wasmtime 21.0.1 → 22.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/object-0.36.3/src/write/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@
+//! Interface for writing object files.
+//!
+//! This module provides a unified write API for relocatable object files
+//! using [`Object`]. This does not support writing executable files.
+//! This supports the following file formats: COFF, ELF, Mach-O, and XCOFF.
+//!
+//! The submodules define helpers for writing the raw structs. These support
+//! writing both relocatable and executable files. There are writers for
+//! the following file formats: [COFF](coff::Writer), [ELF](elf::Writer),
+//! and [PE](pe::Writer).
+
+use alloc::borrow::Cow;
+use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::{fmt, result, str};
+#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+use std::{boxed::Box, collections::HashMap, error, io};
+
+use crate::endian::{Endianness, U32, U64};
+
+pub use crate::common::*;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+pub mod coff;
+#[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+pub use coff::CoffExportStyle;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+pub mod elf;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+mod macho;
+#[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+pub use macho::MachOBuildVersion;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "pe")]
+pub mod pe;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+mod xcoff;
+
+pub(crate) mod string;
+pub use string::StringId;
+
+mod util;
+pub use util::*;
+
+/// The error type used within the write module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Error(pub(crate) String);
+
+impl fmt::Display for Error {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(&self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+impl error::Error for Error {}
+
+/// The result type used within the write module.
+pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+/// A writable relocatable object file.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Object<'a> {
+    format: BinaryFormat,
+    architecture: Architecture,
+    sub_architecture: Option<SubArchitecture>,
+    endian: Endianness,
+    sections: Vec<Section<'a>>,
+    standard_sections: HashMap<StandardSection, SectionId>,
+    symbols: Vec<Symbol>,
+    symbol_map: HashMap<Vec<u8>, SymbolId>,
+    comdats: Vec<Comdat>,
+    /// File flags that are specific to each file format.
+    pub flags: FileFlags,
+    /// The symbol name mangling scheme.
+    pub mangling: Mangling,
+    #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+    stub_symbols: HashMap<SymbolId, SymbolId>,
+    /// Mach-O "_tlv_bootstrap" symbol.
+    #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+    tlv_bootstrap: Option<SymbolId>,
+    /// Mach-O CPU subtype.
+    #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+    macho_cpu_subtype: Option<u32>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+    macho_build_version: Option<MachOBuildVersion>,
+    /// Mach-O MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS flag. Only ever set if format is Mach-O.
+    #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+    macho_subsections_via_symbols: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Object<'a> {
+    /// Create an empty object file.
+    pub fn new(format: BinaryFormat, architecture: Architecture, endian: Endianness) -> Object<'a> {
+        Object {
+            format,
+            architecture,
+            sub_architecture: None,
+            endian,
+            sections: Vec::new(),
+            standard_sections: HashMap::new(),
+            symbols: Vec::new(),
+            symbol_map: HashMap::new(),
+            comdats: Vec::new(),
+            flags: FileFlags::None,
+            mangling: Mangling::default(format, architecture),
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            stub_symbols: HashMap::new(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            tlv_bootstrap: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            macho_cpu_subtype: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            macho_build_version: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            macho_subsections_via_symbols: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the file format.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn format(&self) -> BinaryFormat {
+        self.format
+    }
+
+    /// Return the architecture.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn architecture(&self) -> Architecture {
+        self.architecture
+    }
+
+    /// Return the sub-architecture.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn sub_architecture(&self) -> Option<SubArchitecture> {
+        self.sub_architecture
+    }
+
+    /// Specify the sub-architecture.
+    pub fn set_sub_architecture(&mut self, sub_architecture: Option<SubArchitecture>) {
+        self.sub_architecture = sub_architecture;
+    }
+
+    /// Return the current mangling setting.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn mangling(&self) -> Mangling {
+        self.mangling
+    }
+
+    /// Specify the mangling setting.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_mangling(&mut self, mangling: Mangling) {
+        self.mangling = mangling;
+    }
+
+    /// Return the name for a standard segment.
+    ///
+    /// This will vary based on the file format.
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    pub fn segment_name(&self, segment: StandardSegment) -> &'static [u8] {
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => &[],
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => &[],
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_segment_name(segment),
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the section with the given `SectionId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn section(&self, section: SectionId) -> &Section<'a> {
+        &self.sections[section.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Mutably get the section with the given `SectionId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn section_mut(&mut self, section: SectionId) -> &mut Section<'a> {
+        &mut self.sections[section.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Set the data for an existing section.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that already have data, or that contain uninitialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn set_section_data<T>(&mut self, section: SectionId, data: T, align: u64)
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    {
+        self.sections[section.0].set_data(data, align)
+    }
+
+    /// Append data to an existing section. Returns the section offset of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain uninitialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn append_section_data(&mut self, section: SectionId, data: &[u8], align: u64) -> u64 {
+        self.sections[section.0].append_data(data, align)
+    }
+
+    /// Append zero-initialized data to an existing section. Returns the section offset of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain initialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn append_section_bss(&mut self, section: SectionId, size: u64, align: u64) -> u64 {
+        self.sections[section.0].append_bss(size, align)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the `SectionId` of a standard section.
+    ///
+    /// If the section doesn't already exist then it is created.
+    pub fn section_id(&mut self, section: StandardSection) -> SectionId {
+        self.standard_sections
+            .get(&section)
+            .cloned()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let (segment, name, kind, flags) = self.section_info(section);
+                let id = self.add_section(segment.to_vec(), name.to_vec(), kind);
+                self.section_mut(id).flags = flags;
+                id
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new section and return its `SectionId`.
+    ///
+    /// This also creates a section symbol.
+    pub fn add_section(&mut self, segment: Vec<u8>, name: Vec<u8>, kind: SectionKind) -> SectionId {
+        let id = SectionId(self.sections.len());
+        self.sections.push(Section {
+            segment,
+            name,
+            kind,
+            size: 0,
+            align: 1,
+            data: Cow::Borrowed(&[]),
+            relocations: Vec::new(),
+            symbol: None,
+            flags: SectionFlags::None,
+        });
+
+        // Add to self.standard_sections if required. This may match multiple standard sections.
+        let section = &self.sections[id.0];
+        for standard_section in StandardSection::all() {
+            if !self.standard_sections.contains_key(standard_section) {
+                let (segment, name, kind, _flags) = self.section_info(*standard_section);
+                if segment == &*section.segment && name == &*section.name && kind == section.kind {
+                    self.standard_sections.insert(*standard_section, id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        id
+    }
+
+    fn section_info(
+        &self,
+        section: StandardSection,
+    ) -> (&'static [u8], &'static [u8], SectionKind, SectionFlags) {
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_section_info(section),
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_section_info(section),
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_section_info(section),
+            #[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Xcoff => self.xcoff_section_info(section),
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a subsection. Returns the `SectionId` and section offset of the data.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this does not create a subsection, and instead uses the
+    /// section from [`Self::section_id`]. Use [`Self::set_subsections_via_symbols`]
+    /// to enable subsections via symbols.
+    pub fn add_subsection(&mut self, section: StandardSection, name: &[u8]) -> SectionId {
+        if self.has_subsections_via_symbols() {
+            self.section_id(section)
+        } else {
+            let (segment, name, kind, flags) = self.subsection_info(section, name);
+            let id = self.add_section(segment.to_vec(), name, kind);
+            self.section_mut(id).flags = flags;
+            id
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_subsections_via_symbols(&self) -> bool {
+        self.format == BinaryFormat::MachO
+    }
+
+    /// Enable subsections via symbols if supported.
+    ///
+    /// This should be called before adding any subsections or symbols.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this sets the `MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS` flag.
+    /// For other formats, this does nothing.
+    pub fn set_subsections_via_symbols(&mut self) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+        if self.format == BinaryFormat::MachO {
+            self.macho_subsections_via_symbols = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn subsection_info(
+        &self,
+        section: StandardSection,
+        value: &[u8],
+    ) -> (&'static [u8], Vec<u8>, SectionKind, SectionFlags) {
+        let (segment, section, kind, flags) = self.section_info(section);
+        let name = self.subsection_name(section, value);
+        (segment, name, kind, flags)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn subsection_name(&self, section: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        debug_assert!(!self.has_subsections_via_symbols());
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_subsection_name(section, value),
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_subsection_name(section, value),
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the COMDAT section group with the given `ComdatId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn comdat(&self, comdat: ComdatId) -> &Comdat {
+        &self.comdats[comdat.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Mutably get the COMDAT section group with the given `ComdatId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn comdat_mut(&mut self, comdat: ComdatId) -> &mut Comdat {
+        &mut self.comdats[comdat.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new COMDAT section group and return its `ComdatId`.
+    pub fn add_comdat(&mut self, comdat: Comdat) -> ComdatId {
+        let comdat_id = ComdatId(self.comdats.len());
+        self.comdats.push(comdat);
+        comdat_id
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `SymbolId` of the symbol with the given name.
+    pub fn symbol_id(&self, name: &[u8]) -> Option<SymbolId> {
+        self.symbol_map.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the symbol with the given `SymbolId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn symbol(&self, symbol: SymbolId) -> &Symbol {
+        &self.symbols[symbol.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Mutably get the symbol with the given `SymbolId`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn symbol_mut(&mut self, symbol: SymbolId) -> &mut Symbol {
+        &mut self.symbols[symbol.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new symbol and return its `SymbolId`.
+    pub fn add_symbol(&mut self, mut symbol: Symbol) -> SymbolId {
+        // Defined symbols must have a scope.
+        debug_assert!(symbol.is_undefined() || symbol.scope != SymbolScope::Unknown);
+        if symbol.kind == SymbolKind::Section {
+            // There can only be one section symbol, but update its flags, since
+            // the automatically generated section symbol will have none.
+            let symbol_id = self.section_symbol(symbol.section.id().unwrap());
+            if symbol.flags != SymbolFlags::None {
+                self.symbol_mut(symbol_id).flags = symbol.flags;
+            }
+            return symbol_id;
+        }
+        if !symbol.name.is_empty()
+            && (symbol.kind == SymbolKind::Text
+                || symbol.kind == SymbolKind::Data
+                || symbol.kind == SymbolKind::Tls)
+        {
+            let unmangled_name = symbol.name.clone();
+            if let Some(prefix) = self.mangling.global_prefix() {
+                symbol.name.insert(0, prefix);
+            }
+            let symbol_id = self.add_raw_symbol(symbol);
+            self.symbol_map.insert(unmangled_name, symbol_id);
+            symbol_id
+        } else {
+            self.add_raw_symbol(symbol)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_raw_symbol(&mut self, symbol: Symbol) -> SymbolId {
+        let symbol_id = SymbolId(self.symbols.len());
+        self.symbols.push(symbol);
+        symbol_id
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the file format supports `StandardSection::UninitializedTls`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_uninitialized_tls(&self) -> bool {
+        self.format != BinaryFormat::Coff
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the file format supports `StandardSection::Common`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_common(&self) -> bool {
+        self.format == BinaryFormat::MachO
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new common symbol and return its `SymbolId`.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this appends the symbol to the `__common` section.
+    ///
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn add_common_symbol(&mut self, mut symbol: Symbol, size: u64, align: u64) -> SymbolId {
+        if self.has_common() {
+            let symbol_id = self.add_symbol(symbol);
+            let section = self.section_id(StandardSection::Common);
+            self.add_symbol_bss(symbol_id, section, size, align);
+            symbol_id
+        } else {
+            symbol.section = SymbolSection::Common;
+            symbol.size = size;
+            self.add_symbol(symbol)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new file symbol and return its `SymbolId`.
+    pub fn add_file_symbol(&mut self, name: Vec<u8>) -> SymbolId {
+        self.add_raw_symbol(Symbol {
+            name,
+            value: 0,
+            size: 0,
+            kind: SymbolKind::File,
+            scope: SymbolScope::Compilation,
+            weak: false,
+            section: SymbolSection::None,
+            flags: SymbolFlags::None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the symbol for a section.
+    pub fn section_symbol(&mut self, section_id: SectionId) -> SymbolId {
+        let section = &mut self.sections[section_id.0];
+        if let Some(symbol) = section.symbol {
+            return symbol;
+        }
+        let name = if self.format == BinaryFormat::Coff {
+            section.name.clone()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+        let symbol_id = SymbolId(self.symbols.len());
+        self.symbols.push(Symbol {
+            name,
+            value: 0,
+            size: 0,
+            kind: SymbolKind::Section,
+            scope: SymbolScope::Compilation,
+            weak: false,
+            section: SymbolSection::Section(section_id),
+            flags: SymbolFlags::None,
+        });
+        section.symbol = Some(symbol_id);
+        symbol_id
+    }
+
+    /// Append data to an existing section, and update a symbol to refer to it.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this also creates a `__thread_vars` entry for TLS symbols, and the
+    /// symbol will indirectly point to the added data via the `__thread_vars` entry.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, if [`Self::set_subsections_via_symbols`] is enabled, this will
+    /// automatically ensure the data size is at least 1.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the section offset of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain uninitialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn add_symbol_data(
+        &mut self,
+        symbol_id: SymbolId,
+        section: SectionId,
+        mut data: &[u8],
+        align: u64,
+    ) -> u64 {
+        #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+        if data.is_empty() && self.macho_subsections_via_symbols {
+            data = &[0];
+        }
+        let offset = self.append_section_data(section, data, align);
+        self.set_symbol_data(symbol_id, section, offset, data.len() as u64);
+        offset
+    }
+
+    /// Append zero-initialized data to an existing section, and update a symbol to refer to it.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this also creates a `__thread_vars` entry for TLS symbols, and the
+    /// symbol will indirectly point to the added data via the `__thread_vars` entry.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, if [`Self::set_subsections_via_symbols`] is enabled, this will
+    /// automatically ensure the data size is at least 1.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the section offset of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain initialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn add_symbol_bss(
+        &mut self,
+        symbol_id: SymbolId,
+        section: SectionId,
+        mut size: u64,
+        align: u64,
+    ) -> u64 {
+        #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+        if size == 0 && self.macho_subsections_via_symbols {
+            size = 1;
+        }
+        let offset = self.append_section_bss(section, size, align);
+        self.set_symbol_data(symbol_id, section, offset, size);
+        offset
+    }
+
+    /// Update a symbol to refer to the given data within a section.
+    ///
+    /// For Mach-O, this also creates a `__thread_vars` entry for TLS symbols, and the
+    /// symbol will indirectly point to the data via the `__thread_vars` entry.
+    #[allow(unused_mut)]
+    pub fn set_symbol_data(
+        &mut self,
+        mut symbol_id: SymbolId,
+        section: SectionId,
+        offset: u64,
+        size: u64,
+    ) {
+        // Defined symbols must have a scope.
+        debug_assert!(self.symbol(symbol_id).scope != SymbolScope::Unknown);
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => symbol_id = self.macho_add_thread_var(symbol_id),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        let symbol = self.symbol_mut(symbol_id);
+        symbol.value = offset;
+        symbol.size = size;
+        symbol.section = SymbolSection::Section(section);
+    }
+
+    /// Convert a symbol to a section symbol and offset.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the symbol does not have a section.
+    pub fn symbol_section_and_offset(&mut self, symbol_id: SymbolId) -> Option<(SymbolId, u64)> {
+        let symbol = self.symbol(symbol_id);
+        if symbol.kind == SymbolKind::Section {
+            return Some((symbol_id, 0));
+        }
+        let symbol_offset = symbol.value;
+        let section = symbol.section.id()?;
+        let section_symbol = self.section_symbol(section);
+        Some((section_symbol, symbol_offset))
+    }
+
+    /// Add a relocation to a section.
+    ///
+    /// Relocations must only be added after the referenced symbols have been added
+    /// and defined (if applicable).
+    pub fn add_relocation(&mut self, section: SectionId, mut relocation: Relocation) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_translate_relocation(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_translate_relocation(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_translate_relocation(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Xcoff => self.xcoff_translate_relocation(&mut relocation)?,
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+        let implicit = match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_adjust_addend(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_adjust_addend(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_adjust_addend(&mut relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Xcoff => self.xcoff_adjust_addend(&mut relocation)?,
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        };
+        if implicit && relocation.addend != 0 {
+            self.write_relocation_addend(section, &relocation)?;
+            relocation.addend = 0;
+        }
+        self.sections[section.0].relocations.push(relocation);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_relocation_addend(
+        &mut self,
+        section: SectionId,
+        relocation: &Relocation,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let size = match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_relocation_size(relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_relocation_size(relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_relocation_size(relocation)?,
+            #[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Xcoff => self.xcoff_relocation_size(relocation)?,
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        };
+        let data = self.sections[section.0].data_mut();
+        let offset = relocation.offset as usize;
+        match size {
+            32 => data.write_at(offset, &U32::new(self.endian, relocation.addend as u32)),
+            64 => data.write_at(offset, &U64::new(self.endian, relocation.addend as u64)),
+            _ => {
+                return Err(Error(format!(
+                    "unimplemented relocation addend {:?}",
+                    relocation
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            Error(format!(
+                "invalid relocation offset {}+{} (max {})",
+                relocation.offset,
+                size,
+                data.len()
+            ))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Write the object to a `Vec`.
+    pub fn write(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
+        self.emit(&mut buffer)?;
+        Ok(buffer)
+    }
+
+    /// Write the object to a `Write` implementation.
+    ///
+    /// Also flushes the writer.
+    ///
+    /// It is advisable to use a buffered writer like [`BufWriter`](std::io::BufWriter)
+    /// instead of an unbuffered writer like [`File`](std::fs::File).
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    pub fn write_stream<W: io::Write>(&self, w: W) -> result::Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
+        let mut stream = StreamingBuffer::new(w);
+        self.emit(&mut stream)?;
+        stream.result()?;
+        stream.into_inner().flush()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Write the object to a `WritableBuffer`.
+    pub fn emit(&self, buffer: &mut dyn WritableBuffer) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.format {
+            #[cfg(feature = "coff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Coff => self.coff_write(buffer),
+            #[cfg(feature = "elf")]
+            BinaryFormat::Elf => self.elf_write(buffer),
+            #[cfg(feature = "macho")]
+            BinaryFormat::MachO => self.macho_write(buffer),
+            #[cfg(feature = "xcoff")]
+            BinaryFormat::Xcoff => self.xcoff_write(buffer),
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A standard segment kind.
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum StandardSegment {
+    Text,
+    Data,
+    Debug,
+}
+
+/// A standard section kind.
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum StandardSection {
+    Text,
+    Data,
+    ReadOnlyData,
+    ReadOnlyDataWithRel,
+    ReadOnlyString,
+    UninitializedData,
+    Tls,
+    /// Zero-fill TLS initializers. Unsupported for COFF.
+    UninitializedTls,
+    /// TLS variable structures. Only supported for Mach-O.
+    TlsVariables,
+    /// Common data. Only supported for Mach-O.
+    Common,
+    /// Notes for GNU properties. Only supported for ELF.
+    GnuProperty,
+}
+
+impl StandardSection {
+    /// Return the section kind of a standard section.
+    pub fn kind(self) -> SectionKind {
+        match self {
+            StandardSection::Text => SectionKind::Text,
+            StandardSection::Data => SectionKind::Data,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyData => SectionKind::ReadOnlyData,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyDataWithRel => SectionKind::ReadOnlyDataWithRel,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyString => SectionKind::ReadOnlyString,
+            StandardSection::UninitializedData => SectionKind::UninitializedData,
+            StandardSection::Tls => SectionKind::Tls,
+            StandardSection::UninitializedTls => SectionKind::UninitializedTls,
+            StandardSection::TlsVariables => SectionKind::TlsVariables,
+            StandardSection::Common => SectionKind::Common,
+            StandardSection::GnuProperty => SectionKind::Note,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remembering to update this is error-prone, can we do better?
+    fn all() -> &'static [StandardSection] {
+        &[
+            StandardSection::Text,
+            StandardSection::Data,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyData,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyDataWithRel,
+            StandardSection::ReadOnlyString,
+            StandardSection::UninitializedData,
+            StandardSection::Tls,
+            StandardSection::UninitializedTls,
+            StandardSection::TlsVariables,
+            StandardSection::Common,
+            StandardSection::GnuProperty,
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+/// An identifier used to reference a section.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct SectionId(usize);
+
+/// A section in an object file.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Section<'a> {
+    segment: Vec<u8>,
+    name: Vec<u8>,
+    kind: SectionKind,
+    size: u64,
+    align: u64,
+    data: Cow<'a, [u8]>,
+    relocations: Vec<Relocation>,
+    symbol: Option<SymbolId>,
+    /// Section flags that are specific to each file format.
+    pub flags: SectionFlags,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Section<'a> {
+    /// Try to convert the name to a utf8 string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        str::from_utf8(&self.name).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Try to convert the segment to a utf8 string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn segment(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        str::from_utf8(&self.segment).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if this section contains zerofill data.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_bss(&self) -> bool {
+        self.kind.is_bss()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the data for a section.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that already have data, or that contain uninitialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn set_data<T>(&mut self, data: T, align: u64)
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    {
+        debug_assert!(!self.is_bss());
+        debug_assert_eq!(align & (align - 1), 0);
+        debug_assert!(self.data.is_empty());
+        self.data = data.into();
+        self.size = self.data.len() as u64;
+        self.align = align;
+    }
+
+    /// Append data to a section.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain uninitialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn append_data(&mut self, append_data: &[u8], align: u64) -> u64 {
+        debug_assert!(!self.is_bss());
+        debug_assert_eq!(align & (align - 1), 0);
+        if self.align < align {
+            self.align = align;
+        }
+        let align = align as usize;
+        let data = self.data.to_mut();
+        let mut offset = data.len();
+        if offset & (align - 1) != 0 {
+            offset += align - (offset & (align - 1));
+            data.resize(offset, 0);
+        }
+        data.extend_from_slice(append_data);
+        self.size = data.len() as u64;
+        offset as u64
+    }
+
+    /// Append uninitialized data to a section.
+    ///
+    /// Must not be called for sections that contain initialized data.
+    /// `align` must be a power of two.
+    pub fn append_bss(&mut self, size: u64, align: u64) -> u64 {
+        debug_assert!(self.is_bss());
+        debug_assert_eq!(align & (align - 1), 0);
+        if self.align < align {
+            self.align = align;
+        }
+        let mut offset = self.size;
+        if offset & (align - 1) != 0 {
+            offset += align - (offset & (align - 1));
+            self.size = offset;
+        }
+        self.size += size;
+        offset
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the section as-built so far.
+    ///
+    /// This requires that the section is not a bss section.
+    pub fn data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        debug_assert!(!self.is_bss());
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the section as-built so far.
+    ///
+    /// This requires that the section is not a bss section.
+    pub fn data_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+        debug_assert!(!self.is_bss());
+        self.data.to_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The section where a symbol is defined.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum SymbolSection {
+    /// The section is not applicable for this symbol (such as file symbols).
+    None,
+    /// The symbol is undefined.
+    Undefined,
+    /// The symbol has an absolute value.
+    Absolute,
+    /// The symbol is a zero-initialized symbol that will be combined with duplicate definitions.
+    Common,
+    /// The symbol is defined in the given section.
+    Section(SectionId),
+}
+
+impl SymbolSection {
+    /// Returns the section id for the section where the symbol is defined.
+    ///
+    /// May return `None` if the symbol is not defined in a section.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn id(self) -> Option<SectionId> {
+        if let SymbolSection::Section(id) = self {
+            Some(id)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An identifier used to reference a symbol.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct SymbolId(usize);
+
+/// A symbol in an object file.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Symbol {
+    /// The name of the symbol.
+    pub name: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The value of the symbol.
+    ///
+    /// If the symbol defined in a section, then this is the section offset of the symbol.
+    pub value: u64,
+    /// The size of the symbol.
+    pub size: u64,
+    /// The kind of the symbol.
+    pub kind: SymbolKind,
+    /// The scope of the symbol.
+    pub scope: SymbolScope,
+    /// Whether the symbol has weak binding.
+    pub weak: bool,
+    /// The section containing the symbol.
+    pub section: SymbolSection,
+    /// Symbol flags that are specific to each file format.
+    pub flags: SymbolFlags<SectionId, SymbolId>,
+}
+
+impl Symbol {
+    /// Try to convert the name to a utf8 string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        str::from_utf8(&self.name).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the symbol is undefined.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_undefined(&self) -> bool {
+        self.section == SymbolSection::Undefined
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the symbol is common data.
+    ///
+    /// Note: does not check for `SymbolSection::Section` with `SectionKind::Common`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_common(&self) -> bool {
+        self.section == SymbolSection::Common
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the symbol scope is local.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_local(&self) -> bool {
+        self.scope == SymbolScope::Compilation
+    }
+}
+
+/// A relocation in an object file.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Relocation {
+    /// The section offset of the place of the relocation.
+    pub offset: u64,
+    /// The symbol referred to by the relocation.
+    ///
+    /// This may be a section symbol.
+    pub symbol: SymbolId,
+    /// The addend to use in the relocation calculation.
+    ///
+    /// This may be in addition to an implicit addend stored at the place of the relocation.
+    pub addend: i64,
+    /// The fields that define the relocation type.
+    pub flags: RelocationFlags,
+}
+
+/// An identifier used to reference a COMDAT section group.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct ComdatId(usize);
+
+/// A COMDAT section group.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Comdat {
+    /// The COMDAT selection kind.
+    ///
+    /// This determines the way in which the linker resolves multiple definitions of the COMDAT
+    /// sections.
+    pub kind: ComdatKind,
+    /// The COMDAT symbol.
+    ///
+    /// If this symbol is referenced, then all sections in the group will be included by the
+    /// linker.
+    pub symbol: SymbolId,
+    /// The sections in the group.
+    pub sections: Vec<SectionId>,
+}
+
+/// The symbol name mangling scheme.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Mangling {
+    /// No symbol mangling.
+    None,
+    /// Windows COFF symbol mangling.
+    Coff,
+    /// Windows COFF i386 symbol mangling.
+    CoffI386,
+    /// ELF symbol mangling.
+    Elf,
+    /// Mach-O symbol mangling.
+    MachO,
+    /// Xcoff symbol mangling.
+    Xcoff,
+}
+
+impl Mangling {
+    /// Return the default symboling mangling for the given format and architecture.
+    pub fn default(format: BinaryFormat, architecture: Architecture) -> Self {
+        match (format, architecture) {
+            (BinaryFormat::Coff, Architecture::I386) => Mangling::CoffI386,
+            (BinaryFormat::Coff, _) => Mangling::Coff,
+            (BinaryFormat::Elf, _) => Mangling::Elf,
+            (BinaryFormat::MachO, _) => Mangling::MachO,
+            (BinaryFormat::Xcoff, _) => Mangling::Xcoff,
+            _ => Mangling::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the prefix to use for global symbols.
+    pub fn global_prefix(self) -> Option<u8> {
+        match self {
+            Mangling::None | Mangling::Elf | Mangling::Coff | Mangling::Xcoff => None,
+            Mangling::CoffI386 | Mangling::MachO => Some(b'_'),
+        }
+    }
+}