numpy 2.3.5__cp313-cp313-macosx_14_0_arm64.whl

numpy/_core/_internal.py

@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+"""
+A place for internal code
+
+Some things are more easily handled Python.
+
+"""
+import ast
+import math
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from numpy import _NoValue
+from numpy.exceptions import DTypePromotionError
+
+from .multiarray import StringDType, array, dtype, promote_types
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+except ImportError:
+    ctypes = None
+
+IS_PYPY = sys.implementation.name == 'pypy'
+
+if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+    _nbo = '<'
+else:
+    _nbo = '>'
+
+def _makenames_list(adict, align):
+    allfields = []
+
+    for fname, obj in adict.items():
+        n = len(obj)
+        if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in (2, 3):
+            raise ValueError("entry not a 2- or 3- tuple")
+        if n > 2 and obj[2] == fname:
+            continue
+        num = int(obj[1])
+        if num < 0:
+            raise ValueError("invalid offset.")
+        format = dtype(obj[0], align=align)
+        if n > 2:
+            title = obj[2]
+        else:
+            title = None
+        allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
+    # sort by offsets
+    allfields.sort(key=lambda x: x[2])
+    names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
+    formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
+    offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
+    titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
+
+    return names, formats, offsets, titles
+
+# Called in PyArray_DescrConverter function when
+#  a dictionary without "names" and "formats"
+#  fields is used as a data-type descriptor.
+def _usefields(adict, align):
+    try:
+        names = adict[-1]
+    except KeyError:
+        names = None
+    if names is None:
+        names, formats, offsets, titles = _makenames_list(adict, align)
+    else:
+        formats = []
+        offsets = []
+        titles = []
+        for name in names:
+            res = adict[name]
+            formats.append(res[0])
+            offsets.append(res[1])
+            if len(res) > 2:
+                titles.append(res[2])
+            else:
+                titles.append(None)
+
+    return dtype({"names": names,
+                  "formats": formats,
+                  "offsets": offsets,
+                  "titles": titles}, align)
+
+
+# construct an array_protocol descriptor list
+#  from the fields attribute of a descriptor
+# This calls itself recursively but should eventually hit
+#  a descriptor that has no fields and then return
+#  a simple typestring
+
+def _array_descr(descriptor):
+    fields = descriptor.fields
+    if fields is None:
+        subdtype = descriptor.subdtype
+        if subdtype is None:
+            if descriptor.metadata is None:
+                return descriptor.str
+            else:
+                new = descriptor.metadata.copy()
+                if new:
+                    return (descriptor.str, new)
+                else:
+                    return descriptor.str
+        else:
+            return (_array_descr(subdtype[0]), subdtype[1])
+
+    names = descriptor.names
+    ordered_fields = [fields[x] + (x,) for x in names]
+    result = []
+    offset = 0
+    for field in ordered_fields:
+        if field[1] > offset:
+            num = field[1] - offset
+            result.append(('', f'|V{num}'))
+            offset += num
+        elif field[1] < offset:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "dtype.descr is not defined for types with overlapping or "
+                "out-of-order fields")
+        if len(field) > 3:
+            name = (field[2], field[3])
+        else:
+            name = field[2]
+        if field[0].subdtype:
+            tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0].subdtype[0]),
+                   field[0].subdtype[1])
+        else:
+            tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0]))
+        offset += field[0].itemsize
+        result.append(tup)
+
+    if descriptor.itemsize > offset:
+        num = descriptor.itemsize - offset
+        result.append(('', f'|V{num}'))
+
+    return result
+
+
+# format_re was originally from numarray by J. Todd Miller
+
+format_re = re.compile(r'(?P<order1>[<>|=]?)'
+                       r'(?P<repeats> *[(]?[ ,0-9]*[)]? *)'
+                       r'(?P<order2>[<>|=]?)'
+                       r'(?P<dtype>[A-Za-z0-9.?]*(?:\[[a-zA-Z0-9,.]+\])?)')
+sep_re = re.compile(r'\s*,\s*')
+space_re = re.compile(r'\s+$')
+
+# astr is a string (perhaps comma separated)
+
+_convorder = {'=': _nbo}
+
+def _commastring(astr):
+    startindex = 0
+    result = []
+    islist = False
+    while startindex < len(astr):
+        mo = format_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
+        try:
+            (order1, repeats, order2, dtype) = mo.groups()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'format number {len(result) + 1} of "{astr}" is not recognized'
+                ) from None
+        startindex = mo.end()
+        # Separator or ending padding
+        if startindex < len(astr):
+            if space_re.match(astr, pos=startindex):
+                startindex = len(astr)
+            else:
+                mo = sep_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
+                if not mo:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        'format number %d of "%s" is not recognized' %
+                        (len(result) + 1, astr))
+                startindex = mo.end()
+                islist = True
+
+        if order2 == '':
+            order = order1
+        elif order1 == '':
+            order = order2
+        else:
+            order1 = _convorder.get(order1, order1)
+            order2 = _convorder.get(order2, order2)
+            if (order1 != order2):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'inconsistent byte-order specification {order1} and {order2}')
+            order = order1
+
+        if order in ('|', '=', _nbo):
+            order = ''
+        dtype = order + dtype
+        if repeats == '':
+            newitem = dtype
+        else:
+            if (repeats[0] == "(" and repeats[-1] == ")"
+                    and repeats[1:-1].strip() != ""
+                    and "," not in repeats):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Passing in a parenthesized single number for repeats '
+                    'is deprecated; pass either a single number or indicate '
+                    'a tuple with a comma, like "(2,)".', DeprecationWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2)
+            newitem = (dtype, ast.literal_eval(repeats))
+
+        result.append(newitem)
+
+    return result if islist else result[0]
+
+class dummy_ctype:
+
+    def __init__(self, cls):
+        self._cls = cls
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self
+
+    def __call__(self, *other):
+        return self._cls(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._cls == other._cls
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._cls != other._cls
+
+def _getintp_ctype():
+    val = _getintp_ctype.cache
+    if val is not None:
+        return val
+    if ctypes is None:
+        import numpy as np
+        val = dummy_ctype(np.intp)
+    else:
+        char = dtype('n').char
+        if char == 'i':
+            val = ctypes.c_int
+        elif char == 'l':
+            val = ctypes.c_long
+        elif char == 'q':
+            val = ctypes.c_longlong
+        else:
+            val = ctypes.c_long
+    _getintp_ctype.cache = val
+    return val
+
+
+_getintp_ctype.cache = None
+
+# Used for .ctypes attribute of ndarray
+
+class _missing_ctypes:
+    def cast(self, num, obj):
+        return num.value
+
+    class c_void_p:
+        def __init__(self, ptr):
+            self.value = ptr
+
+
+class _ctypes:
+    def __init__(self, array, ptr=None):
+        self._arr = array
+
+        if ctypes:
+            self._ctypes = ctypes
+            self._data = self._ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
+        else:
+            # fake a pointer-like object that holds onto the reference
+            self._ctypes = _missing_ctypes()
+            self._data = self._ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
+            self._data._objects = array
+
+        if self._arr.ndim == 0:
+            self._zerod = True
+        else:
+            self._zerod = False
+
+    def data_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the data pointer cast to a particular c-types object.
+        For example, calling ``self._as_parameter_`` is equivalent to
+        ``self.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``. Perhaps you want to use
+        the data as a pointer to a ctypes array of floating-point data:
+        ``self.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double))``.
+
+        The returned pointer will keep a reference to the array.
+        """
+        # _ctypes.cast function causes a circular reference of self._data in
+        # self._data._objects. Attributes of self._data cannot be released
+        # until gc.collect is called. Make a copy of the pointer first then
+        # let it hold the array reference. This is a workaround to circumvent
+        # the CPython bug https://bugs.python.org/issue12836.
+        ptr = self._ctypes.cast(self._data, obj)
+        ptr._arr = self._arr
+        return ptr
+
+    def shape_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the shape tuple as an array of some other c-types
+        type. For example: ``self.shape_as(ctypes.c_short)``.
+        """
+        if self._zerod:
+            return None
+        return (obj * self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.shape)
+
+    def strides_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the strides tuple as an array of some other
+        c-types type. For example: ``self.strides_as(ctypes.c_longlong)``.
+        """
+        if self._zerod:
+            return None
+        return (obj * self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.strides)
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        """
+        A pointer to the memory area of the array as a Python integer.
+        This memory area may contain data that is not aligned, or not in
+        correct byte-order. The memory area may not even be writeable.
+        The array flags and data-type of this array should be respected
+        when passing this attribute to arbitrary C-code to avoid trouble
+        that can include Python crashing. User Beware! The value of this
+        attribute is exactly the same as:
+        ``self._array_interface_['data'][0]``.
+
+        Note that unlike ``data_as``, a reference won't be kept to the array:
+        code like ``ctypes.c_void_p((a + b).ctypes.data)`` will result in a
+        pointer to a deallocated array, and should be spelt
+        ``(a + b).ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``
+        """
+        return self._data.value
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        """
+        (c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
+        the basetype is the C-integer corresponding to ``dtype('p')`` on this
+        platform (see `~numpy.ctypeslib.c_intp`). This base-type could be
+        `ctypes.c_int`, `ctypes.c_long`, or `ctypes.c_longlong` depending on
+        the platform. The ctypes array contains the shape of
+        the underlying array.
+        """
+        return self.shape_as(_getintp_ctype())
+
+    @property
+    def strides(self):
+        """
+        (c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
+        the basetype is the same as for the shape attribute. This ctypes
+        array contains the strides information from the underlying array.
+        This strides information is important for showing how many bytes
+        must be jumped to get to the next element in the array.
+        """
+        return self.strides_as(_getintp_ctype())
+
+    @property
+    def _as_parameter_(self):
+        """
+        Overrides the ctypes semi-magic method
+
+        Enables `c_func(some_array.ctypes)`
+        """
+        return self.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
+
+    # Numpy 1.21.0, 2021-05-18
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.data` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_data" is deprecated. Use "data" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.data
+
+    def get_shape(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.shape` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_shape" is deprecated. Use "shape" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.shape
+
+    def get_strides(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.strides` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_strides" is deprecated. Use "strides" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.strides
+
+    def get_as_parameter(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes._as_parameter_` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            '"get_as_parameter" is deprecated. Use "_as_parameter_" instead',
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self._as_parameter_
+
+
+def _newnames(datatype, order):
+    """
+    Given a datatype and an order object, return a new names tuple, with the
+    order indicated
+    """
+    oldnames = datatype.names
+    nameslist = list(oldnames)
+    if isinstance(order, str):
+        order = [order]
+    seen = set()
+    if isinstance(order, (list, tuple)):
+        for name in order:
+            try:
+                nameslist.remove(name)
+            except ValueError:
+                if name in seen:
+                    raise ValueError(f"duplicate field name: {name}") from None
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(f"unknown field name: {name}") from None
+            seen.add(name)
+        return tuple(list(order) + nameslist)
+    raise ValueError(f"unsupported order value: {order}")
+
+def _copy_fields(ary):
+    """Return copy of structured array with padding between fields removed.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ary : ndarray
+       Structured array from which to remove padding bytes
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ary_copy : ndarray
+       Copy of ary with padding bytes removed
+    """
+    dt = ary.dtype
+    copy_dtype = {'names': dt.names,
+                  'formats': [dt.fields[name][0] for name in dt.names]}
+    return array(ary, dtype=copy_dtype, copy=True)
+
+def _promote_fields(dt1, dt2):
+    """ Perform type promotion for two structured dtypes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dt1 : structured dtype
+        First dtype.
+    dt2 : structured dtype
+        Second dtype.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The promoted dtype
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If one of the inputs is aligned, the result will be.  The titles of
+    both descriptors must match (point to the same field).
+    """
+    # Both must be structured and have the same names in the same order
+    if (dt1.names is None or dt2.names is None) or dt1.names != dt2.names:
+        raise DTypePromotionError(
+                f"field names `{dt1.names}` and `{dt2.names}` mismatch.")
+
+    # if both are identical, we can (maybe!) just return the same dtype.
+    identical = dt1 is dt2
+    new_fields = []
+    for name in dt1.names:
+        field1 = dt1.fields[name]
+        field2 = dt2.fields[name]
+        new_descr = promote_types(field1[0], field2[0])
+        identical = identical and new_descr is field1[0]
+
+        # Check that the titles match (if given):
+        if field1[2:] != field2[2:]:
+            raise DTypePromotionError(
+                    f"field titles of field '{name}' mismatch")
+        if len(field1) == 2:
+            new_fields.append((name, new_descr))
+        else:
+            new_fields.append(((field1[2], name), new_descr))
+
+    res = dtype(new_fields, align=dt1.isalignedstruct or dt2.isalignedstruct)
+
+    # Might as well preserve identity (and metadata) if the dtype is identical
+    # and the itemsize, offsets are also unmodified.  This could probably be
+    # sped up, but also probably just be removed entirely.
+    if identical and res.itemsize == dt1.itemsize:
+        for name in dt1.names:
+            if dt1.fields[name][1] != res.fields[name][1]:
+                return res  # the dtype changed.
+        return dt1
+
+    return res
+
+
+def _getfield_is_safe(oldtype, newtype, offset):
+    """ Checks safety of getfield for object arrays.
+
+    As in _view_is_safe, we need to check that memory containing objects is not
+    reinterpreted as a non-object datatype and vice versa.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    oldtype : data-type
+        Data type of the original ndarray.
+    newtype : data-type
+        Data type of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
+    offset : int
+        Offset of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        If the field access is invalid
+
+    """
+    if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
+        if offset == 0 and newtype == oldtype:
+            return
+        if oldtype.names is not None:
+            for name in oldtype.names:
+                if (oldtype.fields[name][1] == offset and
+                        oldtype.fields[name][0] == newtype):
+                    return
+        raise TypeError("Cannot get/set field of an object array")
+    return
+
+def _view_is_safe(oldtype, newtype):
+    """ Checks safety of a view involving object arrays, for example when
+    doing::
+
+        np.zeros(10, dtype=oldtype).view(newtype)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    oldtype : data-type
+        Data type of original ndarray
+    newtype : data-type
+        Data type of the view
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        If the new type is incompatible with the old type.
+
+    """
+
+    # if the types are equivalent, there is no problem.
+    # for example: dtype((np.record, 'i4,i4')) == dtype((np.void, 'i4,i4'))
+    if oldtype == newtype:
+        return
+
+    if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot change data-type for array of references.")
+    return
+
+
+# Given a string containing a PEP 3118 format specifier,
+# construct a NumPy dtype
+
+_pep3118_native_map = {
+    '?': '?',
+    'c': 'S1',
+    'b': 'b',
+    'B': 'B',
+    'h': 'h',
+    'H': 'H',
+    'i': 'i',
+    'I': 'I',
+    'l': 'l',
+    'L': 'L',
+    'q': 'q',
+    'Q': 'Q',
+    'e': 'e',
+    'f': 'f',
+    'd': 'd',
+    'g': 'g',
+    'Zf': 'F',
+    'Zd': 'D',
+    'Zg': 'G',
+    's': 'S',
+    'w': 'U',
+    'O': 'O',
+    'x': 'V',  # padding
+}
+_pep3118_native_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_native_map.keys())
+
+_pep3118_standard_map = {
+    '?': '?',
+    'c': 'S1',
+    'b': 'b',
+    'B': 'B',
+    'h': 'i2',
+    'H': 'u2',
+    'i': 'i4',
+    'I': 'u4',
+    'l': 'i4',
+    'L': 'u4',
+    'q': 'i8',
+    'Q': 'u8',
+    'e': 'f2',
+    'f': 'f',
+    'd': 'd',
+    'Zf': 'F',
+    'Zd': 'D',
+    's': 'S',
+    'w': 'U',
+    'O': 'O',
+    'x': 'V',  # padding
+}
+_pep3118_standard_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_standard_map.keys())
+
+_pep3118_unsupported_map = {
+    'u': 'UCS-2 strings',
+    '&': 'pointers',
+    't': 'bitfields',
+    'X': 'function pointers',
+}
+
+class _Stream:
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        self.s = s
+        self.byteorder = '@'
+
+    def advance(self, n):
+        res = self.s[:n]
+        self.s = self.s[n:]
+        return res
+
+    def consume(self, c):
+        if self.s[:len(c)] == c:
+            self.advance(len(c))
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def consume_until(self, c):
+        if callable(c):
+            i = 0
+            while i < len(self.s) and not c(self.s[i]):
+                i = i + 1
+            return self.advance(i)
+        else:
+            i = self.s.index(c)
+            res = self.advance(i)
+            self.advance(len(c))
+            return res
+
+    @property
+    def next(self):
+        return self.s[0]
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.s)
+
+
+def _dtype_from_pep3118(spec):
+    stream = _Stream(spec)
+    dtype, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype=False)
+    return dtype
+
+def __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype):
+    field_spec = {
+        'names': [],
+        'formats': [],
+        'offsets': [],
+        'itemsize': 0
+    }
+    offset = 0
+    common_alignment = 1
+    is_padding = False
+
+    # Parse spec
+    while stream:
+        value = None
+
+        # End of structure, bail out to upper level
+        if stream.consume('}'):
+            break
+
+        # Sub-arrays (1)
+        shape = None
+        if stream.consume('('):
+            shape = stream.consume_until(')')
+            shape = tuple(map(int, shape.split(',')))
+
+        # Byte order
+        if stream.next in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
+            byteorder = stream.advance(1)
+            if byteorder == '!':
+                byteorder = '>'
+            stream.byteorder = byteorder
+
+        # Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
+        if stream.byteorder in ('@', '^'):
+            type_map = _pep3118_native_map
+            type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
+        else:
+            type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
+            type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
+
+        # Item sizes
+        itemsize_str = stream.consume_until(lambda c: not c.isdigit())
+        if itemsize_str:
+            itemsize = int(itemsize_str)
+        else:
+            itemsize = 1
+
+        # Data types
+        is_padding = False
+
+        if stream.consume('T{'):
+            value, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(
+                stream, is_subdtype=True)
+        elif stream.next in type_map_chars:
+            if stream.next == 'Z':
+                typechar = stream.advance(2)
+            else:
+                typechar = stream.advance(1)
+
+            is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
+            dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
+            if dtypechar in 'USV':
+                dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
+                itemsize = 1
+            numpy_byteorder = {'@': '=', '^': '='}.get(
+                stream.byteorder, stream.byteorder)
+            value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
+            align = value.alignment
+        elif stream.next in _pep3118_unsupported_map:
+            desc = _pep3118_unsupported_map[stream.next]
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unrepresentable PEP 3118 data type {stream.next!r} ({desc})")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier {stream.s!r}"
+            )
+
+        #
+        # Native alignment may require padding
+        #
+        # Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly
+        # implies that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
+        #
+        extra_offset = 0
+        if stream.byteorder == '@':
+            start_padding = (-offset) % align
+            intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
+
+            offset += start_padding
+
+            if intra_padding != 0:
+                if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
+                    # Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
+                    value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
+                else:
+                    # We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
+                    # as the item appears at most once
+                    extra_offset += intra_padding
+
+            # Update common alignment
+            common_alignment = _lcm(align, common_alignment)
+
+        # Convert itemsize to sub-array
+        if itemsize != 1:
+            value = dtype((value, (itemsize,)))
+
+        # Sub-arrays (2)
+        if shape is not None:
+            value = dtype((value, shape))
+
+        # Field name
+        if stream.consume(':'):
+            name = stream.consume_until(':')
+        else:
+            name = None
+
+        if not (is_padding and name is None):
+            if name is not None and name in field_spec['names']:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Duplicate field name '{name}' in PEP3118 format"
+                )
+            field_spec['names'].append(name)
+            field_spec['formats'].append(value)
+            field_spec['offsets'].append(offset)
+
+        offset += value.itemsize
+        offset += extra_offset
+
+        field_spec['itemsize'] = offset
+
+    # extra final padding for aligned types
+    if stream.byteorder == '@':
+        field_spec['itemsize'] += (-offset) % common_alignment
+
+    # Check if this was a simple 1-item type, and unwrap it
+    if (field_spec['names'] == [None]
+            and field_spec['offsets'][0] == 0
+            and field_spec['itemsize'] == field_spec['formats'][0].itemsize
+            and not is_subdtype):
+        ret = field_spec['formats'][0]
+    else:
+        _fix_names(field_spec)
+        ret = dtype(field_spec)
+
+    # Finished
+    return ret, common_alignment
+
+def _fix_names(field_spec):
+    """ Replace names which are None with the next unused f%d name """
+    names = field_spec['names']
+    for i, name in enumerate(names):
+        if name is not None:
+            continue
+
+        j = 0
+        while True:
+            name = f'f{j}'
+            if name not in names:
+                break
+            j = j + 1
+        names[i] = name
+
+def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
+    """Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
+    if value.fields is None:
+        field_spec = {
+            'names': ['f0'],
+            'formats': [value],
+            'offsets': [0],
+            'itemsize': value.itemsize
+        }
+    else:
+        fields = value.fields
+        names = value.names
+        field_spec = {
+            'names': names,
+            'formats': [fields[name][0] for name in names],
+            'offsets': [fields[name][1] for name in names],
+            'itemsize': value.itemsize
+        }
+
+    field_spec['itemsize'] += padding
+    return dtype(field_spec)
+
+def _prod(a):
+    p = 1
+    for x in a:
+        p *= x
+    return p
+
+def _gcd(a, b):
+    """Calculate the greatest common divisor of a and b"""
+    if not (math.isfinite(a) and math.isfinite(b)):
+        raise ValueError('Can only find greatest common divisor of '
+                         f'finite arguments, found "{a}" and "{b}"')
+    while b:
+        a, b = b, a % b
+    return a
+
+def _lcm(a, b):
+    return a // _gcd(a, b) * b
+
+def array_ufunc_errmsg_formatter(dummy, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+    """ Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
+    args_string = ', '.join([f'{arg!r}' for arg in inputs] +
+                            [f'{k}={v!r}'
+                             for k, v in kwargs.items()])
+    args = inputs + kwargs.get('out', ())
+    types_string = ', '.join(repr(type(arg).__name__) for arg in args)
+    return ('operand type(s) all returned NotImplemented from '
+            f'__array_ufunc__({ufunc!r}, {method!r}, {args_string}): {types_string}'
+            )
+
+
+def array_function_errmsg_formatter(public_api, types):
+    """ Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
+    func_name = f'{public_api.__module__}.{public_api.__name__}'
+    return (f"no implementation found for '{func_name}' on types that implement "
+            f'__array_function__: {list(types)}')
+
+
+def _ufunc_doc_signature_formatter(ufunc):
+    """
+    Builds a signature string which resembles PEP 457
+
+    This is used to construct the first line of the docstring
+    """
+
+    # input arguments are simple
+    if ufunc.nin == 1:
+        in_args = 'x'
+    else:
+        in_args = ', '.join(f'x{i + 1}' for i in range(ufunc.nin))
+
+    # output arguments are both keyword or positional
+    if ufunc.nout == 0:
+        out_args = ', /, out=()'
+    elif ufunc.nout == 1:
+        out_args = ', /, out=None'
+    else:
+        out_args = '[, {positional}], / [, out={default}]'.format(
+            positional=', '.join(
+                f'out{i + 1}' for i in range(ufunc.nout)),
+            default=repr((None,) * ufunc.nout)
+        )
+
+    # keyword only args depend on whether this is a gufunc
+    kwargs = (
+        ", casting='same_kind'"
+        ", order='K'"
+        ", dtype=None"
+        ", subok=True"
+    )
+
+    # NOTE: gufuncs may or may not support the `axis` parameter
+    if ufunc.signature is None:
+        kwargs = f", where=True{kwargs}[, signature]"
+    else:
+        kwargs += "[, signature, axes, axis]"
+
+    # join all the parts together
+    return f'{ufunc.__name__}({in_args}{out_args}, *{kwargs})'
+
+
+def npy_ctypes_check(cls):
+    # determine if a class comes from ctypes, in order to work around
+    # a bug in the buffer protocol for those objects, bpo-10746
+    try:
+        # ctypes class are new-style, so have an __mro__. This probably fails
+        # for ctypes classes with multiple inheritance.
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            # (..., _ctypes.basics._CData, Bufferable, object)
+            ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-3]
+        else:
+            # # (..., _ctypes._CData, object)
+            ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-2]
+        # right now, they're part of the _ctypes module
+        return '_ctypes' in ctype_base.__module__
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+# used to handle the _NoValue default argument for na_object
+# in the C implementation of the __reduce__ method for stringdtype
+def _convert_to_stringdtype_kwargs(coerce, na_object=_NoValue):
+    if na_object is _NoValue:
+        return StringDType(coerce=coerce)
+    return StringDType(coerce=coerce, na_object=na_object)