wasmtime 21.0.1 → 22.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-22.0.0/src/runtime/instance.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,992 @@
+use crate::linker::{Definition, DefinitionType};
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::runtime::vm::{
+    Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, StorePtr, VMFuncRef, VMFunctionImport, VMGlobalImport,
+    VMMemoryImport, VMOpaqueContext, VMTableImport,
+};
+use crate::store::{InstanceId, StoreOpaque, Stored};
+use crate::types::matching;
+use crate::{
+    AsContextMut, Engine, Export, Extern, Func, Global, Memory, Module, ModuleExport, SharedMemory,
+    StoreContext, StoreContextMut, Table, TypedFunc,
+};
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
+use wasmparser::WasmFeatures;
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    EntityIndex, EntityType, FuncIndex, GlobalIndex, MemoryIndex, PrimaryMap, TableIndex, TypeTrace,
+};
+
+/// An instantiated WebAssembly module.
+///
+/// This type represents the instantiation of a [`Module`]. Once instantiated
+/// you can access the [`exports`](Instance::exports) which are of type
+/// [`Extern`] and provide the ability to call functions, set globals, read
+/// memory, etc. When interacting with any wasm code you'll want to make an
+/// [`Instance`] to call any code or execute anything.
+///
+/// Instances are owned by a [`Store`](crate::Store) which is passed in at
+/// creation time. It's recommended to create instances with
+/// [`Linker::instantiate`](crate::Linker::instantiate) or similar
+/// [`Linker`](crate::Linker) methods, but a more low-level constructor is also
+/// available as [`Instance::new`].
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Instance(Stored<InstanceData>);
+
+pub(crate) struct InstanceData {
+    /// The id of the instance within the store, used to find the original
+    /// `InstanceHandle`.
+    id: InstanceId,
+    /// A lazily-populated list of exports of this instance. The order of
+    /// exports here matches the order of the exports in the original
+    /// module.
+    exports: Vec<Option<Extern>>,
+}
+
+impl InstanceData {
+    pub fn from_id(id: InstanceId) -> InstanceData {
+        InstanceData {
+            id,
+            exports: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    /// Creates a new [`Instance`] from the previously compiled [`Module`] and
+    /// list of `imports` specified.
+    ///
+    /// This method instantiates the `module` provided with the `imports`,
+    /// following the procedure in the [core specification][inst] to
+    /// instantiate. Instantiation can fail for a number of reasons (many
+    /// specified below), but if successful the `start` function will be
+    /// automatically run (if specified in the `module`) and then the
+    /// [`Instance`] will be returned.
+    ///
+    /// Per the WebAssembly spec, instantiation includes running the module's
+    /// start function, if it has one (not to be confused with the `_start`
+    /// function, which is not run).
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is a low-level function that just performs an
+    /// instantiation. See the [`Linker`](crate::Linker) struct for an API which
+    /// provides a convenient way to link imports and provides automatic Command
+    /// and Reactor behavior.
+    ///
+    /// ## Providing Imports
+    ///
+    /// The entries in the list of `imports` are intended to correspond 1:1
+    /// with the list of imports returned by [`Module::imports`]. Before
+    /// calling [`Instance::new`] you'll want to inspect the return value of
+    /// [`Module::imports`] and, for each import type, create an [`Extern`]
+    /// which corresponds to that type.  These [`Extern`] values are all then
+    /// collected into a list and passed to this function.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this function is intentionally relatively low level. For an
+    /// easier time passing imports by doing name-based resolution it's
+    /// recommended to instead use the [`Linker`](crate::Linker) type.
+    ///
+    /// ## Errors
+    ///
+    /// This function can fail for a number of reasons, including, but not
+    /// limited to:
+    ///
+    /// * The number of `imports` provided doesn't match the number of imports
+    ///   returned by the `module`'s [`Module::imports`] method.
+    /// * The type of any [`Extern`] doesn't match the corresponding
+    ///   [`ExternType`] entry that it maps to.
+    /// * The `start` function in the instance, if present, traps.
+    /// * Module/instance resource limits are exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// When instantiation fails it's recommended to inspect the return value to
+    /// see why it failed, or bubble it upwards. If you'd like to specifically
+    /// check for trap errors, you can use `error.downcast::<Trap>()`. For more
+    /// about error handling see the [`Trap`] documentation.
+    ///
+    /// [`Trap`]: crate::Trap
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if called with a store associated with a
+    /// [`asynchronous config`](crate::Config::async_support). This function
+    /// will also panic if any [`Extern`] supplied is not owned by `store`.
+    ///
+    /// [inst]: https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/exec/modules.html#exec-instantiation
+    /// [`ExternType`]: crate::ExternType
+    pub fn new(
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: &[Extern],
+    ) -> Result<Instance> {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let imports = Instance::typecheck_externs(store.0, module, imports)?;
+        // Note that the unsafety here should be satisfied by the call to
+        // `typecheck_externs` above which satisfies the condition that all
+        // the imports are valid for this module.
+        unsafe { Instance::new_started(&mut store, module, imports.as_ref()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Same as [`Instance::new`], except for usage in [asynchronous stores].
+    ///
+    /// For more details about this function see the documentation on
+    /// [`Instance::new`]. The only difference between these two methods is that
+    /// this one will asynchronously invoke the wasm start function in case it
+    /// calls any imported function which is an asynchronous host function (e.g.
+    /// created with [`Func::new_async`](crate::Func::new_async).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if called with a store associated with a
+    /// [`synchronous config`](crate::Config::new). This is only compatible with
+    /// stores associated with an [`asynchronous
+    /// config`](crate::Config::async_support).
+    ///
+    /// This function will also panic, like [`Instance::new`], if any [`Extern`]
+    /// specified does not belong to `store`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn new_async<T>(
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: &[Extern],
+    ) -> Result<Instance>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let imports = Instance::typecheck_externs(store.0, module, imports)?;
+        // See `new` for notes on this unsafety
+        unsafe { Instance::new_started_async(&mut store, module, imports.as_ref()).await }
+    }
+
+    fn typecheck_externs(
+        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: &[Extern],
+    ) -> Result<OwnedImports> {
+        for import in imports {
+            if !import.comes_from_same_store(store) {
+                bail!("cross-`Store` instantiation is not currently supported");
+            }
+        }
+        typecheck(module, imports, |cx, ty, item| {
+            let item = DefinitionType::from(store, item);
+            cx.definition(ty, &item)
+        })?;
+        let mut owned_imports = OwnedImports::new(module);
+        for import in imports {
+            owned_imports.push(import, store, module);
+        }
+        Ok(owned_imports)
+    }
+
+    /// Internal function to create an instance and run the start function.
+    ///
+    /// This function's unsafety is the same as `Instance::new_raw`.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn new_started<T>(
+        store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: Imports<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance> {
+        assert!(
+            !store.0.async_support(),
+            "must use async instantiation when async support is enabled",
+        );
+        Self::new_started_impl(store, module, imports)
+    }
+
+    /// Internal function to create an instance and run the start function.
+    ///
+    /// ONLY CALL THIS IF YOU HAVE ALREADY CHECKED FOR ASYNCNESS AND HANDLED
+    /// THE FIBER NONSENSE
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn new_started_impl<T>(
+        store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: Imports<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance> {
+        let (instance, start) = Instance::new_raw(store.0, module, imports)?;
+        if let Some(start) = start {
+            instance.start_raw(store, start)?;
+        }
+        Ok(instance)
+    }
+
+    /// Internal function to create an instance and run the start function.
+    ///
+    /// This function's unsafety is the same as `Instance::new_raw`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    async unsafe fn new_started_async<T>(
+        store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: Imports<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "must use sync instantiation when async support is disabled",
+        );
+
+        store
+            .on_fiber(|store| Self::new_started_impl(store, module, imports))
+            .await?
+    }
+
+    /// Internal function to create an instance which doesn't have its `start`
+    /// function run yet.
+    ///
+    /// This is not intended to be exposed from Wasmtime, it's intended to
+    /// refactor out common code from `new_started` and `new_started_async`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this step needs to be run on a fiber in async mode even
+    /// though it doesn't do any blocking work because an async resource
+    /// limiter may need to yield.
+    ///
+    /// # Unsafety
+    ///
+    /// This method is unsafe because it does not type-check the `imports`
+    /// provided. The `imports` provided must be suitable for the module
+    /// provided as well.
+    unsafe fn new_raw(
+        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
+        module: &Module,
+        imports: Imports<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<(Instance, Option<FuncIndex>)> {
+        if !Engine::same(store.engine(), module.engine()) {
+            bail!("cross-`Engine` instantiation is not currently supported");
+        }
+        store.bump_resource_counts(module)?;
+
+        // Allocate the GC heap, if necessary.
+        let _ = store.gc_store_mut()?;
+
+        let compiled_module = module.compiled_module();
+
+        // Register the module just before instantiation to ensure we keep the module
+        // properly referenced while in use by the store.
+        let module_id = store.modules_mut().register_module(module);
+        store.fill_func_refs();
+
+        // The first thing we do is issue an instance allocation request
+        // to the instance allocator. This, on success, will give us an
+        // instance handle.
+        //
+        // Note that the `host_state` here is a pointer back to the
+        // `Instance` we'll be returning from this function. This is a
+        // circular reference so we can't construct it before we construct
+        // this instance, so we determine what the ID is and then assert
+        // it's the same later when we do actually insert it.
+        let instance_to_be = store.store_data().next_id::<InstanceData>();
+
+        let mut instance_handle =
+            store
+                .engine()
+                .allocator()
+                .allocate_module(InstanceAllocationRequest {
+                    runtime_info: &module.runtime_info(),
+                    imports,
+                    host_state: Box::new(Instance(instance_to_be)),
+                    store: StorePtr::new(store.traitobj()),
+                    wmemcheck: store.engine().config().wmemcheck,
+                    pkey: store.get_pkey(),
+                })?;
+
+        // The instance still has lots of setup, for example
+        // data/elements/start/etc. This can all fail, but even on failure
+        // the instance may persist some state via previous successful
+        // initialization. For this reason once we have an instance handle
+        // we immediately insert it into the store to keep it alive.
+        //
+        // Note that we `clone` the instance handle just to make easier
+        // working the borrow checker here easier. Technically the `&mut
+        // instance` has somewhat of a borrow on `store` (which
+        // conflicts with the borrow on `store.engine`) but this doesn't
+        // matter in practice since initialization isn't even running any
+        // code here anyway.
+        let id = store.add_instance(instance_handle.clone(), module_id);
+
+        // Additionally, before we start doing fallible instantiation, we
+        // do one more step which is to insert an `InstanceData`
+        // corresponding to this instance. This `InstanceData` can be used
+        // via `Caller::get_export` if our instance's state "leaks" into
+        // other instances, even if we don't return successfully from this
+        // function.
+        //
+        // We don't actually load all exports from the instance at this
+        // time, instead preferring to lazily load them as they're demanded.
+        // For module/instance exports, though, those aren't actually
+        // stored in the instance handle so we need to immediately handle
+        // those here.
+        let instance = {
+            let exports = vec![None; compiled_module.module().exports.len()];
+            let data = InstanceData { id, exports };
+            Instance::from_wasmtime(data, store)
+        };
+
+        // double-check our guess of what the new instance's ID would be
+        // was actually correct.
+        assert_eq!(instance.0, instance_to_be);
+
+        // Now that we've recorded all information we need to about this
+        // instance within a `Store` we can start performing fallible
+        // initialization. Note that we still defer the `start` function to
+        // later since that may need to run asynchronously.
+        //
+        // If this returns an error (or if the start function traps) then
+        // any other initialization which may have succeeded which placed
+        // items from this instance into other instances should be ok when
+        // those items are loaded and run we'll have all the metadata to
+        // look at them.
+        instance_handle.initialize(
+            compiled_module.module(),
+            store
+                .engine()
+                .config()
+                .features
+                .contains(WasmFeatures::BULK_MEMORY),
+        )?;
+
+        Ok((instance, compiled_module.module().start_func))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime(handle: InstanceData, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Instance {
+        Instance(store.store_data_mut().insert(handle))
+    }
+
+    fn start_raw<T>(&self, store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>, start: FuncIndex) -> Result<()> {
+        let id = store.0.store_data()[self.0].id;
+        // If a start function is present, invoke it. Make sure we use all the
+        // trap-handling configuration in `store` as well.
+        let instance = store.0.instance_mut(id);
+        let f = instance.get_exported_func(start);
+        let caller_vmctx = instance.vmctx();
+        unsafe {
+            super::func::invoke_wasm_and_catch_traps(store, |_default_caller| {
+                let func = f.func_ref.as_ref().array_call;
+                func(
+                    f.func_ref.as_ref().vmctx,
+                    VMOpaqueContext::from_vmcontext(caller_vmctx),
+                    [].as_mut_ptr(),
+                    0,
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get this instance's module.
+    pub fn module<'a, T: 'a>(&self, store: impl Into<StoreContext<'a, T>>) -> &'a Module {
+        self._module(store.into().0)
+    }
+
+    fn _module<'a>(&self, store: &'a StoreOpaque) -> &'a Module {
+        let InstanceData { id, .. } = store[self.0];
+        store.module_for_instance(id).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of exported items from this [`Instance`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn exports<'a, T: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        store: impl Into<StoreContextMut<'a, T>>,
+    ) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Export<'a>> + 'a {
+        self._exports(store.into().0)
+    }
+
+    fn _exports<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        store: &'a mut StoreOpaque,
+    ) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Export<'a>> + 'a {
+        // If this is an `Instantiated` instance then all the `exports` may not
+        // be filled in. Fill them all in now if that's the case.
+        let InstanceData { exports, id, .. } = &store[self.0];
+        if exports.iter().any(|e| e.is_none()) {
+            let module = Arc::clone(store.instance(*id).module());
+            let data = &store[self.0];
+            let id = data.id;
+
+            for name in module.exports.keys() {
+                let instance = store.instance(id);
+                if let Some((export_name_index, _, &entity)) =
+                    instance.module().exports.get_full(name)
+                {
+                    self._get_export(store, entity, export_name_index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let data = &store.store_data()[self.0];
+        let module = store.instance(data.id).module();
+        module
+            .exports
+            .iter()
+            .zip(&data.exports)
+            .map(|((name, _), export)| Export::new(name, export.clone().unwrap()))
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Extern`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// This method will search the module for an export named `name` and return
+    /// the value, if found.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    ///
+    /// # Why does `get_export` take a mutable context?
+    ///
+    /// This method requires a mutable context because an instance's exports are
+    /// lazily populated, and we cache them as they are accessed. This makes
+    /// instantiating a module faster, but also means this method requires a
+    /// mutable context.
+    pub fn get_export(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut, name: &str) -> Option<Extern> {
+        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
+        let data = &store[self.0];
+        let instance = store.instance(data.id);
+        let (export_name_index, _, &entity) = instance.module().exports.get_full(name)?;
+        self._get_export(store, entity, export_name_index)
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Extern`] value by a [`ModuleExport`] value.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to [`Instance::get_export`] but uses a [`ModuleExport`] value to avoid
+    /// string lookups where possible. [`ModuleExport`]s can be obtained by calling
+    /// [`Module::get_export_index`] on the [`Module`] that this instance was instantiated with.
+    ///
+    /// This method will search the module for an export with a matching entity index and return
+    /// the value, if found.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export with a matching entity index.
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_module_export(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
+        export: &ModuleExport,
+    ) -> Option<Extern> {
+        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
+
+        // Verify the `ModuleExport` matches the module used in this instance.
+        if self._module(store).id() != export.module {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self._get_export(store, export.entity, export.export_name_index)
+    }
+
+    fn _get_export(
+        &self,
+        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
+        entity: EntityIndex,
+        export_name_index: usize,
+    ) -> Option<Extern> {
+        // Instantiated instances will lazily fill in exports, so we process
+        // all that lazy logic here.
+        let data = &store[self.0];
+
+        if let Some(export) = &data.exports[export_name_index] {
+            return Some(export.clone());
+        }
+
+        let instance = store.instance_mut(data.id); // Reborrow the &mut InstanceHandle
+        let item =
+            unsafe { Extern::from_wasmtime_export(instance.get_export_by_index(entity), store) };
+        let data = &mut store[self.0];
+        data.exports[export_name_index] = Some(item.clone());
+        Some(item)
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Func`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`, or if there was but
+    /// it wasn't a function.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_func(&self, store: impl AsContextMut, name: &str) -> Option<Func> {
+        self.get_export(store, name)?.into_func()
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Func`] value by name and with its type.
+    ///
+    /// This function is a convenience wrapper over [`Instance::get_func`] and
+    /// [`Func::typed`]. For more information see the linked documentation.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if `name` isn't a function export or if the export's
+    /// type did not match `Params` or `Results`
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_typed_func<Params, Results>(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<TypedFunc<Params, Results>>
+    where
+        Params: crate::WasmParams,
+        Results: crate::WasmResults,
+    {
+        let f = self
+            .get_export(store.as_context_mut(), name)
+            .and_then(|f| f.into_func())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("failed to find function export `{}`", name))?;
+        Ok(f.typed::<Params, Results>(store)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to convert function `{}` to given type", name))?)
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Table`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`, or if there was but
+    /// it wasn't a table.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_table(&self, store: impl AsContextMut, name: &str) -> Option<Table> {
+        self.get_export(store, name)?.into_table()
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Memory`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`, or if there was but
+    /// it wasn't a memory.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_memory(&self, store: impl AsContextMut, name: &str) -> Option<Memory> {
+        self.get_export(store, name)?.into_memory()
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`SharedMemory`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`, or if there was but
+    /// it wasn't a shared memory.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_shared_memory(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<SharedMemory> {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        self.get_export(&mut store, name)?.into_shared_memory()
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up an exported [`Global`] value by name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there was no export named `name`, or if there was but
+    /// it wasn't a global.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `store` does not own this instance.
+    pub fn get_global(&self, store: impl AsContextMut, name: &str) -> Option<Global> {
+        self.get_export(store, name)?.into_global()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> InstanceId {
+        store[self.0].id
+    }
+
+    /// Get all globals within this instance.
+    ///
+    /// Returns both import and defined globals.
+    ///
+    /// Returns both exported and non-exported globals.
+    ///
+    /// Gives access to the full globals space.
+    pub(crate) fn all_globals<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        store: &'a mut StoreOpaque,
+    ) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = (GlobalIndex, Global)> + 'a {
+        let data = &store[self.0];
+        let instance = store.instance_mut(data.id);
+        instance
+            .all_globals()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(i, g)| (i, unsafe { Global::from_wasmtime_global(g, store) }))
+    }
+
+    /// Get all memories within this instance.
+    ///
+    /// Returns both import and defined memories.
+    ///
+    /// Returns both exported and non-exported memories.
+    ///
+    /// Gives access to the full memories space.
+    pub(crate) fn all_memories<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        store: &'a mut StoreOpaque,
+    ) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = (MemoryIndex, Memory)> + 'a {
+        let data = &store[self.0];
+        let instance = store.instance_mut(data.id);
+        instance
+            .all_memories()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(i, m)| (i, unsafe { Memory::from_wasmtime_memory(m, store) }))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct OwnedImports {
+    functions: PrimaryMap<FuncIndex, VMFunctionImport>,
+    tables: PrimaryMap<TableIndex, VMTableImport>,
+    memories: PrimaryMap<MemoryIndex, VMMemoryImport>,
+    globals: PrimaryMap<GlobalIndex, VMGlobalImport>,
+}
+
+impl OwnedImports {
+    fn new(module: &Module) -> OwnedImports {
+        let mut ret = OwnedImports::empty();
+        ret.reserve(module);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn empty() -> OwnedImports {
+        OwnedImports {
+            functions: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            tables: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            memories: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            globals: PrimaryMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reserve(&mut self, module: &Module) {
+        let raw = module.compiled_module().module();
+        self.functions.reserve(raw.num_imported_funcs);
+        self.tables.reserve(raw.num_imported_tables);
+        self.memories.reserve(raw.num_imported_memories);
+        self.globals.reserve(raw.num_imported_globals);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.functions.clear();
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.memories.clear();
+        self.globals.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, item: &Extern, store: &mut StoreOpaque, module: &Module) {
+        match item {
+            Extern::Func(i) => {
+                self.functions.push(i.vmimport(store, module));
+            }
+            Extern::Global(i) => {
+                self.globals.push(i.vmimport(store));
+            }
+            Extern::Table(i) => {
+                self.tables.push(i.vmimport(store));
+            }
+            Extern::Memory(i) => {
+                self.memories.push(i.vmimport(store));
+            }
+            Extern::SharedMemory(i) => {
+                self.memories.push(i.vmimport(store));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Note that this is unsafe as the validity of `item` is not verified and
+    /// it contains a bunch of raw pointers.
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn push_export(&mut self, item: &crate::runtime::vm::Export) {
+        match item {
+            crate::runtime::vm::Export::Function(f) => {
+                let f = f.func_ref.as_ref();
+                self.functions.push(VMFunctionImport {
+                    wasm_call: f.wasm_call.unwrap(),
+                    array_call: f.array_call,
+                    vmctx: f.vmctx,
+                });
+            }
+            crate::runtime::vm::Export::Global(g) => {
+                self.globals.push(VMGlobalImport { from: g.definition });
+            }
+            crate::runtime::vm::Export::Table(t) => {
+                self.tables.push(VMTableImport {
+                    from: t.definition,
+                    vmctx: t.vmctx,
+                });
+            }
+            crate::runtime::vm::Export::Memory(m) => {
+                self.memories.push(VMMemoryImport {
+                    from: m.definition,
+                    vmctx: m.vmctx,
+                    index: m.index,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_ref(&self) -> Imports<'_> {
+        Imports {
+            tables: self.tables.values().as_slice(),
+            globals: self.globals.values().as_slice(),
+            memories: self.memories.values().as_slice(),
+            functions: self.functions.values().as_slice(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An instance, pre-instantiation, that is ready to be instantiated.
+///
+/// This structure represents an instance *just before* it was instantiated,
+/// after all type-checking and imports have been resolved. The only thing left
+/// to do for this instance is to actually run the process of instantiation.
+///
+/// Note that an `InstancePre` may not be tied to any particular [`Store`] if
+/// none of the imports it closed over are tied to any particular [`Store`].
+///
+/// This structure is created through the [`Linker::instantiate_pre`] method,
+/// which also has some more information and examples.
+///
+/// [`Store`]: crate::Store
+/// [`Linker::instantiate_pre`]: crate::Linker::instantiate_pre
+pub struct InstancePre<T> {
+    module: Module,
+
+    /// The items which this `InstancePre` use to instantiate the `module`
+    /// provided, passed to `Instance::new_started` after inserting them into a
+    /// `Store`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is stored as an `Arc<[T]>` to quickly move a strong
+    /// reference to everything internally into a `Store<T>` without having to
+    /// clone each individual item.
+    items: Arc<[Definition]>,
+
+    /// A count of `Definition::HostFunc` entries in `items` above to
+    /// preallocate space in a `Store` up front for all entries to be inserted.
+    host_funcs: usize,
+
+    /// The `VMFuncRef`s for the functions in `items` that do not
+    /// have a `wasm_call` trampoline. We pre-allocate and pre-patch these
+    /// `VMFuncRef`s so that we don't have to do it at
+    /// instantiation time.
+    ///
+    /// This is an `Arc<[T]>` for the same reason as `items`.
+    func_refs: Arc<[VMFuncRef]>,
+
+    _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>,
+}
+
+/// InstancePre's clone does not require T: Clone
+impl<T> Clone for InstancePre<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            module: self.module.clone(),
+            items: self.items.clone(),
+            host_funcs: self.host_funcs,
+            func_refs: self.func_refs.clone(),
+            _marker: self._marker,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> InstancePre<T> {
+    /// Creates a new `InstancePre` which type-checks the `items` provided and
+    /// on success is ready to instantiate a new instance.
+    ///
+    /// # Unsafety
+    ///
+    /// This method is unsafe as the `T` of the `InstancePre<T>` is not
+    /// guaranteed to be the same as the `T` within the `Store`, the caller must
+    /// verify that.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn new(module: &Module, items: Vec<Definition>) -> Result<InstancePre<T>> {
+        typecheck(module, &items, |cx, ty, item| cx.definition(ty, &item.ty()))?;
+
+        let mut func_refs = vec![];
+        let mut host_funcs = 0;
+        for item in &items {
+            match item {
+                Definition::Extern(_, _) => {}
+                Definition::HostFunc(f) => {
+                    host_funcs += 1;
+                    if f.func_ref().wasm_call.is_none() {
+                        // `f` needs its `VMFuncRef::wasm_call` patched with a
+                        // Wasm-to-native trampoline.
+                        debug_assert!(matches!(f.host_ctx(), crate::HostContext::Array(_)));
+                        func_refs.push(VMFuncRef {
+                            wasm_call: module
+                                .runtime_info()
+                                .wasm_to_array_trampoline(f.sig_index()),
+                            ..*f.func_ref()
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(InstancePre {
+            module: module.clone(),
+            items: items.into(),
+            host_funcs,
+            func_refs: func_refs.into(),
+            _marker: core::marker::PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the module that this [`InstancePre`] will be
+    /// instantiating.
+    pub fn module(&self) -> &Module {
+        &self.module
+    }
+
+    /// Instantiates this instance, creating a new instance within the provided
+    /// `store`.
+    ///
+    /// This function will run the actual process of instantiation to
+    /// completion. This will use all of the previously-closed-over items as
+    /// imports to instantiate the module that this was originally created with.
+    ///
+    /// For more information about instantiation see [`Instance::new`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if any import closed over by this [`InstancePre`] isn't owned by
+    /// `store`, or if `store` has async support enabled. Additionally this
+    /// function will panic if the `store` provided comes from a different
+    /// [`Engine`] than the [`InstancePre`] originally came from.
+    pub fn instantiate(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>) -> Result<Instance> {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let imports = pre_instantiate_raw(
+            &mut store.0,
+            &self.module,
+            &self.items,
+            self.host_funcs,
+            &self.func_refs,
+        )?;
+
+        // This unsafety should be handled by the type-checking performed by the
+        // constructor of `InstancePre` to assert that all the imports we're passing
+        // in match the module we're instantiating.
+        unsafe { Instance::new_started(&mut store, &self.module, imports.as_ref()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new instance, running the start function asynchronously
+    /// instead of inline.
+    ///
+    /// For more information about asynchronous instantiation see the
+    /// documentation on [`Instance::new_async`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if any import closed over by this [`InstancePre`] isn't owned by
+    /// `store`, or if `store` does not have async support enabled.
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn instantiate_async(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+    ) -> Result<Instance>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let imports = pre_instantiate_raw(
+            &mut store.0,
+            &self.module,
+            &self.items,
+            self.host_funcs,
+            &self.func_refs,
+        )?;
+
+        // This unsafety should be handled by the type-checking performed by the
+        // constructor of `InstancePre` to assert that all the imports we're passing
+        // in match the module we're instantiating.
+        unsafe { Instance::new_started_async(&mut store, &self.module, imports.as_ref()).await }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper function shared between
+/// `InstancePre::{instantiate,instantiate_async}`
+///
+/// This is an out-of-line function to avoid the generic on `InstancePre` and
+/// get this compiled into the `wasmtime` crate to avoid having it monomorphized
+/// elsewhere.
+fn pre_instantiate_raw(
+    store: &mut StoreOpaque,
+    module: &Module,
+    items: &Arc<[Definition]>,
+    host_funcs: usize,
+    func_refs: &Arc<[VMFuncRef]>,
+) -> Result<OwnedImports> {
+    if host_funcs > 0 {
+        // Any linker-defined function of the `Definition::HostFunc` variant
+        // will insert a function into the store automatically as part of
+        // instantiation, so reserve space here to make insertion more efficient
+        // as it won't have to realloc during the instantiation.
+        store.store_data_mut().reserve_funcs(host_funcs);
+
+        // The usage of `to_extern_store_rooted` requires that the items are
+        // rooted via another means, which happens here by cloning the list of
+        // items into the store once. This avoids cloning each individual item
+        // below.
+        store.push_rooted_funcs(items.clone());
+        store.push_instance_pre_func_refs(func_refs.clone());
+    }
+
+    let mut func_refs = func_refs.iter().map(|f| NonNull::from(f));
+    let mut imports = OwnedImports::new(module);
+    for import in items.iter() {
+        if !import.comes_from_same_store(store) {
+            bail!("cross-`Store` instantiation is not currently supported");
+        }
+        // This unsafety should be encapsulated in the constructor of
+        // `InstancePre` where the `T` of the original item should match the
+        // `T` of the store. Additionally the rooting necessary has happened
+        // above.
+        let item = match import {
+            Definition::Extern(e, _) => e.clone(),
+            Definition::HostFunc(func) => unsafe {
+                func.to_func_store_rooted(
+                    store,
+                    if func.func_ref().wasm_call.is_none() {
+                        Some(func_refs.next().unwrap())
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    },
+                )
+                .into()
+            },
+        };
+        imports.push(&item, store, module);
+    }
+
+    Ok(imports)
+}
+
+fn typecheck<I>(
+    module: &Module,
+    imports: &[I],
+    check: impl Fn(&matching::MatchCx<'_>, &EntityType, &I) -> Result<()>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let env_module = module.compiled_module().module();
+    let expected = env_module.imports().count();
+    if expected != imports.len() {
+        bail!("expected {} imports, found {}", expected, imports.len());
+    }
+    let cx = matching::MatchCx::new(module.engine());
+    for ((name, field, mut expected_ty), actual) in env_module.imports().zip(imports) {
+        expected_ty.canonicalize_for_runtime_usage(&mut |module_index| {
+            module.signatures().shared_type(module_index).unwrap()
+        });
+
+        check(&cx, &expected_ty, actual)
+            .with_context(|| format!("incompatible import type for `{name}::{field}`"))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}