PyPI - snappy - Versions diffs - 3.2__cp310-cp310-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl - Mend

snappy 3.2__cp310-cp310-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl

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snappy/doc/tutorial.html ADDED Viewed

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+<html class="writer-html5" lang="en" data-content_root="./">
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+           <div itemprop="articleBody">
+  <section id="tutorial">
+<h1>Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
+<p>The easiest way to learn to use SnapPy is to watch the screencasts
+available on <a class="reference external" href="http://youtube.com/user/NathanDunfield">YouTube</a>:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p>Intro and quickstart: an 11 minute video with the basics: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezo19L-JTTI">Part I</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Js4qwyIs-Oo">Part II</a>.</p></li>
+<li><p>An hour-long demo <a class="reference external" href="http://youtu.be/j8enbAkAvdY">Practical computation with hyperbolic
+3-manifolds</a>, recorded at the Thurston Memorial
+Conference.</p></li>
+<li><p>The SnapPy 2.0 <a class="reference external" href="http://youtu.be/bCYe_a48viA">new feature demo</a>.</p></li>
+<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://icerm.brown.edu/video_archive/?play=1992">SnapPy, SageMath, and Docker are friends</a> with associated
+<a class="reference external" href="https://icerm.brown.edu/materials/Abstracts/tw19-3-pods/Computation_Demonstration_2_]_Nathan_Dunfield,_University_of_Illinois,_Urbana-Champaign.pdf">materials (4 pages), including homework</a>.</p></li>
+<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://dunfield.info/warwick2017/">Notes, problem sheets, and references</a> from the LMS-CMI Research
+School in Warwick in 2017.</p></li>
+<li><p>Another hour-long demo <a class="reference external" href="https://icerm.brown.edu/video_archive/?play=1856">Practical computations with hyperbolic
+3-manifolds</a>
+given at ICERM in 2019.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <strong>key</strong> thing to remember when using the SnapPy command shell window is
+that you can explore objects using introspection and tab-completion:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>In [1]: Manifold? &lt;hit return-key&gt;
+...instructions for creating a manifold...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>So now we create a manifold:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m004&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>But what can we do with it?</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.&lt;</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="n">tab</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">...</span><span class="n">list</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What does the “cover” method do?</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>In [4]: M.cover? &lt;hit return-key&gt;
+...description of cover method..
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</section>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installing.html">Installing SnapPy</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="snappy.html">The snappy module and its classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="plink.html">Using SnapPy’s link editor</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="spherogram.html">Links: planar diagrams and invariants</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="snap.html">Number theory of hyperbolic 3-manifolds</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Verified computations</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#verified-computation-topics">Verified computation topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="verify_internals.html">Internals of verified computations</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  <section id="verified-computations">
+<h1>Verified computations<a class="headerlink" href="#verified-computations" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
+<section id="introduction">
+<span id="verify-primer"></span><h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
+<p>Several SnapPy methods use numerical computations with floating point
+approximations and can potentially result in incorrect results. This even
+applies to methods whose output is purely combinatorial such as
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.canonical_retriangulation" title="snappy.Manifold.canonical_retriangulation"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">canonical_retriangulation()</span></code></a>.</p>
+<p>Many of these SnapPy methods can be supplied with a <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verified</span></code> flag to
+ensure that the result is provably correct. Note that verified computations are
+only available when using SnapPy inside <a class="reference external" href="http://sagemath.org">SageMath</a>.
+If the flag <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verified=True</span></code> is specified, an incorrect result is
+never returned. Instead the method clearly indicates a failure, usually through
+an exception:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m004&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drill_word</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;abc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verified</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bits_prec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="n">InsufficientPrecisionError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">When</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">tracing</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">geodesic</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">intersection</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="nb">next</span> <span class="n">tetrahedron</span> <span class="n">face</span> <span class="n">was</span> <span class="n">too</span> <span class="n">close</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">previous</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">tell</span> <span class="n">them</span> <span class="n">apart</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">Increasing</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">precision</span> <span class="n">will</span> <span class="n">probably</span> <span class="n">avoid</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="n">problem</span><span class="o">.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Often, such a failure can be advoided by increasing the precision. In
+particular, this applies if the exception is a (subclass of)
+<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InsufficientPrecisionError</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drill_word</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;abc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verified</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bits_prec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">m004_drilled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that, <a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.verify_hyperbolicity" title="snappy.Manifold.verify_hyperbolicity"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verify_hyperbolicity()</span></code></a> is different though
+and does not throw an exception. Instead, it returns a bool indicating success
+as part of its output. This is for compatibility with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.oishi.info.waseda.ac.jp/~takayasu/hikmot/">HIKMOT</a>’s
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verify_hyperbolicty</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M.verify_hyperbolicity(bits_prec=10)
+(False, [])
+sage: M.verify_hyperbolicity()
+(True,
+ [0.50000000000000? + 0.86602540378444?*I,
+  0.50000000000000? + 0.86602540378444?*I])
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As illustrated above, the result consists of intervals
+(of type SageMath’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RealIntervalField</span></code> or
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ComplexIntervalField</span></code>) if the output of a computation is numerical
+and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verified=True</span></code> is specified. These intervals contain the true
+value.</p>
+</section>
+<section id="overview">
+<h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
+<p>Some examples of verified computations are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Verify the hyperbolicity
+of an orientable 3-manifold giving complex intervals for the
+shapes corresponding to a hyperbolic structure or holonomy representation with
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.verify_hyperbolicity" title="snappy.Manifold.verify_hyperbolicity"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verify_hyperbolicity()</span></code></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M = Manifold(&quot;m015&quot;)
+sage: M.verify_hyperbolicity()
+(True,
+ [0.6623589786224? + 0.5622795120623?*I,
+  0.6623589786224? + 0.5622795120623?*I,
+  0.6623589786224? + 0.5622795120623?*I])
+sage: M.verify_hyperbolicity(holonomy=True)[1].SL2C(&#39;a&#39;)
+[-0.324717957? - 1.124559024?*I -0.704807293? + 0.398888830?*I]
+[ 1.409614585? - 0.797777659?*I       -1.000000000? + 0.?e-9*I]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p>Intervals for the volume and complex volume of a hyperbolic orientable 3-manifold:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M = Manifold(&quot;m003(-3,1)&quot;)
+sage: M.volume(verified=True, bits_prec = 100)
+0.942707362776927720921299603?
+sage: M = Manifold(&quot;m015&quot;)
+sage: M.complex_volume(verified_modulo_2_torsion=True)
+2.8281220883? + 1.9106738240?*I
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>(Note that when using verified computation, the Chern-Simons invariant is only computed
+modulo pi^2/2 even though it is defined modulo pi^2.)</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Give the (a close relative to the canonical cell decomposition) of a cusped
+hyperbolic manifold using intervals or exact arithmetic if necessary with
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.canonical_retriangulation" title="snappy.Manifold.canonical_retriangulation"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">canonical_retriangulation()</span></code></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m412&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">K</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">canonical_retriangulation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">K</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isomorphisms_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">K</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># Certified size of isometry group</span>
+<span class="mi">8</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Remark:</strong> For the case of non-tetrahedral canonical cell, exact values
+are used which are found
+using the   <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenstra%E2%80%93Lenstra%E2%80%93Lov%C3%A1sz_lattice_basis_reduction_algorithm">LLL-algorithm</a>
+and then verified using exact computations. These computations can be slow. A massive speed-up was achieved by
+recent improvements so that the computation of the isometry signature of any manifold in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrientableCuspedCensus</span></code>
+takes at most a couple of seconds, typically, far less. Manifolds with more simplices might require setting
+a higher value for
+<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exact_bits_prec_and_degrees</span></code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>The isometry signature which is a complete invariant of the isometry type
+of a cusped hyperbolic manifold (i.e., two manifolds are isometric if and only
+if they have the same isometry signature):</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m412&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isometry_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;mvvLALQQQhfghjjlilkjklaaaaaffffffff&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The isometry signature can be strengthened to include the peripheral curves
+such that it is a complete invariant of a hyperbolic link:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;L5a1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isometry_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">of_link</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;eLPkbdcddhgggb_baCbbaCb&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.isometry_signature" title="snappy.Manifold.isometry_signature"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isometry_signature()</span></code></a> for details.</p>
+<p><strong>Remark:</strong> The isometry signature is based on the canonical
+retriangulation so the same warning applies.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>The maximal cusp area matrix which characterizes the configuration
+space of disjoint cusp neighborhoods with
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.cusp_area_matrix" title="snappy.Manifold.cusp_area_matrix"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cusp_area_matrix()</span></code></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M=Manifold(&quot;m203&quot;)
+sage: M.cusp_area_matrix(method=&#39;maximal&#39;, verified=True)
+[   27.000000? 9.0000000000?]
+[9.0000000000?   27.0000000?]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this example, the cusp neighborhood about cusp 0 or 1 is only
+embedded if and only if its area is less than sqrt(27). The cusp
+neighborhood about cusp 0 is only disjoint from the one about cusp 1
+if and only if the product of their areas is less than 9.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Compute areas for disjoint cusp neighborhoods with
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.cusp_areas" title="snappy.Manifold.cusp_areas"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cusp_areas()</span></code></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M=Manifold(&quot;m203&quot;)
+sage: M.cusp_areas(policy = &#39;unbiased&#39;, method=&#39;maximal&#39;, verified = True)
+[3.00000000000?, 3.00000000000?]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With the above parameters, the result is intrinsic to the hyperbolic
+manifold with labeled cusped.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Find all slopes of length less or equal to 6 when measured on the boundary
+of disjoint cusp neighborhoods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m203&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">short_slopes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">policy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;unbiased&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;maximal&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">[[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)],</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)]]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>First block has all short slopes for first cusp, …, see
+<a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.short_slopes" title="snappy.Manifold.short_slopes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">short_slopes()</span></code></a> for details.</p>
+<p>By <a class="reference external" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math/9906183">Agol’s</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math/9808120">Lackenby’s</a> 6-Theorem any Dehn-filling
+resulting in a non-hyperbolic manifold must contain one of the above
+slopes.  Thus, <a class="reference internal" href="manifold.html#snappy.Manifold.short_slopes" title="snappy.Manifold.short_slopes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">short_slopes()</span></code></a> can be used
+to implement the techniques to find exceptional Dehn surgeries
+(<a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0903">arXiv:1109.0903</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.3472">arXiv:1310.3472</a>).</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>An example of finding all geodesics up to length 1:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sage.all</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RIF</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RIF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Manifold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;m003&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">spec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length_spectrum_alt_gen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verified</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">g</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>       <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>           <span class="k">break</span> <span class="c1"># Done! All subsequent geodesics will be longer.</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>       <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>           <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>           <span class="k">continue</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>       <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Interval too large. Increase precision.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">sage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">n</span>
+<span class="mi">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Additionally, we can compute complex intervals for the shapes that are
+guaranteed to contain a true solution to the rectangular gluing equations
+that is not necessarily a geometric solution (specify <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bits_prec</span></code>
+or <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dec_prec</span></code> for higher precision intervals.):</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sage: M = Manifold(&quot;m015(3,1)&quot;)
+sage: M.tetrahedra_shapes(&#39;rect&#39;, intervals=True)
+[0.625222762246? + 3.177940133813?*I,
+ -0.0075523593782? + 0.5131157955971?*I,
+ 0.6515818912107? - 0.1955023488930?*I]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is all based on a reimplementation of <a class="reference external" href="http://www.oishi.info.waseda.ac.jp/~takayasu/hikmot/">HIKMOT</a> which
+pioneered the use of interval methods for hyperbolic manifolds (also see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://ww2.ii.uj.edu.pl/~zgliczyn/cap07/krawczyk.pdf">Zgliczynski’s notes</a>). It
+can be used in a way very similar to HIKMOT, but uses Sage’s complex
+interval types for certification. It furthermore makes use of code by
+<a class="reference external" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7827/">Dunfield, Hoffman, Licata</a>.</p>
+<p>This verification code was contributed by Matthias Goerner.</p>
+</section>
+<section id="verified-computation-topics">
+<h2>Verified computation topics<a class="headerlink" href="#verified-computation-topics" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="verify_internals.html">Internals of verified computations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</section>
+</section>
+           </div>
+          </div>
+          <footer><div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer">
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