snappy 3.2__cp311-cp311-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl

snappy/geometric_structure/cusp_neighborhood/cusp_cross_section_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+from .exceptions import CuspDevelopmentExactVerifyError
+
+from ...math_basics import correct_min, correct_max, lower
+
+from ...snap import t3mlite as t3m
+from ...snap.t3mlite import simplex
+from ...snap.mcomplex_base import *
+
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+
+class HoroTriangleBase:
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_second(sides, x):
+        """
+        Cyclically rotate sides = (a,b,c) so that x is the second entry"
+        """
+        i = (sides.index(x) + 2) % len(sides)
+        return sides[i:]+sides[:i]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _sides_and_cross_ratios(tet, vertex, side):
+        sides = simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vertex]
+        left_side, center_side, right_side = (
+            HoroTriangleBase._make_second(sides, side))
+        z_left = tet.ShapeParameters[left_side & center_side ]
+        z_right = tet.ShapeParameters[center_side & right_side  ]
+        return left_side, center_side, right_side, z_left, z_right
+
+class CuspCrossSectionBase(McomplexEngine):
+    """
+    Base class for RealCuspCrossSection and ComplexCuspCrossSection.
+    """
+
+    def add_structures(self, one_cocycle=None):
+        self._add_edge_dict()
+        self._add_cusp_cross_sections(one_cocycle)
+
+    def _add_edge_dict(self):
+        """
+        Adds a dictionary that maps a pair of vertices to all edges
+        of the triangulation connecting these vertices.
+        The key is a pair (v0, v1) of integers with v0 < v1 that are the
+        indices of the two vertices.
+        """
+
+        self._edge_dict = {}
+        for edge in self.mcomplex.Edges:
+            vert0, vert1 = edge.Vertices
+            key = tuple(sorted([vert0.Index, vert1.Index]))
+            self._edge_dict.setdefault(key, []).append(edge)
+
+    def _add_cusp_cross_sections(self, one_cocycle):
+        for T in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra:
+            T.horotriangles = {
+                simplex.V0 : None,
+                simplex.V1 : None,
+                simplex.V2 : None,
+                simplex.V3 : None
+                }
+        for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
+            self._add_one_cusp_cross_section(cusp, one_cocycle)
+
+    def _add_one_cusp_cross_section(self, cusp, one_cocycle):
+        """
+        Build a cusp cross section as described in Section 3.6 of the paper
+
+        Asymmetric hyperbolic L-spaces, Heegaard genus, and Dehn filling
+        Nathan M. Dunfield, Neil R. Hoffman, Joan E. Licata
+        http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7827
+        """
+        corner0 = cusp.Corners[0]
+        tet0, vert0 = corner0.Tetrahedron, corner0.Subsimplex
+        face0 = simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0][0]
+        tet0.horotriangles[vert0] = self.HoroTriangle(tet0, vert0, face0)
+        active = [(tet0, vert0)]
+        while active:
+            tet0, vert0 = active.pop()
+            for face0 in simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
+                tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
+                    tet0, face0, vert0)
+                if tet1.horotriangles[vert1] is None:
+                    known_side = (self.HoroTriangle.direction_sign() *
+                                  tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lengths[face0])
+                    if one_cocycle:
+                        known_side *= one_cocycle[tet0.Index, face0, vert0]
+
+                    tet1.horotriangles[vert1] = self.HoroTriangle(
+                        tet1, vert1, face1, known_side)
+                    active.append((tet1, vert1))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _glued_to(tetrahedron, face, vertex):
+        """
+        Returns (other tet, other face, other vertex).
+        """
+        gluing = tetrahedron.Gluing[face]
+        return tetrahedron.Neighbor[face], gluing.image(face), gluing.image(vertex)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cusp_area(cusp):
+        area = 0
+        for corner in cusp.Corners:
+            subsimplex = corner.Subsimplex
+            area += corner.Tetrahedron.horotriangles[subsimplex].area
+        return area
+
+    def cusp_areas(self):
+        """
+        List of all cusp areas.
+        """
+        return [ CuspCrossSectionBase._cusp_area(cusp) for cusp in self.mcomplex.Vertices ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _scale_cusp(cusp, scale):
+        for corner in cusp.Corners:
+            subsimplex = corner.Subsimplex
+            corner.Tetrahedron.horotriangles[subsimplex].rescale(scale)
+
+    def scale_cusps(self, scales):
+        """
+        Scale each cusp by Euclidean dilation by values in given array.
+        """
+        for cusp, scale in zip(self.mcomplex.Vertices, scales):
+            CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(cusp, scale)
+
+    def normalize_cusps(self, areas=None):
+        """
+        Scale cusp so that they have the given target area.
+        Without argument, each cusp is scaled to have area 1.
+        If the argument is a number, scale each cusp to have that area.
+        If the argument is an array, scale each cusp by the respective
+        entry in the array.
+        """
+        current_areas = self.cusp_areas()
+        if not areas:
+            areas = [ 1 for area in current_areas ]
+        elif not isinstance(areas, list):
+            areas = [ areas for area in current_areas ]
+        scales = [ (area / current_area).sqrt()
+                   for area, current_area in zip(areas, current_areas) ]
+        self.scale_cusps(scales)
+
+    def check_cusp_development_exactly(self):
+        """
+        Check that all side lengths of horo triangles are consistent.
+        If the logarithmic edge equations are fulfilled, this implices
+        that the all cusps are complete and thus the manifold is complete.
+        """
+
+        for tet0 in self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra:
+            for vert0 in simplex.ZeroSubsimplices:
+                for face0 in simplex.FacesAroundVertexCounterclockwise[vert0]:
+                    tet1, face1, vert1 = CuspCrossSectionBase._glued_to(
+                        tet0, face0, vert0)
+                    side0 = tet0.horotriangles[vert0].lengths[face0]
+                    side1 = tet1.horotriangles[vert1].lengths[face1]
+                    if not side0 == side1 * self.HoroTriangle.direction_sign():
+                        raise CuspDevelopmentExactVerifyError(side0, side1)
+
+    def _testing_check_against_snappea(self, epsilon):
+        # Short-hand
+        ZeroSubs = simplex.ZeroSubsimplices
+
+        # SnapPea kernel results
+        snappea_tilts, snappea_edges = self.manifold._cusp_cross_section_info()
+
+        # Check edge lengths
+        # Iterate through tet
+        for tet, snappea_tet_edges in zip(self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra, snappea_edges):
+            # Iterate through vertices of tet
+            for v, snappea_triangle_edges in zip(ZeroSubs, snappea_tet_edges):
+                # Iterate through faces touching that vertex
+                for f, snappea_triangle_edge in zip(ZeroSubs,
+                                                    snappea_triangle_edges):
+                    if v != f:
+                        F = simplex.comp(f)
+                        length = abs(tet.horotriangles[v].lengths[F])
+                        if not abs(length - snappea_triangle_edge) < epsilon:
+                            raise ConsistencyWithSnapPeaNumericalVerifyError(
+                                snappea_triangle_edge, length)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _lower_bound_max_area_triangle_for_std_form(z):
+        """
+        Imagine an ideal tetrahedron in the upper half space model with
+        vertices at 0, 1, z, and infinity. Pick the lowest (horizontal)
+        horosphere about infinity that intersects the tetrahedron in a
+        triangle, i.e, just touches the face opposite to infinity.
+        This method will return the hyperbolic area of that triangle.
+
+        The result is the same for z, 1/(1-z), and 1 - 1/z.
+        """
+
+        # First, we check whether the center of the circumcenter of the
+        # triangle containing 0, 1, and z is contained within the triangle.
+
+        # If the center is outside of the triangle, the Euclidean height of the
+        # horosphere is that of the highest point of the three arcs between
+        # 0, 1, and z.
+        # The height is half of the length e of the longest edge of the
+        # triangle.
+        # Given that the Euclidean area of the triangle is given by
+        # A = Im(z) / 2, its hyperbolic area is
+        #   A / (e/2)^2 = Im(z) / 2 / (e^2/4) = 2 * Im(z) / e^2
+        #
+        # This is similar to fef_gen.py except that it had a bug in version 1.3
+        # and implemented the last inequality the other way around!
+        #
+        # The center is outside if one of the angles is > pi/2, cover each case
+        #
+
+        # Angle at 0 is > pi/2
+        if z.real() < 0:
+            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of 0
+            return 2 * z.imag() / (abs(z - 1) ** 2)
+        # Angle at 1 is > pi/2
+        if z.real() > 1:
+            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of 1
+            return 2 * z.imag() / (abs(z) ** 2)
+        # Angle at z is > pi/2
+        if abs(2 * z - 1) < 1:
+            # So longest edge of the triangle must be opposite of z
+            return 2 * z.imag()
+
+        # An interval note: the circumcenter might still be in the triangle,
+        # we just were not able to prove it. The area we compute is a lower
+        # bound in any case. Thus, the function is not guaranteed to compute
+        # the maximal area, just a lower bound for it.
+
+        # Now cover the case that the center of the triangle is within the
+        # triangle.
+
+        # The Euclidean area of the above triangle is given by
+        #    A = Im(z) / 2
+        # and its Euclidean side lengths are given by
+        #    a = 1, b = abs(z), and c = abs(z - 1).
+        #
+        # The Euclidean circumradius r of the triangle is given by the usual
+        # formula
+        #   r = a * b * c / (4 * A)
+        #
+        # This is also the Euclidean radius of the circle containing 0, 1, and
+        # z and of the halfsphere above that circle that contains the face
+        # opposite to infinity.
+        # Therefore, r is also the Euclidean height of the above horosphere and
+        # hence, the hyperbolic metric at that height is 1/r.
+        # So the hyperbolic area of the triangle becomes
+        #
+        #    A / r^2 = A / (a * b * c / (4 * A))^2 = 16 * A^3 / (a * b * c)^2
+        #            = 2 * Im(z)^3 / (abs(z) * abs(z-1)) ^ 2
+
+        return 2 * z.imag() ** 3 / (abs(z) * abs(z - 1)) ** 2
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _max_area_triangle_to_avoid_incenter(z):
+        abs_z = abs(z)
+        abs_z_minus_one = abs(z - 1)
+        return z.imag() * (1 + abs_z + abs_z_minus_one) / (4 * abs_z * abs_z_minus_one)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_area_scale(corner : t3m.Corner, area_function):
+        """
+        For a tetrahedron and vertex of the tetrahedron, compute how much
+        the cusp neighborhood about the vertex can be scaled so that the cusp
+        triangle is given the by area_function.
+        """
+
+        tet = corner.Tetrahedron
+        z = tet.ShapeParameters[simplex.E01]
+        return area_function(z) / tet.horotriangles[corner.Subsimplex].area
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_max_scale(v : t3m.Vertex, max_area_function):
+        area_scales = [
+            CuspCrossSectionBase._compute_area_scale(corner, max_area_function)
+            for corner in v.Corners ]
+
+        return correct_min(area_scales).sqrt()
+
+    def compute_scale_for_std_form(self, v : t3m.Vertex):
+        """
+        Computes scale for cusp neighborhood about given vertex to ensure
+        that each tetrahedron adjacent to the vertex intersects the the
+        cusp neighborhood in standard form.
+        """
+        return CuspCrossSectionBase._compute_max_scale(
+            v, CuspCrossSectionBase._lower_bound_max_area_triangle_for_std_form)
+
+    def compute_scale_to_avoid_incenter(self, v : t3m.Vertex):
+        """
+        Computes scale for cusp neighborhood about given vertex to ensure
+        that the cusp neighborhood avoid the incenter of each tetrahedron.
+        """
+        return CuspCrossSectionBase._compute_max_scale(
+            v, CuspCrossSectionBase._max_area_triangle_to_avoid_incenter)
+
+    def ensure_std_form(self, allow_scaling_up=False):
+        """
+        Makes sure that the cusp neighborhoods intersect each tetrahedron
+        in standard form by scaling the cusp neighborhoods down if necessary.
+        """
+
+        z = self.mcomplex.Tetrahedra[0].ShapeParameters[simplex.E01]
+        RF = z.real().parent()
+        one = RF(1)
+
+        for v in self.mcomplex.Vertices:
+            scale = self.compute_scale_for_std_form(v)
+            if not allow_scaling_up:
+                scale = correct_min([one, scale])
+            CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(v, scale)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _exp_distance_edge_embedding(tet, perm):
+        # Get a face of the tetrahedron adjacent to that edge
+        face3 = simplex.TwoSubsimplices[perm[3]]
+        # At each end of the edge, this tetrahedron gives us one
+        # triangle of a cusp cross-section and the intersection of the
+        # face with the cusp cross-section gives us one edge of the
+        # triangle.
+        # Multiply the two edge lengths. If these are complex edge
+        # lengths, the result is actually the square of a Ptolemy
+        # coordinate (see C. Zickert, The volume and Chern-Simons
+        # invariant of a representation).
+        v0 = simplex.ZeroSubsimplices[perm[0]]
+        length0 = tet.horotriangles[v0].get_real_lengths()[face3]
+
+        v1 = simplex.ZeroSubsimplices[perm[1]]
+        length1 = tet.horotriangles[v1].get_real_lengths()[face3]
+
+        return 1 / (length0 * length1)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _exp_distance_edge(edge : t3m.Edge):
+        """
+        Given an edge, returns the maximal scaling factor of the two cusp
+        neighborhoods at the end of the edges so that the neighborhoods do
+        not intersect in the given edge.
+        """
+
+        distances = []
+        # Walk around the edge.
+        for i, (tet, perm) in enumerate(edge.embeddings()):
+            d = CuspCrossSectionBase._exp_distance_edge_embedding(tet, perm)
+
+            if i == 0:
+                v0 = simplex.ZeroSubsimplices[perm[0]]
+                v1 = simplex.ZeroSubsimplices[perm[1]]
+                if tet.Class[v0].is_complete and tet.Class[v1].is_complete:
+                    # If both cusps are complete, then the horotriangles
+                    # of one of the cusp neighborhoods all intersect the edge
+                    # in the manifold in the same point. Thus, the distance
+                    # we compute is the same, no matter from what tetrahedron
+                    # we measure it.
+                    return d
+
+            distances.append(d)
+
+        return correct_min(distances)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _exp_distance_of_edges(edges: List[t3m.Edge]):
+        """
+        Implements exp_distance_neighborhoods_measured_along_edges given
+        all edges connecting two cusps in question.
+        """
+        return correct_min(
+            [ CuspCrossSectionBase._exp_distance_edge(edge)
+              for edge in edges])
+
+    def exp_distance_neighborhoods_measured_along_edges(
+            self, i : int, j : int) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """
+        Computes the maximal scaling factor of the cusp neighborhoods
+        about cusp i and j such that the two neighborhoods stay disjoint
+        along the edges.
+
+        That is if we scale both cusp i and j, then they are disjoint along
+        edges if the product of the scale factor is less than the maximal
+        scaling factor.
+
+        Note that if i and j are the same, because the scaling factor applies
+        to the same cusp twice, we only can scale the one cusp by a factor
+        sqrt(maximal scaling factor) to stay disjoint along edges.
+
+        This function can return None if no edge between the two given
+        cusps exists.
+
+        Assume two cusp neighborhoods are disjoing along edges. They could
+        still intersect if they are not in standard form.
+
+        Note that this method also works for filled cusps. In this case,
+        the neighborhood is about a core curve in the manifold and consists
+        of the intersections with a tetrahedra by horoballs about its vertices.
+o
+        When using filled cusps, it is advisable to call
+        scale_triangles_to_avoid_standard_tube first.
+        """
+        if i > j:
+            i, j = j, i
+        if not (i, j) in self._edge_dict:
+            return None
+        return CuspCrossSectionBase._exp_distance_of_edges(
+            self._edge_dict[(i,j)])
+
+    def ensure_disjoint_on_edges(self):
+        """
+        Scales the cusp neighborhoods down until they are disjoint when
+        intersected with the edges of the triangulations.
+
+        Given an edge of a triangulation, we can easily compute the signed
+        distance between the two cusp neighborhoods at the ends of the edge
+        measured along that edge. Thus, we can easily check that all the
+        distances measured along all the edges are positive and scale the
+        cusps down if necessary.
+
+        Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to ensure that two cusp
+        neighborhoods are disjoint since there might be a geodesic between
+        the two cusps such that the distance between the two cusps measured
+        along the geodesic is shorter than measured along any edge of the
+        triangulation.
+
+        Thus, it is necessary to call ensure_std_form as well:
+        it will make sure that the cusp neighborhoods are small enough so
+        that they intersect the tetrahedra in "standard" form.
+        Here, "standard" form means that the corresponding horoball about a
+        vertex of a tetrahedron intersects the three faces of the tetrahedron
+        adjacent to the vertex but not the one opposite to the vertex.
+
+        For any geometric triangulation, standard form and positive distance
+        measured along all edges of the triangulation is sufficient for
+        disjoint neighborhoods.
+
+        The SnapPea kernel uses the proto-canonical triangulation associated
+        to the cusp neighborhood to get around this when computing the
+        "reach" and the "stoppers" for the cusps.
+
+        **Remark:** This means that the cusp neighborhoods might be scaled down
+        more than necessary. Related open questions are: given maximal disjoint
+        cusp neighborhoods (maximal in the sense that no neighborhood can be
+        expanded without bumping into another or itself), is there always a
+        geometric triangulation intersecting the cusp neighborhoods in standard
+        form? Is there an easy algorithm to find this triangulation, e.g., by
+        applying a 2-3 move whenever we see a non-standard intersection?
+        """
+
+        num_cusps = len(self.mcomplex.Vertices)
+
+        # First check for every cusp that its cusp neighborhood does not bump
+        # into itself - at least when measured along the edges of the
+        # triangulation
+        for i in range(num_cusps):
+            # Get all edges
+            if (i,i) in self._edge_dict:
+                dist = CuspCrossSectionBase._exp_distance_of_edges(
+                    self._edge_dict[(i,i)])
+                # For verified computations, do not use the seemingly
+                # equivalent dist <= 1. We want to scale down every time
+                # we cannot ensure they are disjoint.
+                if not (dist > 1):
+                    scale = dist.sqrt()
+                    # Scale the one cusp
+                    CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[i],
+                                                     scale)
+
+        # Now check for the pairs of two distinct cusps that the corresponding
+        # neighborhoods do not bump into each other - at least when measured
+        # along the edges of the triangulation
+        for i in range(num_cusps):
+            for j in range(i):
+                dist = self.exp_distance_neighborhoods_measured_along_edges(i, j)
+                # Above comment applies
+                if dist is not None:
+                    if not (dist > 1):
+                        # Scale the two cusps by the same amount
+                        # We have choices here, for example, we could only
+                        # scale one cusp by dist.
+                        scale = dist.sqrt()
+                        CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[i],
+                                                         scale)
+                        CuspCrossSectionBase._scale_cusp(self.mcomplex.Vertices[j],
+                                                         scale)
+
+

snappy/geometric_structure/cusp_neighborhood/exceptions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+class IncompleteCuspError(ValueError):
+    """
+    Exception raised when trying to construct a CuspCrossSection
+    from a Manifold with Dehn-fillings.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, manifold):
+        self.manifold = manifold
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return (('Cannot construct CuspCrossSection from manifold with '
+                 'Dehn-fillings: %s') % self.manifold)
+
+
+class ConsistencyWithSnapPeaNumericalVerifyError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Exception raised when there is a significant numerical difference
+    between the values computed by the SnapPea kernel and by this module
+    for a given quantity.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, value, snappea_value):
+        self.value = value
+        self.snappea_value = snappea_value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ('Inconsistency between SnapPea kernel and verify: '
+                '%r == %r' % (self.snappea_value, self.value))
+
+class CuspDevelopmentExactVerifyError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raised when finding a consistent assignment of side lengths to the
+    Euclidean Horotriangles to form a Euclidean Horotorus for a cusp failed
+    using exact arithmetic.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value1, value2):
+        self.value1 = value1
+        self.value2 = value2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ('Inconsistency in the side lengths of the Euclidean '
+                'Horotriangles for a cusp: '
+                '%r = %r' % (self.value1, self.value2))