passagemath-graphs 10.6.1rc1__cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/graphs/orientations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1489 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-graphs
+r"""
+Orientations
+
+This module implements several methods to compute orientations of undirected
+graphs subject to specific constraints (e.g., acyclic, strongly connected,
+etc.). It also implements some iterators over all these orientations.
+
+**This module contains the following methods**
+
+.. csv-table::
+    :class: contentstable
+    :widths: 30, 70
+    :delim: |
+
+    :meth:`orient` | Return an oriented version of `G` according the input function `f`.
+    :meth:`orientations` | Return an iterator over orientations of `G`.
+    :meth:`acyclic_orientations` | Return an iterator over all acyclic orientations of an undirected graph `G`.
+    :meth:`strong_orientation` | Return a strongly connected orientation of the graph `G`.
+    :meth:`strong_orientations_iterator` | Return an iterator over all strong orientations of a graph `G`
+    :meth:`random_orientation` | Return a random orientation of a graph `G`
+    :meth:`minimum_outdegree_orientation` | Return an orientation of `G` with the smallest possible maximum outdegree.
+    :meth:`bounded_outdegree_orientation` | Return an orientation of `G` such that every vertex `v` has out-degree less than `b(v)`.
+    :meth:`eulerian_orientation` | Return an Eulerian orientation of the graph `G`.
+
+Authors
+-------
+
+- Kolja Knauer, Petru Valicov (2017-01-10) -- initial version
+
+
+Methods
+-------
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C)      2017 Kolja Knauer <kolja.knauer@gmail.com>
+#                          2017 Petru Valicov <petru.valicov@lirmm.fr>
+#                     2017-2024 David Coudert <david.coudert@inria.fr>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from copy import copy
+from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+from sage.graphs.generic_graph import _weight_if_real, _weight_1
+
+
+def _initialize_digraph(G, edges, name=None, weighted=None, sparse=None,
+                        data_structure=None, immutable=None, hash_labels=None):
+    r"""
+    Helper method to return a directed graph built from ``G``.
+
+    This method returns a digraph with the same set of vertices than the input
+    graph ``G`` and with specified edges. The data structure can be
+    specified. Furthermore, all attributes of the graph are copied to the
+    returned digraph.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- a graph
+
+    - ``edges`` -- iterable; the edges of the digraph to return
+
+    - ``name`` -- string (default: ``None``); the name of the digraph to
+      return. By default (``None``), the returned digraph has the same name as
+      the input graph ``G``.
+
+    - ``weighted`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); weightedness for the oriented
+      digraph. By default (``None``), the graph and its orientation will behave
+      the same.
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); ``sparse=True`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="sparse"``, and ``sparse=False`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="dense"``. Only used when ``data_structure=None``.
+
+    - ``data_structure`` -- string (default: ``None``); one of ``'sparse'``,
+      ``'static_sparse'``, or ``'dense'``. See the documentation of
+      :class:`DiGraph`.
+
+    - ``immutable`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to create a
+      mutable/immutable digraph. Only used when ``data_structure=None``.
+
+      * ``immutable=None`` (default) means that the graph and its orientation
+        will behave the same way.
+
+      * ``immutable=True`` is a shortcut for ``data_structure='static_sparse'``
+
+      * ``immutable=False`` means that the created digraph is mutable. When used
+        to orient an immutable graph, the data structure used is ``'sparse'``
+        unless anything else is specified.
+
+    - ``hash_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to include edge
+      labels during hashing of the oriented digraph. This parameter defaults to
+      ``True`` if the graph is weighted. This parameter is ignored when
+      parameter ``immutable`` is not ``True``. Beware that trying to hash
+      unhashable labels will raise an error.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.orientations import _initialize_digraph
+        sage: G = Graph([(1, 2)], immutable=True, loops=True, multiedges=True)
+        sage: D = _initialize_digraph(G, [])
+        sage: D.is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: D.allows_loops()
+        True
+        sage: D.allows_multiple_edges()
+        True
+        sage: D.edges()
+        []
+        sage: D.add_edge((2, 3))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: graph is immutable; please change a copy instead (use function copy())
+        sage: G = Graph([(1, 2)])
+        sage: D = _initialize_digraph(G, [])
+        sage: D.vertices()
+        [1, 2]
+        sage: D.edges()
+        []
+        sage: D.add_edge((2, 3)); D.edges()
+        [(2, 3, None)]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.orientations import _initialize_digraph
+        sage: _initialize_digraph(Graph(), [], data_structure='sparse', immutable=False)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' when 'data_structure' has a value
+        sage: _initialize_digraph(Graph(), [], data_structure='sparse', sparse=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' when 'data_structure' has a value
+    """
+    # Which data structure should be used ?
+    if data_structure is not None:
+        # data_structure is already defined so there is nothing left to do
+        # here. Did the user try to define too much ?
+        if immutable is not None or sparse is not None:
+            raise ValueError("you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' "
+                             "when 'data_structure' has a value")
+    # At this point, data_structure is None.
+    elif immutable is True:
+        data_structure = 'static_sparse'
+        if sparse is False:
+            raise ValueError("there is no dense immutable backend at the moment")
+    elif immutable is False:
+        # If the user requests a mutable digraph and input is immutable, we
+        # choose the 'sparse' cgraph backend. Unless the user explicitly
+        # asked for something different.
+        if G.is_immutable():
+            data_structure = 'dense' if sparse is False else 'sparse'
+    # At this point, data_structure and immutable are None.
+    elif sparse is True:
+        data_structure = "sparse"
+    elif sparse is False:
+        data_structure = "dense"
+
+    if data_structure is None:
+        from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraphBackend
+        from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraphBackend
+        if isinstance(G._backend, DenseGraphBackend):
+            data_structure = "dense"
+        elif isinstance(G._backend, SparseGraphBackend):
+            data_structure = "sparse"
+        else:
+            data_structure = "static_sparse"
+
+    if name is None:
+        name = G.name()
+    if weighted is None:
+        weighted = G.weighted()
+    if hash_labels is None:
+        hash_labels = G._hash_labels
+
+    D = DiGraph(data=[G, edges],
+                format='vertices_and_edges',
+                data_structure=data_structure,
+                multiedges=G.allows_multiple_edges(),
+                loops=G.allows_loops(),
+                weighted=weighted,
+                pos=copy(G.get_pos()),
+                name=name,
+                hash_labels=hash_labels)
+
+    # Copy attributes '_assoc' and '_embedding' if set
+    D._copy_attribute_from(G, '_assoc')
+    D._copy_attribute_from(G, '_embedding')
+
+    return D
+
+
+def orient(G, f, weighted=None, data_structure=None, sparse=None,
+           immutable=None, hash_labels=None):
+    r"""
+    Return an oriented version of `G` according the input function `f`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    - ``f`` -- a function that inputs an edge and outputs an orientation of this
+      edge
+
+    - ``weighted`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); weightedness for the oriented
+      digraph. By default (``None``), the graph and its orientation will behave
+      the same.
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); ``sparse=True`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="sparse"``, and ``sparse=False`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="dense"``. Only used when ``data_structure=None``.
+
+    - ``data_structure`` -- string (default: ``None``); one of ``'sparse'``,
+      ``'static_sparse'``, or ``'dense'``. See the documentation of
+      :class:`DiGraph`.
+
+    - ``immutable`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to create a
+      mutable/immutable digraph. Only used when ``data_structure=None``.
+
+      * ``immutable=None`` (default) means that the graph and its orientation
+        will behave the same way.
+
+      * ``immutable=True`` is a shortcut for ``data_structure='static_sparse'``
+
+      * ``immutable=False`` means that the created digraph is mutable. When used
+        to orient an immutable graph, the data structure used is ``'sparse'``
+        unless anything else is specified.
+
+    - ``hash_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to include edge
+      labels during hashing of the oriented digraph. This parameter defaults to
+      ``True`` if the graph is weighted. This parameter is ignored when
+      parameter ``immutable`` is not ``True``. Beware that trying to hash
+      unhashable labels will raise an error.
+
+    OUTPUT: a :class:`DiGraph` object
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This method behaves similarly to method
+        :meth:`~sage.graphs.generic_graph.GenericGraph.copy`. That is, the
+        returned digraph uses the same data structure by default, unless the
+        user asks to use another data structure, and the attributes of the input
+        graph are copied.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4); G
+        Cycle graph: Graph on 4 vertices
+        sage: D = G.orient(lambda e:e if e[0] < e[1] else (e[1], e[0], e[2])); D
+        Orientation of Cycle graph: Digraph on 4 vertices
+        sage: sorted(D.edges(labels=False))
+        [(0, 1), (0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)]
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We make sure that one can get an immutable orientation by providing the
+    ``data_structure`` optional argument::
+
+        sage: def foo(e):
+        ....:     return e if e[0] < e[1] else (e[1], e[0], e[2])
+        sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
+        sage: D = G.orient(foo, data_structure='static_sparse')
+        sage: D.is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: D = G.orient(foo, immutable=True)
+        sage: D.is_immutable()
+        True
+
+    Bad input::
+
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure='sparse', sparse=False)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' when 'data_structure' has a value
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure='sparse', immutable=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' when 'data_structure' has a value
+        sage: G.orient(foo, immutable=True, sparse=False)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: there is no dense immutable backend at the moment
+
+    Which backend? ::
+
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure='sparse')._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure='dense')._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure='static_sparse')._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.static_sparse_backend.StaticSparseBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, immutable=True)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.static_sparse_backend.StaticSparseBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, immutable=True, sparse=True)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.static_sparse_backend.StaticSparseBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, immutable=False, sparse=True)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, immutable=False, sparse=False)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure=None, immutable=None, sparse=True)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure=None, immutable=None, sparse=False)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G.orient(foo, data_structure=None, immutable=None, sparse=None)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: H = Graph(data_structure='dense')
+        sage: H.orient(foo, data_structure=None, immutable=None, sparse=None)._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend object at ...>
+    """
+    edges = (f(e) for e in G.edge_iterator())
+    name = f"Orientation of {G.name()}"
+    return _initialize_digraph(G, edges, name=name, weighted=weighted,
+                               data_structure=data_structure, sparse=sparse,
+                               immutable=immutable, hash_labels=hash_labels)
+
+
+def orientations(G, data_structure=None, sparse=None):
+    r"""
+    Return an iterator over orientations of `G`.
+
+    An *orientation* of an undirected graph is a directed graph such that
+    every edge is assigned a direction.  Hence there are `2^s` oriented
+    digraphs for a simple graph with `s` edges.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    - ``data_structure`` -- one of ``'sparse'``, ``'static_sparse'``, or
+      ``'dense'``; see the documentation of :class:`Graph` or :class:`DiGraph`;
+      default is the data structure of `G`
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); ``sparse=True`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="sparse"``, and ``sparse=False`` is an alias for
+      ``data_structure="dense"``. By default (``None``), guess the most suitable
+      data structure.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This always considers multiple edges of graphs as distinguishable, and
+        hence, may have repeated digraphs.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph.Graph.strong_orientation`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.strong_orientations_iterator`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.digraph_generators.DiGraphGenerators.nauty_directg`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.random_orientation`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: G = Graph([[1,2,3], [(1, 2, 'a'), (1, 3, 'b')]], format='vertices_and_edges')
+        sage: it = G.orientations()
+        sage: D = next(it)
+        sage: D.edges(sort=True)
+        [(1, 2, 'a'), (1, 3, 'b')]
+        sage: D = next(it)
+        sage: D.edges(sort=True)
+        [(1, 2, 'a'), (3, 1, 'b')]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: G = Graph()
+        sage: D = [g for g in G.orientations()]
+        sage: len(D)
+        1
+        sage: D[0]
+        Digraph on 0 vertices
+
+        sage: G = Graph(5)
+        sage: it = G.orientations()
+        sage: D = next(it)
+        sage: D.size()
+        0
+
+        sage: G = Graph([[1,2,'a'], [1,2,'b']], multiedges=True)
+        sage: len(list(G.orientations()))
+        4
+
+        sage: G = Graph([[1,2], [1,1]], loops=True)
+        sage: len(list(G.orientations()))
+        2
+
+        sage: G = Graph([[1,2],[2,3]])
+        sage: next(G.orientations())
+        Digraph on 3 vertices
+        sage: G = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: next(G.orientations())
+        An orientation of Petersen graph: Digraph on 10 vertices
+
+    An orientation must have the same ground set of vertices as the original
+    graph (:issue:`24366`)::
+
+        sage: G = Graph(1)
+        sage: next(G.orientations())
+        Digraph on 1 vertex
+
+    Which backend? ::
+
+        sage: next(G.orientations(data_structure='sparse', sparse=True))._backend
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: you cannot define 'immutable' or 'sparse' when 'data_structure' has a value
+        sage: next(G.orientations(sparse=True))._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: next(G.orientations(sparse=False))._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: next(G.orientations())._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G = Graph(1, data_structure='dense')
+        sage: next(G.orientations())._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend object at ...>
+        sage: G = Graph(1, data_structure='static_sparse')
+        sage: next(G.orientations())._backend
+        <sage.graphs.base.static_sparse_backend.StaticSparseBackend object at ...>
+
+    Check that the embedding is copied::
+
+        sage: G = Graph([(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)])
+        sage: embedding = {0: [1, 2], 1: [2, 0], 2: [0, 1]}
+        sage: G.set_embedding(embedding)
+        sage: next(G.orientations()).get_embedding() == embedding
+        True
+        sage: G = Graph()
+        sage: G.set_embedding({})
+        sage: next(G.orientations()).get_embedding() == {}
+        True
+    """
+    name = G.name()
+    if name:
+        name = 'An orientation of ' + name
+
+    if not G.size():
+        yield _initialize_digraph(G, [], name=name,
+                                  data_structure=data_structure, sparse=sparse)
+        return
+
+    E = [[(u, v, label), (v, u, label)] if u != v else [(u, v, label)]
+         for u, v, label in G.edge_iterator()]
+    from itertools import product
+    for edges in product(*E):
+        yield _initialize_digraph(G, edges, name=name,
+                                  data_structure=data_structure, sparse=sparse)
+
+
+def acyclic_orientations(G):
+    r"""
+    Return an iterator over all acyclic orientations of an undirected graph `G`.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    The algorithm is based on [Sq1998]_.
+    It presents an efficient algorithm for listing the acyclic orientations of a
+    graph. The algorithm is shown to require O(n) time per acyclic orientation
+    generated, making it the most efficient known algorithm for generating acyclic
+    orientations.
+
+    The function uses a recursive approach to generate acyclic orientations of the
+    graph. It reorders the vertices and edges of the graph, creating a new graph
+    with updated labels. Then, it iteratively generates acyclic orientations by
+    considering subsets of edges and checking whether they form upsets in a
+    corresponding poset.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    OUTPUT: an iterator over all acyclic orientations of the input graph
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The function assumes that the input graph is undirected and the edges
+        are unlabelled.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    To count the number of acyclic orientations for a graph::
+
+        sage: g = Graph([(0, 3), (0, 4), (3, 4), (1, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)])
+        sage: it = g.acyclic_orientations()
+        sage: len(list(it))
+        54
+
+    Test for arbitrary vertex labels::
+
+        sage: g_str = Graph([('abc', 'def'), ('ghi', 'def'), ('xyz', 'abc'),
+        ....:                ('xyz', 'uvw'), ('uvw', 'abc'), ('uvw', 'ghi')])
+        sage: it = g_str.acyclic_orientations()
+        sage: len(list(it))
+        42
+
+    Check that the method returns properly relabeled acyclic digraphs::
+
+        sage: g = Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 0), (0, 2)])
+        sage: orientations = set([frozenset(d.edges(labels=false)) for d in g.acyclic_orientations()])
+        sage: len(orientations)
+        18
+        sage: all(d.is_directed_acyclic() for d in g.acyclic_orientations())
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    To count the number of acyclic orientations for a graph with 0 vertices::
+
+        sage: list(Graph().acyclic_orientations())
+        []
+
+    To count the number of acyclic orientations for a graph with 1 vertex::
+
+        sage: list(Graph(1).acyclic_orientations())
+        []
+
+    To count the number of acyclic orientations for a graph with 2 vertices::
+
+        sage: list(Graph(2).acyclic_orientations())
+        []
+
+    Acyclic orientations of a complete graph::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(5)
+        sage: it = g.acyclic_orientations()
+        sage: len(list(it))
+        120
+
+    Graph with one edge::
+
+        sage: list(Graph([(0, 1)]).acyclic_orientations())
+        [Digraph on 2 vertices, Digraph on 2 vertices]
+
+    Graph with two edges::
+
+        sage: len(list(Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2)]).acyclic_orientations()))
+        4
+
+    Cycle graph::
+
+        sage: len(list(Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]).acyclic_orientations()))
+        6
+    """
+    if not G.size():
+        # A graph without edge cannot be oriented
+        return
+
+    from sage.combinat.subset import Subsets
+
+    def reorder_vertices(G):
+        n = G.order()
+        ko = n
+        G_copy = G.copy()
+        vertex_labels = {v: None for v in G_copy.vertices()}
+
+        while G_copy.size() > 0:
+            min_val = float('inf')
+            uv = None
+            for u, v, _ in G_copy.edges():
+                du = G_copy.degree(u)
+                dv = G_copy.degree(v)
+                val = (du + dv) / (du * dv)
+                if val < min_val:
+                    min_val = val
+                    uv = (u, v)
+
+            if uv:
+                u, v = uv
+                vertex_labels[u] = ko
+                vertex_labels[v] = ko - 1
+                G_copy.delete_vertex(u)
+                G_copy.delete_vertex(v)
+                ko -= 2
+
+            if G_copy.size() == 0:
+                break
+
+        for vertex, label in vertex_labels.items():
+            if label is None:
+                vertex_labels[vertex] = ko
+                ko -= 1
+
+        return vertex_labels
+
+    def order_edges(G, vertex_labels):
+        n = len(vertex_labels)
+        m = 1
+        edge_labels = {}
+
+        for j in range(2, n + 1):
+            for i in range(1, j):
+                if G.has_edge(i, j):
+                    edge_labels[(i, j)] = m
+                    m += 1
+
+        return edge_labels
+
+    def is_upset_of_poset(Poset, subset, keys):
+        for (u, v) in subset:
+            for (w, x) in keys:
+                if (Poset[(u, v), (w, x)] == 1 and (w, x) not in subset):
+                    return False
+        return True
+
+    def generate_orientations(globO, starting_of_Ek, m, k, keys):
+        # Creating a poset
+        Poset = {}
+        for i in range(starting_of_Ek, m - 1):
+            for j in range(starting_of_Ek, m - 1):
+                u, v = keys[i]
+                w, x = keys[j]
+                Poset[(u, v), (w, x)] = 0
+
+        # Create a new graph to determine reachable vertices
+        new_G = DiGraph()
+
+        # Process vertices up to starting_of_Ek
+        new_G.add_edges([(v, u) if globO[(u, v)] == 1 else (u, v) for u, v in keys[:starting_of_Ek]])
+
+        # Process vertices starting from starting_of_Ek
+        new_G.add_vertices([u for u, _ in keys[starting_of_Ek:]] + [v for _, v in keys[starting_of_Ek:]])
+
+        if (globO[(k-1, k)] == 1):
+            new_G.add_edge(k, k - 1)
+        else:
+            new_G.add_edge(k-1, k)
+
+        for i in range(starting_of_Ek, m - 1):
+            for j in range(starting_of_Ek, m - 1):
+                u, v = keys[i]
+                w, x = keys[j]
+                # w should be reachable from u and v should be reachable from x
+                if w in new_G.depth_first_search(u) and v in new_G.depth_first_search(x):
+                    Poset[(u, v), (w, x)] = 1
+
+        # For each subset of the base set of E_k, check if it is an upset or not
+        upsets = []
+        for subset in Subsets(keys[starting_of_Ek:m-1]):
+            if (is_upset_of_poset(Poset, subset, keys[starting_of_Ek:m-1])):
+                upsets.append(list(subset))
+
+        for upset in upsets:
+            for i in range(starting_of_Ek, m - 1):
+                u, v = keys[i]
+                if (u, v) in upset:
+                    globO[(u, v)] = 1
+                else:
+                    globO[(u, v)] = 0
+
+            yield globO.copy()
+
+    def helper(G, globO, m, k):
+        keys = list(globO.keys())
+        keys = keys[0:m]
+
+        if m <= 0:
+            yield {}
+            return
+
+        starting_of_Ek = 0
+        for (u, v) in keys:
+            if u >= k - 1 or v >= k - 1:
+                break
+            else:
+                starting_of_Ek += 1
+
+        # s is the size of E_k
+        s = m - 1 - starting_of_Ek
+
+        # Recursively generate acyclic orientations
+        orientations_G_small = helper(G, globO, starting_of_Ek, k - 2)
+
+        # For each orientation of G_k-2, yield acyclic orientations
+        for alpha in orientations_G_small:
+            for (u, v) in alpha:
+                globO[(u, v)] = alpha[(u, v)]
+
+            # Orienting H_k as 1
+            globO[(k-1, k)] = 1
+            yield from generate_orientations(globO, starting_of_Ek, m, k, keys)
+
+            # Orienting H_k as 0
+            globO[(k-1, k)] = 0
+            yield from generate_orientations(globO, starting_of_Ek, m, k, keys)
+
+    # Reorder vertices based on the logic in reorder_vertices function
+    vertex_labels = reorder_vertices(G)
+
+    # Create a new graph with updated vertex labels using SageMath, Assuming the graph edges are unlabelled
+    new_G = G.relabel(perm=vertex_labels, inplace=False)
+
+    G = new_G
+
+    # Order the edges based on the logic in order_edges function
+    edge_labels = order_edges(G, vertex_labels)
+
+    # Create globO array
+    globO = {uv: 0 for uv in edge_labels}
+
+    m = len(edge_labels)
+    k = len(vertex_labels)
+    orientations = helper(G, globO, m, k)
+
+    # Create a mapping between original and new vertex labels
+    reverse_vertex_labels = {label: vertex for vertex, label in vertex_labels.items()}
+
+    # Iterate over acyclic orientations and create relabeled graphs
+    for orientation in orientations:
+        edges = ((u, v) if label else (v, u) for (u, v), label in orientation.items())
+        D = _initialize_digraph(G, edges)
+        D.relabel(perm=reverse_vertex_labels, inplace=True)
+        yield D
+
+
+def strong_orientation(G):
+    r"""
+    Return a strongly connected orientation of the graph `G`.
+
+    An orientation of an undirected graph is a digraph obtained by giving an
+    unique direction to each of its edges. An orientation is said to be strong
+    if there is a directed path between each pair of vertices. See also the
+    :wikipedia:`Strongly_connected_component`.
+
+    If the graph is 2-edge-connected, a strongly connected orientation can be
+    found in linear time. If the given graph is not 2-connected, the orientation
+    returned will ensure that each 2-connected component has a strongly
+    connected orientation.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    OUTPUT: a digraph representing an orientation of the current graph
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        - This method assumes that the input the graph is connected.
+        - The time complexity is `O(n+m)` for ``SparseGraph`` and `O(n^2)` for
+          ``DenseGraph`` .
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph.Graph.orientations`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.strong_orientations_iterator`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.digraph_generators.DiGraphGenerators.nauty_directg`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.random_orientation`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    For a 2-regular graph, a strong orientation gives to each vertex an
+    out-degree equal to 1::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CycleGraph(5)
+        sage: g.strong_orientation().out_degree()
+        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+
+    The Petersen Graph is 2-edge connected. It then has a strongly connected
+    orientation::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: o = g.strong_orientation()
+        sage: len(o.strongly_connected_components())
+        1
+
+    The same goes for the CubeGraph in any dimension::
+
+        sage: all(len(graphs.CubeGraph(i).strong_orientation().strongly_connected_components()) == 1
+        ....:     for i in range(2,6))
+        True
+
+    A multigraph also has a strong orientation::
+
+        sage: g = Graph([(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)] * 2, multiedges=True)
+        sage: g.strong_orientation()
+        Multi-digraph on 3 vertices
+    """
+    from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraphBackend
+    if isinstance(G._backend, DenseGraphBackend):
+        data_structure = "dense"
+    else:
+        data_structure = "sparse"
+    d = _initialize_digraph(G, [], data_structure=data_structure)
+
+    i = 0
+
+    # The algorithm works through a depth-first search. Any edge used in the
+    # depth-first search is oriented in the direction in which it has been
+    # used. All the other edges are oriented backward
+
+    v = next(G.vertex_iterator())
+    seen = {}
+    i = 1
+
+    # Time at which the vertices have been discovered
+    seen[v] = i
+
+    # indicates the stack of edges to explore
+    next_ = G.edges_incident(v)
+
+    while next_:
+        e = next_.pop()
+
+        # Ignore loops
+        if e[0] == e[1]:
+            continue
+
+        # We assume e[0] to be a `seen` vertex
+        e = e if seen.get(e[0], False) is not False else (e[1], e[0], e[2])
+
+        # If we discovered a new vertex
+        if seen.get(e[1], False) is False:
+            d.add_edge(e)
+            next_.extend(ee for ee in G.edges_incident(e[1])
+                         if ((e[0], e[1]) != (ee[0], ee[1])) and ((e[0], e[1]) != (ee[1], ee[0])))
+            i += 1
+            seen[e[1]] = i
+
+        # Else, we orient the edges backward
+        else:
+            if seen[e[0]] < seen[e[1]]:
+                d.add_edge(e[1], e[0], e[2])
+            else:
+                d.add_edge(e)
+
+    # Case of multiple edges. If another edge has already been inserted, we add
+    # the new one in the opposite direction.
+    tmp = None
+    for e in G.multiple_edges():
+        if tmp == (e[0], e[1]):
+            if d.has_edge(e[0], e[1]):
+                d.add_edge(e[1], e[0], e[2])
+            else:
+                d.add_edge(e)
+        tmp = (e[0], e[1])
+
+    return d
+
+
+def strong_orientations_iterator(G):
+    r"""
+    Return an iterator over all strong orientations of a graph `G`.
+
+    A strong orientation of a graph is an orientation of its edges such that the
+    obtained digraph is strongly connected (i.e. there exist a directed path
+    between each pair of vertices). According to Robbins' theorem (see the
+    :wikipedia:`Robbins_theorem`), the graphs that have strong orientations are
+    exactly the 2-edge-connected graphs (i.e., the bridgeless graphs).
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    It is an adaptation of the algorithm published in [CGMRV16]_.
+    It runs in `O(mn)` amortized time, where `m` is the number of edges and
+    `n` is the number of vertices. The amortized time can be improved to `O(m)`
+    with a more involved method.
+    In this function, first the graph is preprocessed and a spanning tree is
+    generated. Then every orientation of the non-tree edges of the graph can be
+    extended to at least one new strong orientation by orienting properly
+    the edges of the spanning tree (this property is proved in [CGMRV16]_).
+    Therefore, this function generates all partial orientations of the non-tree
+    edges and then launches a helper function corresponding to the generation
+    algorithm described in [CGMRV16]_.
+    In order to avoid trivial symmetries, the orientation of an arbitrary edge
+    is fixed before the start of the enumeration process.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    OUTPUT: an iterator which will produce all strong orientations of this graph
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Works only for simple graphs (no multiple edges).
+        To avoid symmetries an orientation of an arbitrary edge is fixed.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`~Graph.orientations`
+        - :meth:`~Graph.strong_orientation`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.digraph_generators.DiGraphGenerators.nauty_directg`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.random_orientation`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    A cycle has one possible (non-symmetric) strong orientation::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
+        sage: it = g.strong_orientations_iterator()
+        sage: len(list(it))
+        1
+
+    A tree cannot be strongly oriented::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.RandomTree(10)
+        sage: len(list(g.strong_orientations_iterator()))
+        0
+
+    Neither can be a disconnected graph::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(6)
+        sage: g.add_vertex(7)
+        sage: len(list(g.strong_orientations_iterator()))
+        0
+
+    TESTS:
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(2)
+        sage: len(list(g.strong_orientations_iterator()))
+        0
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CubeGraph(3)
+        sage: b = True
+        sage: for orientedGraph in g.strong_orientations_iterator():
+        ....:     if not orientedGraph.is_strongly_connected():
+        ....:         b = False
+        sage: b
+        True
+
+    The total number of strong orientations of a graph can be counted using
+    the Tutte polynomial evaluated at points (0,2)::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: nr1 = len(list(g.strong_orientations_iterator()))
+        sage: nr2 = g.tutte_polynomial()(0,2)
+        sage: nr1 == nr2/2  # The Tutte polynomial counts also the symmetrical orientations
+        True
+    """
+    # if the graph has a bridge or is disconnected,
+    # then it cannot be strongly oriented
+    if G.order() < 3 or not G.is_connected() or any(G.bridges(labels=False)):
+        return
+
+    V = list(G)
+
+    # compute an arbitrary spanning tree of the undirected graph
+    T = G.subgraph(vertices=G, edges=G.min_spanning_tree(), inplace=False)
+    treeEdges = list(T.edges(labels=False, sort=False))
+    A = [edge for edge in G.edge_iterator(labels=False) if not T.has_edge(edge)]
+
+    # Initialize a digraph with the edges of the spanning tree doubly oriented
+    Dg = T.to_directed(sparse=True)
+    Dg.add_edges(A)
+
+    # initialization of the first binary word 00...0
+    # corresponding to the current orientation of the non-tree edges
+    existingAedges = [0] * len(A)
+
+    # Generate all orientations for non-tree edges (using Gray code)
+    # Each of these orientations can be extended to a strong orientation
+    # of G by orienting properly the tree-edges
+    previousWord = 0
+
+    # the orientation of one edge is fixed so we consider one edge less
+    nr = 2**(len(A) - 1)
+    for i in range(nr):
+        word = (i >> 1) ^ i
+        bitChanged = word ^ previousWord
+
+        bit = 0
+        while bitChanged > 1:
+            bitChanged >>= 1
+            bit += 1
+
+        previousWord = word
+        if not existingAedges[bit]:
+            Dg.reverse_edge(A[bit])
+            existingAedges[bit] = 1
+        else:
+            Dg.reverse_edge(A[bit][1], A[bit][0])
+            existingAedges[bit] = 0
+        # launch the algorithm for enumeration of the solutions
+        yield from _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph(Dg, V, treeEdges)
+
+
+def _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph(Dg, V, E):
+    r"""
+    Helper function for the generation of all strong orientations.
+
+    Generates all strong orientations of a given partially directed graph
+    (also called mixed graph). The algorithm finds bound edges i.e undirected
+    edges whose orientation is forced and tries all possible orientations for
+    the other edges. See [CGMRV16]_ for more details.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``Dg`` -- the mixed graph. The undirected edges are doubly oriented
+
+    - ``V`` -- the set of vertices
+
+    - ``E`` -- the set of undirected edges (they are oriented in both ways);
+      no labels are allowed
+
+    OUTPUT: an iterator which will produce all strong orientations of the input
+    partially directed graph
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.orientations import _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph
+        sage: g = graphs.CycleGraph(5)
+        sage: Dg = DiGraph(g)  # all edges of g will be doubly oriented
+        sage: it = _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph(Dg, list(g), list(g.edges(labels=False, sort=False)))
+        sage: len(list(it))  # there are two orientations of this multigraph
+        2
+    """
+    length = len(E)
+    i = 0
+    boundEdges = []
+    while i < length:
+        u, v = E[i]
+        Dg.delete_edge(u, v)
+        if v not in Dg.depth_first_search(u):
+            # del E[i] in constant time
+            E[i] = E[-1]
+            E.pop()
+            length -= 1
+            Dg.add_edge(u, v)
+            Dg.delete_edge(v, u)
+            boundEdges.append((v, u))
+        else:
+            Dg.add_edge(u, v)
+            Dg.delete_edge(v, u)
+            if u not in Dg.depth_first_search(v):
+                # del E[i] in constant time
+                E[i] = E[-1]
+                E.pop()
+                length -= 1
+                boundEdges.append((u, v))
+                Dg.delete_edge(u, v)
+            else:
+                i += 1
+            Dg.add_edge(v, u)
+
+    # if true the obtained orientation is strong
+    if not E:
+        yield Dg.copy()
+    else:
+        u, v = E.pop()
+        Dg.delete_edge(v, u)
+        for orientation in _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph(Dg, V, E):
+            yield orientation
+        Dg.add_edge(v, u)
+        Dg.delete_edge(u, v)
+        for orientation in _strong_orientations_of_a_mixed_graph(Dg, V, E):
+            yield orientation
+        Dg.add_edge(u, v)
+        E.append((u, v))
+    Dg.add_edges(boundEdges)
+    E.extend(boundEdges)
+
+
+def random_orientation(G):
+    r"""
+    Return a random orientation of a graph `G`.
+
+    An *orientation* of an undirected graph is a directed graph such that every
+    edge is assigned a direction. Hence there are `2^m` oriented digraphs for a
+    simple graph with `m` edges.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- a Graph
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.orientations import random_orientation
+        sage: G = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: D = random_orientation(G)
+        sage: D.order() == G.order(), D.size() == G.size()
+        (True, True)
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Giving anything else than a Graph::
+
+        sage: random_orientation([])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the input parameter must be a Graph
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`~Graph.orientations`
+        - :meth:`~Graph.strong_orientation`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.orientations.strong_orientations_iterator`
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.digraph_generators.DiGraphGenerators.nauty_directg`
+    """
+    from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+    if not isinstance(G, Graph):
+        raise ValueError("the input parameter must be a Graph")
+
+    from sage.misc.prandom import getrandbits
+    rbits = getrandbits(G.size())
+    edges = []
+    for u, v, l in G.edge_iterator():
+        edges.append((u, v, l) if rbits % 2 else (v, u, l))
+        rbits >>= 1
+
+    return _initialize_digraph(G, edges, name=f"Random orientation of {G.name()}")
+
+
+def minimum_outdegree_orientation(G, use_edge_labels=False, solver=None, verbose=0,
+                                  *, integrality_tolerance=1e-3):
+    r"""
+    Return an orientation of `G` with the smallest possible maximum outdegree.
+
+    Given a Graph `G`, it is polynomial to compute an orientation `D` of the
+    edges of `G` such that the maximum out-degree in `D` is minimized. This
+    problem, though, is NP-complete in the weighted case [AMOZ2006]_.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    - ``use_edge_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+      - When set to ``True``, uses edge labels as weights to compute the
+        orientation and assumes a weight of `1` when there is no value available
+        for a given edge.
+
+      - When set to ``False`` (default), gives a weight of 1 to all the edges.
+
+    - ``solver`` -- string (default: ``None``); specifies a Mixed Integer Linear
+      Programming (MILP) solver to be used. If set to ``None``, the default one
+      is used. For more information on MILP solvers and which default solver is
+      used, see the method :meth:`solve
+      <sage.numerical.mip.MixedIntegerLinearProgram.solve>` of the class
+      :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram
+      <sage.numerical.mip.MixedIntegerLinearProgram>`.
+
+    - ``verbose`` -- integer (default: 0); sets the level of verbosity. Set to 0
+      by default, which means quiet.
+
+    - ``integrality_tolerance`` -- float; parameter for use with MILP solvers
+      over an inexact base ring;
+      see :meth:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram.get_values`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Given a complete bipartite graph `K_{n,m}`, the maximum out-degree of an
+    optimal orientation is `\left\lceil \frac {nm} {n+m}\right\rceil`::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CompleteBipartiteGraph(3,4)
+        sage: o = g.minimum_outdegree_orientation()                                     # needs sage.numerical.mip
+        sage: max(o.out_degree()) == integer_ceil((4*3)/(3+4))                          # needs sage.numerical.mip
+        True
+
+    Show the influence of edge labels on the solution::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.numerical.mip
+        sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: o = g.minimum_outdegree_orientation(use_edge_labels=False)
+        sage: max(o.out_degree())
+        2
+        sage: _ = [g.set_edge_label(u, v, 1) for u, v in g.edge_iterator(labels=False)]
+        sage: o = g.minimum_outdegree_orientation(use_edge_labels=True)
+        sage: max(o.out_degree())
+        2
+        sage: g.set_edge_label(0, 1, 100)
+        sage: o = g.minimum_outdegree_orientation(use_edge_labels=True)
+        sage: max(o.out_degree())
+        3
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.orientations import minimum_outdegree_orientation
+        sage: minimum_outdegree_orientation(DiGraph())                                  # needs sage.numerical.mip
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Cannot compute an orientation of a DiGraph.
+         Please convert it to a Graph if you really mean it.
+    """
+    G._scream_if_not_simple()
+    if G.is_directed():
+        raise ValueError("Cannot compute an orientation of a DiGraph. "
+                         "Please convert it to a Graph if you really mean it.")
+
+    if use_edge_labels:
+        def weight(e):
+            label = G.edge_label(e[0], e[1])
+            return _weight_if_real(label)
+    else:
+        weight = _weight_1
+
+    from sage.numerical.mip import MixedIntegerLinearProgram
+
+    p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram(maximization=False, solver=solver)
+    degree = p.new_variable(nonnegative=True)
+
+    # The orientation of an edge is boolean and indicates whether the edge uv
+    # goes from u to v ( equal to 0 ) or from v to u ( equal to 1)
+    orientation = p.new_variable(binary=True)
+
+    # Whether an edge adjacent to a vertex u counts positively or negatively. To
+    # do so, we first fix an arbitrary extremity per edge uv.
+    ext = {frozenset(e): e[0] for e in G.edge_iterator(labels=False)}
+
+    def outgoing(u, e, variable):
+        if u == ext[frozenset(e)]:
+            return variable
+        return 1 - variable
+
+    for u in G:
+        p.add_constraint(p.sum(weight(e) * outgoing(u, e, orientation[frozenset(e)])
+                               for e in G.edge_iterator(vertices=[u], labels=False))
+                         - degree['max'], max=0)
+
+    p.set_objective(degree['max'])
+
+    p.solve(log=verbose)
+
+    orientation = p.get_values(orientation, convert=bool, tolerance=integrality_tolerance)
+
+    # Return the resulting orientation
+    return G.orient(lambda e: e if orientation[frozenset(e[:2])] else (e[1], e[0], e[2]))
+
+
+def bounded_outdegree_orientation(G, bound, solver=None, verbose=False,
+                                  *, integrality_tolerance=1e-3):
+    r"""
+    Return an orientation of `G` such that every vertex `v` has out-degree less
+    than `b(v)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    - ``bound`` -- maximum bound on the out-degree. Can be of three
+      different types :
+
+      * An integer `k`. In this case, computes an orientation whose maximum
+        out-degree is less than `k`.
+
+      * A dictionary associating to each vertex its associated maximum
+        out-degree.
+
+      * A function associating to each vertex its associated maximum
+        out-degree.
+
+    - ``solver`` -- string (default: ``None``); specifies a Mixed Integer Linear
+      Programming (MILP) solver to be used. If set to ``None``, the default one
+      is used. For more information on MILP solvers and which default solver is
+      used, see the method :meth:`solve
+      <sage.numerical.mip.MixedIntegerLinearProgram.solve>` of the class
+      :class:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram
+      <sage.numerical.mip.MixedIntegerLinearProgram>`.
+
+    - ``verbose`` -- integer (default: 0); sets the level of verbosity. Set to 0
+      by default, which means quiet.
+
+    - ``integrality_tolerance`` -- float; parameter for use with MILP solvers
+      over an inexact base ring;
+      see :meth:`MixedIntegerLinearProgram.get_values`.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A DiGraph representing the orientation if it exists.
+    A :exc:`ValueError` exception is raised otherwise.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    The problem is solved through a maximum flow :
+
+    Given a graph `G`, we create a ``DiGraph`` `D` defined on `E(G)\cup V(G)\cup
+    \{s,t\}`. We then link `s` to all of `V(G)` (these edges having a capacity
+    equal to the bound associated to each element of `V(G)`), and all the
+    elements of `E(G)` to `t` . We then link each `v \in V(G)` to each of its
+    incident edges in `G`. A maximum integer flow of value `|E(G)|` corresponds
+    to an admissible orientation of `G`. Otherwise, none exists.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    There is always an orientation of a graph `G` such that a vertex `v` has
+    out-degree at most `\lceil \frac {d(v)} 2 \rceil`::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.RandomGNP(40, .4)
+        sage: b = lambda v: integer_ceil(g.degree(v)/2)
+        sage: D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(b)
+        sage: all(D.out_degree(v) <= b(v) for v in g)
+        True
+
+    Chvatal's graph, being 4-regular, can be oriented in such a way that its
+    maximum out-degree is 2::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.ChvatalGraph()
+        sage: D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(2)
+        sage: max(D.out_degree())
+        2
+
+    For any graph `G`, it is possible to compute an orientation such that
+    the maximum out-degree is at most the maximum average degree of `G`
+    divided by 2. Anything less, though, is impossible.
+
+        sage: g = graphs.RandomGNP(40, .4)
+        sage: mad = g.maximum_average_degree()                                      # needs sage.numerical.mip
+
+    Hence this is possible ::
+
+        sage: d = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(integer_ceil(mad/2))              # needs sage.numerical.mip
+
+    While this is not::
+
+        sage: try:                                                                  # needs sage.numerical.mip
+        ....:     g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(integer_ceil(mad/2-1))
+        ....:     print("Error")
+        ....: except ValueError:
+        ....:     pass
+
+    The bounds can be specified in different ways::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: b = lambda v: integer_ceil(g.degree(v)/2)
+        sage: D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(b)
+        sage: b_dict = {u: b(u) for u in g}
+        sage: D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(b_dict)
+        sage: unique_bound = 2
+        sage: D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(unique_bound)
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    As previously for random graphs, but more intensively::
+
+        sage: for i in range(30):      # long time (up to 6s on sage.math, 2012)
+        ....:     g = graphs.RandomGNP(40, .4)
+        ....:     b = lambda v: integer_ceil(g.degree(v)/2)
+        ....:     D = g.bounded_outdegree_orientation(b)
+        ....:     if not (
+        ....:          all( D.out_degree(v) <= b(v) for v in g ) or
+        ....:          D.size() != g.size()):
+        ....:         print("Something wrong happened")
+
+    Empty graph::
+
+        sage: Graph().bounded_outdegree_orientation(b)
+        Digraph on 0 vertices
+    """
+    G._scream_if_not_simple()
+    n = G.order()
+
+    if not n:
+        return DiGraph()
+
+    vertices = list(G)
+    vertices_id = {y: x for x, y in enumerate(vertices)}
+
+    b = {}
+
+    # Checking the input type. We make a dictionary out of it
+    if isinstance(bound, dict):
+        b = bound
+    else:
+        try:
+            b = dict(zip(vertices, map(bound, vertices)))
+        except TypeError:
+            b = dict(zip(vertices, [bound]*n))
+
+    d = DiGraph()
+
+    # Adding the edges (s,v) and ((u,v),t)
+    d.add_edges(('s', vertices_id[v], b[v]) for v in vertices)
+
+    d.add_edges(((vertices_id[u], vertices_id[v]), 't', 1)
+                 for u, v in G.edges(sort=False, labels=None))
+
+    # each v is linked to its incident edges
+
+    for u, v in G.edge_iterator(labels=None):
+        u, v = vertices_id[u], vertices_id[v]
+        d.add_edge(u, (u, v), 1)
+        d.add_edge(v, (u, v), 1)
+
+    # Solving the maximum flow
+    value, flow = d.flow('s', 't', value_only=False, integer=True,
+                         use_edge_labels=True, solver=solver, verbose=verbose,
+                         integrality_tolerance=integrality_tolerance)
+
+    if value != G.size():
+        raise ValueError("No orientation exists for the given bound")
+
+    # The flow graph may not contain all the vertices, if they are
+    # not part of the flow...
+    edges = ((vertices[u], vertices[vv if vv != u else uu])
+             for u in (x for x in range(n) if x in flow)
+             for uu, vv in flow.neighbors_out(u))
+
+    return _initialize_digraph(G, edges)
+
+
+def eulerian_orientation(G):
+    r"""
+    Return an Eulerian orientation of the graph `G`.
+
+    An Eulerian graph being a graph such that any vertex has an even degree, an
+    Eulerian orientation of a graph is an orientation of its edges such that
+    each vertex `v` verifies `d^+(v)=d^-(v)=d(v)/2`, where `d^+` and `d^-`
+    respectively represent the out-degree and the in-degree of a vertex.
+
+    If the graph is not Eulerian, the orientation verifies for any vertex `v`
+    that `| d^+(v)-d^-(v) | \leq 1`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- an undirected graph
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    This algorithm is a random walk through the edges of the graph, which
+    orients the edges according to the walk. When a vertex is reached which has
+    no non-oriented edge (this vertex must have odd degree), the walk resumes at
+    another vertex of odd degree, if any.
+
+    This algorithm has time complexity in `O(n+m)` for ``SparseGraph`` and
+    `O(n^2)` for ``DenseGraph``, where `m` is the number of edges in the graph
+    and `n` is the number of vertices in the graph.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The CubeGraph with parameter 4, which is regular of even degree, has an
+    Eulerian orientation such that `d^+ = d^-`::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CubeGraph(4)
+        sage: g.degree()
+        [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
+        sage: o = g.eulerian_orientation()
+        sage: o.in_degree()
+        [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
+        sage: o.out_degree()
+        [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
+
+    Secondly, the Petersen Graph, which is 3 regular has an orientation such
+    that the difference between `d^+` and `d^-` is at most 1::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
+        sage: o = g.eulerian_orientation()
+        sage: o.in_degree()
+        [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+        sage: o.out_degree()
+        [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: E0 = Graph(); E4 = Graph(4)  # See trac #21741
+        sage: E0.eulerian_orientation()
+        Digraph on 0 vertices
+        sage: E4.eulerian_orientation()
+        Digraph on 4 vertices
+    """
+    d = _initialize_digraph(G, [], sparse=True, immutable=False)
+
+    if not G.size():
+        return d
+
+    g = copy(G)
+
+    # list of vertices of odd degree
+    odd = [x for x in g.vertex_iterator() if g.degree(x) % 2]
+
+    # Picks the first vertex, which is preferably an odd one
+    if odd:
+        v = odd.pop()
+    else:
+        v = next(g.edge_iterator(labels=None))[0]
+        odd.append(v)
+    # Stops when there is no edge left
+    while True:
+
+        # If there is an edge adjacent to the current one
+        if g.degree(v):
+            e = next(g.edge_iterator(v))
+            g.delete_edge(e)
+            if e[0] != v:
+                e = (e[1], e[0], e[2])
+            d.add_edge(e)
+            v = e[1]
+
+        # The current vertex is isolated
+        else:
+            odd.remove(v)
+
+            # jumps to another odd vertex if possible
+            if odd:
+                v = odd.pop()
+            # Else jumps to an even vertex which is not isolated
+            elif g.size():
+                v = next(g.edge_iterator())[0]
+                odd.append(v)
+            # If there is none, we are done !
+            else:
+                return d