            1.00000000000000*I
+
+        An example where the base ring is a polynomial ring over an extension of the rational field::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r7 = (0,a), (x,y), dp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular.eval('minpoly = a2 + 1')
+            ''
+            sage: singular('r7').sage_global_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Number Field in a with defining polynomial a^2 + 1
+
+        In our last example, the base ring is a quotient ring::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r6 = (9,a), (x,y,z),lp')
+            ''
+            sage: Q = singular('std(ideal(x^2,x+y^2+z^3))', type='qring')
+            sage: Q.sage_global_ring()
+            Quotient of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 3^2 by the ideal (y^4 - y^2*z^3 + z^6, x + y^2 + z^3)
+
+        AUTHOR:
+
+        - Simon King (2011-06-06)
+        """
+        # extract the ring of coefficients
+        singular = self.parent()
+        charstr = singular.eval('charstr(basering)').split(',', 1)
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        is_extension = len(charstr) == 2
+        if charstr[0] in ['integer', 'ZZ']:
+            br = ZZ
+            is_extension = False
+        elif charstr[0] in ['0', 'QQ']:
+            from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+            br = QQ
+        elif charstr[0].startswith('Float'):
+            from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField
+            from sage.functions.other import ceil
+            from sage.misc.functional import log
+            prec = singular.eval('ringlist(basering)[1][2][1]')
+            br = RealField(ceil((ZZ(prec) + 1) / log(2, 10)))
+            is_extension = False
+        elif charstr[0] == 'complex':
+            from sage.rings.complex_mpfr import ComplexField
+            from sage.functions.other import ceil
+            from sage.misc.functional import log
+            prec = singular.eval('ringlist(basering)[1][2][1]')
+            br = ComplexField(ceil((ZZ(prec) + 1) / log(2, 10)))
+            is_extension = False
+        else:
+            # it ought to be a finite field
+            q = ZZ(charstr[0].lstrip('ZZ/'))
+            from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import GF
+            if q.is_prime():
+                br = GF(q)
+            else:
+                br = GF(q, charstr[1])
+                # Singular has no extension of a non-prime field
+                is_extension = False
+
+        # We have the base ring of the base ring. But is it
+        # an extension?
+        if is_extension:
+            minpoly = singular.eval('minpoly')
+            if minpoly == '0':
+                from sage.rings.fraction_field import FractionField as Frac
+                BR = Frac(br[charstr[1]])
+            else:
+                is_short = singular.eval('short')
+                if is_short != '0':
+                    singular.eval('short=0')
+                    minpoly = ZZ[charstr[1]](singular.eval('minpoly'))
+                    singular.eval('short=%s' % is_short)
+                else:
+                    minpoly = ZZ[charstr[1]](minpoly)
+                BR = br.extension(minpoly, names=charstr[1])
+        else:
+            BR = br
+
+        # Now, we form the polynomial ring over BR with the given variables,
+        # using Singular's term order
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.term_order import termorder_from_singular
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        # Meanwhile Singulars quotient rings are also of 'ring' type, not 'qring' as it was in the past.
+        # To find out if a singular ring is a quotient ring or not checking for ring type does not help
+        # and instead of that we check if the quotient ring is zero or not:
+        if (singular.eval('ideal(basering)==0') == '1'):
+            return PolynomialRing(BR, names=singular.eval('varstr(basering)'), order=termorder_from_singular(singular))
+        P = PolynomialRing(BR, names=singular.eval('varstr(basering)'), order=termorder_from_singular(singular))
+        return P.quotient(singular('ringlist(basering)[4]')._sage_(P), names=singular.eval('varstr(basering)'))
+
+    def sage_poly(self, R=None, kcache=None):
+        """
+        Return a Sage polynomial in the ring r matching the provided poly
+        which is a singular polynomial.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- (default: ``None``) an optional polynomial ring.
+          If it is provided, then you have to make sure that it
+          matches the current singular ring as, e.g., returned by
+          ``singular.current_ring()``. By default, the output of
+          :meth:`sage_global_ring` is used.
+
+        - ``kcache`` -- (default: ``None``) an optional dictionary
+          for faster finite field lookups, this is mainly useful for finite
+          extension fields
+
+
+        OUTPUT: MPolynomial
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2^8,'a'), 'x,y')
+            sage: f = R('a^20*x^2*y+a^10+x')
+            sage: f._singular_().sage_poly(R) == f
+            True
+            sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2^8,'a'), 'x', implementation='singular')
+            sage: f = R('a^20*x^3+x^2+a^10')
+            sage: f._singular_().sage_poly(R) == f
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 2)
+            sage: f = x*y**3 - 1/9 * x + 1; f
+            x*y^3 - 1/9*x + 1
+            sage: singular(f)
+            x*y^3-1/9*x+1
+            sage: P(singular(f))
+            x*y^3 - 1/9*x + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r = (3,z),(a,b,c),dp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular.eval('minpoly = 1+z+z2+z3+z4')
+            ''
+            sage: p = singular('z^4*a^3+z^2*a*b*c')
+            sage: p.sage_poly()
+            (-z^3 - z^2 - z - 1)*a^3 + (z^2)*a*b*c
+            sage: singular('z^4')
+            (-z3-z2-z-1)
+
+        Test that :issue:`25297` is fixed::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: SE.<xbar,ybar> = R.quotient(x^2 + y^2 - 1)
+            sage: P = ideal(xbar,ybar)
+            sage: P2 = P._singular_().sage()
+            sage: P2.0.lift().parent()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+
+        Test that :issue:`29396` is fixed::
+
+            sage: Rxz.<x,z> = RR[]
+            sage: f = x**3 + x*z + 1
+            sage: f.discriminant(x)
+            -4.00000000000000*z^3 - 27.0000000000000
+            sage: Rx.<x> = RR[]
+            sage: Rx("x + 7.5")._singular_().sage_poly()
+            x + 7.50000
+            sage: Rx("x + 7.5")._singular_().sage_poly(Rx)
+            x + 7.50000000000000
+
+        AUTHORS:
+
+        - Martin Albrecht (2006-05-18)
+        - Simon King (2011-06-06): Deal with Singular's short polynomial representation,
+          automatic construction of a polynomial ring, if it is not explicitly given.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           For very simple polynomials
+           ``eval(SingularElement.sage_polystring())`` is faster than
+           SingularElement.sage_poly(R), maybe we should detect the
+           crossover point (in dependence of the string length) and
+           choose an appropriate conversion strategy
+        """
+        # TODO: Refactor imports to move this to the top
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring import MPolynomialRing_polydict
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_libsingular import MPolynomialRing_libsingular
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polydict import ETuple
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_singular_interface import can_convert_to_singular
+        from sage.rings.quotient_ring import QuotientRing_generic
+
+        ring_is_fine = False
+        if R is None:
+            ring_is_fine = True
+            R = self.sage_global_ring()
+
+        if isinstance(R, QuotientRing_generic) and (ring_is_fine or can_convert_to_singular(R)):
+            p = self.sage_poly(R.ambient(), kcache)
+            return R(p)
+
+        sage_repr = {}
+        k = R.base_ring()
+
+        variable_str = "*".join(R.variable_names())
+
+        # This returns a string which looks like a list where the first
+        # half of the list is filled with monomials occurring in the
+        # Singular polynomial and the second half filled with the matching
+        # coefficients.
+        #
+        # Our strategy is to split the monomials at "*" to get the powers
+        # in the single variables and then to split the result to get
+        # actual exponent.
+        #
+        # So e.g. ['x^3*y^3','a'] get's split to
+        # [[['x','3'],['y','3']],'a']. We may do this quickly,
+        # as we know what to expect.
+
+        is_short = self.parent().eval('short')
+        if is_short != '0':
+            self.parent().eval('short=0')
+            if isinstance(R, MPolynomialRing_libsingular):
+                out = R(self)
+                self.parent().eval('short=%s' % is_short)
+                return out
+            singular_poly_list = self.parent().eval("string(coef(%s,%s))" % (
+                self.name(), variable_str)).split(",")
+            self.parent().eval('short=%s' % is_short)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(R, MPolynomialRing_libsingular):
+                return R(self)
+            singular_poly_list = self.parent().eval("string(coef(%s,%s))" % (
+                self.name(), variable_str)).split(",")
+
+        # Directly treat constants
+        if singular_poly_list[0] in ['1', '(1.000e+00)']:
+            return R(singular_poly_list[1])
+
+        coeff_start = len(singular_poly_list) // 2
+
+        # Singular 4 puts parentheses around floats and sign outside them
+        charstr = self.parent().eval('charstr(basering)').split(',', 1)
+        if charstr[0].startswith('Float') or charstr[0] == 'complex':
+            for i in range(coeff_start, 2 * coeff_start):
+                singular_poly_list[i] = singular_poly_list[i].replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
+
+        if isinstance(R, MPolynomialRing_polydict) and (ring_is_fine or can_convert_to_singular(R)):
+            # we need to lookup the index of a given variable represented
+            # through a string
+            var_dict = dict(zip(R.variable_names(), range(R.ngens())))
+
+            ngens = R.ngens()
+
+            for i in range(coeff_start):
+                exp = dict()
+                monomial = singular_poly_list[i]
+
+                if monomial not in ['1', '(1.000e+00)']:
+                    variables = [var.split("^") for var in monomial.split("*")]
+                    for e in variables:
+                        var = e[0]
+                        if len(e) == 2:
+                            power = int(e[1])
+                        else:
+                            power = 1
+                        exp[var_dict[var]] = power
+
+                if kcache is None:
+                    sage_repr[ETuple(exp, ngens)] = k(singular_poly_list[coeff_start + i])
+                else:
+                    elem = singular_poly_list[coeff_start + i]
+                    if elem not in kcache:
+                        kcache[elem] = k(elem)
+                    sage_repr[ETuple(exp, ngens)] = kcache[elem]
+
+            return R(sage_repr)
+
+        elif isinstance(R, PolynomialRing_generic) and (ring_is_fine or can_convert_to_singular(R)):
+
+            sage_repr = [0] * int(self.deg() + 1)
+
+            for i in range(coeff_start):
+                monomial = singular_poly_list[i]
+                exp = 0
+
+                if monomial not in ['1', '(1.000e+00)']:
+                    term = monomial.split("^")
+                    if len(term) == 2:
+                        exp = int(term[1])
+                    else:
+                        exp = 1
+
+                if kcache is None:
+                    sage_repr[exp] = k(singular_poly_list[coeff_start + i])
+                else:
+                    elem = singular_poly_list[coeff_start + i]
+                    if elem not in kcache:
+                        kcache[elem] = k(elem)
+                    sage_repr[exp] = kcache[elem]
+
+            return R(sage_repr)
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot coerce %s into %s" % (self, R))
+
+    def sage_matrix(self, R, sparse=True):
+        """
+        Return Sage matrix for ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- (default: ``None``) an optional ring, over which
+          the resulting matrix is going to be defined.
+          By default, the output of :meth:`sage_global_ring` is used.
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether the
+          resulting matrix is sparse or not
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: A.sage_matrix(ZZ)
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+            sage: A.sage_matrix(RDF)
+            [0.0 0.0]
+            [0.0 0.0]
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        nrows, ncols = int(self.nrows()), int(self.ncols())
+
+        if R is None:
+            R = self.sage_global_ring()
+            A = matrix(R, nrows, ncols, sparse=sparse)
+            # this is slow
+            for x in range(nrows):
+                for y in range(ncols):
+                    A[x, y] = self[x + 1, y + 1].sage_poly(R)
+            return A
+
+        A = matrix(R, nrows, ncols, sparse=sparse)
+        # this is slow
+        for x in range(nrows):
+            for y in range(ncols):
+                A[x, y] = R(self[x + 1, y + 1])
+
+        return A
+
+    def _sage_(self, R=None):
+        r"""
+        Convert ``self`` to Sage.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: A.sage(ZZ)   # indirect doctest
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+            sage: A = random_matrix(ZZ,3,3); A  # random
+            [ -8   2   0]
+            [  0   1  -1]
+            [  2   1 -95]
+            sage: As = singular(A); As  # random
+            -8     2     0
+            0     1    -1
+            2     1   -95
+            sage: As.sage() == A
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring R = integer, (x,y,z),lp')
+            '// ** redefining R (ring R = integer, (x,y,z),lp;)'
+            sage: I = singular.ideal(['x^2','y*z','z+x'])
+            sage: I.sage()
+            Ideal (x^2, y*z, x + z) of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Integer Ring
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular('ringlist(basering)').sage()
+            [['integer'], ['x', 'y', 'z'], [['lp', (1, 1, 1)], ['C', (0)]], Ideal (0) of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Integer Ring]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('ring r10 = (9,a), (x,y,z),lp')
+            ''
+            sage: singular.eval('setring R')
+            ''
+            sage: singular('r10').sage()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 3^2
+
+        Note that the current base ring has not been changed by asking for another ring::
+
+            sage: singular('basering')
+            polynomial ring, over a domain, global ordering
+            // coefficients: ZZ...
+            // number of vars : 3
+            //        block   1 : ordering lp
+            //                  : names    x y z
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: singular.eval('setring r10')
+            ''
+            sage: Q = singular('std(ideal(x^2,x+y^2+z^3))', type='qring')
+            sage: Q.sage()
+            Quotient of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 3^2 by the ideal (y^4 - y^2*z^3 + z^6, x + y^2 + z^3)
+            sage: singular('x^2+y').sage()
+            y
+            sage: singular('x^2+y').sage().parent()
+            Quotient of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 3^2 by the ideal (y^4 - y^2*z^3 + z^6, x + y^2 + z^3)
+
+        Test that :issue:`18848` is fixed::
+
+            sage: singular(5).sage()
+            5
+            sage: type(singular(int(5)).sage())
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+
+        Test that bigintvec can be coerced::
+
+            sage: singular('hilb((ideal(x)), 1)').sage()
+            (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0)
+        """
+        typ = self.type()
+        if typ == 'poly':
+            return self.sage_poly(R)
+        elif typ == 'int':
+            return sage.rings.integer.Integer(repr(self))
+        elif typ == 'module':
+            return self.sage_matrix(R, sparse=True)
+        elif typ == 'matrix':
+            return self.sage_matrix(R, sparse=False)
+        elif typ == 'list':
+            return [f._sage_(R) for f in self]
+        elif typ == 'intvec':
+            from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+            return vector([sage.rings.integer.Integer(str(e)) for e in self])
+        elif typ == 'bigintvec':
+            from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+            return vector([sage.rings.rational.Rational(str(e)) for e in self])
+        elif typ == 'intmat':
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            A = matrix(ZZ, int(self.nrows()), int(self.ncols()))
+            for i in range(A.nrows()):
+                for j in range(A.ncols()):
+                    A[i, j] = sage.rings.integer.Integer(str(self[i + 1, j + 1]))
+            return A
+        elif typ == 'string':
+            return repr(self)
+        elif typ == 'ideal':
+            R = R or self.sage_global_ring()
+            return R.ideal([p.sage_poly(R) for p in self])
+        elif typ in ['ring', 'qring']:
+            br = singular('basering')
+            self.set_ring()
+            R = self.sage_global_ring()
+            br.set_ring()
+            return R
+        raise NotImplementedError("Coercion of this datatype not implemented yet")
+
+    def is_string(self):
+        """
+        Tell whether this element is a string.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: singular('"abc"').is_string()
+            True
+            sage: singular('1').is_string()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.type() == 'string'
+
+    def set_ring(self):
+        """
+        Set the current ring in Singular to be ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(7, '(a,b)', 'ds')
+            sage: S = singular.ring('real', '(a,b)', 'lp')
+            sage: singular.current_ring()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, global ordering
+            // coefficients: Float()...
+            // number of vars : 2
+            //        block   1 : ordering lp
+            //                  : names    a b
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+            sage: R.set_ring()
+            sage: singular.current_ring()
+            polynomial ring, over a field, local ordering
+            // coefficients: ZZ/7...
+            // number of vars : 2
+            //        block   1 : ordering ds
+            //                  : names    a b
+            //        block   2 : ordering C
+        """
+        self.parent().set_ring(self)
+
+    def sage_flattened_str_list(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R=singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+            sage: RL = R.ringlist()
+            sage: RL.sage_flattened_str_list()
+            ['0', 'x', 'y', 'dp', '1,1', 'C', '0', '_[1]=0']
+        """
+        s = str(self)
+        c = r'\[[0-9]*\]:'
+        r = re.compile(c)
+        s = r.sub('', s).strip()
+        return s.split()
+
+    def sage_structured_str_list(self):
+        r"""
+        If ``self`` is a Singular list of lists of Singular elements, return
+        corresponding Sage list of lists of strings.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R=singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+            sage: RL=R.ringlist()
+            sage: RL
+            [1]:
+               0
+            [2]:
+               [1]:
+                  x
+               [2]:
+                  y
+            [3]:
+               [1]:
+                  [1]:
+                     dp
+                  [2]:
+                     1,1
+               [2]:
+                  [1]:
+                     C
+                  [2]:
+                     0
+            [4]:
+               _[1]=0
+            sage: RL.sage_structured_str_list()
+            ['0', ['x', 'y'], [['dp', '1,\n1'], ['C', '0']], '0']
+        """
+        if self.type() != 'list':
+            return str(self)
+        return [X.sage_structured_str_list() for X in self]
+
+    def _tab_completion(self) -> list:
+        """
+        Return the possible tab-completions for ``self``.
+
+        In this case, we just return all the :kbd:`Tab` completions
+        for the Singular object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0,'(x,y)','dp')
+            sage: R._tab_completion()
+            ['exteriorPower',
+             ...
+             'crossprod']
+        """
+        return self.parent()._tab_completion()
+
+    def type(self):
+        """
+        Return the internal type of this element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2^8,'a'),2,'x')
+            sage: R._singular_().type()
+            'ring'
+            sage: fs = singular('x0^2','poly')
+            sage: fs.type()
+            'poly'
+        """
+        # singular reports // $varname $type $stuff
+        p = re.compile(r"// [\w]+ (\w+) [\w]*")
+        m = p.match(self.parent().eval("type(%s)" % self.name()))
+        return m.group(1)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: list(iter(A))
+            [[0], [0]]
+            sage: A[1,1] = 1; A[1,2] = 2
+            sage: A[2,1] = 3; A[2,2] = 4
+            sage: list(iter(A))
+            [[1,3], [2,4]]
+        """
+        if self.type() == 'matrix':
+            l = self.ncols()
+        else:
+            l = len(self)
+
+        for i in range(1, int(l + 1)):
+            yield self[i]
+
+    def _singular_(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: A._singular_() is A
+            True
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def attrib(self, name, value=None):
+        """
+        Get and set attributes for ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string to choose the attribute
+
+        - ``value`` -- boolean value or ``None`` for reading,
+          (default: ``None``)
+
+        VALUES: isSB - the standard basis property is set by all commands
+        computing a standard basis like groebner, std, stdhilb etc.; used
+        by lift, dim, degree, mult, hilb, vdim, kbase isHomog - the weight
+        vector for homogeneous or quasihomogeneous ideals/modules isCI -
+        complete intersection property isCM - Cohen-Macaulay property rank
+        - set the rank of a module (see nrows) withSB - value of type
+        ideal, resp. module, is std withHilb - value of type intvec is
+        hilb(_,1) (see hilb) withRes - value of type list is a free
+        resolution withDim - value of type int is the dimension (see dim)
+        withMult - value of type int is the multiplicity (see mult)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y,z> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
+            sage: I = Ideal([z^2, y*z, y^2, x*z, x*y, x^2])
+            sage: Ibar = I._singular_()
+            sage: Ibar.attrib('isSB')
+            0
+            sage: singular.eval('vdim(%s)'%Ibar.name()) # sage7 name is random
+            // ** sage7 is no standard basis
+            4
+            sage: Ibar.attrib('isSB',1)
+            sage: singular.eval('vdim(%s)'%Ibar.name())
+            '4'
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return int(self.parent().eval('attrib(%s,"%s")' % (self.name(), name)))
+        else:
+            self.parent().eval('attrib(%s,"%s",%d)' % (self.name(), name, value))
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class SingularFunction(ExpectFunction):
+    def _instancedoc_(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: 'groebner' in singular.groebner.__doc__  # needs info
+            True
+        """
+
+        prefix = """
+This function is an automatically generated pexpect wrapper around the Singular
+function '%s'.
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: groebner = singular.groebner
+    sage: P.<x, y> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
+    sage: I = P.ideal(x^2-y, y+x)
+    sage: groebner(singular(I))
+    x+y,
+    y^2-y
+""" % (self._name,)
+        return prefix + get_docstring(self._name,
+                                      prefix=True,
+                                      code=True)
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class SingularFunctionElement(FunctionElement):
+    def _instancedoc_(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = singular.ring(0, '(x,y,z)', 'dp')
+            sage: A = singular.matrix(2,2)
+            sage: 'matrix_expression' in A.nrows.__doc__  # needs info
+            True
+        """
+        return get_docstring(self._name, code=True)
+
+
+def is_SingularElement(x):
+    r"""
+    Return ``True`` if ``x`` is of type :class:`SingularElement`.
+
+    This function is deprecated; use :func:`isinstance`
+    (of :class:`sage.interfaces.abc.SingularElement`) instead.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import is_SingularElement
+        sage: is_SingularElement(singular(2))
+        doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: the function is_SingularElement is deprecated; use isinstance(x, sage.interfaces.abc.SingularElement) instead
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/34804 for details.
+        True
+        sage: is_SingularElement(2)
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(34804, "the function is_SingularElement is deprecated; use isinstance(x, sage.interfaces.abc.SingularElement) instead")
+
+    return isinstance(x, SingularElement)
+
+
+def get_docstring(name, prefix=False, code=False):
+    """
+    Return the docstring for the function ``name``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``name`` -- a Singular function name
+    - ``prefix`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether or not to
+      include the prefix stating that what follows is from the
+      Singular documentation.
+    - ``code`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether or not to
+      format the result as a reStructuredText code block. This is
+      intended to support the feature requested in :issue:`11268`.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A string describing the Singular function ``name``. A
+    :class:`KeyError` is raised if the function was not found in the
+    Singular documentation. If the "info" is not on the user's
+    ``PATH``, an :class:`OSError` will be raised. If "info" was found
+    but failed to execute, a :class:`subprocess.CalledProcessError`
+    will be raised instead.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import get_docstring
+        sage: 'groebner' in get_docstring('groebner')  # needs_info
+        True
+        sage: 'standard.lib' in get_docstring('groebner')  # needs info
+        True
+
+    The ``prefix=True`` form is used in Sage's generated docstrings::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import get_docstring
+        sage: print(get_docstring("factorize", prefix=True))  # needs info
+        The Singular documentation for "factorize" is given below.
+        ...
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Non-existent functions raise a :class:`KeyError`::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import get_docstring
+        sage: get_docstring("mysql_real_escape_string")  # needs info
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        KeyError: 'mysql_real_escape_string'
+
+    This is true also for nodes that exist in the documentation but
+    are not function nodes::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import get_docstring
+        sage: get_docstring("Preface")  # needs info
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        KeyError: 'Preface'
+
+    If GNU Info is not installed, we politely decline to do anything::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import get_docstring
+        sage: from sage.features.info import Info
+        sage: Info().hide()
+        sage: get_docstring('groebner')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        OSError: GNU Info is not installed. Singular's documentation
+        will not be available.
+        sage: Info().unhide()
+    """
+    from sage.features.info import Info
+
+    if not Info().is_present():
+        raise OSError("GNU Info is not installed. Singular's "
+                      "documentation will not be available.")
+    import subprocess
+    cmd_and_args = ["info", f"--node={name}", "singular"]
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd_and_args,
+                                capture_output=True,
+                                check=True,
+                                text=True)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        # Before Texinfo v7.0.0, the "info" program would exit
+        # successfully even if the desired node was not found.
+        if e.returncode == 1:
+            raise KeyError(name) from e
+        else:
+            # Something else bad happened
+            raise e
+
+    # The subprocess call can succeed if the given node exists but is
+    # not a function node (example: "Preface"). All function nodes
+    # should live in the "Functions" section, and we can determine the
+    # current section by the presence of "Up: <section>" on the first
+    # line of the output, in the navigation header.
+    #
+    # There is a small risk of ambiguity here if there are two
+    # sections with the same name, but it's a trade-off: specifying
+    # the full path down to the intended function would be much more
+    # fragile; it would break whenever a subsection name was tweaked
+    # upstream.
+    offset = result.stdout.find("\n")
+    line0 = result.stdout[:offset]
+    if "Up: Functions" not in line0:
+        raise KeyError(name)
+
+    # If the first line was the navigation header, the second line should
+    # be blank; by incrementing the offset by two, we're skipping over it.
+    offset += 2
+    result = result.stdout[offset:]
+
+    if code:
+        result = "::\n\n    " + "\n    ".join(result.split('\n'))
+
+    if prefix:
+        result = (f'The Singular documentation for "{name}" is given below.'
+                  + "\n\n" + result)
+
+    return result
+
+
+singular = Singular()
+
+
+def reduce_load_Singular():
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import reduce_load_Singular
+        sage: reduce_load_Singular()
+        Singular
+    """
+    return singular
+
+
+def singular_console():
+    r"""
+    Spawn a new Singular command-line session.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: singular_console() #not tested
+                             SINGULAR                             /  Development
+         A Computer Algebra System for Polynomial Computations   /   version 3-0-4
+                                                               0<
+             by: G.-M. Greuel, G. Pfister, H. Schoenemann        \   Nov 2007
+        FB Mathematik der Universitaet, D-67653 Kaiserslautern    \
+    """
+    from sage.repl.rich_output.display_manager import get_display_manager
+    if not get_display_manager().is_in_terminal():
+        raise RuntimeError('Can use the console only in the terminal. Try %%singular magics instead.')
+    os.system(sage.features.singular.Singular().absolute_filename())
+
+
+def singular_version():
+    """
+    Return the version of Singular being used.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: singular.version()
+        "Singular ... version 4...
+    """
+    return singular.eval('system("--version");')
+
+
+class SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter:
+    """
+    A device which prints Singular Groebner basis computation logs
+    more verbatim.
+    """
+    rng_chng = re.compile(r"\[\d+:\d+\]")
+    # [m:n] internal ring change to
+    # poly representation with
+    # exponent bound m and n words in
+    # exponent vector
+
+    new_elem = re.compile("s")          # found a new element of the standard basis
+    red_zero = re.compile("-")          # reduced a pair/S-polynomial to 0
+    red_post = re.compile(r"\.")         # postponed a reduction of a pair/S-polynomial
+    cri_hilb = re.compile("h")          # used Hilbert series criterion
+    hig_corn = re.compile(r"H\(\d+\)")   # found a 'highest corner' of degree d, no need to consider higher degrees
+    num_crit = re.compile(r"\(\d+\)")    # n critical pairs are still to be reduced
+    red_num = re.compile(r"\(S:\d+\)")  # doing complete reduction of n elements
+    deg_lead = re.compile(r"\d+")        # the degree of the leading terms is currently d
+
+    # SlimGB
+    red_para = re.compile(r"M\[(\d+),(\d+)\]")  # parallel reduction of n elements with m nonzero output elements
+    red_betr = re.compile("b")                # exchange of a reductor by a 'better' one
+    non_mini = re.compile("e")                # a new reductor with non-minimal leading term
+
+    crt_lne1 = re.compile(r"product criterion:(\d+) chain criterion:(\d+)")
+    crt_lne2 = re.compile(r"NF:(\d+) product criterion:(\d+), ext_product criterion:(\d+)")
+
+    pat_sync = re.compile(r"1\+(\d+);")
+
+    global_pattern = re.compile(r"(\[\d+:\d+\]|s|-|\.|h|H\(\d+\)|\(\d+\)|\(S:\d+\)|\d+|M\[\d+,[b,e]*\d+\]|b|e).*")
+
+    def __init__(self, verbosity=1):
+        """
+        Construct a new Singular Groebner Basis log pretty printer.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``verbosity`` -- how much information should be printed
+          (between 0 and 3)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter
+            sage: s0 = SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter(verbosity=0)
+            sage: s1 = SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter(verbosity=1)
+            sage: s0.write("[1:2]12")
+
+            sage: s1.write("[1:2]12")
+            Leading term degree: 12.
+        """
+        self.verbosity = verbosity
+
+        self.curr_deg = 0  # current degree
+        self.max_deg = 0   # maximal degree in total
+
+        self.nf = 0    # number of normal forms computed (SlimGB only)
+        self.prod = 0  # number of S-polynomials discarded using product criterion
+        self.ext_prod = 0  # number of S-polynomials discarded using extended product criterion
+        self.chain = 0  # number of S-polynomials discarded using chain criterion
+
+        self.storage = ""  # stores incomplete strings
+        self.sync = None   # should we expect a sync integer?
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter
+            sage: s3 = SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter(verbosity=3)
+            sage: s3.write("(S:1337)")
+            Performing complete reduction of 1337 elements.
+            sage: s3.write("M[389,12]")
+            Parallel reduction of 389 elements with 12 nonzero output elements.
+        """
+        verbosity = self.verbosity
+
+        if self.storage:
+            s = self.storage + s
+            self.storage = ""
+
+        for line in s.splitlines():
+            # deal with the Sage <-> Singular syncing code
+            match = re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.pat_sync, line)
+            if match:
+                self.sync = int(match.groups()[0])
+                continue
+
+            if self.sync and line == "%d" % (self.sync + 1):
+                self.sync = None
+                continue
+
+            if line.endswith(";"):
+                continue
+            if line.startswith(">"):
+                continue
+
+            if line.startswith("std") or line.startswith("slimgb"):
+                continue
+
+            # collect stats returned about avoided reductions to zero
+            match = re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.crt_lne1, line)
+            if match:
+                self.prod, self.chain = map(int, re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.crt_lne1, line).groups())
+                self.storage = ""
+                continue
+            match = re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.crt_lne2, line)
+            if match:
+                self.nf, self.prod, self.ext_prod = map(int, re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.crt_lne2, line).groups())
+                self.storage = ""
+                continue
+
+            while line:
+                match = re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.global_pattern, line)
+                if not match:
+                    self.storage = line
+                    line = None
+                    continue
+
+                token, = match.groups()
+                line = line[len(token):]
+
+                if re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.rng_chng, token):
+                    continue
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.new_elem, token) and verbosity >= 3:
+                    print("New element found.")
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_zero, token) and verbosity >= 2:
+                    print("Reduction to zero.")
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_post, token) and verbosity >= 2:
+                    print("Reduction postponed.")
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.cri_hilb, token) and verbosity >= 2:
+                    print("Hilber series criterion applied.")
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.hig_corn, token) and verbosity >= 1:
+                    print("Maximal degree found: %s" % token)
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.num_crit, token) and verbosity >= 1:
+                    print("Leading term degree: %2d. Critical pairs: %s." % (self.curr_deg, token[1:-1]))
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_num, token) and verbosity >= 3:
+                    print("Performing complete reduction of %s elements." % token[3:-1])
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.deg_lead, token):
+                    if verbosity >= 1:
+                        print("Leading term degree: %2d." % int(token))
+                    self.curr_deg = int(token)
+                    self.max_deg = max(self.max_deg, self.curr_deg)
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_para, token) and verbosity >= 3:
+                    m, n = re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_para, token).groups()
+                    print("Parallel reduction of %s elements with %s nonzero output elements." % (m, n))
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.red_betr, token) and verbosity >= 3:
+                    print("Replaced reductor by 'better' one.")
+
+                elif re.match(SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter.non_mini, token) and verbosity >= 2:
+                    print("New reductor with non-minimal leading term found.")
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter
+            sage: s3 = SingularGBLogPrettyPrinter(verbosity=3)
+            sage: s3.flush()
+        """
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+class SingularGBDefaultContext:
+    """
+    Within this context all Singular Groebner basis calculations are
+    reduced automatically.
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - Martin Albrecht
+    - Simon King
+    """
+    def __init__(self, singular=None):
+        """
+        Within this context all Singular Groebner basis calculations
+        are reduced automatically.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``singular`` -- Singular instance (default: default instance)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBDefaultContext
+            sage: P.<a,b,c> = PolynomialRing(QQ,3, order='lex')
+            sage: I = sage.rings.ideal.Katsura(P,3)
+            sage: singular.option('noredTail')
+            sage: singular.option('noredThrough')
+            sage: Is = I._singular_()
+            sage: gb = Is.groebner()
+            sage: gb
+            84*c^4-40*c^3+c^2+c,
+            7*b+210*c^3-79*c^2+3*c,
+            a+2*b+2*c-1
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: with SingularGBDefaultContext(): rgb = Is.groebner()
+            sage: rgb
+            84*c^4-40*c^3+c^2+c,
+            7*b+210*c^3-79*c^2+3*c,
+            7*a-420*c^3+158*c^2+8*c-7
+
+        Note that both bases are Groebner bases because they have
+        pairwise prime leading monomials but that the monic version of
+        the last element in ``rgb`` is smaller than the last element
+        of ``gb`` with respect to the lexicographical term ordering. ::
+
+            sage: (7*a-420*c^3+158*c^2+8*c-7)/7 < (a+2*b+2*c-1)
+            True
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This context is used automatically internally whenever a
+           Groebner basis is computed so the user does not need to use
+           it manually.
+        """
+        if singular is None:
+            from sage.interfaces.singular import singular as singular_default
+            singular = singular_default
+        self.singular = singular
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBDefaultContext
+            sage: P.<a,b,c> = PolynomialRing(QQ,3, order='lex')
+            sage: I = sage.rings.ideal.Katsura(P,3)
+            sage: singular.option('noredTail')
+            sage: singular.option('noredThrough')
+            sage: Is = I._singular_()
+            sage: with SingularGBDefaultContext(): rgb = Is.groebner()
+            sage: rgb
+            84*c^4-40*c^3+c^2+c,
+            7*b+210*c^3-79*c^2+3*c,
+            7*a-420*c^3+158*c^2+8*c-7
+        """
+        try:
+            self.bck_degBound = int(self.singular.eval('degBound'))
+        except SingularError:
+            self.bck_degBound = 0
+        try:
+            self.bck_multBound = int(self.singular.eval('multBound'))
+        except SingularError:
+            self.bck_multBound = 0
+        self.o = self.singular.option("get")
+        self.singular.option('set', self.singular._saved_options)
+        self.singular.option("redSB")
+        self.singular.option("redTail")
+        try:
+            self.singular.eval('degBound=0')
+        except SingularError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self.singular.eval('multBound=0')
+        except SingularError:
+            pass
+
+    def __exit__(self, typ, value, tb):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.singular import SingularGBDefaultContext
+            sage: P.<a,b,c> = PolynomialRing(QQ,3, order='lex')
+            sage: I = sage.rings.ideal.Katsura(P,3)
+            sage: singular.option('noredTail')
+            sage: singular.option('noredThrough')
+            sage: Is = I._singular_()
+            sage: with SingularGBDefaultContext(): rgb = Is.groebner()
+            sage: rgb
+            84*c^4-40*c^3+c^2+c,
+            7*b+210*c^3-79*c^2+3*c,
+            7*a-420*c^3+158*c^2+8*c-7
+        """
+        self.singular.option("set", self.o)
+        try:
+            self.singular.eval('degBound=%d' % self.bck_degBound)
+        except SingularError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self.singular.eval('multBound=%d' % self.bck_multBound)
+        except SingularError:
+            pass
+
+
+def singular_gb_standard_options(func):
+    r"""
+    Decorator to force a reduced Singular groebner basis.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: P.<a,b,c,d,e> = PolynomialRing(GF(127))
+        sage: J = sage.rings.ideal.Cyclic(P).homogenize()
+        sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsource
+        sage: "basis" in sage_getsource(J.interreduced_basis) #indirect doctest
+        True
+
+    The following tests against a bug that was fixed in :issue:`11298`::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsourcelines, sage_getargspec
+        sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: I = P*[x,y]
+        sage: sage_getargspec(I.interreduced_basis)
+        FullArgSpec(args=['self'], varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None,
+                    kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(I.interreduced_basis)
+        (['    @handle_AA_and_QQbar\n',
+          '    @singular_gb_standard_options\n',
+          '    @libsingular_gb_standard_options\n',
+          '    def interreduced_basis(self):\n', '
+          ...
+          '        return self.basis.reduced()\n'], ...)
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+       This decorator is used automatically internally so the user
+       does not need to use it manually.
+    """
+    from sage.misc.decorators import sage_wraps
+
+    @sage_wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+        with SingularGBDefaultContext():
+            return func(*args, **kwds)
+    return wrapper