grpc 1.15.0 → 1.30.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_interface.h

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_INTERFACE_H
+#define GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_INTERFACE_H
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+// The interface for subchannels that is exposed to LB policy implementations.
+class SubchannelInterface : public RefCounted<SubchannelInterface> {
+ public:
+  class ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
+   public:
+    virtual ~ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface() = default;
+
+    // Will be invoked whenever the subchannel's connectivity state
+    // changes.  There will be only one invocation of this method on a
+    // given watcher instance at any given time.
+    virtual void OnConnectivityStateChange(
+        grpc_connectivity_state new_state) = 0;
+
+    // TODO(roth): Remove this as soon as we move to EventManager-based
+    // polling.
+    virtual grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties() = 0;
+  };
+
+  template <typename TraceFlagT = TraceFlag>
+  explicit SubchannelInterface(TraceFlagT* trace_flag = nullptr)
+      : RefCounted<SubchannelInterface>(trace_flag) {}
+
+  virtual ~SubchannelInterface() = default;
+
+  // Returns the current connectivity state of the subchannel.
+  virtual grpc_connectivity_state CheckConnectivityState() = 0;
+
+  // Starts watching the subchannel's connectivity state.
+  // The first callback to the watcher will be delivered when the
+  // subchannel's connectivity state becomes a value other than
+  // initial_state, which may happen immediately.
+  // Subsequent callbacks will be delivered as the subchannel's state
+  // changes.
+  // The watcher will be destroyed either when the subchannel is
+  // destroyed or when CancelConnectivityStateWatch() is called.
+  // There can be only one watcher of a given subchannel.  It is not
+  // valid to call this method a second time without first cancelling
+  // the previous watcher using CancelConnectivityStateWatch().
+  virtual void WatchConnectivityState(
+      grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) = 0;
+
+  // Cancels a connectivity state watch.
+  // If the watcher has already been destroyed, this is a no-op.
+  virtual void CancelConnectivityStateWatch(
+      ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface* watcher) = 0;
+
+  // Attempt to connect to the backend.  Has no effect if already connected.
+  // If the subchannel is currently in backoff delay due to a previously
+  // failed attempt, the new connection attempt will not start until the
+  // backoff delay has elapsed.
+  virtual void AttemptToConnect() = 0;
+
+  // Resets the subchannel's connection backoff state.  If AttemptToConnect()
+  // has been called since the subchannel entered TRANSIENT_FAILURE state,
+  // starts a new connection attempt immediately; otherwise, a new connection
+  // attempt will be started as soon as AttemptToConnect() is called.
+  virtual void ResetBackoff() = 0;
+
+  // TODO(roth): Need a better non-grpc-specific abstraction here.
+  virtual const grpc_channel_args* channel_args() = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+#endif /* GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_INTERFACE_H */

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_pool_interface.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//
+//
+// Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+//
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_pool_interface.h"
+
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+
+// The subchannel pool to reuse subchannels.
+#define GRPC_ARG_SUBCHANNEL_POOL "grpc.subchannel_pool"
+// The subchannel key ID that is only used in test to make each key unique.
+#define GRPC_ARG_SUBCHANNEL_KEY_TEST_ONLY_ID "grpc.subchannel_key_test_only_id"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+TraceFlag grpc_subchannel_pool_trace(false, "subchannel_pool");
+
+SubchannelKey::SubchannelKey(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  Init(args, grpc_channel_args_normalize);
+}
+
+SubchannelKey::~SubchannelKey() {
+  grpc_channel_args_destroy(const_cast<grpc_channel_args*>(args_));
+}
+
+SubchannelKey::SubchannelKey(const SubchannelKey& other) {
+  Init(other.args_, grpc_channel_args_copy);
+}
+
+SubchannelKey& SubchannelKey::operator=(const SubchannelKey& other) {
+  grpc_channel_args_destroy(const_cast<grpc_channel_args*>(args_));
+  Init(other.args_, grpc_channel_args_copy);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+int SubchannelKey::Cmp(const SubchannelKey& other) const {
+  return grpc_channel_args_compare(args_, other.args_);
+}
+
+void SubchannelKey::Init(
+    const grpc_channel_args* args,
+    grpc_channel_args* (*copy_channel_args)(const grpc_channel_args* args)) {
+  args_ = copy_channel_args(args);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void* arg_copy(void* p) {
+  auto* subchannel_pool = static_cast<SubchannelPoolInterface*>(p);
+  subchannel_pool->Ref().release();
+  return p;
+}
+
+void arg_destroy(void* p) {
+  auto* subchannel_pool = static_cast<SubchannelPoolInterface*>(p);
+  subchannel_pool->Unref();
+}
+
+int arg_cmp(void* a, void* b) { return GPR_ICMP(a, b); }
+
+const grpc_arg_pointer_vtable subchannel_pool_arg_vtable = {
+    arg_copy, arg_destroy, arg_cmp};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_arg SubchannelPoolInterface::CreateChannelArg(
+    SubchannelPoolInterface* subchannel_pool) {
+  return grpc_channel_arg_pointer_create(
+      const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_SUBCHANNEL_POOL), subchannel_pool,
+      &subchannel_pool_arg_vtable);
+}
+
+SubchannelPoolInterface*
+SubchannelPoolInterface::GetSubchannelPoolFromChannelArgs(
+    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  const grpc_arg* arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args, GRPC_ARG_SUBCHANNEL_POOL);
+  if (arg == nullptr || arg->type != GRPC_ARG_POINTER) return nullptr;
+  return static_cast<SubchannelPoolInterface*>(arg->value.pointer.p);
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_pool_interface.h

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_POOL_INTERFACE_H
+#define GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_POOL_INTERFACE_H
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/avl/avl.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+class Subchannel;
+
+extern TraceFlag grpc_subchannel_pool_trace;
+
+// A key that can uniquely identify a subchannel.
+class SubchannelKey {
+ public:
+  explicit SubchannelKey(const grpc_channel_args* args);
+  ~SubchannelKey();
+
+  // Copyable.
+  SubchannelKey(const SubchannelKey& other);
+  SubchannelKey& operator=(const SubchannelKey& other);
+  // Not movable.
+  SubchannelKey(SubchannelKey&&) = delete;
+  SubchannelKey& operator=(SubchannelKey&&) = delete;
+
+  int Cmp(const SubchannelKey& other) const;
+
+ private:
+  // Initializes the subchannel key with the given \a args and the function to
+  // copy channel args.
+  void Init(
+      const grpc_channel_args* args,
+      grpc_channel_args* (*copy_channel_args)(const grpc_channel_args* args));
+
+  const grpc_channel_args* args_;
+};
+
+// Interface for subchannel pool.
+// TODO(juanlishen): This refcounting mechanism may lead to memory leak.
+// To solve that, we should force polling to flush any pending callbacks, then
+// shut down safely. See https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/12560.
+class SubchannelPoolInterface : public RefCounted<SubchannelPoolInterface> {
+ public:
+  SubchannelPoolInterface() : RefCounted(&grpc_subchannel_pool_trace) {}
+  virtual ~SubchannelPoolInterface() {}
+
+  // Registers a subchannel against a key. Returns the subchannel registered
+  // with \a key, which may be different from \a constructed because we reuse
+  // (instead of update) any existing subchannel already registered with \a key.
+  virtual Subchannel* RegisterSubchannel(SubchannelKey* key,
+                                         Subchannel* constructed) = 0;
+
+  // Removes the registered subchannel found by \a key.
+  virtual void UnregisterSubchannel(SubchannelKey* key) = 0;
+
+  // Finds the subchannel registered for the given subchannel key. Returns NULL
+  // if no such channel exists. Thread-safe.
+  virtual Subchannel* FindSubchannel(SubchannelKey* key) = 0;
+
+  // Creates a channel arg from \a subchannel pool.
+  static grpc_arg CreateChannelArg(SubchannelPoolInterface* subchannel_pool);
+
+  // Gets the subchannel pool from the channel args.
+  static SubchannelPoolInterface* GetSubchannelPoolFromChannelArgs(
+      const grpc_channel_args* args);
+};
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+#endif /* GRPC_CORE_EXT_FILTERS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_SUBCHANNEL_POOL_INTERFACE_H */

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/xds/xds_api.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
+
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/xds/xds_api.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/env.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
+
+#include "envoy/api/v2/cds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/core/address.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/core/base.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/core/config_source.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/core/health_check.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/discovery.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/eds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/endpoint/endpoint.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/endpoint/load_report.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/lds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/rds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/api/v2/route/route.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/filter/network/http_connection_manager/v2/http_connection_manager.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v2/api_listener.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/load_stats/v2/lrs.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/percent.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/any.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/duration.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/struct.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/wrappers.upb.h"
+#include "google/rpc/status.upb.h"
+#include "upb/upb.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+//
+// XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate
+//
+
+bool XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::operator==(
+    const XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate& other) const {
+  if (priorities_.size() != other.priorities_.size()) return false;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < priorities_.size(); ++i) {
+    if (priorities_[i].localities != other.priorities_[i].localities) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+void XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::Add(
+    XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::LocalityMap::Locality locality) {
+  // Pad the missing priorities in case the localities are not ordered by
+  // priority.
+  if (!Contains(locality.priority)) priorities_.resize(locality.priority + 1);
+  LocalityMap& locality_map = priorities_[locality.priority];
+  locality_map.localities.emplace(locality.name, std::move(locality));
+}
+
+const XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::LocalityMap* XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::Find(
+    uint32_t priority) const {
+  if (!Contains(priority)) return nullptr;
+  return &priorities_[priority];
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::Contains(
+    const RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>& name) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < priorities_.size(); ++i) {
+    const LocalityMap& locality_map = priorities_[i];
+    if (locality_map.Contains(name)) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::DropConfig
+//
+
+bool XdsApi::DropConfig::ShouldDrop(const std::string** category_name) const {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < drop_category_list_.size(); ++i) {
+    const auto& drop_category = drop_category_list_[i];
+    // Generate a random number in [0, 1000000).
+    const uint32_t random = static_cast<uint32_t>(rand()) % 1000000;
+    if (random < drop_category.parts_per_million) {
+      *category_name = &drop_category.name;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi
+//
+
+const char* XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Listener";
+const char* XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.RouteConfiguration";
+const char* XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Cluster";
+const char* XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.ClusterLoadAssignment";
+
+namespace {
+
+bool XdsRoutingEnabled() {
+  char* value = gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_ROUTING");
+  bool parsed_value;
+  bool parse_succeeded = gpr_parse_bool_value(value, &parsed_value);
+  gpr_free(value);
+  return parse_succeeded && parsed_value;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::XdsApi(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+               const XdsBootstrap::Node* node)
+    : client_(client),
+      tracer_(tracer),
+      xds_routing_enabled_(XdsRoutingEnabled()),
+      node_(node),
+      build_version_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING, " ",
+                                  grpc_version_string())),
+      user_agent_name_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING)) {}
+
+namespace {
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Value* value_pb,
+                           const Json& value);
+
+void PopulateListValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value,
+                       const Json::Array& values) {
+  for (const auto& value : values) {
+    auto* value_pb = google_protobuf_ListValue_add_values(list_value, arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(arena, value_pb, value);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadata(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Struct* metadata_pb,
+                      const Json::Object& metadata) {
+  for (const auto& p : metadata) {
+    google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry* field =
+        google_protobuf_Struct_add_fields(metadata_pb, arena);
+    google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_set_key(
+        field, upb_strview_makez(p.first.c_str()));
+    google_protobuf_Value* value =
+        google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_mutable_value(field, arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(arena, value, p.second);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Value* value_pb,
+                           const Json& value) {
+  switch (value.type()) {
+    case Json::Type::JSON_NULL:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_null_value(value_pb, 0);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::NUMBER:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_number_value(
+          value_pb, strtod(value.string_value().c_str(), nullptr));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::STRING:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_string_value(
+          value_pb, upb_strview_makez(value.string_value().c_str()));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_TRUE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, true);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_FALSE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, false);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::OBJECT: {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* struct_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_struct_value(value_pb, arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(arena, struct_value, value.object_value());
+      break;
+    }
+    case Json::Type::ARRAY: {
+      google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_list_value(value_pb, arena);
+      PopulateListValue(arena, list_value, value.array_value());
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateNode(upb_arena* arena, const XdsBootstrap::Node* node,
+                  const std::string& build_version,
+                  const std::string& user_agent_name,
+                  const std::string& server_name,
+                  envoy_api_v2_core_Node* node_msg) {
+  if (node != nullptr) {
+    if (!node->id.empty()) {
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Node_set_id(node_msg,
+                                    upb_strview_makez(node->id.c_str()));
+    }
+    if (!node->cluster.empty()) {
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Node_set_cluster(
+          node_msg, upb_strview_makez(node->cluster.c_str()));
+    }
+    if (!node->metadata.object_value().empty()) {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* metadata =
+          envoy_api_v2_core_Node_mutable_metadata(node_msg, arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(arena, metadata, node->metadata.object_value());
+    }
+    if (!server_name.empty()) {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* metadata =
+          envoy_api_v2_core_Node_mutable_metadata(node_msg, arena);
+      google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry* field =
+          google_protobuf_Struct_add_fields(metadata, arena);
+      google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_set_key(
+          field, upb_strview_makez("PROXYLESS_CLIENT_HOSTNAME"));
+      google_protobuf_Value* value =
+          google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_mutable_value(field, arena);
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_string_value(
+          value, upb_strview_make(server_name.data(), server_name.size()));
+    }
+    if (!node->locality_region.empty() || !node->locality_zone.empty() ||
+        !node->locality_subzone.empty()) {
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Locality* locality =
+          envoy_api_v2_core_Node_mutable_locality(node_msg, arena);
+      if (!node->locality_region.empty()) {
+        envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_region(
+            locality, upb_strview_makez(node->locality_region.c_str()));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_zone.empty()) {
+        envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_zone(
+            locality, upb_strview_makez(node->locality_zone.c_str()));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_subzone.empty()) {
+        envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+            locality, upb_strview_makez(node->locality_subzone.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node_set_build_version(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_make(build_version.data(), build_version.size()));
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node_set_user_agent_name(
+      node_msg,
+      upb_strview_make(user_agent_name.data(), user_agent_name.size()));
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node_set_user_agent_version(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez(grpc_version_string()));
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lb.does_not_support_overprovisioning"),
+      arena);
+}
+
+inline absl::string_view UpbStringToAbsl(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return absl::string_view(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+inline std::string UpbStringToStdString(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return std::string(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+inline void AddStringField(const char* name, const upb_strview& value,
+                           std::vector<std::string>* fields,
+                           bool add_if_empty = false) {
+  if (value.size > 0 || add_if_empty) {
+    fields->emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat(name, ": \"", UpbStringToAbsl(value), "\""));
+  }
+}
+
+inline void AddUInt32ValueField(const char* name,
+                                const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* value,
+                                std::vector<std::string>* fields) {
+  if (value != nullptr) {
+    fields->emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+        name, " { value: ", google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(value), " }"));
+  }
+}
+
+inline void AddLocalityField(int indent_level,
+                             const envoy_api_v2_core_Locality* locality,
+                             std::vector<std::string>* fields) {
+  std::string indent =
+      absl::StrJoin(std::vector<std::string>(indent_level, "  "), "");
+  // region
+  std::string field = absl::StrCat(indent, "region");
+  AddStringField(field.c_str(), envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_region(locality),
+                 fields);
+  // zone
+  field = absl::StrCat(indent, "zone");
+  AddStringField(field.c_str(), envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_zone(locality),
+                 fields);
+  // sub_zone
+  field = absl::StrCat(indent, "sub_zone");
+  AddStringField(field.c_str(), envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_sub_zone(locality),
+                 fields);
+}
+
+void AddNodeLogFields(const envoy_api_v2_core_Node* node,
+                      std::vector<std::string>* fields) {
+  fields->emplace_back("node {");
+  // id
+  AddStringField("  id", envoy_api_v2_core_Node_id(node), fields);
+  // metadata
+  const google_protobuf_Struct* metadata =
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Node_metadata(node);
+  if (metadata != nullptr) {
+    fields->emplace_back("  metadata {");
+    size_t num_entries;
+    const google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry* const* entries =
+        google_protobuf_Struct_fields(metadata, &num_entries);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_entries; ++i) {
+      fields->emplace_back("    field {");
+      // key
+      AddStringField("      key",
+                     google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_key(entries[i]),
+                     fields);
+      // value
+      const google_protobuf_Value* value =
+          google_protobuf_Struct_FieldsEntry_value(entries[i]);
+      if (value != nullptr) {
+        std::string value_str;
+        if (google_protobuf_Value_has_string_value(value)) {
+          value_str = absl::StrCat(
+              "string_value: \"",
+              UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Value_string_value(value)), "\"");
+        } else if (google_protobuf_Value_has_null_value(value)) {
+          value_str = "null_value: NULL_VALUE";
+        } else if (google_protobuf_Value_has_number_value(value)) {
+          value_str = absl::StrCat("double_value: ",
+                                   google_protobuf_Value_number_value(value));
+        } else if (google_protobuf_Value_has_bool_value(value)) {
+          value_str = absl::StrCat("bool_value: ",
+                                   google_protobuf_Value_bool_value(value));
+        } else if (google_protobuf_Value_has_struct_value(value)) {
+          value_str = "struct_value: <not printed>";
+        } else if (google_protobuf_Value_has_list_value(value)) {
+          value_str = "list_value: <not printed>";
+        } else {
+          value_str = "<unknown>";
+        }
+        fields->emplace_back(absl::StrCat("      value { ", value_str, " }"));
+      }
+      fields->emplace_back("    }");
+    }
+    fields->emplace_back("  }");
+  }
+  // locality
+  const envoy_api_v2_core_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Node_locality(node);
+  if (locality != nullptr) {
+    fields->emplace_back("  locality {");
+    AddLocalityField(2, locality, fields);
+    fields->emplace_back("  }");
+  }
+  // build_version
+  AddStringField("  build_version", envoy_api_v2_core_Node_build_version(node),
+                 fields);
+  // user_agent_name
+  AddStringField("  user_agent_name",
+                 envoy_api_v2_core_Node_user_agent_name(node), fields);
+  // user_agent_version
+  AddStringField("  user_agent_version",
+                 envoy_api_v2_core_Node_user_agent_version(node), fields);
+  // client_features
+  size_t num_client_features;
+  const upb_strview* client_features =
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Node_client_features(node, &num_client_features);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_client_features; ++i) {
+    AddStringField("  client_features", client_features[i], fields);
+  }
+  fields->emplace_back("}");
+}
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+                              const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // version_info
+    AddStringField("version_info",
+                   envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_version_info(request),
+                   &fields);
+    // node
+    const envoy_api_v2_core_Node* node =
+        envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_node(request);
+    if (node != nullptr) AddNodeLogFields(node, &fields);
+    // resource_names
+    size_t num_resource_names;
+    const upb_strview* resource_names =
+        envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_resource_names(request,
+                                                     &num_resource_names);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_resource_names; ++i) {
+      AddStringField("resource_names", resource_names[i], &fields);
+    }
+    // type_url
+    AddStringField("type_url", envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_type_url(request),
+                   &fields);
+    // response_nonce
+    AddStringField("response_nonce",
+                   envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_response_nonce(request),
+                   &fields);
+    // error_detail
+    const struct google_rpc_Status* error_detail =
+        envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_error_detail(request);
+    if (error_detail != nullptr) {
+      fields.emplace_back("error_detail {");
+      // code
+      int32_t code = google_rpc_Status_code(error_detail);
+      if (code != 0) fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat("  code: ", code));
+      // message
+      AddStringField("  message", google_rpc_Status_message(error_detail),
+                     &fields);
+      fields.emplace_back("}");
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed ADS request: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeDiscoveryRequest(upb_arena* arena,
+                                     envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_serialize(request, arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateAdsRequest(
+    const std::string& type_url,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& resource_names,
+    const std::string& version, const std::string& nonce, grpc_error* error,
+    bool populate_node) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest* request =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Set type_url.
+  envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_set_type_url(
+      request, upb_strview_make(type_url.data(), type_url.size()));
+  // Set version_info.
+  if (!version.empty()) {
+    envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_set_version_info(
+        request, upb_strview_make(version.data(), version.size()));
+  }
+  // Set nonce.
+  if (!nonce.empty()) {
+    envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_set_response_nonce(
+        request, upb_strview_make(nonce.data(), nonce.size()));
+  }
+  // Set error_detail if it's a NACK.
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    grpc_slice error_description_slice;
+    GPR_ASSERT(grpc_error_get_str(error, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                                  &error_description_slice));
+    upb_strview error_description_strview =
+        upb_strview_make(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(
+                             GPR_SLICE_START_PTR(error_description_slice)),
+                         GPR_SLICE_LENGTH(error_description_slice));
+    google_rpc_Status* error_detail =
+        envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_error_detail(request,
+                                                           arena.ptr());
+    google_rpc_Status_set_message(error_detail, error_description_strview);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+  }
+  // Populate node.
+  if (populate_node) {
+    envoy_api_v2_core_Node* node_msg =
+        envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_node(request, arena.ptr());
+    PopulateNode(arena.ptr(), node_, build_version_, user_agent_name_, "",
+                 node_msg);
+  }
+  // Add resource_names.
+  for (const auto& resource_name : resource_names) {
+    envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryRequest_add_resource_names(
+        request, upb_strview_make(resource_name.data(), resource_name.size()),
+        arena.ptr());
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(client_, tracer_, request);
+  return SerializeDiscoveryRequest(arena.ptr(), request);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+                               const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // version_info
+    AddStringField("version_info",
+                   envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_version_info(response),
+                   &fields);
+    // resources
+    size_t num_resources;
+    envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &num_resources);
+    fields.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("resources: <", num_resources, " element(s)>"));
+    // type_url
+    AddStringField("type_url",
+                   envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_type_url(response), &fields);
+    // nonce
+    AddStringField("nonce", envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_nonce(response),
+                   &fields);
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] received response: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration* route_config) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // name
+    AddStringField("name", envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration_name(route_config),
+                   &fields);
+    // virtual_hosts
+    size_t num_virtual_hosts;
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost* const* virtual_hosts =
+        envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration_virtual_hosts(route_config,
+                                                      &num_virtual_hosts);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_virtual_hosts; ++i) {
+      const auto* virtual_host = virtual_hosts[i];
+      fields.push_back("virtual_hosts {");
+      // name
+      AddStringField(
+          "  name", envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost_name(virtual_host), &fields);
+      // domains
+      size_t num_domains;
+      const upb_strview* const domains =
+          envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost_domains(virtual_host, &num_domains);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_domains; ++j) {
+        AddStringField("  domains", domains[j], &fields);
+      }
+      // routes
+      size_t num_routes;
+      const envoy_api_v2_route_Route* const* routes =
+          envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost_routes(virtual_host, &num_routes);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_routes; ++j) {
+        const auto* route = routes[j];
+        fields.push_back("  route {");
+        // name
+        AddStringField("    name", envoy_api_v2_route_Route_name(route),
+                       &fields);
+        // match
+        const envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch* match =
+            envoy_api_v2_route_Route_match(route);
+        if (match != nullptr) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    match {");
+          // path matching
+          if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_prefix(match)) {
+            AddStringField("      prefix",
+                           envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_prefix(match), &fields,
+                           /*add_if_empty=*/true);
+          } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_path(match)) {
+            AddStringField("      path",
+                           envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_path(match), &fields,
+                           /*add_if_empty=*/true);
+          } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_regex(match)) {
+            AddStringField("      regex",
+                           envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_regex(match), &fields,
+                           /*add_if_empty=*/true);
+          } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_safe_regex(match)) {
+            fields.emplace_back("      safe_regex: <not printed>");
+          } else {
+            fields.emplace_back("      <unknown path matching type>");
+          }
+          // header matching
+          size_t num_headers;
+          envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_headers(match, &num_headers);
+          if (num_headers > 0) {
+            fields.emplace_back(
+                absl::StrCat("      headers: <", num_headers, " element(s)>"));
+          }
+          fields.emplace_back("    }");
+        }
+        // action
+        if (envoy_api_v2_route_Route_has_route(route)) {
+          const envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction* action =
+              envoy_api_v2_route_Route_route(route);
+          fields.emplace_back("    route {");
+          if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_has_cluster(action)) {
+            AddStringField("      cluster",
+                           envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_cluster(action),
+                           &fields);
+          } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_has_cluster_header(
+                         action)) {
+            AddStringField(
+                "      cluster_header",
+                envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_cluster_header(action), &fields);
+          } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_has_weighted_clusters(
+                         action)) {
+            const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster* weighted_clusters =
+                envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_weighted_clusters(action);
+            fields.emplace_back("      weighted_clusters {");
+            size_t num_cluster_weights;
+            const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight* const*
+                cluster_weights = envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_clusters(
+                    weighted_clusters, &num_cluster_weights);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < num_cluster_weights; ++i) {
+              const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight*
+                  cluster_weight = cluster_weights[i];
+              fields.emplace_back("        clusters {");
+              AddStringField(
+                  "          name",
+                  envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_name(
+                      cluster_weight),
+                  &fields);
+              AddUInt32ValueField(
+                  "          weight",
+                  envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_weight(
+                      cluster_weight),
+                  &fields);
+              fields.emplace_back("        }");
+            }
+            AddUInt32ValueField("        total_weight",
+                                envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_total_weight(
+                                    weighted_clusters),
+                                &fields);
+            fields.emplace_back("      }");
+          }
+          fields.emplace_back("    }");
+        } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_Route_has_redirect(route)) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    redirect: <not printed>");
+        } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_Route_has_direct_response(route)) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    direct_response: <not printed>");
+        } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_Route_has_filter_action(route)) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    filter_action: <not printed>");
+        }
+        fields.push_back("  }");
+      }
+      fields.push_back("}");
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] RouteConfiguration: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogCluster(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+                     const envoy_api_v2_Cluster* cluster) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // name
+    AddStringField("name", envoy_api_v2_Cluster_name(cluster), &fields);
+    // type
+    if (envoy_api_v2_Cluster_has_type(cluster)) {
+      fields.emplace_back(
+          absl::StrCat("type: ", envoy_api_v2_Cluster_type(cluster)));
+    } else if (envoy_api_v2_Cluster_has_cluster_type(cluster)) {
+      fields.emplace_back("cluster_type: <not printed>");
+    } else {
+      fields.emplace_back("<unknown type>");
+    }
+    // eds_cluster_config
+    const envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig* eds_cluster_config =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_eds_cluster_config(cluster);
+    if (eds_cluster_config != nullptr) {
+      fields.emplace_back("eds_cluster_config {");
+      // eds_config
+      const struct envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource* eds_config =
+          envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_eds_config(eds_cluster_config);
+      if (eds_config != nullptr) {
+        if (envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource_has_ads(eds_config)) {
+          fields.emplace_back("  eds_config { ads {} }");
+        } else {
+          fields.emplace_back("  eds_config: <non-ADS type>");
+        }
+      }
+      // service_name
+      AddStringField("  service_name",
+                     envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_service_name(
+                         eds_cluster_config),
+                     &fields);
+      fields.emplace_back("}");
+    }
+    // lb_policy
+    fields.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("lb_policy: ", envoy_api_v2_Cluster_lb_policy(cluster)));
+    // lrs_server
+    const envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource* lrs_server =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_lrs_server(cluster);
+    if (lrs_server != nullptr) {
+      if (envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource_has_self(lrs_server)) {
+        fields.emplace_back("lrs_server { self {} }");
+      } else {
+        fields.emplace_back("lrs_server: <non-self type>");
+      }
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] Cluster: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment* cla) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // cluster_name
+    AddStringField("cluster_name",
+                   envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_cluster_name(cla),
+                   &fields);
+    // endpoints
+    size_t num_localities;
+    const struct envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints* const*
+        locality_endpoints =
+            envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_endpoints(cla, &num_localities);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_localities; ++i) {
+      const auto* locality_endpoint = locality_endpoints[i];
+      fields.emplace_back("endpoints {");
+      // locality
+      const auto* locality =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_locality(locality_endpoint);
+      if (locality != nullptr) {
+        fields.emplace_back("  locality {");
+        AddLocalityField(2, locality, &fields);
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      // lb_endpoints
+      size_t num_lb_endpoints;
+      const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint* const* lb_endpoints =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_lb_endpoints(
+              locality_endpoint, &num_lb_endpoints);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_lb_endpoints; ++j) {
+        const auto* lb_endpoint = lb_endpoints[j];
+        fields.emplace_back("  lb_endpoints {");
+        // health_status
+        uint32_t health_status =
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint_health_status(lb_endpoint);
+        if (health_status > 0) {
+          fields.emplace_back(
+              absl::StrCat("    health_status: ", health_status));
+        }
+        // endpoint
+        const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_Endpoint* endpoint =
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint_endpoint(lb_endpoint);
+        if (endpoint != nullptr) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    endpoint {");
+          // address
+          const auto* address =
+              envoy_api_v2_endpoint_Endpoint_address(endpoint);
+          if (address != nullptr) {
+            fields.emplace_back("      address {");
+            // socket_address
+            const auto* socket_address =
+                envoy_api_v2_core_Address_socket_address(address);
+            if (socket_address != nullptr) {
+              fields.emplace_back("        socket_address {");
+              // address
+              AddStringField(
+                  "          address",
+                  envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress_address(socket_address),
+                  &fields);
+              // port_value
+              if (envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress_has_port_value(
+                      socket_address)) {
+                fields.emplace_back(
+                    absl::StrCat("          port_value: ",
+                                 envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress_port_value(
+                                     socket_address)));
+              } else {
+                fields.emplace_back("        <non-numeric port>");
+              }
+              fields.emplace_back("        }");
+            } else {
+              fields.emplace_back("        <non-socket address>");
+            }
+            fields.emplace_back("      }");
+          }
+          fields.emplace_back("    }");
+        }
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      // load_balancing_weight
+      AddUInt32ValueField(
+          "  load_balancing_weight",
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_load_balancing_weight(
+              locality_endpoint),
+          &fields);
+      // priority
+      uint32_t priority =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_priority(locality_endpoint);
+      if (priority > 0) {
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat("  priority: ", priority));
+      }
+      fields.emplace_back("}");
+    }
+    // policy
+    const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy* policy =
+        envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_policy(cla);
+    if (policy != nullptr) {
+      fields.emplace_back("policy {");
+      // drop_overloads
+      size_t num_drop_overloads;
+      const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload* const*
+          drop_overloads =
+              envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_drop_overloads(
+                  policy, &num_drop_overloads);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_drop_overloads; ++i) {
+        auto* drop_overload = drop_overloads[i];
+        fields.emplace_back("  drop_overloads {");
+        // category
+        AddStringField(
+            "    category",
+            envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_category(
+                drop_overload),
+            &fields);
+        // drop_percentage
+        const auto* drop_percentage =
+            envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_drop_percentage(
+                drop_overload);
+        if (drop_percentage != nullptr) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    drop_percentage {");
+          fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+              "      numerator: ",
+              envoy_type_FractionalPercent_numerator(drop_percentage)));
+          fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+              "      denominator: ",
+              envoy_type_FractionalPercent_denominator(drop_percentage)));
+          fields.emplace_back("    }");
+        }
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      // overprovisioning_factor
+      fields.emplace_back("}");
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] ClusterLoadAssignment: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+// Better match type has smaller value.
+enum MatchType {
+  EXACT_MATCH,
+  SUFFIX_MATCH,
+  PREFIX_MATCH,
+  UNIVERSE_MATCH,
+  INVALID_MATCH,
+};
+
+// Returns true if match succeeds.
+bool DomainMatch(MatchType match_type, std::string domain_pattern,
+                 std::string expected_host_name) {
+  // Normalize the args to lower-case. Domain matching is case-insensitive.
+  std::transform(domain_pattern.begin(), domain_pattern.end(),
+                 domain_pattern.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  std::transform(expected_host_name.begin(), expected_host_name.end(),
+                 expected_host_name.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  if (match_type == EXACT_MATCH) {
+    return domain_pattern == expected_host_name;
+  } else if (match_type == SUFFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_suffix(domain_pattern.c_str() + 1);
+    absl::string_view host_suffix(expected_host_name.c_str() +
+                                  expected_host_name.size() -
+                                  pattern_suffix.size());
+    return pattern_suffix == host_suffix;
+  } else if (match_type == PREFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_prefix(domain_pattern.c_str(),
+                                     domain_pattern.size() - 1);
+    absl::string_view host_prefix(expected_host_name.c_str(),
+                                  pattern_prefix.size());
+    return pattern_prefix == host_prefix;
+  } else {
+    return match_type == UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  }
+}
+
+MatchType DomainPatternMatchType(const std::string& domain_pattern) {
+  if (domain_pattern.empty()) return INVALID_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern.find('*') == std::string::npos) return EXACT_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern == "*") return UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[0] == '*') return SUFFIX_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[domain_pattern.size() - 1] == '*') return PREFIX_MATCH;
+  return INVALID_MATCH;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteActionParse(const envoy_api_v2_route_Route* route,
+                             XdsApi::RdsUpdate::RdsRoute* rds_route) {
+  if (!envoy_api_v2_route_Route_has_route(route)) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "No RouteAction found in route.");
+  }
+  const envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction* route_action =
+      envoy_api_v2_route_Route_route(route);
+  // Get the cluster or weighted_clusters in the RouteAction.
+  if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_has_cluster(route_action)) {
+    const upb_strview cluster_name =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_cluster(route_action);
+    if (cluster_name.size == 0) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction cluster contains empty cluster name.");
+    }
+    rds_route->cluster_name = UpbStringToStdString(cluster_name);
+  } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_has_weighted_clusters(
+                 route_action)) {
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster* weighted_cluster =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_RouteAction_weighted_clusters(route_action);
+    uint32_t total_weight = 100;
+    const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_total_weight(weighted_cluster);
+    if (weight != nullptr) {
+      total_weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+    }
+    size_t clusters_size;
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight* const* clusters =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_clusters(weighted_cluster,
+                                                    &clusters_size);
+    uint32_t sum_of_weights = 0;
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < clusters_size; ++j) {
+      const envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight* cluster_weight =
+          clusters[j];
+      XdsApi::RdsUpdate::RdsRoute::ClusterWeight cluster;
+      cluster.name = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_name(
+              cluster_weight));
+      if (cluster.name.empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster contains empty cluster "
+            "name.");
+      }
+      const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+          envoy_api_v2_route_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_weight(
+              cluster_weight);
+      if (weight == nullptr) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster missing weight");
+      }
+      cluster.weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+      sum_of_weights += cluster.weight;
+      rds_route->weighted_clusters.emplace_back(std::move(cluster));
+    }
+    if (total_weight != sum_of_weights) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has incorrect total weight");
+    }
+    if (rds_route->weighted_clusters.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has no valid clusters specified.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "No cluster or weighted_clusters found in RouteAction.");
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteConfigParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration* route_config,
+    const std::string& expected_server_name, const bool xds_routing_enabled,
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate* rds_update) {
+  MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(client, tracer, route_config);
+  // Get the virtual hosts.
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost* const* virtual_hosts =
+      envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration_virtual_hosts(route_config, &size);
+  // Find the best matched virtual host.
+  // The search order for 4 groups of domain patterns:
+  //   1. Exact match.
+  //   2. Suffix match (e.g., "*ABC").
+  //   3. Prefix match (e.g., "ABC*").
+  //   4. Universe match (i.e., "*").
+  // Within each group, longest match wins.
+  // If the same best matched domain pattern appears in multiple virtual hosts,
+  // the first matched virtual host wins.
+  const envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost* target_virtual_host = nullptr;
+  MatchType best_match_type = INVALID_MATCH;
+  size_t longest_match = 0;
+  // Check each domain pattern in each virtual host to determine the best
+  // matched virtual host.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    size_t domain_size;
+    upb_strview const* domains =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost_domains(virtual_hosts[i], &domain_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < domain_size; ++j) {
+      const std::string domain_pattern(domains[j].data, domains[j].size);
+      // Check the match type first. Skip the pattern if it's not better than
+      // current match.
+      const MatchType match_type = DomainPatternMatchType(domain_pattern);
+      if (match_type == INVALID_MATCH) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Invalid domain pattern.");
+      }
+      if (match_type > best_match_type) continue;
+      if (match_type == best_match_type &&
+          domain_pattern.size() <= longest_match) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Skip if match fails.
+      if (!DomainMatch(match_type, domain_pattern, expected_server_name)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Choose this match.
+      target_virtual_host = virtual_hosts[i];
+      best_match_type = match_type;
+      longest_match = domain_pattern.size();
+      if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+    }
+    if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+  }
+  if (target_virtual_host == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "No matched virtual host found in the route config.");
+  }
+  // Get the route list from the matched virtual host.
+  const envoy_api_v2_route_Route* const* routes =
+      envoy_api_v2_route_VirtualHost_routes(target_virtual_host, &size);
+  if (size < 1) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "No route found in the virtual host.");
+  }
+  // If xds_routing is not configured, only look at the last one in the route
+  // list (the default route)
+  if (!xds_routing_enabled) {
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_Route* route = routes[size - 1];
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch* match =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_Route_match(route);
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate::RdsRoute rds_route;
+    // if xds routing is not enabled, we must be working on the default route;
+    // in this case, we must have an empty or single slash prefix.
+    if (!envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_prefix(match)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "No prefix field found in Default RouteMatch.");
+    }
+    const upb_strview prefix = envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_prefix(match);
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(prefix, upb_strview_makez("")) &&
+        !upb_strview_eql(prefix, upb_strview_makez("/"))) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Default route must have empty prefix.");
+    }
+    grpc_error* error = RouteActionParse(route, &rds_route);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    rds_update->routes.emplace_back(std::move(rds_route));
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // Loop over the whole list of routes
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_Route* route = routes[i];
+    const envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch* match =
+        envoy_api_v2_route_Route_match(route);
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate::RdsRoute rds_route;
+    if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_prefix(match)) {
+      upb_strview prefix = envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_prefix(match);
+      // Empty prefix "" is accepted.
+      if (prefix.size > 0) {
+        // Prefix "/" is accepted.
+        if (prefix.data[0] != '/') {
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Prefix does not start with a /");
+        }
+        if (prefix.size > 1) {
+          std::vector<absl::string_view> prefix_elements = absl::StrSplit(
+              absl::string_view(prefix.data, prefix.size).substr(1),
+              absl::MaxSplits('/', 1));
+          if (prefix_elements.size() != 2) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "Prefix not in the required format of /service/");
+          } else if (!prefix_elements[1].empty()) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "Prefix does not end with a /");
+          } else if (prefix_elements[0].empty()) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "Prefix contains empty service name");
+          }
+          rds_route.service = std::string(prefix_elements[0]);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_has_path(match)) {
+      upb_strview path = envoy_api_v2_route_RouteMatch_path(match);
+      if (path.size == 0) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Path if set cannot be empty");
+      }
+      if (path.data[0] != '/') {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Path does not start with a /");
+      }
+      std::vector<absl::string_view> path_elements = absl::StrSplit(
+          absl::string_view(path.data, path.size).substr(1), '/');
+      if (path_elements.size() != 2) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Path not in the required format of /service/method");
+      } else if (path_elements[0].empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Path contains empty service name");
+      } else if (path_elements[1].empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Path contains empty method name");
+      }
+      rds_route.service = std::string(path_elements[0]);
+      rds_route.method = std::string(path_elements[1]);
+    } else {
+      // Path specifier types will be supported, ignore but not reject until
+      // they are implemented.
+      continue;
+    }
+    grpc_error* error = RouteActionParse(route, &rds_route);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    rds_update->routes.emplace_back(std::move(rds_route));
+  }
+  if (rds_update->routes.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No valid routes specified.");
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* LdsResponseParse(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+                             const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+                             const std::string& expected_server_name,
+                             const bool xds_routing_enabled,
+                             absl::optional<XdsApi::LdsUpdate>* lds_update,
+                             upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    const upb_strview type_url = google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]);
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(type_url, upb_strview_makez(XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl))) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not LDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the listener.
+    const upb_strview encoded_listener =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_api_v2_Listener* listener = envoy_api_v2_Listener_parse(
+        encoded_listener.data, encoded_listener.size, arena);
+    if (listener == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode listener.");
+    }
+    // Check listener name. Ignore unexpected listeners.
+    const upb_strview name = envoy_api_v2_Listener_name(listener);
+    const upb_strview expected_name =
+        upb_strview_makez(expected_server_name.c_str());
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(name, expected_name)) continue;
+    // Get api_listener and decode it to http_connection_manager.
+    const envoy_config_listener_v2_ApiListener* api_listener =
+        envoy_api_v2_Listener_api_listener(listener);
+    if (api_listener == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Listener has no ApiListener.");
+    }
+    const upb_strview encoded_api_listener = google_protobuf_Any_value(
+        envoy_config_listener_v2_ApiListener_api_listener(api_listener));
+    const envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager*
+        http_connection_manager =
+            envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager_parse(
+                encoded_api_listener.data, encoded_api_listener.size, arena);
+    // Found inlined route_config. Parse it to find the cluster_name.
+    if (envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager_has_route_config(
+            http_connection_manager)) {
+      const envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration* route_config =
+          envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager_route_config(
+              http_connection_manager);
+      XdsApi::RdsUpdate rds_update;
+      grpc_error* error =
+          RouteConfigParse(client, tracer, route_config, expected_server_name,
+                           xds_routing_enabled, &rds_update);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      lds_update->emplace();
+      (*lds_update)->rds_update.emplace(std::move(rds_update));
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    // Validate that RDS must be used to get the route_config dynamically.
+    if (!envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager_has_rds(
+            http_connection_manager)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager neither has inlined route_config nor RDS.");
+    }
+    const envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_Rds* rds =
+        envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_HttpConnectionManager_rds(
+            http_connection_manager);
+    // Check that the ConfigSource specifies ADS.
+    const envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource* config_source =
+        envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_Rds_config_source(
+            rds);
+    if (config_source == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager missing config_source for RDS.");
+    }
+    if (!envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource_has_ads(config_source)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager ConfigSource for RDS does not specify ADS.");
+    }
+    // Get the route_config_name.
+    lds_update->emplace();
+    (*lds_update)->route_config_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_config_filter_network_http_connection_manager_v2_Rds_route_config_name(
+            rds));
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::string& expected_server_name,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_route_configuration_names,
+    const bool xds_routing_enabled,
+    absl::optional<XdsApi::RdsUpdate>* rds_update, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    const upb_strview type_url = google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]);
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(type_url, upb_strview_makez(XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl))) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not RDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the route_config.
+    const upb_strview encoded_route_config =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration* route_config =
+        envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration_parse(encoded_route_config.data,
+                                              encoded_route_config.size, arena);
+    if (route_config == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode route_config.");
+    }
+    // Check route_config_name. Ignore unexpected route_config.
+    const upb_strview route_config_name =
+        envoy_api_v2_RouteConfiguration_name(route_config);
+    absl::string_view route_config_name_strview(route_config_name.data,
+                                                route_config_name.size);
+    if (expected_route_configuration_names.find(route_config_name_strview) ==
+        expected_route_configuration_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Parse the route_config.
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate local_rds_update;
+    grpc_error* error =
+        RouteConfigParse(client, tracer, route_config, expected_server_name,
+                         xds_routing_enabled, &local_rds_update);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    rds_update->emplace(std::move(local_rds_update));
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* CdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_cluster_names,
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdateMap* cds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  // Parse all the resources in the CDS response.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdate cds_update;
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    const upb_strview type_url = google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]);
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(type_url, upb_strview_makez(XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl))) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not CDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the cluster.
+    const upb_strview encoded_cluster = google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_api_v2_Cluster* cluster = envoy_api_v2_Cluster_parse(
+        encoded_cluster.data, encoded_cluster.size, arena);
+    if (cluster == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode cluster.");
+    }
+    MaybeLogCluster(client, tracer, cluster);
+    // Ignore unexpected cluster names.
+    upb_strview cluster_name = envoy_api_v2_Cluster_name(cluster);
+    absl::string_view cluster_name_strview(cluster_name.data,
+                                           cluster_name.size);
+    if (expected_cluster_names.find(cluster_name_strview) ==
+        expected_cluster_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Check the cluster_discovery_type.
+    if (!envoy_api_v2_Cluster_has_type(cluster)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType not found.");
+    }
+    if (envoy_api_v2_Cluster_type(cluster) != envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EDS) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType is not EDS.");
+    }
+    // Check the EDS config source.
+    const envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig* eds_cluster_config =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_eds_cluster_config(cluster);
+    const envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource* eds_config =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_eds_config(eds_cluster_config);
+    if (!envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource_has_ads(eds_config)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "EDS ConfigSource is not ADS.");
+    }
+    // Record EDS service_name (if any).
+    upb_strview service_name =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_service_name(eds_cluster_config);
+    if (service_name.size != 0) {
+      cds_update.eds_service_name = UpbStringToStdString(service_name);
+    }
+    // Check the LB policy.
+    if (envoy_api_v2_Cluster_lb_policy(cluster) !=
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_ROUND_ROBIN) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "LB policy is not ROUND_ROBIN.");
+    }
+    // Record LRS server name (if any).
+    const envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource* lrs_server =
+        envoy_api_v2_Cluster_lrs_server(cluster);
+    if (lrs_server != nullptr) {
+      if (!envoy_api_v2_core_ConfigSource_has_self(lrs_server)) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "LRS ConfigSource is not self.");
+      }
+      cds_update.lrs_load_reporting_server_name.emplace("");
+    }
+    cds_update_map->emplace(UpbStringToStdString(cluster_name),
+                            std::move(cds_update));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint* lb_endpoint,
+    ServerAddressList* list) {
+  // If health_status is not HEALTHY or UNKNOWN, skip this endpoint.
+  const int32_t health_status =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint_health_status(lb_endpoint);
+  if (health_status != envoy_api_v2_core_UNKNOWN &&
+      health_status != envoy_api_v2_core_HEALTHY) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // Find the ip:port.
+  const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_Endpoint* endpoint =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint_endpoint(lb_endpoint);
+  const envoy_api_v2_core_Address* address =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_Endpoint_address(endpoint);
+  const envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress* socket_address =
+      envoy_api_v2_core_Address_socket_address(address);
+  upb_strview address_strview =
+      envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress_address(socket_address);
+  uint32_t port = envoy_api_v2_core_SocketAddress_port_value(socket_address);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(port >> 16) != 0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Invalid port.");
+  }
+  // Populate grpc_resolved_address.
+  grpc_resolved_address addr;
+  char* address_str = static_cast<char*>(gpr_malloc(address_strview.size + 1));
+  memcpy(address_str, address_strview.data, address_strview.size);
+  address_str[address_strview.size] = '\0';
+  grpc_string_to_sockaddr(&addr, address_str, port);
+  gpr_free(address_str);
+  // Append the address to the list.
+  list->emplace_back(addr, nullptr);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* LocalityParse(
+    const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints* locality_lb_endpoints,
+    XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::LocalityMap::Locality* output_locality) {
+  // Parse LB weight.
+  const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* lb_weight =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_load_balancing_weight(
+          locality_lb_endpoints);
+  // If LB weight is not specified, it means this locality is assigned no load.
+  // TODO(juanlishen): When we support CDS to configure the inter-locality
+  // policy, we should change the LB weight handling.
+  output_locality->lb_weight =
+      lb_weight != nullptr ? google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(lb_weight) : 0;
+  if (output_locality->lb_weight == 0) return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  // Parse locality name.
+  const envoy_api_v2_core_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_locality(locality_lb_endpoints);
+  upb_strview region = envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_region(locality);
+  upb_strview zone = envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_region(locality);
+  upb_strview sub_zone = envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_sub_zone(locality);
+  output_locality->name = MakeRefCounted<XdsLocalityName>(
+      UpbStringToStdString(region), UpbStringToStdString(zone),
+      UpbStringToStdString(sub_zone));
+  // Parse the addresses.
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LbEndpoint* const* lb_endpoints =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_lb_endpoints(
+          locality_lb_endpoints, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    grpc_error* error = ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+        lb_endpoints[i], &output_locality->serverlist);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  }
+  // Parse the priority.
+  output_locality->priority =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints_priority(locality_lb_endpoints);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* DropParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload* drop_overload,
+    XdsApi::DropConfig* drop_config) {
+  // Get the category.
+  upb_strview category =
+      envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_category(
+          drop_overload);
+  if (category.size == 0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Empty drop category name");
+  }
+  // Get the drop rate (per million).
+  const envoy_type_FractionalPercent* drop_percentage =
+      envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_drop_percentage(
+          drop_overload);
+  uint32_t numerator = envoy_type_FractionalPercent_numerator(drop_percentage);
+  const auto denominator =
+      static_cast<envoy_type_FractionalPercent_DenominatorType>(
+          envoy_type_FractionalPercent_denominator(drop_percentage));
+  // Normalize to million.
+  switch (denominator) {
+    case envoy_type_FractionalPercent_HUNDRED:
+      numerator *= 10000;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_FractionalPercent_TEN_THOUSAND:
+      numerator *= 100;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_FractionalPercent_MILLION:
+      break;
+    default:
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Unknown denominator type");
+  }
+  // Cap numerator to 1000000.
+  numerator = GPR_MIN(numerator, 1000000);
+  drop_config->AddCategory(UpbStringToStdString(category), numerator);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* EdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_eds_service_names,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdateMap* eds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate eds_update;
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    upb_strview type_url = google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]);
+    if (!upb_strview_eql(type_url, upb_strview_makez(XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl))) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not EDS.");
+    }
+    // Get the cluster_load_assignment.
+    upb_strview encoded_cluster_load_assignment =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment* cluster_load_assignment =
+        envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_parse(
+            encoded_cluster_load_assignment.data,
+            encoded_cluster_load_assignment.size, arena);
+    if (cluster_load_assignment == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Can't parse cluster_load_assignment.");
+    }
+    MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment(client, tracer, cluster_load_assignment);
+    // Check the cluster name (which actually means eds_service_name). Ignore
+    // unexpected names.
+    upb_strview cluster_name = envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_cluster_name(
+        cluster_load_assignment);
+    absl::string_view cluster_name_strview(cluster_name.data,
+                                           cluster_name.size);
+    if (expected_eds_service_names.find(cluster_name_strview) ==
+        expected_eds_service_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Get the endpoints.
+    size_t locality_size;
+    const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_LocalityLbEndpoints* const* endpoints =
+        envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_endpoints(cluster_load_assignment,
+                                                     &locality_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < locality_size; ++j) {
+      XdsApi::PriorityListUpdate::LocalityMap::Locality locality;
+      grpc_error* error = LocalityParse(endpoints[j], &locality);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      // Filter out locality with weight 0.
+      if (locality.lb_weight == 0) continue;
+      eds_update.priority_list_update.Add(locality);
+    }
+    for (uint32_t priority = 0;
+         priority < eds_update.priority_list_update.size(); ++priority) {
+      auto* locality_map = eds_update.priority_list_update.Find(priority);
+      if (locality_map == nullptr || locality_map->size() == 0) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "EDS update includes sparse priority list");
+      }
+    }
+    // Get the drop config.
+    eds_update.drop_config = MakeRefCounted<XdsApi::DropConfig>();
+    const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy* policy =
+        envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_policy(cluster_load_assignment);
+    if (policy != nullptr) {
+      size_t drop_size;
+      const envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload* const*
+          drop_overload =
+              envoy_api_v2_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_drop_overloads(
+                  policy, &drop_size);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < drop_size; ++j) {
+        grpc_error* error =
+            DropParseAndAppend(drop_overload[j], eds_update.drop_config.get());
+        if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      }
+    }
+    eds_update_map->emplace(UpbStringToStdString(cluster_name),
+                            std::move(eds_update));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_error* XdsApi::ParseAdsResponse(
+    const grpc_slice& encoded_response, const std::string& expected_server_name,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_route_configuration_names,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_cluster_names,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_eds_service_names,
+    absl::optional<LdsUpdate>* lds_update,
+    absl::optional<RdsUpdate>* rds_update, CdsUpdateMap* cds_update_map,
+    EdsUpdateMap* eds_update_map, std::string* version, std::string* nonce,
+    std::string* type_url) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse* response =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // If decoding fails, output an empty type_url and return.
+  if (response == nullptr) {
+    *type_url = "";
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Can't decode the whole response.");
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(client_, tracer_, response);
+  // Record the type_url, the version_info, and the nonce of the response.
+  upb_strview type_url_strview =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_type_url(response);
+  *type_url = UpbStringToStdString(type_url_strview);
+  upb_strview version_info =
+      envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_version_info(response);
+  *version = UpbStringToStdString(version_info);
+  upb_strview nonce_strview = envoy_api_v2_DiscoveryResponse_nonce(response);
+  *nonce = UpbStringToStdString(nonce_strview);
+  // Parse the response according to the resource type.
+  if (*type_url == kLdsTypeUrl) {
+    return LdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, response, expected_server_name,
+                            xds_routing_enabled_, lds_update, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (*type_url == kRdsTypeUrl) {
+    return RdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, response, expected_server_name,
+                            expected_route_configuration_names,
+                            xds_routing_enabled_, rds_update, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (*type_url == kCdsTypeUrl) {
+    return CdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, response, expected_cluster_names,
+                            cds_update_map, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (*type_url == kEdsTypeUrl) {
+    return EdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, response,
+                            expected_eds_service_names, eds_update_map,
+                            arena.ptr());
+  } else {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Unsupported ADS resource type.");
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogLrsRequest(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    // TODO(roth): When we can upgrade upb, use upb textformat code to dump
+    // the raw proto instead of doing this manually.
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+    // node
+    const auto* node =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_node(request);
+    if (node != nullptr) {
+      AddNodeLogFields(node, &fields);
+    }
+    // cluster_stats
+    size_t num_cluster_stats;
+    const struct envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats* const* cluster_stats =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_cluster_stats(
+            request, &num_cluster_stats);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_cluster_stats; ++i) {
+      const auto* cluster_stat = cluster_stats[i];
+      fields.emplace_back("cluster_stats {");
+      // cluster_name
+      AddStringField(
+          "  cluster_name",
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_cluster_name(cluster_stat),
+          &fields);
+      // cluster_service_name
+      AddStringField(
+          "  cluster_service_name",
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_cluster_service_name(cluster_stat),
+          &fields);
+      // upstream_locality_stats
+      size_t num_stats;
+      const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats* const* stats =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_upstream_locality_stats(
+              cluster_stat, &num_stats);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_stats; ++j) {
+        const auto* stat = stats[j];
+        fields.emplace_back("  upstream_locality_stats {");
+        // locality
+        const auto* locality =
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_locality(stat);
+        if (locality != nullptr) {
+          fields.emplace_back("    locality {");
+          AddLocalityField(3, locality, &fields);
+          fields.emplace_back("    }");
+        }
+        // total_successful_requests
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    total_successful_requests: ",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_total_successful_requests(
+                stat)));
+        // total_requests_in_progress
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    total_requests_in_progress: ",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_total_requests_in_progress(
+                stat)));
+        // total_error_requests
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    total_error_requests: ",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_total_error_requests(
+                stat)));
+        // total_issued_requests
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    total_issued_requests: ",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_total_issued_requests(
+                stat)));
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      // total_dropped_requests
+      fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+          "  total_dropped_requests: ",
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_total_dropped_requests(
+              cluster_stat)));
+      // dropped_requests
+      size_t num_drops;
+      const envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests* const* drops =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_dropped_requests(cluster_stat,
+                                                              &num_drops);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_drops; ++j) {
+        const auto* drop = drops[j];
+        fields.emplace_back("  dropped_requests {");
+        // category
+        AddStringField(
+            "    category",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_category(drop),
+            &fields);
+        // dropped_count
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    dropped_count: ",
+            envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_dropped_count(
+                drop)));
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      // load_report_interval
+      const auto* load_report_interval =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_load_report_interval(cluster_stat);
+      if (load_report_interval != nullptr) {
+        fields.emplace_back("  load_report_interval {");
+        fields.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+            "    seconds: ",
+            google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(load_report_interval)));
+        fields.emplace_back(
+            absl::StrCat("    nanos: ",
+                         google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(load_report_interval)));
+        fields.emplace_back("  }");
+      }
+      fields.emplace_back("}");
+    }
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed LRS request: %s", client,
+            absl::StrJoin(fields, "\n").c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeLrsRequest(
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest* request,
+    upb_arena* arena) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_serialize(
+      request, arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsInitialRequest(const std::string& server_name) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Populate node.
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node* node_msg =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_mutable_node(request,
+                                                                arena.ptr());
+  PopulateNode(arena.ptr(), node_, build_version_, user_agent_name_,
+               server_name, node_msg);
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lrs.supports_send_all_clusters"),
+      arena.ptr());
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(client_, tracer_, request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(request, arena.ptr());
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void LocalityStatsPopulate(envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats* output,
+                           const XdsLocalityName& locality_name,
+                           const XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& snapshot,
+                           upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Set locality.
+  envoy_api_v2_core_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_mutable_locality(output,
+                                                                   arena);
+  if (!locality_name.region().empty()) {
+    envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_region(
+        locality, upb_strview_makez(locality_name.region().c_str()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_zone(
+        locality, upb_strview_makez(locality_name.zone().c_str()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.sub_zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_api_v2_core_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+        locality, upb_strview_makez(locality_name.sub_zone().c_str()));
+  }
+  // Set total counts.
+  envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_successful_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_successful_requests);
+  envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_requests_in_progress(
+      output, snapshot.total_requests_in_progress);
+  envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_error_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_error_requests);
+  envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_issued_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_issued_requests);
+  // Add backend metrics.
+  for (const auto& p : snapshot.backend_metrics) {
+    const std::string& metric_name = p.first;
+    const XdsClusterLocalityStats::BackendMetric& metric_value = p.second;
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_EndpointLoadMetricStats* load_metric =
+        envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats_add_load_metric_stats(
+            output, arena);
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_metric_name(
+        load_metric, upb_strview_make(metric_name.data(), metric_name.size()));
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_num_requests_finished_with_metric(
+        load_metric, metric_value.num_requests_finished_with_metric);
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_total_metric_value(
+        load_metric, metric_value.total_metric_value);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsRequest(
+    ClusterLoadReportMap cluster_load_report_map) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  for (auto& p : cluster_load_report_map) {
+    const std::string& cluster_name = p.first.first;
+    const std::string& eds_service_name = p.first.second;
+    const ClusterLoadReport& load_report = p.second;
+    // Add cluster stats.
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats* cluster_stats =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsRequest_add_cluster_stats(
+            request, arena.ptr());
+    // Set the cluster name.
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_set_cluster_name(
+        cluster_stats,
+        upb_strview_make(cluster_name.data(), cluster_name.size()));
+    // Set EDS service name, if non-empty.
+    if (!eds_service_name.empty()) {
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_set_cluster_service_name(
+          cluster_stats,
+          upb_strview_make(eds_service_name.data(), eds_service_name.size()));
+    }
+    // Add locality stats.
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.locality_stats) {
+      const XdsLocalityName& locality_name = *p.first;
+      const auto& snapshot = p.second;
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_UpstreamLocalityStats* locality_stats =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_add_upstream_locality_stats(
+              cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+      LocalityStatsPopulate(locality_stats, locality_name, snapshot,
+                            arena.ptr());
+    }
+    // Add dropped requests.
+    uint64_t total_dropped_requests = 0;
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.dropped_requests) {
+      const char* category = p.first.c_str();
+      const uint64_t count = p.second;
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests* dropped_requests =
+          envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_add_dropped_requests(cluster_stats,
+                                                                  arena.ptr());
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_category(
+          dropped_requests, upb_strview_makez(category));
+      envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_dropped_count(
+          dropped_requests, count);
+      total_dropped_requests += count;
+    }
+    // Set total dropped requests.
+    envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_set_total_dropped_requests(
+        cluster_stats, total_dropped_requests);
+    // Set real load report interval.
+    gpr_timespec timespec =
+        grpc_millis_to_timespec(load_report.load_report_interval, GPR_TIMESPAN);
+    google_protobuf_Duration* load_report_interval =
+        envoy_api_v2_endpoint_ClusterStats_mutable_load_report_interval(
+            cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_seconds(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_sec);
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_nanos(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_nsec);
+  }
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(client_, tracer_, request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(request, arena.ptr());
+}
+
+grpc_error* XdsApi::ParseLrsResponse(const grpc_slice& encoded_response,
+                                     bool* send_all_clusters,
+                                     std::set<std::string>* cluster_names,
+                                     grpc_millis* load_reporting_interval) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsResponse* decoded_response =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // Parse the response.
+  if (decoded_response == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode response.");
+  }
+  // Check send_all_clusters.
+  if (envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsResponse_send_all_clusters(
+          decoded_response)) {
+    *send_all_clusters = true;
+  } else {
+    // Store the cluster names.
+    size_t size;
+    const upb_strview* clusters =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsResponse_clusters(decoded_response,
+                                                               &size);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      cluster_names->emplace(clusters[i].data, clusters[i].size);
+    }
+  }
+  // Get the load report interval.
+  const google_protobuf_Duration* load_reporting_interval_duration =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v2_LoadStatsResponse_load_reporting_interval(
+          decoded_response);
+  gpr_timespec timespec{
+      google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      GPR_TIMESPAN};
+  *load_reporting_interval = gpr_time_to_millis(timespec);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core