passagemath-schemes 10.6.38__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/cusps_nf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1270 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+The set `\mathbb{P}^1(K)` of cusps of a number field `K`
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Maite Aranes (2009): Initial version
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+The space of cusps over a number field k::
+
+    sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+    sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+    sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+    Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+    sage: kCusps is NFCusps(k)
+    True
+
+Define a cusp over a number field::
+
+    sage: NFCusp(k, a, 2/(a+1))
+    Cusp [a - 5: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+    sage: kCusps((a,2))
+    Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+    sage: NFCusp(k,oo)
+    Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+
+Different operations with cusps over a number field::
+
+    sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 3, 1/a + 2); alpha
+    Cusp [a + 10: 7] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+    sage: alpha.numerator()
+    a + 10
+    sage: alpha.denominator()
+    7
+    sage: alpha.ideal()
+    Fractional ideal (7, a + 3)
+    sage: M = alpha.ABmatrix(); M # random
+    [a + 10, 2*a + 6, 7, a + 5]
+    sage: NFCusp(k, oo).apply(M)
+    Cusp [a + 10: 7] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+
+Check Gamma0(N)-equivalence of cusps::
+
+    sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+    sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 3, a + 1)
+    sage: beta = kCusps((2, a - 3))
+    sage: alpha.is_Gamma0_equivalent(beta, N)
+    True
+
+Obtain transformation matrix for equivalent cusps::
+
+    sage: t, M = alpha.is_Gamma0_equivalent(beta, N, Transformation=True)
+    sage: M[2] in N
+    True
+    sage: M[0]*M[3] - M[1]*M[2] == 1
+    True
+    sage: alpha.apply(M) == beta
+    True
+
+List representatives for Gamma_0(N) - equivalence classes of cusps::
+
+    sage: Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+    [Cusp [0: 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5,
+     Cusp [1: 3] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5,
+    ...]
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009, Maite Aranes <M.T.Aranes@warwick.ac.uk>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from typing import Any
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method, cached_function
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.element import Element, InfinityElement
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp, rich_to_bool
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+@cached_function
+def list_of_representatives(N):
+    """
+    Return a list of ideals, coprime to the ideal ``N``, representatives of
+    the ideal classes of the corresponding number field.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This list, used every time we check `\\Gamma_0(N)` - equivalence of
+        cusps, is cached.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- an ideal of a number field
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of ideals coprime to the ideal ``N``, such that they are
+    representatives of all the ideal classes of the number field.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import list_of_representatives
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 13*x^3 - 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(713, a + 208)
+        sage: L = list_of_representatives(N); L
+        (Fractional ideal (1),
+         Fractional ideal (47, a - 9),
+         Fractional ideal (53, a - 16))
+    """
+    return NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N)[0]
+
+
+@cached_function
+def NFCusps(number_field):
+    r"""
+    The set of cusps of a number field `K`, i.e. `\mathbb{P}^1(K)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``number_field`` -- a number field
+
+    OUTPUT: the set of cusps over the given number field
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+        sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+        Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: kCusps is NFCusps(k)
+        True
+
+    Saving and loading works::
+
+        sage: loads(kCusps.dumps()) == kCusps
+        True
+    """
+    return NFCuspsSpace(number_field)
+
+
+# *************************************************************************
+#        NFCuspsSpace class                                               *
+# *************************************************************************
+
+
+class NFCuspsSpace(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    """
+    The set of cusps of a number field. See ``NFCusps`` for full documentation.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+        sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+        Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+    """
+    def __init__(self, number_field):
+        """
+        See ``NFCusps`` for full documentation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + x^2 + 13)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + x^2 + 13
+        """
+        self.__number_field = number_field
+        Parent.__init__(self, self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, right):
+        """
+        Return equality only if right is the set of cusps for the same field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: L.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+            sage: LCusps = NFCusps(L); LCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+            sage: kCusps == NFCusps(k)
+            True
+            sage: LCusps == NFCusps(L)
+            True
+            sage: LCusps == kCusps
+            False
+        """
+        if not isinstance(right, NFCuspsSpace):
+            return False
+        return self.number_field() == right.number_field()
+
+    def __ne__(self, right):
+        """
+        Check that ``self`` is not equal to ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: L.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k); kCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+            sage: LCusps = NFCusps(L); LCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+            sage: kCusps != NFCusps(k)
+            False
+            sage: LCusps != NFCusps(L)
+            False
+            sage: LCusps != kCusps
+            True
+        """
+        return not (self == right)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        String representation of the set of cusps of a number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: kCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+            sage: kCusps._repr_()
+            'Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2'
+            sage: kCusps.rename('Number Field Cusps'); kCusps
+            Number Field Cusps
+            sage: kCusps.rename(); kCusps
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+        """
+        return "Set of all cusps of %s" % self.number_field()
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: latex(kCusps) # indirect doctest
+            \mathbf{P}^1(\Bold{Q}[a]/(a^{2} + 5))
+        """
+        return r"\mathbf{P}^1(%s)" % self.number_field()._latex_()
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        """
+        Convert x into the set of cusps of a number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: c = kCusps(a,2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: ...__call__() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
+
+         ::
+
+            sage: c = kCusps((a,2)); c
+            Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+            sage: kCusps(2/a)
+            Cusp [-2*a: 5] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+            sage: kCusps(oo)
+            Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        """
+        return NFCusp(self.number_field(), x, parent=self)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def zero(self):
+        """
+        Return the zero cusp.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This method just exists to make some general algorithms work.
+            It is not intended that the returned cusp is an additive
+            neutral element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: kCusps.zero()
+            Cusp [0: 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        """
+        return self(0)
+
+    def number_field(self):
+        """
+        Return the number field that this set of cusps is attached to.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: kCusps.number_field()
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+        """
+        return self.__number_field
+
+# *************************************************************************
+#        NFCusp class                                                     *
+# *************************************************************************
+
+
+class NFCusp(Element):
+    r"""
+    Create a number field cusp, i.e., an element of `\mathbb{P}^1(k)`.
+
+    A cusp on a number field is either an element of the field or infinity,
+    i.e., an element of the projective line over the number field.  It is
+    stored as a pair (a,b), where a, b are integral elements of the number
+    field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``number_field`` -- the number field over which the cusp is defined
+
+    - ``a`` -- it can be a number field element (integral or not), or
+      a number field cusp
+
+    - ``b`` -- (optional) when present, it must be either Infinity or
+      coercible to an element of the number field
+
+    - ``lreps`` -- (optional) a list of chosen representatives for all the
+      ideal classes of the field. When given, the representative of the cusp
+      will be changed so its associated ideal is one of the ideals in the list.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    ``[a: b]`` -- a number field cusp.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+        sage: NFCusp(k, a, 2)
+        Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: NFCusp(k, (a,2))
+        Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: NFCusp(k, a, 2/(a+1))
+        Cusp [a - 5: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+
+    Cusp Infinity:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: NFCusp(k, 0)
+        Cusp [0: 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: NFCusp(k, oo)
+        Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: NFCusp(k, 3*a, oo)
+        Cusp [0: 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: NFCusp(k, a + 5, 0)
+        Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+
+    Saving and loading works:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, a, 2/(a+1))
+        sage: loads(dumps(alpha))==alpha
+        True
+
+    Some tests:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: I*I
+        -1
+        sage: NFCusp(k, I)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: unable to convert I to a cusp of the number field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: NFCusp(k, oo, oo)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: unable to convert (+Infinity, +Infinity) to a cusp of the number field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: NFCusp(k, 0, 0)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: unable to convert (0, 0) to a cusp of the number field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: NFCusp(k, "a + 2", a)
+        Cusp [-2*a + 5: 5] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: NFCusp(k, NFCusp(k, oo))
+        Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: c = NFCusp(k, 3, 2*a)
+        sage: NFCusp(k, c, a + 1)
+        Cusp [-a - 5: 20] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+        sage: L.<b> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+        sage: NFCusp(L, c)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Cannot coerce cusps from one field to another
+    """
+    def __init__(self, number_field, a, b=None, parent=None, lreps=None):
+        """
+        Constructor of number field cusps. See ``NFCusp`` for full
+        documentation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: c = NFCusp(k, 3, a+1); c
+            Cusp [3: a + 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: c.parent()
+            Set of all cusps of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+            sage: c.parent() is kCusps
+            True
+        """
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = NFCusps(number_field)
+        Element.__init__(self, parent)
+        R = number_field.maximal_order()
+        if b is None:
+            if not a:  # that is cusp "0"
+                self.__a = R.zero()
+                self.__b = R.one()
+                return
+            if isinstance(a, NFCusp):
+                if a.parent() == parent:
+                    self.__a = R(a.__a)
+                    self.__b = R(a.__b)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Cannot coerce cusps from one field to another")
+            elif a in R:
+                self.__a = R(a)
+                self.__b = R.one()
+            elif a in number_field:
+                self.__b = R(a.denominator())
+                self.__a = R(a * self.__b)
+            elif isinstance(a, InfinityElement):
+                self.__a = R.one()
+                self.__b = R.zero()
+            elif isinstance(a, int):
+                self.__a = R(a)
+                self.__b = R.one()
+            elif isinstance(a, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(a) != 2:
+                    raise TypeError("unable to convert %r to a cusp \
+                                      of the number field" % a)
+                if a[1].is_zero():
+                    self.__a = R.one()
+                    self.__b = R.zero()
+                elif a[0] in R and a[1] in R:
+                    self.__a = R(a[0])
+                    self.__b = R(a[1])
+                elif isinstance(a[0], NFCusp):  # we know that a[1] is not zero
+                    if a[1] == 1:
+                        self.__a = a[0].__a
+                        self.__b = a[0].__b
+                    else:
+                        r = a[0].__a / (a[0].__b * a[1])
+                        self.__b = R(r.denominator())
+                        self.__a = R(r * self.__b)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        r = number_field(a[0] / a[1])
+                        self.__b = R(r.denominator())
+                        self.__a = R(r * self.__b)
+                    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                        raise TypeError(f"unable to convert {a} to a cusp "
+                                        "of the number field")
+            else:
+                try:
+                    r = number_field(a)
+                    self.__b = R(r.denominator())
+                    self.__a = R(r * self.__b)
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    raise TypeError("unable to convert %r to a cusp "
+                                    "of the number field" % a)
+        else:  # 'b' is given
+            if isinstance(b, InfinityElement):
+                if isinstance(a, InfinityElement) or (isinstance(a, NFCusp) and a.is_infinity()):
+                    raise TypeError("unable to convert (%r, %r) "
+                                    "to a cusp of the number field" % (a, b))
+                self.__a = R.zero()
+                self.__b = R.one()
+                return
+            elif not b:
+                if not a:
+                    raise TypeError("unable to convert (%r, %r) "
+                                    "to a cusp of the number field" % (a, b))
+                self.__a = R.one()
+                self.__b = R.zero()
+                return
+            if not a:
+                self.__a = R.zero()
+                self.__b = R.one()
+                return
+            if (b in R or isinstance(b, int)) and (a in R or isinstance(a, int)):
+                self.__a = R(a)
+                self.__b = R(b)
+            else:
+                if a in R or a in number_field:
+                    r = a / b
+                elif isinstance(a, InfinityElement):
+                    self.__a = R.one()
+                    self.__b = R.zero()
+                    return
+                elif isinstance(a, NFCusp):
+                    if a.is_infinity():
+                        self.__a = R.one()
+                        self.__b = R.zero()
+                        return
+                    r = a.__a / (a.__b * b)
+                elif isinstance(a, int):
+                    r = R(a) / b
+                elif isinstance(a, (tuple, list)):
+                    if len(a) != 2:
+                        raise TypeError("unable to convert (%r, %r) \
+                                          to a cusp of the number field" % (a, b))
+                    r = R(a[0]) / (R(a[1]) * b)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        r = number_field(a) / b
+                    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                        raise TypeError("unable to convert (%r, %r) \
+                                          to a cusp of the number field" % (a, b))
+                self.__b = R(r.denominator())
+                self.__a = R(r * self.__b)
+        if lreps is not None:
+            # Changes the representative of the cusp so the ideal associated
+            # to the cusp is one of the ideals of the given list lreps.
+            # Note: the trivial class is always represented by (1).
+            I = self.ideal()
+            for J in lreps:
+                if (J / I).is_principal():
+                    newI = J
+            l = (newI / I).gens_reduced()[0]
+            self.__a = R(l * self.__a)
+            self.__b = R(l * self.__b)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        String representation of this cusp.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: c = NFCusp(k, a, 2); c
+            Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: c._repr_()
+            'Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1'
+            sage: c.rename('[a:2](cusp of a number field)');c
+            [a:2](cusp of a number field)
+            sage: c.rename();c
+            Cusp [a: 2] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+        """
+        if self.__b.is_zero():
+            return "Cusp Infinity of %s" % self.parent().number_field()
+        else:
+            return "Cusp [%s: %s] of %s" % (self.__a, self.__b,
+                                            self.parent().number_field())
+
+    def number_field(self):
+        """
+        Return the number field of definition of the cusp ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 1, a + 1)
+            sage: alpha.number_field()
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+        """
+        return self.parent().number_field()
+
+    def is_infinity(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this is the cusp infinity.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: NFCusp(k, a, 2).is_infinity()
+            False
+            sage: NFCusp(k, 2, 0).is_infinity()
+            True
+            sage: NFCusp(k, oo).is_infinity()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__b == 0
+
+    def numerator(self):
+        """
+        Return the numerator of the cusp ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: c = NFCusp(k, a, 2)
+            sage: c.numerator()
+            a
+            sage: d = NFCusp(k, 1, a)
+            sage: d.numerator()
+            1
+            sage: NFCusp(k, oo).numerator()
+            1
+        """
+        return self.__a
+
+    def denominator(self):
+        """
+        Return the denominator of the cusp ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: c = NFCusp(k, a, 2)
+            sage: c.denominator()
+            2
+            sage: d = NFCusp(k, 1, a + 1);d
+            Cusp [1: a + 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: d.denominator()
+            a + 1
+            sage: NFCusp(k, oo).denominator()
+            0
+        """
+        return self.__b
+
+    def _number_field_element_(self):
+        """
+        Coerce to an element of the number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: NFCusp(k, a, 2)._number_field_element_()
+            1/2*a
+            sage: NFCusp(k, 1, a + 1)._number_field_element_()
+            -1/3*a + 1/3
+        """
+        if self.__b.is_zero():
+            raise TypeError("%s is not an element of %s" % (self,
+                                                            self.number_field()))
+        k = self.number_field()
+        return k(self.__a / self.__b)
+
+    def _ring_of_integers_element_(self):
+        """
+        Coerce to an element of the ring of integers of the number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: NFCusp(k, a+1)._ring_of_integers_element_()
+            a + 1
+            sage: NFCusp(k, 1, a + 1)._ring_of_integers_element_()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Cusp [1: a + 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 is not an integral element
+        """
+        if self.__b.is_one():
+            return self.__a
+        R = self.number_field().ring_of_integers()
+        if self.__b.is_zero():
+            raise TypeError("%s is not an element of %s" % (self, R))
+        try:
+            return R(self.__a / self.__b)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            raise TypeError("%s is not an integral element" % self)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Latex representation of this cusp.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 11)
+            sage: latex(NFCusp(k, 3*a, a + 1)) # indirect doctest
+            \[3 a: a + 1\]
+            sage: latex(NFCusp(k, 3*a, a + 1)) == NFCusp(k, 3*a, a + 1)._latex_()
+            True
+            sage: latex(NFCusp(k, oo))
+            \infty
+        """
+        if self.__b.is_zero():
+            return "\\infty"
+        else:
+            return "\\[%s: %s\\]" % (self.__a._latex_(),
+                                     self.__b._latex_())
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, right, op):
+        """
+        Compare the cusps ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        Comparison is as for elements in the number field, except with
+        the cusp oo which is greater than everything but itself.
+
+        The ordering in comparison is only really meaningful for infinity.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + x + 1)
+            sage: kCusps = NFCusps(k)
+
+        Comparing with infinity::
+
+            sage: c = kCusps((a,2))
+            sage: d = kCusps(oo)
+            sage: c < d
+            True
+            sage: kCusps(oo) < d
+            False
+
+        Comparison as elements of the number field::
+
+            sage: kCusps(2/3) < kCusps(5/2)
+            False
+            sage: k(2/3) < k(5/2)
+            False
+        """
+        if self.__b.is_zero():
+            if right.__b.is_zero():
+                return rich_to_bool(op, 0)
+            else:
+                return rich_to_bool(op, 1)
+        else:
+            if right.__b.is_zero():
+                return rich_to_bool(op, -1)
+            else:
+                return richcmp(self._number_field_element_(),
+                               right._number_field_element_(), op)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        The negative of this cusp.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: c = NFCusp(k, a, a+1); c
+            Cusp [a: a + 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+            sage: -c
+            Cusp [-a: a + 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+        """
+        return NFCusp(self.parent().number_field(), -self.__a, self.__b)
+
+    def apply(self, g):
+        """
+        Return g(``self``), where ``g`` is a 2x2 matrix, which we view as a
+        linear fractional transformation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``g`` -- list of integral elements [a, b, c, d] that are the
+          entries of a 2x2 matrix
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A number field cusp, obtained by the action of ``g`` on the cusp
+        ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: beta = NFCusp(k, 0, 1)
+            sage: beta.apply([0, -1, 1, 0])
+            Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+            sage: beta.apply([1, a, 0, 1])
+            Cusp [a: 1] of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 23
+        """
+        k = self.number_field()
+        return NFCusp(k, g[0] * self.__a + g[1] * self.__b,
+                      g[2] * self.__a + g[3] * self.__b)
+
+    def ideal(self):
+        """
+        Return the ideal associated to the cusp ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 3, a-1)
+            sage: alpha.ideal()
+            Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+            sage: NFCusp(k, oo).ideal()
+            Fractional ideal (1)
+        """
+        k = self.number_field()
+        return k.ideal(self.__a, self.__b)
+
+    def ABmatrix(self) -> list:
+        """
+        Return AB-matrix associated to the cusp ``self``.
+
+        Given R a Dedekind domain and A, B ideals of R in inverse classes, an
+        AB-matrix is a matrix realizing the isomorphism between R+R and A+B.
+        An AB-matrix associated to a cusp [a1: a2] is an AB-matrix with A the
+        ideal associated to the cusp (A=<a1, a2>) and first column given by
+        the coefficients of the cusp.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, oo)
+            sage: alpha.ABmatrix()
+            [1, 0, 0, 1]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 0)
+            sage: alpha.ABmatrix()
+            [0, -1, 1, 0]
+
+        Note that the AB-matrix associated to a cusp is not unique, and the
+        output of the ``ABmatrix`` function may change.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 3/2, a-1)
+            sage: M = alpha.ABmatrix()
+            sage: M # random
+            [-a^2 - a - 1, -3*a - 7, 8, -2*a^2 - 3*a + 4]
+            sage: M[0] == alpha.numerator() and M[2] == alpha.denominator()
+            True
+
+        An AB-matrix associated to a cusp alpha will send Infinity to alpha:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(k, 3, a-1)
+            sage: M = alpha.ABmatrix()
+            sage: (k.ideal(M[1], M[3])*alpha.ideal()).is_principal()
+            True
+            sage: M[0] == alpha.numerator() and M[2] == alpha.denominator()
+            True
+            sage: NFCusp(k, oo).apply(M) == alpha
+            True
+        """
+        k = self.number_field()
+        A = self.ideal()
+
+        if self.is_infinity():
+            return [1, 0, 0, 1]
+        if not self:
+            return [0, -1, 1, 0]
+
+        if A.is_principal():
+            B = k.ideal(1)
+        else:
+            B = k.ideal(A.gens_reduced()[1]) / A
+        assert (A * B).is_principal()
+
+        a1 = self.__a
+        a2 = self.__b
+
+        g = (A * B).gens_reduced()[0]
+        Ainv = A**(-1)
+        A1 = a1 * Ainv
+        A2 = a2 * Ainv
+        r = A1.element_1_mod(A2)
+        b1 = -(1 - r) / a2 * g
+        b2 = (r / a1) * g
+        return [a1, b1, a2, b2]
+
+    def is_Gamma0_equivalent(self, other, N,
+                             Transformation=False) -> bool | tuple[bool, Any]:
+        r"""
+        Check if cusps ``self`` and ``other`` are `\Gamma_0(N)`- equivalent.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a number field cusp or a list of two number field
+          elements which define a cusp
+
+        - ``N`` -- an ideal of the number field (level)
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the cusps are equivalent
+
+        - a transformation matrix -- (if ``Transformation=True``) a list of
+          integral elements [a, b, c, d] which are the entries of a 2x2 matrix
+          M in `\Gamma_0(N)` such that M * ``self`` = ``other`` if ``other``
+          and ``self`` are `\Gamma_0(N)`- equivalent. If ``self`` and ``other``
+          are not equivalent it returns zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 10)
+            sage: N = K.ideal(a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = NFCusp(K, 0)
+            sage: beta = NFCusp(K, oo)
+            sage: alpha.is_Gamma0_equivalent(beta, N)
+            False
+            sage: alpha.is_Gamma0_equivalent(beta, K.ideal(1))
+            True
+            sage: b, M = alpha.is_Gamma0_equivalent(beta, K.ideal(1),Transformation=True)
+            sage: alpha.apply(M)
+            Cusp Infinity of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 10
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+            sage: alpha1 = NFCusp(k, a+1, 4)
+            sage: alpha2 = NFCusp(k, a-8, 29)
+            sage: alpha1.is_Gamma0_equivalent(alpha2, N)
+            True
+            sage: b, M = alpha1.is_Gamma0_equivalent(alpha2, N, Transformation=True)
+            sage: alpha1.apply(M) == alpha2
+            True
+            sage: M[2] in N
+            True
+        """
+        k = self.number_field()
+        other = NFCusp(k, other)
+        if not (self.ideal() / other.ideal()).is_principal():
+            if not Transformation:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return False, 0
+
+        reps = list_of_representatives(N)
+        alpha1 = NFCusp(k, self, lreps=reps)
+        alpha2 = NFCusp(k, other, lreps=reps)
+
+        delta = k.ideal(alpha1.__b) + N
+        if (k.ideal(alpha2.__b) + N) != delta:
+            if not Transformation:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return False, 0
+
+        M1 = alpha1.ABmatrix()
+        M2 = alpha2.ABmatrix()
+
+        A = alpha1.ideal()
+        B = k.ideal(M1[1], M1[3])
+
+        ABdelta = A * B * delta * delta
+
+        units = units_mod_ideal(ABdelta)
+        for u in units:
+            if (M2[2] * M1[3] - u * M1[2] * M2[3]) in ABdelta:
+                if not Transformation:
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    AuxCoeff = [1, 0, 0, 1]
+                    Aux = M2[2] * M1[3] - u * M1[2] * M2[3]
+                    if Aux in A * B * N:
+                        if u != 1:
+                            AuxCoeff[3] = u
+                    else:
+                        A1 = (A * B * N) / ABdelta
+                        A2 = B * k.ideal(M1[2] * M2[2]) / (A * ABdelta)
+                        f = A1.element_1_mod(A2)
+                        w = ((1 - f) * Aux) / (M1[2] * M2[2])
+                        AuxCoeff[3] = u
+                        AuxCoeff[1] = w
+                    from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+                    Maux = Matrix(k, 2, AuxCoeff)
+                    M1inv = Matrix(k, 2, M1).inverse()
+                    Mtrans = Matrix(k, 2, M2) * Maux * M1inv
+                    assert Mtrans[1][0] in N
+                    return True, Mtrans.list()
+        if not Transformation:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return False, 0
+
+# *************************************************************************
+#  Global functions:
+#    - Gamma0_NFCusps --compute list of inequivalent cusps
+#    Internal use only:
+#    - number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps -- useful to test Gamma0_NFCusps
+#    - NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN -- lists of reps for ideal classes
+#    - units_mod_ideal -- needed to check Gamma0(N)-equiv of cusps
+# *************************************************************************
+
+
+def Gamma0_NFCusps(N):
+    r"""
+    Return a list of inequivalent cusps for `\Gamma_0(N)`, i.e., a set of
+    representatives for the orbits of ``self`` on `\mathbb{P}^1(k)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- an integral ideal of the number field k (the level)
+
+    OUTPUT: list of inequivalent number field cusps
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+        sage: L = Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+
+    The cusps in the list are inequivalent::
+
+        sage: any(L[i].is_Gamma0_equivalent(L[j], N)
+        ....:     for i in range(len(L)) for j in range(len(L)) if i < j)
+        False
+
+    We test that we obtain the right number of orbits::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps
+        sage: len(L) == number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        True
+
+    Another example::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - x^3 -21*x^2 + 17*x + 133)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(5)
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps
+        sage: len(Gamma0_NFCusps(N)) == number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N) # long time (over 1 sec)
+        True
+    """
+    # We create L a list of three lists, which are different and each a list of
+    # prime ideals, coprime to N, representing the ideal classes of k
+    L = NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N, nlists=3)
+    Laux = L[1] + L[2]
+    Lreps = list_of_representatives(N)
+    Lcusps = []
+
+    k = N.number_field()
+
+    for A in L[0]:
+        # find B in inverse class:
+        if A.is_trivial():
+            B = k.ideal(1)
+            # B = k.unit_ideal() produces an error because we need fract ideal
+            g = 1
+        else:
+            Lbs = [P for P in Laux if (P * A).is_principal()]
+            B = Lbs[0]
+            g = (A * B).gens_reduced()[0]
+
+        # for every divisor of N we have to find cusps
+        from sage.arith.misc import divisors
+        for d in divisors(N):
+            # find delta prime coprime to B in inverse class of d*A
+            # by searching in our list of auxiliary prime ideals
+            Lds = [P for P in Laux
+                   if (P * d * A).is_principal() and P.is_coprime(B)]
+            deltap = Lds[0]
+            a = (deltap * d * A).gens_reduced()[0]
+            I = d + N / d
+            # special case: A=B=d=<1>:
+            if a.is_one() and I.is_trivial():
+                Lcusps.append(NFCusp(k, 0, 1, lreps=Lreps))
+            else:
+                u = k.unit_group().gens()
+                for b in I.invertible_residues_mod(u):
+                    # Note: if I trivial, invertible_residues_mod returns [1]
+                    # lift b to (R/a)star
+                    # we need the part of d which is coprime to I, call it M
+                    M = d.prime_to_idealM_part(I)
+                    deltAM = deltap * A * M
+                    u = (B * deltAM).element_1_mod(I)
+                    v = (I * B).element_1_mod(deltAM)
+                    newb = u * b + v
+                    # build AB-matrix:
+                    # ----> extended gcd for k.ideal(a), k.ideal(newb)
+                    Y = k.ideal(newb).element_1_mod(k.ideal(a))
+                    # if xa + yb = 1, cusp = y*g /a
+                    Lcusps.append(NFCusp(k, Y * g, a, lreps=Lreps))
+    return Lcusps
+
+
+def number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N):
+    """
+    Return the total number of orbits of cusps under the action of the
+    congruence subgroup `\\Gamma_0(N)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- a number field ideal
+
+    OUTPUT: integer; the number of orbits of cusps under Gamma0(N)-action
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(2, a+1)
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps
+        sage: number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        4
+        sage: L = Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        sage: len(L) == number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        True
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 7)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(9)
+        sage: number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        6
+        sage: N = k.ideal(a*9 + 7)
+        sage: number_of_Gamma0_NFCusps(N)
+        24
+    """
+    k = N.number_field()
+    # The number of Gamma0(N)-sub-orbits for each Gamma-orbit:
+    from sage.arith.misc import divisors
+    Ugens = [k(u) for u in k.unit_group().gens()]
+    s = sum([len((d + N / d).invertible_residues_mod(Ugens))
+             for d in divisors(N)])
+    # There are h Gamma-orbits, with h class number of underlying number field.
+    return s * k.class_number()
+
+
+def NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N, nlists=1):
+    """
+    Return a list of lists (``nlists`` different lists) of prime ideals,
+    coprime to ``N``, representing every ideal class of the number field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- number field ideal
+
+    - ``nlists`` -- (default: 1) the number of lists of prime ideals
+      we want
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of lists of ideals representatives of the ideal classes, all coprime
+    to ``N``, representing every ideal.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN
+        sage: NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N)
+        [(Fractional ideal (1), Fractional ideal (2, a + 1))]
+        sage: L = NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N, 3)
+        sage: all(len(L[i]) == k.class_number() for i in range(len(L)))
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - x^3 - 21*x^2 + 17*x + 133)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(6)
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN
+        sage: NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N)
+        [(Fractional ideal (1),
+          Fractional ideal (67, -4/7*a^3 + 13/7*a^2 + 39/7*a - 43),
+          Fractional ideal (127, -4/7*a^3 + 13/7*a^2 + 39/7*a - 42),
+          Fractional ideal (157, -4/7*a^3 + 13/7*a^2 + 39/7*a + 48))]
+        sage: L = NFCusps_ideal_reps_for_levelN(N, 5)
+        sage: all(len(L[i]) == k.class_number() for i in range(len(L)))
+        True
+    """
+    k = N.number_field()
+    G = k.class_group()
+    L = [[k.ideal(1)] for _ in range(nlists)]
+    it = k.primes_of_degree_one_iter()
+    for I in G.list():
+        check = 0
+        if not I.is_principal():
+            Iinv = I.ideal()**(-1)
+            while check < nlists:
+                J = next(it)
+                if (J * Iinv).is_principal() and J.is_coprime(N):
+                    L[check].append(J)
+                    check += 1
+    return [tuple(l) for l in L]
+
+
+def units_mod_ideal(I):
+    """
+    Return integral elements of the number field representing the images of
+    the global units modulo the ideal ``I``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``I`` -- number field ideal
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of integral elements of the number field representing the images of
+    the global units modulo the ideal ``I``. Elements of the list might be
+    equivalent to each other mod ``I``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import units_mod_ideal
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+        sage: I = k.ideal(a + 1)
+        sage: units_mod_ideal(I)
+        [1]
+        sage: I = k.ideal(3)
+        sage: units_mod_ideal(I)
+        [1, a, -1, -a]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import units_mod_ideal
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: k.unit_group()
+        Unit group with structure C2 x Z of
+         Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 11
+        sage: I = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+        sage: units_mod_ideal(I)
+        [1,
+        2*a^2 + 4*a - 1,
+        ...]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.cusps_nf import units_mod_ideal
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - x^3 -21*x^2 + 17*x + 133)
+        sage: k.unit_group()
+        Unit group with structure C6 x Z of
+         Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 - x^3 - 21*x^2 + 17*x + 133
+        sage: I = k.ideal(3)
+        sage: U = units_mod_ideal(I)
+        sage: all(U[j].is_unit() and (U[j] not in I) for j in range(len(U)))
+        True
+    """
+    k = I.number_field()
+    Uk = k.unit_group()
+    Istar = I.idealstar(2)
+    ulist = Uk.gens_values()
+    elist = [Istar(I.ideallog(u)).order() for u in ulist]
+
+    from sage.misc.mrange import xmrange
+
+    return [k.prod(u**e for u, e in zip(ulist, ei)) for ei in xmrange(elist)]