snappy 3.2__cp310-cp310-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl

snappy/snap/slice_obs_HKL.py

@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+"""
+Using metabelian representations to obstruct slicing
+====================================================
+
+Based on::
+
+  Herald, Kirk, Livingston, Math Zeit., 2010
+  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-009-0548-1
+  https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1355
+
+In general, the implementation follows their paper closely, with a few
+minor changes:
+
+1. We use the default simplified presentation for pi_1(knot exterior)
+   that SnapPy provides, rather than a Wirtinger presentation, as the
+   former has many fewer generators (but of course much longer
+   relators).
+
+2. The construction of the metabelian representations in Section 7 of
+   [HKL] is done the language of twisted cohomology and specifically
+   twisted cocycles, whereas this viewpoint is not quite explicit
+   (though clearly implied) in [HKL].
+
+3. To match the conventions of the other twisted Alexander polynomials
+   computed by SnapPy, we insist on all actions are on the left,
+   rather than the mix of left and right actions used in [HKL].
+
+4. For the final check of whether the twisted polynomial is a norm, we
+   simply use that Sage can factor univariate polynomials over
+   cyclotomic fields into irreducibles, rather than the various
+   generalizations of Gauss's Lemma in [HKL].
+
+
+Validation
+==========
+
+This code was developed by Nathan Dunfield and Sherry Gong as part of
+an exporation of the slice versus ribbon question.  It was applied to
+a sample of 65,000 knots with square determinant and at most 16
+crossings, and it reported that almost 40,000 were not slice. As those
+40,000 knots were disjoint from the more than 24,000 ribbon knots in
+this sample, this provides decent evidence that this implementation is
+correct.
+"""
+
+from ..sage_helper import _within_sage, sage_method
+if _within_sage:
+    from ..sage_helper import ZZ, PolynomialRing, vector, matrix, identity_matrix, MatrixSpace, block_matrix, prime_range, is_prime
+    from ..sage_helper import LaurentPolynomialRing, GF, CyclotomicField, ChainComplex
+
+    from .nsagetools import (MapToFreeAbelianization, compute_torsion,
+                             fox_derivative_with_involution,
+                             fox_derivative,
+                             fast_determinant_of_laurent_poly_matrix,
+                             last_square_submatrix,
+                             first_square_submatrix)
+
+from .. import SnapPy
+
+
+class MatrixRepresentation():
+    """
+    A representation from a finitely-presented group to GL(n, R),
+    where R is a ring::
+
+       sage: MatSp = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+       sage: S = MatSp([[0, -1], [1, 0]])
+       sage: T = MatSp([[1, 1], [0, 1]])
+       sage: rho = MatrixRepresentation(['s', 't'], [6*'st'], MatSp, [S, T])
+       sage: rho
+       <MatRep from G(st) to GL(2, Integer Ring)>
+       sage: rho(2*'s') == rho(3*'st') == -identity_matrix(2)
+       True
+       sage: rho('ttsTTTsTTsTTstss')
+       [17 29]
+       [ 7 12]
+    """
+    def __init__(self, generators, relators, image_ring, matrices):
+        if isinstance(matrices, dict):
+            images = matrices
+            all_gens = list(generators) + [g.swapcase() for g in generators]
+            assert set(matrices) == set(all_gens)
+        else:
+            assert len(generators) == len(matrices)
+            images = {}
+            for g, m in zip(generators, matrices):
+                images[g] = m
+                images[g.swapcase()] = image_ring(m.inverse())
+
+        self.images = images
+        self.image_ring = image_ring
+        self.base_ring = self.image_ring.base_ring()
+        self.dim = self.image_ring.ncols()
+        self.generators = generators
+        self.relators = relators
+        assert all(m.parent() == self.image_ring for m in images.values())
+        self._check_rep()
+
+    def _check_rep(self):
+        assert all(self(g + g.swapcase()) == 1 for g in self.generators)
+        assert all(self(rel) == 1 for rel in self.relators)
+
+    def range(self):
+        return self.image_ring
+
+    def __call__(self, word):
+        ans = self.image_ring(1)
+        for w in word:
+            ans = ans * self.images[w]
+        return ans
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        gens = ''.join(self.generators)
+        return '<MatRep from G(' + gens + ') to GL(%s, %s)>' % (self.dim, self.base_ring)
+
+    def twisted_chain_complex(self):
+        """
+        Returns chain complex of the presentation CW complex of the
+        given group with coefficients twisted by self.
+        """
+        gens, rels, rho = self.generators, self.relators, self
+        d2 = [ [fox_derivative_with_involution(R, rho, g) for R in rels] for g in gens]
+        d2 = block_matrix(d2, nrows=len(gens), ncols=len(rels))
+        d1 = [rho(g.swapcase()) - 1 for g in gens]
+        d1 = block_matrix(d1, nrows=1, ncols=len(gens))
+        C = ChainComplex({1:d1, 2:d2}, degree_of_differential=-1, check=True)
+        return C
+
+    def twisted_cochain_complex(self):
+        """
+        Returns chain complex of the presentation CW complex of the
+        given group with coefficients twisted by self.
+        """
+        gens, rels, rho = self.generators, self.relators, self
+        d1 = [[fox_derivative(R, rho, g) for g in gens] for R in rels]
+        d1 = block_matrix(d1, nrows=len(rels), ncols=len(gens))
+        d0 = [rho(g) - 1 for g in gens]
+        d0 = block_matrix(d0, nrow=len(gens), ncols=1)
+        C = ChainComplex({0:d0, 1:d1}, check=True)
+        return C
+
+    def semidirect_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(self, cocycle):
+        """
+        Given a representation rho to GL(R, n) and a rho-twisted
+        1-cocycle, construct the representation to GL(R, n + 1)
+        corresponding to the semidirect product.
+
+        Note: Since we prefer to stick to left-actions only, unlike [HLK]
+        this is the semidirect produce associated to the left action of
+        GL(R, n) on V = R^n.  That is, pairs (v, A) with v in V and A in
+        GL(R, n) where (v, A) * (w, B) = (v + A*w, A*B)::
+
+           sage: G = Manifold('K12a169').fundamental_group()
+           sage: A = matrix(GF(5), [[0, 4], [1, 4]])
+           sage: rho = cyclic_rep(G, A)
+           sage: cocycle = vector(GF(5), (0, 0, 1, 0))
+           sage: rho_til = rho.semidirect_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(cocycle)
+           sage: rho_til('abAB')
+           [1 0 4]
+           [0 1 1]
+           [0 0 1]
+        """
+        gens, rels, rho = self.generators, self.relators, self
+        n = rho.dim
+        assert len(cocycle) == len(gens)*n
+        new_mats = []
+        for i, g in enumerate(gens):
+            v = matrix([cocycle[i*n:(i+1)*n]]).transpose()
+            zeros = matrix(n*[0])
+            one = matrix([[1]])
+            A = block_matrix([[rho(g), v], [zeros, one]])
+            new_mats.append(A)
+
+        target = MatrixSpace(rho.base_ring, n + 1)
+        return MatrixRepresentation(gens, rels, target, new_mats)
+
+# ----- end class MatrixRepresentation --------------------------------
+
+
+def poly_to_rep(f):
+    """
+    For a polynomial f in F[x], return the matrix corresponding to the
+    left action of x on F[x]/(f).
+    """
+    assert f.is_monic()
+    d = f.degree()
+    last_column = [-f[e] for e in range(d)]
+    I = identity_matrix(d)
+    M = matrix(I.rows()[1:] + [last_column])
+    assert M.charpoly() == f
+    return M.transpose()
+
+
+def irreps(p, q):
+    """
+    Returns the irreducible representations of the cyclic group C_p
+    over the field F_q, where p and q are distinct primes.
+
+    Each representation is given by a matrix over F_q giving the
+    action of the preferred generator of C_p.
+
+       sage: [M.nrows() for M in irreps(3, 7)]
+       [1, 1, 1]
+       sage: [M.nrows() for M in irreps(7, 11)]
+       [1, 3, 3]
+       sage: sum(M.nrows() for M in irreps(157, 13))
+       157
+    """
+    p, q = ZZ(p), ZZ(q)
+    assert p.is_prime() and q.is_prime() and p != q
+    R = PolynomialRing(GF(q), 'x')
+    x = R.gen()
+    polys = [f for f, e in (x**p - 1).factor()]
+    polys.sort(key=lambda f:(f.degree(), -f.constant_coefficient()))
+    reps = [poly_to_rep(f) for f in polys]
+    assert all(A**p == 1 for A in reps)
+    assert reps[0] == 1
+    return reps
+
+
+def homology_of_cyclic_branched_cover(knot_exterior, p):
+    C = knot_exterior.covers(p, cover_type='cyclic')[0]
+    return [d for d in C.homology().elementary_divisors() if d != 0]
+
+
+def primes_appearing(knot_exterior, p):
+    """
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n731')
+       sage: primes_appearing(M, 3)
+       [2, 13]
+    """
+    C = knot_exterior.covers(p, cover_type='cyclic')[0]
+    divisors = C.homology().elementary_divisors()
+    primes = set()
+    for d in divisors:
+        if d != 0:
+            primes.update([p for p, e in ZZ(d).factor()])
+    return sorted(primes)
+
+
+def nonzero_divisor_product(knot_exterior, p):
+    """
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n731')
+       sage: nonzero_divisor_product(M, 3)
+       2704
+    """
+    C = knot_exterior.covers(p, cover_type='cyclic')[0]
+    divisors = C.homology().elementary_divisors()
+    ans = 1
+    for d in divisors:
+        if d != 0:
+            ans *= d
+    return ans
+
+
+def cyclic_rep(group, matrix_of_rep):
+    """
+    For a group G whose free abelianization is Z, returns the
+    representation of G factoring through Z where 1 in Z in turn goes
+    to the given matrix_of_rep.
+    """
+    A = matrix_of_rep
+    epsilon = MapToFreeAbelianization(group)
+    assert epsilon.range().rank() == 1
+    gens = group.generators()
+    rels = group.relators()
+    mats = [A**(epsilon(g)[0]) for g in gens]
+    rho = MatrixRepresentation(gens, rels, A.parent(), mats)
+    rho.epsilon = epsilon
+    rho.A = A
+    return rho
+
+
+def dim_twisted_homology(group, matrix_of_C_p_rep):
+    """
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n813')
+       sage: G = M.fundamental_group()
+       sage: reps = irreps(3, 7)
+       sage: [dim_twisted_homology(G, A) for A in reps]
+       [1, 1, 1]
+       sage: reps = irreps(3, 5)
+       sage: [dim_twisted_homology(G, A) for A in reps]
+       [1, 0]
+    """
+    rho = cyclic_rep(group, matrix_of_C_p_rep)
+    C = rho.twisted_chain_complex()
+    H = C.homology()
+    if matrix_of_C_p_rep != 1:
+        assert H[0].rank() == 0
+    else:
+        assert H[0].rank() == 1
+    return H[1].rank()
+
+
+def reps_appearing(knot_exterior, p, q):
+    """
+    All irreducible C_p reps appearing in the F_q homology of the
+    cyclic branched cover B_p, together with their multiplicities.
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12a169')
+       sage: [(A.trace(), e) for A, e in reps_appearing(M, 3, 5)]
+       [(4, 1)]
+    """
+    M = knot_exterior
+    G = M.fundamental_group()
+    for A in irreps(p, q)[1:]:
+        d = dim_twisted_homology(G, A)
+        if d > 0:
+            n = A.nrows()
+            assert d % n == 0
+            yield (A, d//n)
+
+
+def induced_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(p, rho, chi, cocycle):
+    """
+    The main metabelian representation from Section 7 of [HKL] for the
+    group of a knot complement, where p is the degree of the branched
+    cover, rho is an irreducible cyclic representation acting on the
+    F_q vector space V, chi is a homomorpism V -> F_q, and cocycle
+    describes the semidirect product extension.
+
+    We differ from [HKL] in that all actions are on the left, meaning
+    that this representation is defined in terms of the convention for the
+    semidirect product discussed in::
+
+      MatrixRepresentation.semidirect_rep_from_twisted_cocycle
+
+    Here is an example::
+
+       sage: G = Manifold('K12n132').fundamental_group()
+       sage: A = matrix(GF(5), [[0, 4], [1, 4]])
+       sage: rho = cyclic_rep(G, A)
+       sage: cocycle = (0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2)
+       sage: chi = lambda v: v[0] + 4*v[1]
+       sage: rho_ind = induced_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(3, rho, chi, cocycle)
+       sage: rho_ind('c').list()
+       [0, 0, (-z^3 - z^2 - z - 1), z^2*t^-1, 0, 0, 0, (-z^3 - z^2 - z - 1)*t^-1, 0]
+    """
+    q = rho.base_ring.order()
+    n = rho.dim
+    K = CyclotomicField(q, 'z')
+    z = K.gen()
+    A = rho.A
+    R = LaurentPolynomialRing(K, 't')
+    t = R.gen()
+    MatSp = MatrixSpace(R, p)
+    gens = rho.generators
+    images = {}
+    for s, g in enumerate(gens):
+        v = vector(cocycle[s*n:(s+1)*n])
+        e = rho.epsilon(g)[0]
+        U = MatSp(0)
+        for j in range(0, p):
+            k, l = (e + j).quo_rem(p)
+            U[l, j] = t**k * z**chi(A**(-l) * v)
+        images[g] = U
+
+        e, v = -e, -A**(-e)*v
+        V = MatSp(0)
+        for j in range(0, p):
+            k, l = (e + j).quo_rem(p)
+            V[l, j] = t**k * z**chi(A**(-l) * v)
+        images[g.swapcase()] = V
+
+    alpha = MatrixRepresentation(gens, rho.relators, MatSp, images)
+    alpha.epsilon = rho.epsilon
+    return alpha
+
+
+def normalize_polynomial(f):
+    """
+    Multiply by t^-n so that the constant term is nonzero.
+
+       sage: t = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 't').gen()
+       sage: normalize_polynomial(t**3 + 2*t**2)
+       t + 2
+    """
+    e = min(f.exponents())
+    t = f.parent().gen()
+    return f // t**e
+
+
+def twisted_alexander_polynomial(alpha, reduced=False):
+    """
+    In HKL, alpha is epsilon x rho; in nsagetools, it would be called
+    phialpha with phi being epsilon.  If reduced is True, the answer is
+    divided by (t - 1).
+
+    Here, we duplicate the calculation of Section 10.2 of [HKL].
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12a169')
+       sage: G = M.fundamental_group()
+       sage: A = matrix(GF(5), [[0, 4], [1, 4]])
+       sage: rho = cyclic_rep(G, A)
+       sage: chi = lambda v:3*v[0]
+       sage: alpha = induced_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(3, rho, chi, (0, 0, 1, 0))
+       sage: -twisted_alexander_polynomial(alpha, reduced=True)
+       4*t^2 + (z^3 + z^2 + 5)*t + 4
+    """
+    F = alpha('a').base_ring().base_ring()
+    epsilon = alpha.epsilon
+    gens, rels = alpha.generators, alpha.relators
+    k = len(gens)
+
+    # Make sure this special algorithm applies.
+    assert len(rels) == len(gens) - 1 and epsilon.range().rank() == 1
+
+    # Want the first variable to be homologically nontrivial
+    i0 = next(i for i, g in enumerate(gens) if epsilon(g) != 0)
+    gens = gens[i0:] + gens[:i0]
+
+    # Boundary maps for chain complex
+
+    d2 = [ [fox_derivative_with_involution(R, alpha, g) for R in rels] for g in gens]
+    d2 = block_matrix(d2, nrows=k, ncols=k-1)
+    d1 = [alpha(g.swapcase()) - 1 for g in gens]
+    d1 = block_matrix(d1, nrows=1, ncols=k)
+    assert d1 * d2 == 0
+
+    T = last_square_submatrix(d2)
+    B = first_square_submatrix(d1)
+
+    T = normalize_polynomial(fast_determinant_of_laurent_poly_matrix(T))
+    B = normalize_polynomial(fast_determinant_of_laurent_poly_matrix(B))
+
+    q, r = T.quo_rem(B)
+    assert r == 0
+    ans = normalize_polynomial(q)
+    if reduced:
+        t = ans.parent().gen()
+        ans, r = ans.quo_rem(t - 1)
+        assert r == 0
+    return ans
+
+
+def alex_poly_of_induced_rep(p, knot_exterior, A, chi):
+    """
+    When A is the matrix generating an irreducible representation V
+    that appears with multiplicity 1 in H_1(B_p, F_q) and chi: V -> F_q
+    is a homomorphism, computes the (reduced) twisted alexander
+    polynomial of Herald-Kirk-Livingston.
+
+    Here is the example from Section 10.3 of [HKL].  When comparing
+    with the original, note the polynomnial coeffs in Q(zeta_5) are
+    not in the usual Q-basis for this field 1, z, z^2, z^3 where z =
+    zeta_5::
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n132')
+       sage: A = matrix(GF(5), [[0, 4], [1, 4]])
+       sage: chi = lambda v:v[0] + 3*v[1]
+       sage: alex = alex_poly_of_induced_rep(3, M, A, chi)
+       sage: t = alex.parent().gen()
+       sage: quo, rem = alex.quo_rem(t - 1)
+       sage: 5*quo/quo.leading_coefficient()
+       5*t^3 + (10*z^3 + 14*z^2 + 14*z + 12)*t^2 + (-4*z^2 - 14*z - 2)*t + 5
+
+    Here is their example 10.6::
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n224')
+       sage: A3, A5 = matrix(GF(7), [[4]]), matrix(GF(7), [[2]])
+       sage: A3.charpoly(), A5.charpoly()
+       (x + 3, x + 5)
+       sage: -alex_poly_of_induced_rep(3, M, A3, lambda v:3*v[0])
+       t^4 + (-4*z^4 - 4*z^2 - 4*z - 5)*t^3 + 6*t^2 + (4*z^4 + 4*z^2 + 4*z - 1)*t + 1
+       sage: -alex_poly_of_induced_rep(3, M, A5, lambda v:v[0])
+       t^4 + (4*z^4 + 4*z^2 + 4*z - 1)*t^3 + 6*t^2 + (-4*z^4 - 4*z^2 - 4*z - 5)*t + 1
+    """
+
+    G = knot_exterior.fundamental_group()
+    rho = cyclic_rep(G, A)
+    n = rho.dim
+
+    C = rho.twisted_cochain_complex()
+    if C.homology(1).dimension() != n:
+        raise ValueError('Multiplicity of V is not 1')
+    d0, d1 = C.differential(0), C.differential(1)
+    B1 = d0.column_space()
+    Z1 = d1.right_kernel()
+    cocycle = next(z for z in Z1.basis() if z not in B1)
+    alpha = induced_rep_from_twisted_cocycle(p, rho, chi, cocycle)
+    ans = twisted_alexander_polynomial(alpha, reduced=True)
+    assert poly_involution(ans) == ans
+    return ans
+
+
+def poly_involution(f):
+    """
+       sage: K = CyclotomicField(3, 'z')
+       sage: R = PolynomialRing(K, 't')
+       sage: z, t = K.gen(), R.gen()
+       sage: poly_involution(z*t**2 + (1/z)*t + 1)
+       t^2 + z*t - z - 1
+    """
+    R = f.parent()
+    K = R.base_ring()
+    z, t = K.gen(), R.gen()
+    bar = K.hom([1/z])
+    ans = R(0)
+    d = f.degree()
+    for e in f.exponents():
+        ans += bar(f[e])*t**(d - e)
+    return ans
+
+
+def poly_is_a_norm(g):
+    """
+    Return whether the polynomial g(t) over a CyclotomicField is equal to
+    (const) f(t) fbar(t) where fbar is poly_involution(f)::
+
+       sage: K = CyclotomicField(5, 'z')
+       sage: R = PolynomialRing(K, 't')
+       sage: z, t = K.gen(), R.gen()
+       sage: f = z*t**2 + (1/z)*t + 1
+       sage: fbar = poly_involution(f)
+       sage: poly_is_a_norm(z**2 * f * fbar * (t - 1)**2)
+       True
+       sage: poly_is_a_norm(f**2 * fbar)
+       False
+       sage: poly_is_a_norm(f * fbar * (t - 1))
+       False
+       sage: poly_is_a_norm(4*t**2 + (z**3 + z**2 + 5)*t + 4)
+       False
+    """
+    factors = dict(g.factor())
+    for h in factors:
+        assert h.is_monic()
+        hbar = poly_involution(h)
+        hbar = hbar/hbar.leading_coefficient()
+        if hbar == h and factors[h] % 2 != 0:
+            return False
+        elif factors[h] != factors[hbar]:
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def slicing_is_obstructed(knot_exterior, p, q):
+    """
+    Applies the test of Section 8 of [HKL] to the F_q homology of the
+    branched cover B_p::
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n813')
+       sage: slicing_is_obstructed(M, 2, 3)
+       False
+       sage: slicing_is_obstructed(M, 3, 7)
+       True
+    """
+    p, q = ZZ(p), ZZ(q)
+    assert is_prime(p) and is_prime(q) and q > 2
+    reps = list(reps_appearing(knot_exterior, p, q))
+    if len(reps) == 0:
+        return False
+    for A, e in reps:
+        # Can only handle case when all reps appear with mult one.
+        if e > 1:
+            return False
+        # We always use the default chi, could try others as well.
+        chi = lambda v:v[0]
+        f = alex_poly_of_induced_rep(p, knot_exterior, A, chi)
+        if poly_is_a_norm(f):
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def expand_prime_spec(spec, min_prime=2):
+    if spec in ZZ:
+        a, b = 0, spec
+    else:
+        if len(spec) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f'Spec {spec} does not specify a range')
+        a, b = spec
+    a = max(a, min_prime)
+    return prime_range(a, b + 1)
+
+
+@sage_method
+def slice_obstruction_HKL(self, primes_spec,
+                          verbose=False, check_in_S3=True):
+    """
+    For the exterior of a knot in S^3, searches for a topological
+    slicing obstruction from:
+
+    Herald, Kirk, Livingston, Math Zeit., 2010
+    https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-009-0548-1
+    https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1355
+
+    The test looks at the cyclic branched covers of the knot of prime
+    order p and the F_q homology thereof where q is an odd prime. The
+    range of such (p, q) pairs searched is given by primes_spec as a
+    list of (p_max, [q_min, q_max]).  It returns the pair (p, q) of
+    the first nonzero obstruction found (in which case K is not
+    slice), and otherwise returns None::
+
+       sage: M = Manifold('K12n813')
+       sage: spec = [(10, [0, 20]), (20, [0, 10])]
+       sage: M.slice_obstruction_HKL(spec, verbose=True)
+          Looking at (2, 3) ...
+          Looking at (3, 7) ...
+       (3, 7)
+
+    You can also specify the p to examine by a range [p_min, p_max] or
+    the q by just q_max::
+
+       sage: spec = [([3, 10], 10)]
+       sage: M.slice_obstruction_HKL(spec, verbose=True)
+          Looking at (3, 7) ...
+       (3, 7)
+
+    If primes_spec is just a pair (p, q) then only that obstruction is
+    checked::
+
+       sage: M.slice_obstruction_HKL((2, 3))
+       sage: M.slice_obstruction_HKL((3, 7))
+       (3, 7)
+
+    Technical note: As implemented, can only get an obstruction when
+    the decomposition of H_1(cover; F_q) into irreducible Z/pZ-modules
+    has no repeat factors.  The method of [HKL] can be used more
+    broadly, but other cases requires computing many more twisted
+    Alexander polynomials.
+    """
+
+    M = self
+
+    if M.cusp_info('is_complete') != [True]:
+        raise ValueError('Need exactly one cusp which should be unfilled')
+    if M.homology().elementary_divisors() != [0]:
+        raise ValueError('Not the exterior of knot in S^3 as H_1 != Z')
+    if check_in_S3:
+        T = SnapPy.Triangulation(M)
+        T.dehn_fill((1, 0))
+        if T.fundamental_group().num_generators() != 0:
+            raise ValueError('The (1, 0) filling is not obviously S^3')
+
+    # Special case of only one (p, q) to check
+    if len(primes_spec) == 2:
+        p, q = primes_spec
+        if p in ZZ and q in ZZ:
+            if q == 2:
+                raise ValueError('Must have q > 2 when looking at H_1(cover; F_q)')
+            if not (is_prime(p) and is_prime(q)):
+                raise ValueError('Both p and q must be prime')
+            if slicing_is_obstructed(M, p, q):
+                return (p, q)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    # Main case
+    primes_spec = [(expand_prime_spec(a), expand_prime_spec(b, min_prime=3))
+                   for a, b in primes_spec]
+    for ps, qs in primes_spec:
+        for p in ps:
+            d = nonzero_divisor_product(M, p)
+            for q in qs:
+                if d % q == 0:
+                    if verbose:
+                        print('   Looking at', (p, q), '...')
+                    if slicing_is_obstructed(M, p, q):
+                        return (p, q)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    import sys
+    results = doctest.testmod()
+    print(results)
+    sys.exit(results[0])

snappy/snap/t3mlite/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from .mcomplex import *
+from .files import *