passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/algebra.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,1193 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version algebra.lib 4.3.1.3 Feb_2023 "; // $Id: 7ea79005ce2b10155686c0b297f38322736dac1e $
+category="Commutative Algebra";
+info="
+LIBRARY:  algebra.lib   Compute with Algbras and Algebra Maps
+AUTHORS:  Gert-Martin Greuel,     greuel@mathematik.uni-kl.de,
+@*        Agnes Eileen Heydtmann, agnes@math.uni-sb.de,
+@*        Gerhard Pfister,        pfister@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+
+PROCEDURES:
+ algebra_containment(); query of algebra containment
+ module_containment();  query of module containment over a subalgebra
+ inSubring(p,I);        test whether polynomial p is in subring generated by I
+ algDependent(I);       computes algebraic relations between generators of I
+ alg_kernel(phi);       computes the kernel of the ringmap phi
+ is_injective(phi);     test for injectivity of ringmap phi
+ is_surjective(phi);    test for surjectivity of ringmap phi
+ is_bijective(phi);     test for bijectivity of ring map phi
+ noetherNormal(id);     noether normalization of ideal id
+ mapIsFinite(R,phi,I);  query for finiteness of map phi:R --> basering/I
+
+ finitenessTest(i,z);   find variables which occur as pure power in lead(i)
+ nonZeroEntry(id);      list describing non-zero entries of an identifier
+";
+
+ LIB "inout.lib";
+ LIB "elim.lib";
+ LIB "ring.lib";
+ LIB "matrix.lib";
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc algebra_containment (poly p, ideal A, list #)
+"USAGE:   algebra_containment(p,A[,k]); p poly, A ideal, k integer.
+@*       A = A[1],...,A[m] generators of subalgebra of the basering
+RETURN:
+@format
+         - k=0 (or if k is not given) an integer:
+           1  : if p is contained in the subalgebra K[A[1],...,A[m]]
+           0  : if p is not contained in K[A[1],...,A[m]]
+         - k=1 : a list, say l, of size 2, l[1] integer, l[2] ring, satisfying
+           l[1]=1 if p is in the subalgebra K[A[1],...,A[m]] and then the ring
+           l[2]: ring, contains poly check = h(y(1),...,y(m)) if p=h(A[1],...,A[m])
+           l[1]=0 if p is not in the subalgebra K[A[1],...,A[m]] and then
+           l[2] contains the poly check = h(x,y(1),...,y(m)) if p satisfies
+           the nonlinear relation p = h(x,A[1],...,A[m]) where
+           x = x(1),...,x(n) denote the variables of the basering
+@end format
+DISPLAY: if k=0 and printlevel >= voice+1 (default) display the polynomial check
+NOTE:    The proc inSubring uses a different algorithm which is sometimes
+         faster.
+THEORY:  The ideal of algebraic relations of the algebra generators A[1],...,
+         A[m] is computed introducing new variables y(i) and the product
+         order with x(i) >> y(i).
+         p reduces to a polynomial only in the y(i) <=> p is contained in the
+         subring generated by the polynomials A[1],...,A[m].
+EXAMPLE: example algebra_containment; shows an example
+"
+{ int DEGB = degBound;
+  degBound = 0;
+    if (size(#)==0)
+    { #[1] = 0;
+    }
+    def br=basering;
+    int n = nvars(br);
+    int m = ncols(A);
+    int i;
+    //-----------------
+    // neu CL 10/05:
+    int is_qring;
+    if (size(ideal(br))>0)
+    {
+      is_qring=1;
+      ideal IdQ = ideal(br);
+    }
+    //-----------------
+    // ---------- create new ring with extra variables --------------------
+    list l3;
+    for (int zz = 1; zz <= n; zz++)
+    {
+     l3[size(l3)+1] = "x("+string(zz)+")";
+    }
+    for (int yy = 1; yy <= m; yy++)
+    {
+     l3[size(l3)+1] = "y("+string(yy)+")";
+    }
+    list RL=ringlist(br);
+    RL[2]=l3; //vars
+    RL[3]=list(list("dp",1:n),list("dp",1:m)); //ord
+    RL[4]=ideal(0); // reset qring
+    ring R=ring(RL);
+    ideal A=fetch(br,A);
+    poly check=fetch(br,p);
+    for (i=1;i<=m;i=i+1)
+    {
+      A[i]=A[i]-y(i);
+    }
+    //-----------------
+    // neu CL 10/05:
+    if (is_qring) { A = A,fetch(br,IdQ); }
+    //-----------------
+    A=std(A);
+    check=reduce(check,A);
+    /*alternatively we could use reduce(check,A,1) which is a little faster
+      but result is bigger since it is not tail-reduced
+    */
+  //--- checking whether all variables from old ring have disappeared ------
+  // if so, then the sum of the first n leading exponents is 0, hence i=1
+  // use i also to control the display
+    i = (sum(leadexp(check),1..n)==0);
+    degBound = DEGB;
+    if( #[1] == 0 )
+    { dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"// "+string(check));
+      return(i);
+    }
+    else
+    { list l = i,R;
+      kill A;
+      export check;
+      dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"
+// 'algebra_containment' created a ring as 2nd element of the list.
+// The ring contains the polynomial check which defines the algebraic relation.
+// To access to the ring and see check you must give the ring a name,
+// e.g.:
+               def S = l[2]; setring S; check;
+        ");
+     setring br;
+     return(l);
+    }
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE: Sturmfels: Algorithms in Invariant Theory 2.3.7:"; echo=2;
+   int p = printlevel; printlevel = 1;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal A=x2+y2,z2,x4+y4,1,x2z-1y2z,xyz,x3y-1xy3;
+   poly p1=z;
+   poly p2=
+   x10z3-x8y2z3+2x6y4z3-2x4y6z3+x2y8z3-y10z3+x6z4+3x4y2z4+3x2y4z4+y6z4;
+   algebra_containment(p1,A);
+   algebra_containment(p2,A);
+   list L = algebra_containment(p2,A,1);
+   L[1];
+   def S = L[2]; setring S;
+   check;
+   printlevel = p;
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc module_containment(poly p, ideal P, ideal S, list #)
+"USAGE:   module_containment(p,P,M[,k]); p poly, P ideal, M ideal, k int
+@*       P = P[1],...,P[n] generators of a subalgebra of the basering,
+@*       M = M[1],...,M[m] generators of a module over the subalgebra K[P]
+ASSUME:  ncols(P) = nvars(basering), the P[i] are algebraically independent
+RETURN:
+@format
+         - k=0 (or if k is not given), an integer:
+           1    : if p is contained in the module <M[1],...,M[m]> over K[P]
+           0    : if p is not contained in <M[1],...,M[m]>
+         - k=1, a list, say l, of size 2, l[1] integer, l[2] ring:
+           l[1]=1 : if p is in <M[1],...,M[m]> and then the ring l[2] contains
+             the polynomial check = h(y(1),...,y(m),z(1),...,z(n)) if
+             p = h(M[1],...,M[m],P[1],...,P[n])
+           l[1]=0 : if p is in not in <M[1],...,M[m]>, then l[2] contains the
+             poly check = h(x,y(1),...,y(m),z(1),...,z(n)) if p satisfies
+             the nonlinear relation p = h(x,M[1],...,M[m],P[1],...,P[n]) where
+             x = x(1),...,x(n) denote the variables of the basering
+@end format
+DISPLAY: the polynomial h(y(1),...,y(m),z(1),...,z(n)) if k=0, resp.
+         a comment how to access the relation check if k=1, provided
+         printlevel >= voice+1 (default).
+THEORY:  The ideal of algebraic relations of all the generators p1,...,pn,
+         s1,...,st given by P and S is computed introducing new variables y(j),
+         z(i) and the product order: x^a*y^b*z^c > x^d*y^e*z^f if x^a > x^d
+         with respect to the lp ordering or else if z^c > z^f with respect to
+         the dp ordering or else if y^b > y^e with respect to the lp ordering
+         again. p reduces to a polynomial only in the y(j) and z(i), linear in
+         the z(i) <=> p is contained in the module.
+EXAMPLE: example module_containment; shows an example
+"
+{ def br=basering;
+  int DEGB = degBound;
+  degBound=0;
+  if (size(#)==0)
+  { #[1] = 0;
+  }
+  int n=nvars(br);
+  if ( ncols(P)==n )
+  { int m=ncols(S);
+  // ---------- create new ring with extra variables --------------------
+    list l4;
+    for (int xx = 1; xx <= n; xx++)
+    {
+     l4[size(l4)+1] = "x("+string(xx)+")";
+    }
+    for (int yy = 1; yy <= m; yy++)
+    {
+     l4[size(l4)+1] = "y("+string(yy)+")";
+    }
+    for (int zz = 1; zz <= n; zz++)
+    {
+     l4[size(l4)+1] = "z("+string(zz)+")";
+    }
+    ring R = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l4, "(lp("+string(n)+"),dp("+string(m)+"),lp("+string(n)+"))");
+    ideal vars = x(1..n);
+    map emb = br,vars;
+    ideal P = emb(P);
+    ideal S  = emb(S);
+    poly check = emb(p);
+    ideal I;
+    for (int i=1;i<=m;i=i+1)
+    { I[i]=S[i]-y(i);
+    }
+    for (i=1;i<=n;i=i+1)
+    { I[m+i]=P[i]-z(i);
+    }
+    I=std(I);
+    check = reduce(check,I);
+  //--- checking whether all variables from old ring have disappeared ------
+  // if so, then the sum of the first n leading exponents is 0
+    i = (sum(leadexp(check),1..n)==0);
+    if( #[1] == 0 )
+    { dbprint(i*(printlevel-voice+3),"// "+string(check));
+      setring br;
+      return(i);
+    }
+    else
+    { list l = i,R;
+      kill I,vars,emb,P,S;
+      export check;
+      dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"
+// 'module_containment' created a ring as 2nd element of the list. The
+// ring contains the polynomial check which defines the algebraic relation
+// for p. To access to the ring and see check you must give the ring
+// a name, e.g.:
+     def S = l[2]; setring S; check;
+      ");
+      setring br;
+      return(l);
+    }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+      setring br;
+    "ERROR: the first ideal must have nvars(basering) entries";
+    return();
+  }
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE: Sturmfels: Algorithms in Invariant Theory 2.3.7:"; echo=2;
+   int p = printlevel; printlevel = 1;
+   ring R=0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal P = x2+y2,z2,x4+y4;           //algebra generators
+   ideal M = 1,x2z-1y2z,xyz,x3y-1xy3;  //module generators
+   poly p1=
+   x10z3-x8y2z3+2x6y4z3-2x4y6z3+x2y8z3-y10z3+x6z4+3x4y2z4+3x2y4z4+y6z4;
+   module_containment(p1,P,M);
+   poly p2=z;
+   list l = module_containment(p2,P,M,1);
+   l[1];
+   def S = l[2]; setring S; check;
+   printlevel=p;
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc inSubring(poly p, ideal I)
+"USAGE:   inSubring(p,i); p poly, i ideal
+RETURN:
+@format
+         a list l of size 2, l[1] integer, l[2] string
+         l[1]=1 if and only if p is in the subring generated by i=i[1],...,i[k],
+                and then l[2] = y(0)-h(y(1),...,y(k)) if p = h(i[1],...,i[k])
+         l[1]=0 if and only if p is in not the subring generated by i,
+                and then l[2] = h(y(0),y(1),...,y(k)) where p satisfies the
+                nonlinear relation h(p,i[1],...,i[k])=0.
+@end format
+NOTE:    the proc algebra_containment tests the same using a different
+         algorithm, which is often faster
+         if l[1] == 0 then l[2] may contain more than one relation h(y(0),y(1),...,y(k)),
+         separated by comma
+EXAMPLE: example inSubring; shows an example
+"
+{int z=ncols(I);
+  int i;
+  def gnir=basering;
+  int n = nvars(gnir);
+  list l;
+  // neu CL 10/05:
+  int is_qring;
+  if (size(ideal(gnir))>0)
+  {
+    is_qring=1;
+    ideal IdQ = ideal(gnir);
+  }
+  // ---------- create new ring with extra variables --------------------
+  //the intersection of ideal nett=(p-y(0),I[1]-y(1),...)
+  //with the ring k[y(0),...,y(n)] is computed, the result is ker
+  list l5;
+  for (int xx = 1; xx <= n; xx++)
+  {
+   l5[size(l5)+1] = "x("+string(xx)+")";
+  }
+  for (int yy = 0; yy <= z; yy++)
+  {
+   l5[size(l5)+1] = "y("+string(yy)+")";
+  }
+  ring r1 = create_ring(ring_list(basering)[1], l5, "lp");
+  ideal va = x(1..n);
+  map emb = gnir,va;
+  ideal nett = emb(I);
+  for (i=1;i<=z;i++)
+  { nett[i]=nett[i]-y(i);
+  }
+  nett=emb(p)-y(0),nett;
+  // neu CL 10/05:
+  if (is_qring) { nett = nett,emb(IdQ); }
+  //-----------------
+  ideal ker=eliminate(nett,product(va));
+  ker=std(ker);
+  //---------- test whether y(0)-h(y(1),...,y(z)) is in ker --------------
+  l[1]=0;
+  l[2]="";
+  for (i=1;i<=size(ker);i++)
+  { if (deg(ker[i]/y(0))==0)
+     { string str=string(ker[i]);
+        setring gnir;
+        l[1]=1;
+        l[2]=str;
+        return(l);
+     }
+     if (deg(ker[i]/y(0))>0)
+     { if( l[2] != "" ){ l[2] = l[2] + ","; }
+       l[2] = l[2] + string(ker[i]);
+     }
+  }
+  setring gnir;
+  return(l);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring q=0,(x,y,z,u,v,w),dp;
+   poly p=xyzu2w-1yzu2w2+u4w2-1xu2vw+u2vw2+xyz-1yzw+2u2w-1xv+vw+2;
+   ideal I =x-w,u2w+1,yz-v;
+   inSubring(p,I);
+}
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc algDependent( ideal A, list # )
+"USAGE:   algDependent(f[,c]); f ideal (say, f = f1,...,fm), c integer
+RETURN:
+@format
+         a list l  of size 2, l[1] integer, l[2] ring:
+         - l[1] = 1 if f1,...,fm are algebraic dependent, 0 if not
+         - l[2] is a ring with variables x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(m) if the
+           basering has n variables. It contains the ideal 'ker', depending
+           only on the y(i) and generating the algebraic relations between the
+           f[i], i.e. substituting y(i) by fi yields 0. Of course, ker is
+           nothing but the kernel of the ring map
+              K[y(1),...,y(m)] ---> basering,  y(i) --> fi.
+@end format
+NOTE:    Three different algorithms are used depending on c = 1,2,3.
+         If c is not given or c=0, a heuristically best method is chosen.
+         The basering may be a quotient ring.
+         To access to the ring l[2] and see ker you must give the ring a name,
+         e.g. def S=l[2]; setring S; ker;
+DISPLAY: The above comment is displayed if printlevel >= 0 (default).
+EXAMPLE: example algDependent; shows an example
+"
+{
+    int bestoption = 3;
+    // bestoption is the default algorithm, it may be set to 1,2 or 3;
+    // it should be changed, if another algorithm turns out to be faster
+    // in general. Is perhaps dependent on the input (# vars, size ...)
+    int tt;
+    if( size(#) > 0 )
+    { if( typeof(#[1]) == "int" )
+      { tt = #[1];
+      }
+    }
+    if( size(#) == 0 or tt == 0 )
+    { tt = bestoption;
+    }
+    def br=basering;
+    int n = nvars(br);
+    ideal B = ideal(br);
+    int m = ncols(A);
+    int s = size(B);
+    int i,@xx,@yy;
+ // --------------------- 1st variant of algorithm ----------------------
+ // use internal preimage command (should be equivalent to 2nd variant)
+    if ( tt == 1 )
+    {
+      list l6;
+      for (@xx = 1; @xx <= m; @xx++)
+      {
+       l6[size(l6)+1] = "y("+string(@xx)+")";
+      }
+      ring R1 = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l6, "dp");
+      setring br;
+      map phi = R1,A;
+      setring R1;
+      ideal ker = preimage(br,phi,B);
+    }
+ // ---------- create new ring with extra variables --------------------
+    list l7;
+    for (@xx = n; @xx >= 1; @xx--)
+    {
+     l7[@xx] = "x("+string(@xx)+")";
+    }
+    for (@yy = m; @yy >= 1; @yy--)
+    {
+     l7[n+@yy] = "y("+string(@yy)+")";
+    }
+    ring R2 = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l7, "dp");
+    if( tt == 1 )
+    {
+      ideal ker = imap(R1,ker);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ideal vars = x(1..n);
+      map emb = br,vars;
+      ideal A = emb(A);
+      for (i=1; i<=m; i=i+1)
+      { A[i] = A[i]-y(i);
+      }
+ // --------------------- 2nd variant of algorithm ----------------------
+ // use internal eliminate for eliminating m variables x(i) from
+ // ideal A[i] - y(i) (uses extra eliminating 'first row', a-order)
+      if ( s == 0 and  tt == 2  )
+      { ideal ker = eliminate(A,product(vars));
+      }
+      else
+ // eliminate does not work in qrings
+ // --------------------- 3rd variant of algorithm ----------------------
+ // eliminate m variables x(i) from ideal A[i] - y(i) by choosing product
+ // order
+       {
+        list l8;
+        for (@xx = n; @xx >=1; @xx--)
+        {
+         l8[@xx] = "x("+string(@xx)+")";
+        }
+        for (@yy = m; @yy >= 1; @yy--)
+        {
+         l8[n+@yy] = "y("+string(@yy)+")";
+        }
+        setring(br);
+        ring R3 = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l8, "(dp("+string(n)+"),dp("+string(m)+"))");
+        if ( s != 0 )
+        { ideal vars = x(1..n);
+          map emb = br,vars;
+          ideal B = emb(B);
+          attrib(B,"isSB",1);
+          qring Q = B;
+        }
+        ideal A = imap(R2,A);
+        A = std(A);
+        ideal ker = nselect(A,1..n);
+        setring R2;
+        if ( defined(Q)==voice )
+        { ideal ker = imap(Q,ker);
+        }
+        else
+        { ideal ker = imap(R3,ker);
+        }
+        kill A,emb,vars;
+      }
+    }
+ // --------------------------- return ----------------------------------
+    s = size(ker);
+    list L = (s!=0), R2;
+    export(ker);
+    dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"
+// The 2nd element of the list l is a ring with variables x(1),...,x(n),
+// and y(1),...,y(m) if the basering has n variables and if the ideal
+// is f[1],...,f[m]. The ring contains the ideal ker which depends only
+// on the y(i) and generates the relations between the f[i].
+// I.e. substituting y(i) by f[i] yields 0.
+// To access to the ring and see ker you must give the ring a name,
+// e.g.:
+             def S = l[2]; setring S; ker;
+        ");
+    setring br;
+    return (L);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   int p = printlevel; printlevel = 1;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z,u,v,w),dp;
+   ideal I = xyzu2w-1yzu2w2+u4w2-1xu2vw+u2vw2+xyz-1yzw+2u2w-1xv+vw+2,
+             x-w, u2w+1, yz-v;
+   list l = algDependent(I);
+   l[1];
+   def S = l[2]; setring S;
+   ker;
+   printlevel = p;
+}
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc alg_kernel( map phi, def pr, list #)
+"USAGE:   alg_kernel(phi,pr[,s,c]); phi map to basering, pr preimage ring,
+         s string (name of kernel in pr), c integer.
+RETURN:  a string, the kernel of phi as string.
+         If, moreover, a string s is given, the algorithm creates, in the
+         preimage ring pr the kernel of phi with name s.
+         Three different algorithms are used depending on c = 1,2,3.
+         If c is not given or c=0, a heuristically best method is chosen.
+         (algorithm 1 uses the preimage command)
+NOTE:    Since the kernel of phi lives in pr, it cannot be returned to the
+         basering. If s is given, the user has access to it in pr via s.
+         The basering may be a quotient ring.
+EXAMPLE: example alg_kernel; shows an example
+"
+{   int tt;
+   def BAS = basering;
+   if( size(#) >0 )
+   { if( typeof(#[1]) == "int")
+     { tt = #[1];
+     }
+     if( typeof(#[1]) == "string")
+     { string nker=#[1];
+     }
+     if( size(#)>1 )
+     {  if( typeof(#[2]) == "string")
+        { string nker=#[2];
+        }
+        if( typeof(#[2]) == "int")
+       {  tt = #[2];
+       }
+     }
+   }
+    int n = nvars(basering);
+    ideal A = ideal(phi);
+    //def pr = preimage(phi);
+    //folgendes Auffuellen oder Stutzen ist ev nicht mehr noetig
+    //falls map das richtig macht
+    int m = nvars(pr);
+    ideal j;
+    j[m]=0;
+    A=A,j;
+    A=A[1..m];
+    list L = algDependent(A,tt);
+    // algDependent is called with "bestoption" if tt = 0
+    def S = L[2];
+    list l9;
+    for (int xx = 1; xx <= n; xx++)
+    {
+     l9[size(l9)+1] = "@("+string(xx)+")";
+    }
+    ring R = create_ring(ring_list(basering)[1], "("+string(l9)+","+varstr(pr)+")", "dp");
+    ideal ker = fetch(S,ker);       //in order to have variable names correct
+    string sker = string(ker);
+    if (defined(nker) == voice)
+    { setring pr;
+      execute("ideal "+nker+"="+sker+";");
+      execute("export("+nker+");");
+     }
+    setring BAS;
+    return(sker);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r = 0,(a,b,c),ds;
+   ring s = 0,(x,y,z,u,v,w),dp;
+   ideal I = x-w,u2w+1,yz-v;
+   map phi = r,I;                // a map from r to s:
+   alg_kernel(phi,r);            // a,b,c ---> x-w,u2w+1,yz-v
+
+   ring S = 0,(a,b,c),ds;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   qring Q = std(x-y);
+   ideal i = x, y, x2-y3;
+   map phi = S,i;                 // a map to a quotient ring
+   alg_kernel(phi,S,"ker",3);     // uses algorithm 3
+   setring S;                     // you have access to kernel in preimage
+   ker;
+}
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc is_injective( map phi,def pr,list #)
+"USAGE:   is_injective(phi,pr[,c,s]); phi map, pr preimage ring, c int, s string
+RETURN:
+@format
+         - 1 (type int) if phi is injective, 0 if not (if s is not given).
+         - If s is given, return a list l of size 2, l[1] int, l[2] ring:
+           l[1] is 1 if phi is injective, 0 if not
+           l[2] is a ring with variables x(1),...,x(n),y(1),...,y(m) if the
+           basering has n variables and the map m components, it contains the
+           ideal 'ker', depending only on the y(i), the kernel of the given map
+@end format
+NOTE:    Three different algorithms are used depending on c = 1,2,3.
+         If c is not given or c=0, a heuristically best method is chosen.
+         The basering may be a quotient ring. However, if the preimage ring is
+         a quotient ring, say pr = P/I, consider phi as a map from P and then
+         the algorithm returns 1 if the kernel of phi is 0 mod I.
+         To access to the ring l[2] and see ker you must give the ring a name,
+         e.g. def S=l[2]; setring S; ker;
+DISPLAY: The above comment is displayed if printlevel >= 0 (default).
+EXAMPLE: example is_injective; shows an example
+"
+{  def bsr = basering;
+   int tt;
+   if( size(#) >0 )
+   { if( typeof(#[1]) == "int")
+     { tt = #[1];
+     }
+     if( typeof(#[1]) == "string")
+     { string pau=#[1];
+     }
+     if( size(#)>1 )
+     {  if( typeof(#[2]) == "string")
+        { string pau=#[2];
+        }
+        if( typeof(#[2]) == "int")
+       {  tt = #[2];
+       }
+     }
+   }
+    int n = nvars(basering);
+    ideal A = ideal(phi);
+    //def pr = preimage(phi);
+    //folgendes Auffuellen oder Stutzen ist ev nicht mehr noetig
+    //falls map das richtig macht
+    int m = nvars(pr);
+    ideal j;
+    j[m]=0;
+    A=A,j;
+    A=A[1..m];
+    list L = algDependent(A,tt);
+    L[1] = L[1]==0;
+// the preimage ring may be a quotient ring, we still have to check whether
+// the kernel is 0 mod ideal of the quotient ring
+    setring pr;
+    if ( size(ideal(pr)) != 0 )
+    { def S = L[2];
+      ideal proj;
+      proj [n+1..n+m] = maxideal(1);
+      map psi = S,proj;
+      L[1] = size(NF(psi(ker),std(0))) == 0;
+    }
+    setring bsr;
+    if ( defined(pau) != voice )
+    {  return (L[1]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"
+// The 2nd element of the list is a ring with variables x(1),...,x(n),
+// y(1),...,y(m) if the basering has n variables and the map is
+// F[1],...,F[m].
+// It contains the ideal ker, the kernel of the given map y(i) --> F[i].
+// To access to the ring and see ker you must give the ring a name,
+// e.g.:
+     def S = l[2]; setring S; ker;
+        ");
+      return(L);
+    }
+ }
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   int p = printlevel;
+   ring r = 0,(a,b,c),ds;
+   ring s = 0,(x,y,z,u,v,w),dp;
+   ideal I = x-w,u2w+1,yz-v;
+   map phi = r,I;                    // a map from r to s:
+   is_injective(phi,r);              // a,b,c ---> x-w,u2w+1,yz-v
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal i = x, y, x2-y3;
+   map phi = R,i;                    // a map from R to itself, z --> x2-y3
+   list l = is_injective(phi,R,"");
+   l[1];
+   def S = l[2]; setring S;
+   ker;
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc is_surjective( map phi )
+"USAGE:   is_surjective(phi); phi map to basering, or ideal defining it
+RETURN:  an integer,  1 if phi is surjective, 0 if not
+NOTE:    The algorithm returns 1 if and only if all the variables of the basering are
+         contained in the polynomial subalgebra generated by the polynomials
+         defining phi. Hence, it tests surjectivity in the case of a global ordering.
+         If the basering has local or mixed ordering or if the preimage ring is a
+         quotient ring (in which case the map may not be well defined) then the return
+         value 1 needs to be interpreted with care.
+EXAMPLE: example is_surjective; shows an example
+"
+{
+  def br=basering;
+    ideal B = ideal(br);
+    int s = size(B);
+    int n = nvars(br);
+    ideal A = ideal(phi);
+    int m = ncols(A);
+    int ii,t=1,1;
+  // ------------ create new ring with extra variables ---------------------
+    list l10;
+    for (int yy = 1; yy <= n; yy++)
+    {
+     l10[size(l10)+1] = "x("+string(yy)+")";
+    }
+    for (int zz = 1; zz <= m; zz++)
+    {
+     l10[size(l10)+1] = "y("+string(zz)+")";
+    }
+    ring R = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l10, "(dp("+string(n)+"),dp("+string(m)+"))");
+
+    ideal vars = x(1..n);
+    map emb = br,vars;
+    if ( s != 0 )
+    {  ideal B = emb(B);
+       attrib(B,"isSB",1);
+       qring Q = B;
+       ideal vars = x(1..n);
+       map emb = br,vars;
+    }
+    ideal A = emb(A);
+    for ( ii=1; ii<=m; ii++ )
+    { A[ii] = A [ii]-y(ii);
+    }
+    A=std(A);
+  // ------------- check whether the x(i) are in the image -----------------
+    poly check;
+    for (ii=1; ii<=n; ii++ )
+    {  check=reduce(x(ii),A,1);
+  // --- checking whether all variables from old ring have disappeared -----
+  // if so, then the sum of the first n leading exponents is 0
+       if( sum(leadexp(check),1..n)!=0 )
+       { t=0;
+         break;
+       }
+    }
+   setring br;
+   return(t);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal i = x, y, x2-y3;
+   map phi = R,i;                    // a map from R to itself, z->x2-y3
+   is_surjective(phi);
+   qring Q = std(ideal(z-x37));
+   map psi = R, x,y,x2-y3;           // the same map to the quotient ring
+   is_surjective(psi);
+
+   ring S = 0,(a,b,c),dp;
+   map psi = R,ideal(a,a+b,c-a2+b3); // a map from R to S,
+   is_surjective(psi);               // x->a, y->a+b, z->c-a2+b3
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc is_bijective ( map phi,def pr )
+"USAGE:   is_bijective(phi,pr); phi map to basering, pr preimage ring
+RETURN:  an integer,  1 if phi is bijective, 0 if not
+NOTE:    The algorithm checks first injectivity and then surjectivity.
+         To interpret this for local/mixed orderings, or for quotient rings
+         type help is_surjective; and help is_injective;
+DISPLAY: A comment if printlevel >= voice-1 (default)
+EXAMPLE: example is_bijective; shows an example
+"
+{
+  def br = basering;
+    int n = nvars(br);
+    ideal B = ideal(br);
+    int s = size(B);
+    ideal A = ideal(phi);
+    //folgendes Auffuellen oder Stutzen ist ev nicht mehr noetig
+    //falls map das richtig macht
+    int m = nvars(pr);
+    ideal j;
+    j[m]=0;
+    A=A,j;
+    A=A[1..m];
+    int ii,t = 1,1;
+  // ------------ create new ring with extra variables ---------------------
+    list l11;
+    for (int yy = 1; yy <= n; yy++)
+    {
+     l11[size(l11)+1] = "x("+string(yy)+")";
+    }
+    for (int zz = 1; zz <= m; zz++)
+    {
+     l11[size(l11)+1] = "y("+string(zz)+")";
+    }
+    ring R = create_ring(ring_list(br)[1], l11, "(dp("+string(n)+"),dp("+string(m)+"))");
+    ideal vars = x(1..n);
+    map emb = br,vars;
+    if ( s != 0 )
+    {  ideal B = emb(B);
+       attrib(B,"isSB",1);
+       qring Q = B;
+       ideal vars = x(1..n);
+       map emb = br,vars;
+    }
+    ideal A = emb(A);
+    for ( ii=1; ii<=m; ii++ )
+    { A[ii] = A[ii]-y(ii);
+    }
+    A=std(A);
+    def bsr = basering;
+ // ------- checking whether phi is injective by computing the kernel -------
+    ideal ker = nselect(A,1..n);
+    t = size(ker);
+    setring pr;
+    if ( size(ideal(pr)) != 0 )
+    {
+      ideal proj;
+      proj[n+1..n+m] = maxideal(1);
+      map psi = bsr,proj;
+      t = size(NF(psi(ker),std(0)));
+    }
+    if ( t != 0 )
+    {  dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"// map not injective" );
+      setring br;
+      return(0);
+    }
+   else
+ // -------------- checking whether phi is surjective ----------------------
+   { t = 1;
+     setring bsr;
+     poly check;
+     for (ii=1; ii<=n; ii++ )
+     {  check=reduce(x(ii),A,1);
+  // --- checking whether all variables from old ring have disappeared -----
+  // if so, then the sum of the first n leading exponents is 0
+        if( sum(leadexp(check),1..n)!=0 )
+        { t=0;
+          break;
+        }
+     }
+     if ( t == 0 )
+     {  dbprint(printlevel-voice+3,"// map injective, but not surjective" );
+     }
+     setring br;
+     return(t);
+   }
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   int p = printlevel;  printlevel = 1;
+   ring R = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal i = x, y, x2-y3;
+   map phi = R,i;                      // a map from R to itself, z->x2-y3
+   is_bijective(phi,R);
+   qring Q = std(z-x2+y3);
+   is_bijective(ideal(x,y,x2-y3),Q);
+
+   ring S = 0,(a,b,c,d),dp;
+   map psi = R,ideal(a,a+b,c-a2+b3,0); // a map from R to S,
+   is_bijective(psi,R);                // x->a, y->a+b, z->c-a2+b3
+   qring T = std(d,c-a2+b3);
+   map chi = Q,a,b,a2-b3;              // amap between two quotient rings
+   is_bijective(chi,Q);
+
+   printlevel = p;
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc noetherNormal(ideal i, list #)
+"USAGE:   noetherNormal(id[,p]);  id ideal, p integer
+RETURN:
+@format
+         a list l of two ideals, say I,J:
+         - I defines a map (coordinate change in the basering), such that:
+         - J is generated by a subset of the variables with size(J) = dim(id)
+           if we define  map phi=basering,I;
+           then k[var(1),...,var(n)]/phi(id) is finite over k[J].
+         If p is given, 0<=p<=100, a sparse coordinate change with p percent
+         of the matrix entries being 0 (default: p=0 i.e. dense)
+@end format
+NOTE:    Designed for characteristic 0.It works also in char k > 0 if it
+         terminates,but may result in an infinite loop in small characteristic.
+EXAMPLE: example noetherNormal; shows an example
+"
+{
+   i=simplify(i,2);
+   if (size(i)== 0)
+   {
+     list l = maxideal(1),maxideal(1);
+     return( l );
+   }
+   int p;
+   if( size(#) != 0 )
+   {
+     p = #[1];
+   }
+   def r = basering;
+   int n = nvars(r);
+   list good;
+   // ------------------------ change of ordering ---------------------------
+   //a procedure from ring.lib changing the order to dp creating a new
+   //basering @R in order to compute the dimension d of i
+   def @R=changeord(list(list("dp",1:nvars(basering))));
+   setring @R;
+   ideal i = imap(r,i);
+   list j = mstd(i);
+   i = j[2];
+   int d = dim(j[1]);
+   if ( d <= 0)
+   {
+     setring r;
+     list l = maxideal(1),ideal(0);
+     return( l );
+   }
+   // ------------------------ change of ordering ---------------------------
+   //Now change the order to (dp(n-d),lp) creating a new basering @S
+   def @S=changeord(list(list("dp",1:(n-d)),list("lp",1:d)));
+   setring @S;
+   ideal m;
+
+   // ----------------- sparse-random coordinate change  --------------------
+   //creating lower triangular random generators for the maximal ideal
+   //a procedure from random.lib, as sparse as possible
+   if(  char(@S) >  0 )
+   {
+      m=ideal(sparsetriag(n,n,p,char(@S)+1)*transpose(maxideal(1)));
+   }
+   if(  char(@S) == 0 )
+   {
+      if ( voice <= 6 )
+      {
+        m=ideal(sparsetriag(n,n,p,10)*transpose(maxideal(1)));
+      }
+     if( voice > 6 and voice <= 11)
+     {
+        m=ideal(sparsetriag(n,n,p,100)*transpose(maxideal(1)));
+      }
+      if ( voice > 11 )
+      {
+        m=ideal(sparsetriag(n,n,p,30000)*transpose(maxideal(1)));
+      }
+   }
+
+   map phi=r,m;
+   //map phi=@R,m;
+   ideal i=std(phi(i));
+
+   // ----------------------- test for finiteness ---------------------------
+   //We need a test whether the coordinate change was random enough, if yes
+   //we are ready, else call noetherNormal again
+   list l=finitenessTest(i);
+
+   setring r;
+   list l=imap(@S,l);
+
+   if(size(l[3]) == d)                    //the generic case
+   {
+      good = fetch(@S,m),l[3];
+      kill @S,@R;
+      return(good);
+   }
+   else                                   //the bad case
+   { kill @S,@R;
+      if ( voice >= 21 )
+      {
+       "// WARNING: In case of a finite ground field";
+       "// the characteristic may be too small.";
+       "// This could result in an infinite loop.";
+       "// Loop in noetherNormal, voice:";, voice;"";
+      }
+     if ( voice >= 16 )
+     {
+       "// Switch to dense coordinate change";"";
+       return(noetherNormal(i));
+     }
+     return(noetherNormal(i,p));
+   }
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal i= xy,xz;
+   noetherNormal(i);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc finitenessTest(ideal i, list #)
+"USAGE:   finitenessTest(J[,v]); J ideal, v intvec (say v1,...,vr with vi>0)
+RETURN:
+@format
+         a list l with l[1] integer, l[2], l[3], l[4] ideals
+         - l[1] = 1 if var(v1),...,var(vr) are in l[2] and 0 else
+         - l[2] (resp. l[3]) contains those variables which occur,
+           (resp. do not occur) as pure power in the leading term of one of the
+           generators of J,
+         - l[4] contains those J[i] for which the leading term is a pure power
+           of a variable (which is then in l[2])
+         (default: v = [1,2,..,nvars(basering)])
+@end format
+THEORY:  If J is a standard basis of an ideal generated by x_1 - f_1(y),...,
+         x_n - f_n with y_j ordered lexicographically and y_j >> x_i, then,
+         if y_i appears as pure power in the leading term of J[k], J[k] defines
+         an integral relation for y_i over the y_(i+1),... and the f's.
+         Moreover, in this situation, if l[2] = y_1,...,y_r, then K[y_1,...y_r]
+         is finite over K[f_1..f_n]. If J contains furthermore polynomials
+         h_j(y), then K[y_1,...y_z]/<h_j> is finite over K[f_1..f_n].
+         For a proof cf. Prop. 3.1.5, p. 214. in [G.-M. Greuel, G. Pfister:
+         A SINGULAR Introduction to Commutative Algebra, 2nd Edition,
+         Springer Verlag (2007)]
+EXAMPLE: example finitenessTest; shows an example
+"
+{  int n = nvars(basering);
+   intvec v,w;
+   int j,z,ii;
+   v[n]=0;                             //v should have size n
+   intvec V = 1..n;
+   list nze;                           //the non-zero entries of a leadexp
+   if (size(#) != 0 )
+   {
+     V = #[1];
+   }
+   intmat W[1][n];                     //create intmat with 1 row, having 1 at
+                                       //position V[j], i = 1..size(V), 0 else
+   for( j=1; j<=size(V); j++ )
+   {
+     W[1,V[j]] = 1;
+   }
+   ideal relation,zero,nonzero;
+   // ---------------------- check leading exponents -------------------------
+
+   for(j=1;j<=ncols(i);j++)
+   {
+      w = leadexp(i[j]);
+      nze = nonZeroEntry(w);
+      if( nze[1] == 1 )               //the leading term of i[j] is a
+      {                               //pure power of some variable
+        if( W*w != 0 )                //case: variable has index appearing in V
+        {
+          relation[size(relation)+1] = i[j];
+          v=v+w;
+        }
+      }
+   }
+   // ----------------- pick the corresponding variables ---------------------
+   //the nonzero entries of v correspond to variables which occur as
+   //pure power in the leading term of some polynomial in i
+
+   for(j=1; j<=size(v); j++)
+   {
+      if(v[j]==0)
+      {
+         zero[size(zero)+1]=var(j);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        nonzero[size(nonzero)+1]=var(j);
+      }
+   }
+   // ---------------- do we have all pure powers we want? -------------------
+   // test this by dividing the product of corresponding variables
+   ideal max = maxideal(1);
+   max = max[V];
+   z = (product(nonzero)/product(max) != 0);
+   return(list(z,nonzero,zero,relation));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring s = 0,(x,y,z,a,b,c),(lp(3),dp);
+   ideal i= a -(xy)^3+x2-z, b -y2-1, c -z3;
+   ideal j = a -(xy)^3+x2-z, b -y2-1, c -z3, xy;
+   finitenessTest(std(i),1..3);
+   finitenessTest(std(j),1..3);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc mapIsFinite(map phi,def R, list #)
+"USAGE:   mapIsFinite(phi,R[,J]); R the preimage ring of the map
+         phi: R ---> basering
+         J an ideal in the basering, J = 0 if not given
+RETURN:  1 if R ---> basering/J is finite and 0 else
+NOTE:    R may be a quotient ring (this will be ignored since a map R/I-->S/J
+         is finite if and only if the induced map R-->S/J is finite).
+SEE ALSO: finitenessTest
+EXAMPLE: example mapIsFinite; shows an example
+"
+{
+  def bsr = basering;
+  ideal J;
+  if( size(#) != 0 )
+  {
+    J = #[1];
+  }
+  string os = ordstr(bsr);
+  int m = nvars(bsr);
+  int n = nvars(R);
+  ideal PHI = ideal(phi);
+  if ( ncols(PHI) < n )
+  { PHI[n]=0;
+  }
+  // --------------------- change of variable names -------------------------
+  list l2;
+  for (int ii = 1; ii <= m; ii++)
+  {
+    l2[ii] = "y("+string(ii)+")";
+  }
+  ring @bsr = create_ring(ring_list(bsr)[1], l2, "("+os+")", "no_minpoly");
+  ideal J = fetch(bsr,J);
+  ideal PHI = fetch(bsr,PHI);
+
+  // --------------------------- enlarging ring -----------------------------
+  list l12;
+  for (int yy = 1; yy <= m; yy++)
+  {
+   l12[size(l12)+1] = "y("+string(yy)+")";
+  }
+  for (int zz = 1; zz <= n; zz++)
+  {
+   l12[size(l12)+1] = "x("+string(zz)+")";
+  }
+  ring @rr = create_ring(ring_list(bsr)[1], l12, "(lp("+string(m)+"),dp)", "no_minpoly");
+  ideal J = imap(@bsr,J);
+  ideal PHI = imap(@bsr,PHI);
+  ideal M;
+  int i;
+
+  for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
+  {
+    M[i]=x(i)-PHI[i];
+  }
+  M = std(M+J);
+  // ----------------------- test for finiteness ---------------------------
+  list l = finitenessTest(M,1..m);
+  int result = l[1];
+  setring bsr;
+  return( result );
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r = 0,(a,b,c),dp;
+   ring s = 0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   ideal i= xy;
+   map phi= r,(xy)^3+x2+z,y2-1,z3;
+   mapIsFinite(phi,r,i);
+}
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc nonZeroEntry(def id)
+"USAGE:  nonZeroEntry(id); id=object for which the test 'id[i]!=0', i=1,..,N,
+         N=size(id) (resp. ncols(id) for id of type ideal or module)
+         is defined (e.g. ideal, vector, list of polynomials, intvec,...)
+RETURN:  @format
+         a list, say l, with l[1] an integer, l[2], l[3] integer vectors:
+         - l[1] number of non-zero entries of id
+         - l[2] intvec of size l[1] with l[2][i]=i if id[i] != 0
+           in case l[1]!=0 (and l[2]=0 if l[1]=0)
+         - l[3] intvec with l[3][i]=1 if id[i]!=0 and l[3][i]=0 else
+@end format
+NOTE:
+EXAMPLE: example nonZeroEntry; shows an example
+"
+{
+   int ii,jj,N,n;
+   intvec v,V;
+
+   if ( typeof(id) == "ideal" || typeof(id) == "module" )
+   {
+      N = ncols(id);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+     N = size(id);
+   }
+   for ( ii=1; ii<=N; ii++ )
+   {
+      V[ii] = 0;
+      if ( id[ii] != 0 )
+      {
+         n++;
+         v=v,ii;      //the first entry of v is always 0
+         V[ii] = 1;
+      }
+   }
+   if ( size(v) > 1 ) //if id[ii] != 0 for at least one ii delete the first 0
+   {
+      v = v[2..size(v)];
+   }
+
+   list l = n,v,V;
+   return(l);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+   ring r = 0,(a,b,c),dp;
+   poly f = a3c+b3+c2+a;
+   intvec v = leadexp(f);
+   nonZeroEntry(v);
+
+   intvec w;
+   list L = 37,0,f,v,w;
+   nonZeroEntry(L);
+}
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+