passagemath-schemes 10.6.38__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/dynamics/arithmetic_dynamics/dynamical_semigroup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1543 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Dynamical semigroups
+
+A dynamical semigroup is a finitely generated subsemigroup of
+the endomorphism ring of a subscheme of projective or affine space.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+ - Dang Phan (August 6th, 2023): initial implementation
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+# Dang Phan <dang8phan@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from collections.abc import Collection
+from sage.categories.fields import Fields
+from sage.categories.number_fields import NumberFields
+from sage.categories.semigroups import Semigroups
+from sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.affine_ds import DynamicalSystem_affine
+from sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.generic_ds import DynamicalSystem
+from sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.projective_ds import DynamicalSystem_projective
+from sage.misc.classcall_metaclass import typecall
+from sage.misc.inherit_comparison import InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import FiniteField
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup(Parent, metaclass=InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass):
+    r"""
+    A dynamical semigroup defined by a multiple dynamical systems on projective or affine space.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ds_data`` -- list or tuple of dynamical systems or objects that define dynamical systems
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_affine` if ``ds_data`` only contains dynamical systems
+    over affine space; and :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_projective` otherwise.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x^2, y^2], P)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem_affine(x, A)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+        Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+         defined by 1 dynamical system:
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x, A)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: X = P.subscheme(x - y)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x, y], X)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2], X)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup_projective([f, g])
+        Dynamical semigroup over Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1
+         over Rational Field defined by: x - y
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1
+           over Rational Field defined by: x - y
+             Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1
+           over Rational Field defined by: x - y
+             Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    If a dynamical semigroup is built from dynamical systems with different base rings,
+    all systems will be coerced to the largest base ring::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(RR, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([z^2, w^2], Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Real Field with 53 bits of precision defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1
+           over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1
+           over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: B.<y> = AffineSpace(RR, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x, A)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(y^2, B)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+         Real Field with 53 bits of precision defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+           Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+           Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)
+
+    If a dynamical semigroup is built from dynamical systems over number fields, a composite number field is created
+    and all systems will be coerced to it. This composite number field contains all of the initial number fields::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: K.<k> = NumberField(r^2 - 2)
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: Q.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([z^2, w^2], Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Number Field in k with defining polynomial r^2 - 2 defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in k with defining polynomial r^2 - 2
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in k with defining polynomial r^2 - 2
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: K.<k> = NumberField(r^2 - 2)
+        sage: L.<l> = NumberField(r^2 - 3)
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
+        sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(L, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([z^2, w^2], Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: K.<k> = NumberField(r^2 - 2)
+        sage: L.<l> = NumberField(r^2 - 3)
+        sage: P.<x> = AffineSpace(K, 1)
+        sage: Q.<y> = AffineSpace(L, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x, P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(y^2, Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+         Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+           Number Field in kl with defining polynomial r^4 - 10*r^2 + 1
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)
+
+    A dynamical semigroup may contain dynamical systems over function fields::
+
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x, r * y], P)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Univariate
+         Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (r*x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : r*y)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Univariate
+         Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (r*x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: R.<r,s> = QQ[]
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([s * x, y], P)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Multivariate
+         Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Multivariate Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (r*x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Multivariate Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (s*x : y)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: R.<r,s> = QQ[]
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, s * y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([s * x, r * y], P)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Multivariate Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Multivariate Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (r*x : s*y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+           Multivariate Polynomial Ring in r, s over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (s*x : r*y)
+
+    A dynamical semigroup may contain dynamical systems over finite fields::
+
+        sage: F = FiniteField(5)
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(F, 1)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Finite Field of size 5 defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 5
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 5
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    If a dynamical semigroup is built from dynamical systems over both projective and
+    affine spaces, all systems will be homogenized to dynamical systems over projective space::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(z^2, A)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+         defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup(1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: 1 does not define a 'DynamicalSemigroup' object
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+        sage: K.<k> = NumberField(r^2 - 2)
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(RR, 1)
+        sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([z^2, w^2], Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: given dynamical systems are not automorphic under global composition
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: F = FiniteField(5)
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(F, 1)
+        sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([z^2, w^2], Q)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: given dynamical systems are not automorphic under global composition
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: Q.<u,v,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y])
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem([u^2, v^2, w^2])
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: domains of 'DynamicalSystem' objects must be of the same dimension
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, ds_data):
+        if isinstance(ds_data, Collection):
+            all_affine_systems = all(isinstance(ds_datum, DynamicalSystem_affine) for ds_datum in ds_data)
+            if all_affine_systems:
+                return DynamicalSemigroup_affine(ds_data)
+        elif isinstance(ds_data, DynamicalSystem_affine):
+            return DynamicalSemigroup_affine(ds_data)
+        elif not isinstance(ds_data, DynamicalSystem):
+            raise TypeError(str(ds_data) + " does not define a 'DynamicalSemigroup' object")
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_projective(ds_data)
+
+    def __init__(self, systems):
+        r"""
+        The Python constructor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x : y)
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^2 : y^2)
+        """
+
+        self._dynamical_systems = []
+        for ds in systems:
+            if ds not in self._dynamical_systems:
+                self._dynamical_systems.append(ds)
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=Semigroups().FinitelyGeneratedAsMagma())
+
+    def __call__(self, input):
+        r"""
+        The result after evaluating this dynamical semigroup on a value.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``input`` -- one value that can be evaluated
+          with the generators of this dynamical semigroup
+
+        OUTPUT: a set of the resulting values after applying all of this
+        dynamical semigroup's generators to ``input``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f(2)
+            {(2 : 1), (4 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f([2, 1])
+            {(2 : 1), (4 : 1)}
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f(f(2))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert {(4 : 1), (2 : 1)} to an element of Rational Field
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            result.add(ds(self.domain()(input)))
+        return result
+
+    def base_ring(self):
+        r"""
+        The base ring of this dynamical semigroup. This is identical
+        to the base ring of all of its defining dynamical system.
+
+        OUTPUT: a ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.base_ring()
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.defining_systems()[0].base_ring()
+
+    def change_ring(self, new_ring):
+        r"""
+        Return a new :class:`DynamicalSemigroup` whose generators
+        are the initial dynamical systems coerced to ``new_ring``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``new_ring`` -- a ring
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A :class:`DynamicalSemigroup` defined by this dynamical
+        semigroup's generators, but coerced to ``new_ring``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.change_ring(RR)
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+             Real Field with 53 bits of precision defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+               Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+               Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+        """
+        new_systems = []
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            new_systems.append(ds.change_ring(new_ring))
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_projective(new_systems)
+
+    def domain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the domain of the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        OUTPUT: a subscheme of a projective space or affine space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.domain()
+            Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.defining_systems()[0].domain()
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the codomain of the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        OUTPUT: a subscheme of a projective space or affine space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.codomain()
+            Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.defining_systems()[0].codomain()
+
+    def defining_polynomials(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the set of polynomials that define the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        OUTPUT: a set of polynomials
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.defining_polynomials()
+            {(x, y), (x^2, y^2)}
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            result.add(ds.defining_polynomials())
+        return result
+
+    def defining_systems(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        OUTPUT: a tuple of dynamical systems
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.defining_systems()
+            (Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+               Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y),
+             Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+               Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2))
+        """
+        return tuple(self._dynamical_systems)
+
+    def nth_iterate(self, p, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a set of values that results from evaluating this dynamical semigroup
+        on the value ``p`` a total of ``n`` times.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- a value on which dynamical systems can evaluate
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT: a set of values
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2],))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 0)
+            {(2 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2],))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 1)
+            {(4 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2],))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 2)
+            {(16 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 0)
+            {(2 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 1)
+            {(3 : 1), (4 : 1)}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 2)
+            {(5/3 : 1), (2 : 1), (9 : 1), (16 : 1)}
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, 3.5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Attempt to coerce non-integral RealNumber to Integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, -3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: -3 must be a nonnegative integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(3, 2) == (f * f)(3)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x + y, x - y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: one = QQ(1)
+            sage: f.nth_iterate(2, one)
+            {(3 : 1), (4 : 1)}
+        """
+        n = ZZ(n)
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError(str(n) + " must be a nonnegative integer")
+        result = {self.domain()(p)}
+        for i in range(1, n + 1):
+            next_iteration = set()
+            for point in result:
+                next_iteration.update(self(point))
+            result = next_iteration
+        return result
+
+    def orbit(self, p, n):
+        r"""
+        If ``n`` is an integer, return `(p, f(p), f^2(p), \dots, f^n(p))`. If ``n`` is a list or tuple in interval
+        notation `[a, b]`, return `(f^a(p), \dots, f^b(p))`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- value on which this dynamical semigroup can be evaluated
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer or a list or tuple of length 2 describing an
+          interval of the number line containing entirely nonnegative integers
+
+        OUTPUT: a tuple of sets of values on the domain of this dynamical semigroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, 0)
+            ({(2 : 1)},)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, 1)
+            ({(2 : 1)}, {(2 : 1), (4 : 1)})
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, 2)
+            ({(2 : 1)}, {(2 : 1), (4 : 1)}, {(2 : 1), (4 : 1), (16 : 1)})
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, [1, 2])
+            ({(2 : 1), (4 : 1)}, {(2 : 1), (4 : 1), (16 : 1)})
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: one = QQ(1)
+            sage: d.orbit(2, one)
+            ({(2 : 1)}, {(2 : 1), (4 : 1)})
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, -2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: -2 must be a nonnegative integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: x is not a constant polynomial
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, [1, 2, 3])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [1, 2, 3] must be an integer or list or tuple of two integers
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, [-2, 1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [-2, 1] must contain exactly two nonnegative integers
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: d.orbit(2, [2, 1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [2, 1] cannot be in descending order
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(n, Collection):
+            n = ZZ(n)
+            if n < 0:
+                raise ValueError(str(n) + " must be a nonnegative integer")
+            return self.orbit(p, [0, n])
+
+        if not len(n) == 2:
+            raise ValueError(str(n) + " must be an integer or list or tuple of two integers")
+        if ZZ(n[0]) < 0 or ZZ(n[1]) < 0:
+            raise ValueError(str(n) + " must contain exactly two nonnegative integers")
+        if ZZ(n[0]) > ZZ(n[1]):
+            raise ValueError(str(n) + " cannot be in descending order")
+
+        result = []
+        current_iterate = self.nth_iterate(p, n[0])
+        result.append(current_iterate)
+        for i in range(n[0] + 1, n[1] + 1):
+            next_iterate = set()
+            for value in current_iterate:
+                next_iterate.update(self(value))
+            result.append(next_iterate)
+            current_iterate = next_iterate
+        return tuple(result)
+
+    def specialization(self, assignments):
+        r"""
+        Return the specialization of the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``assignments`` -- argument for specialization of the generators of
+          this dynamical semigroup
+
+        OUTPUT: a dynamical semigroup with the specialization of the generators
+        of this dynamical semigroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x, r * y], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.specialization({r:2})
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (2*x : y)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : 2*y)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<r> = QQ[]
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.specialization({r:2})
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (2*x : y)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<r,s> = QQ[]
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([s * x, y], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.specialization({r:2, s:3})
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (2*x : y)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (3*x : y)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<r,s> = QQ[]
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([r * x, s * y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([s * x, r * y], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.specialization({s:3})
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+             Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+               Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (r*x : 3*y)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+               Univariate Polynomial Ring in r over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (3*x : r*y)
+        """
+        specialized_systems = []
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            specialized_systems.append(ds.specialization(assignments))
+        return DynamicalSemigroup(specialized_systems)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other_dynamical_semigroup):
+        r"""
+        Return a new :class:`DynamicalSemigroup` that is the result of multiplying
+        this dynamical semigroup with another dynamical semigroup of the same type
+        using the * operator.
+
+        Let `f` be a dynamical semigroup with generators `\{ f_1, f_2, \dots, f_m \}`
+        and `g` be a dynamical semigroup with generators `\{ g_1, g_2, \dots, g_n \}`.
+        The product `f * g` has generators
+        `\{ f_i(g_j) : 1 \leq i \leq m, 1 \leq j \leq n \}`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other_dynamical_semigroup`` -- a dynamical semigroup
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x^10, y^10], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: f*f
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^100 : y^100)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem_affine(x^10, A)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: f*f
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to
+                    (x^100)
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x^2 + x * y, y^2 + x * y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([x^3 + x^2 * y, y^3 + x * y^2], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(g1)
+            sage: f*g
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^6 + 2*x^5*y + 2*x^4*y^2 + 2*x^3*y^3 + x^2*y^4 : x^4*y^2 + 2*x^3*y^3 + 2*x^2*y^4 + 2*x*y^5 + y^6)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x^2 + x * y, y^2 + x * y], P)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem([x^2 - x * y, y^2 - x * y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([x^3 + x^2 * y, y^3 + x * y^2], P)
+            sage: g2 = DynamicalSystem([x^3 - x^2 * y, y^3 - x * y^2], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup((g1, g2))
+            sage: f*g
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^6 + 2*x^5*y + 2*x^4*y^2 + 2*x^3*y^3 + x^2*y^4 : x^4*y^2 + 2*x^3*y^3 + 2*x^2*y^4 + 2*x*y^5 + y^6)
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^6 - 2*x^5*y + 2*x^3*y^3 - x^2*y^4 : -x^4*y^2 + 2*x^3*y^3 - 2*x*y^5 + y^6)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x^2 + x * y, y^2 - x * y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([x^3 - x^2 * y, y^3 + x * y^2], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(g1)
+            sage: f*g == g*f
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x^2 + x * y, y^2 + x * y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([x^3 + x^2 * y, y^3 + x * y^2], P)
+            sage: h1 = DynamicalSystem([x^4 + x^3 * y, y^4 + x * y^3], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(g1)
+            sage: h = DynamicalSemigroup(h1)
+            sage: (f*g)*h == f*(g*h)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: f*1
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: can only multiply dynamical semigroups with other dynamical semigroups of the same type
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem_projective([x, y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem_affine(z, A)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup_projective(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup_affine(g1)
+            sage: f*g
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: can only multiply dynamical semigroups with other dynamical semigroups of the same type
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(RR, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([z, w], Q)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(g1)
+            sage: f*g
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: left dynamical semigroup's domain must equal right dynamical semigroup's codomain
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: Q.<z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem([z, w], Q)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(f1)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(g1)
+            sage: f*g
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: left dynamical semigroup's domain must equal right dynamical semigroup's codomain
+        """
+        if type(self) is not type(other_dynamical_semigroup):
+            raise TypeError("can only multiply dynamical semigroups with other dynamical semigroups of the same type")
+        if self.domain() != other_dynamical_semigroup.codomain():
+            raise ValueError("left dynamical semigroup's domain must equal right dynamical semigroup's codomain")
+        composite_systems = []
+        for f in self.defining_systems():
+            for g in other_dynamical_semigroup.defining_systems():
+                composite_systems.append(DynamicalSystem(f * g))
+        return DynamicalSemigroup(composite_systems)
+
+    def __pow__(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a new dynamical semigroup that is this dynamical semigroup with itself ``n`` times.
+        If ``n`` is zero, return a dynamical semigroup with the identity map.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: d^2
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to
+                    (x^4)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x, y, z, w, t, u ,v> = AffineSpace(QQ, 7)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([t + u, v - w, x + y, z^2, u * t, v^2 - w^2, x * y * z], A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: d^0
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 7 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 7 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x, y, z, w, t, u, v) to
+                    (x, y, z, w, t, u, v)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: d*d == d^2
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: d^3 * d^2 == d^(3 + 2)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: (d^3)^2 == d^(3 * 2)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 + x - 1, A)
+            sage: g2 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 - x + 1, A)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup((g1, g2))
+            sage: (f * g) ^ 2 == f^2 * g^2
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 + x - 1, A)
+            sage: g2 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 - x + 1, A)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup((g1, g2))
+            sage: f * g^0 == f
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: g1 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 + x - 1, A)
+            sage: g2 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 - x + 1, A)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup((g1, g2))
+            sage: g * f^0 == g
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: d^1.5
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Attempt to coerce non-integral RealNumber to Integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f1 = DynamicalSystem(x^2 + 1, A)
+            sage: f2 = DynamicalSystem(x^3 - 1, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f1, f2))
+            sage: d^(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: -1 must be a nonnegative integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup(f)
+            sage: two = RR(2)
+            sage: d^two
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 1 dynamical system:
+            Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to
+                    (x^4)
+        """
+        n = ZZ(n)
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError(str(n) + " must be a nonnegative integer")
+        if n == 0:
+            return DynamicalSemigroup(DynamicalSystem(self.defining_systems()[0] ** 0))
+        result = self
+        for i in range(n - 1):
+            result = result * self
+        return result
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the :class:`String` representation of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`String` displaying information about this dynamical semigroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x : y)
+            Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
+                    (x^2 : y^2)
+        """
+        header = "Dynamical semigroup over %s defined by %d dynamical system"
+        if (len(self.defining_systems()) > 1):
+            header += "s"
+        header += ":"
+        header = header % (str(self.domain()), len(self.defining_systems()))
+        systems = []
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            systems.append(str(ds))
+        systems = '\n'.join(systems)
+        return header + "\n" + systems
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return whether two dynamical semigroups are equal.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A boolean that is ``True`` if and only if the generators of the two
+        dynamical semigroups are equal as sets and no generator is of degree 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^3, y^3]))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^3, y^3]))
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^2, y^2], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^3, y^3], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^3, y^3]))
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^3, y^3], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [y^3, x^3]))
+            sage: f == g
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: f == 1
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSemigroup(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+            sage: g = DynamicalSemigroup(([x^2, y^2], [x^3, y^3]))
+            sage: f == g
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: cannot compare dynamical semigroups with at least one generator of degree 1
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, DynamicalSemigroup):
+            if any(ds.degree() == 1 for ds in self.defining_systems()) or \
+                    any(ds.degree() == 1 for ds in other.defining_systems()):
+                raise NotImplementedError("cannot compare dynamical semigroups with at least one generator of degree 1")
+            return all(ds in other.defining_systems() for ds in self.defining_systems()) and \
+                all(ds in self.defining_systems() for ds in other.defining_systems())
+        return False
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_projective(DynamicalSemigroup):
+    r"""
+    A dynamical semigroup defined by a multiple dynamical systems on projective space.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ds_data`` -- list or tuple of dynamical systems or objects that define
+      dynamical systems over projective space
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_projective`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup_projective(([x, y], [x^2, y^2]))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over
+         Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x : y)
+          Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to (x^2 : y^2)
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, ds_data):
+        systems = []
+
+        if isinstance(ds_data, Collection):
+            for ds_datum in ds_data:
+                if isinstance(ds_datum, DynamicalSystem_projective):
+                    systems.append(ds_datum)
+                elif isinstance(ds_datum, DynamicalSystem_affine):
+                    dimension = ds_datum.domain().dimension()
+                    systems.append(ds_datum.homogenize(dimension))
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        systems.append(DynamicalSystem_projective(ds_datum))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise ValueError(str(ds_datum) + " does not define a 'DynamicalSystem_projective' object")
+        else:
+            if isinstance(ds_data, DynamicalSystem_projective):
+                systems.append(ds_data)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    systems.append(DynamicalSystem_projective(ds_data))
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(str(ds_data) + " does not define a 'DynamicalSystem_projective' object")
+
+        systems = _standardize_domains_of_(systems)
+        if systems[0].base_ring() not in Fields():
+            return typecall(cls, systems)
+        if isinstance(systems[0].base_ring(), FiniteField):
+            return DynamicalSemigroup_projective_finite_field(systems)
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_projective_field(systems)
+
+    def dehomogenize(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a new :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_projective` with the dehomogenization at ``n`` of
+        the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- tuple of nonnegative integers; if `n` is an integer,
+          then the two values of the tuple are assumed to be the same
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_affine`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x^2, y^2], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.dehomogenize(0)
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+             Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (y) to (y)
+              Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (y) to (y^2)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x^2, y^2], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.dehomogenize(1)
+            Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+             Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+              Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x, y], P)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem([x^2, y^2], P)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.dehomogenize((1, 0))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Scheme morphism:
+              From: Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              To:   Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (1/x)
+            is not a `DynamicalSystem_affine` object
+        """
+        new_systems = []
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            new_system = ds.dehomogenize(n)
+            if not isinstance(new_system, DynamicalSystem_affine):
+                raise ValueError(str(new_system) + " is not a `DynamicalSystem_affine` object")
+            new_systems.append(new_system)
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_affine(new_systems)
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_projective_field(DynamicalSemigroup_projective):
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_projective_finite_field(DynamicalSemigroup_projective_field):
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_affine(DynamicalSemigroup):
+    r"""
+    A dynamical semigroup defined by multiple dynamical systems on affine space.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ds_data`` -- list or tuple of dynamical systems or objects that define dynamical systems
+      over affine space
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_affine`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x, A)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+        sage: DynamicalSemigroup_affine((f, g))
+        Dynamical semigroup over Affine Space of dimension 1 over
+         Rational Field defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x)
+          Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+            Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, ds_data):
+        systems = []
+
+        if isinstance(ds_data, Collection):
+            for ds_datum in ds_data:
+                if isinstance(ds_datum, DynamicalSystem_affine):
+                    systems.append(ds_datum)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        systems.append(DynamicalSystem_affine(ds_datum))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise ValueError(str(ds_datum) + " does not define a 'DynamicalSystem_affine' object")
+        else:
+            if isinstance(ds_data, DynamicalSystem_affine):
+                systems.append(ds_data)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    systems.append(DynamicalSystem_affine(ds_data))
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(str(ds_data) + " does not define a 'DynamicalSystem_affine' object")
+
+        systems = _standardize_domains_of_(systems)
+        if systems[0].base_ring() not in Fields():
+            return typecall(cls, systems)
+        if isinstance(systems[0].base_ring(), FiniteField):
+            return DynamicalSemigroup_affine_finite_field(systems)
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_affine_field(systems)
+
+    def homogenize(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a new :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_projective` with the homogenization at ``n`` of
+        the generators of this dynamical semigroup.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- tuple of nonnegative integers; if `n` is an integer,
+          then the two values of the tuple are assumed to be the same
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`DynamicalSemigroup_projective`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x + 1, A)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.homogenize(1)
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x0 : x1) to (x0 + x1 : x1)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x0 : x1) to (x0^2 : x1^2)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x + 1, A)
+            sage: g = DynamicalSystem(x^2, A)
+            sage: d = DynamicalSemigroup((f, g))
+            sage: d.homogenize((1, 0))
+            Dynamical semigroup over Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+             defined by 2 dynamical systems:
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x0 : x1) to (x1 : x0 + x1)
+              Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x0 : x1) to (x1^2 : x0^2)
+        """
+        new_systems = []
+        for ds in self.defining_systems():
+            new_systems.append(ds.homogenize(n))
+        return DynamicalSemigroup_projective(new_systems)
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_affine_field(DynamicalSemigroup_affine):
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicalSemigroup_affine_finite_field(DynamicalSemigroup_affine_field):
+    pass
+
+
+def _standardize_domains_of_(systems):
+    r"""
+    Coerces dynamical systems to the same domain and have the same generators.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``systems`` -- list of dynamical systems
+
+    OUTPUT: list of dynamical systems from ``systems`` coerced to the same domain with the same generators
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A.<x> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
+        sage: B.<y> = AffineSpace(RR, 1)
+        sage: f = DynamicalSystem(x, A)
+        sage: g = DynamicalSystem(x^2, B)
+        sage: sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.dynamical_semigroup._standardize_domains_of_([f, g])
+        [Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+           Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x),
+         Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+           Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x) to (x^2)]
+    """
+    identical_domains = True
+    for ds in systems:
+        if ds.domain() != systems[0].domain():
+            identical_domains = False
+            break
+
+    over_number_fields = True
+    all_over_QQ = True
+    for ds in systems:
+        if ds.base_ring() not in NumberFields():
+            over_number_fields = False
+        if ds.base_ring() is not QQ:
+            all_over_QQ = False
+
+    biggest_ring = None
+
+    if over_number_fields and not all_over_QQ:
+        number_fields = []
+        for ds in systems:
+            number_fields.append(ds.base_ring())
+
+        minimal_composite_field = None
+        for field in number_fields:
+            if field is not QQ:
+                if minimal_composite_field is None:
+                    minimal_composite_field = field
+                else:
+                    minimal_composite_field = minimal_composite_field.composite_fields(field)[0]
+
+        biggest_ring = minimal_composite_field
+    else:
+        for ds in systems:
+            if biggest_ring is None:
+                biggest_ring = ds.base_ring()
+            elif ds.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(biggest_ring):
+                biggest_ring = ds.base_ring()
+            elif biggest_ring.has_coerce_map_from(ds.base_ring()):
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("given dynamical systems are not automorphic \
+                                under global composition")
+
+    for i in range(len(systems)):
+        if systems[i].base_ring() != biggest_ring:
+            systems[i] = systems[i].change_ring(biggest_ring)
+
+    domain = systems[0].domain()
+
+    identical_domains = all(ds.domain() == systems[0].domain() for ds in systems)
+    if not identical_domains:
+        for ds in systems:
+            if ds.domain().dimension() != systems[0].domain().dimension():
+                raise ValueError("domains of 'DynamicalSystem' objects must be of the same dimension")
+
+    gens = systems[0].domain().ambient_space().gens()
+    for i in range(len(systems)):
+        if systems[i].domain().coordinate_ring() != systems[0].domain().coordinate_ring():
+            sub_dict = {}
+            old_gens = systems[i].domain().ambient_space().gens()
+            for j in range(len(old_gens)):
+                sub_dict[old_gens[j]] = gens[j]
+            new_polys = []
+            for poly in systems[i].defining_polynomials():
+                new_polys.append(poly.subs(sub_dict))
+            systems[i] = DynamicalSystem(new_polys, domain)
+
+    return systems