passagemath-graphs 10.6.1rc1__cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/graphs/line_graph.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-graphs
+# cython: binding=True
+r"""
+Line graphs
+
+This module gather everything which is related to line graphs. Right now, this
+amounts to the following functions :
+
+.. csv-table::
+    :class: contentstable
+    :widths: 30, 70
+    :delim: |
+
+    :meth:`line_graph` | Return the line graph of a given graph
+    :meth:`is_line_graph` | Check whether a graph is a line graph
+    :meth:`root_graph` | Return the root graph corresponding to the given graph
+
+Author:
+
+- Nathann Cohen (01-2013), :meth:`root_graph` method and module documentation.
+  Written while listening to Nina Simone *"I wish I knew how it would feel to be
+  free"*. Crazy good song. And *"Prendre ta douleur"*, too.
+
+- David Coudert (10-2018), use maximal cliques iterator in :meth:`root_graph`,
+  and use :meth:`root_graph` instead of forbidden subgraph search in
+  :meth:`is_line_graph` (:issue:`26444`).
+
+Definition
+-----------
+
+Given a graph `G`, the *line graph* `L(G)` of `G` is the graph such that
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    V(L(G)) =& E(G)\\
+    E(L(G)) =& \{(e,e'):\text{ and }e,e'\text{ have a common endpoint in }G\}\\
+
+The definition is extended to directed graphs. In this situation, there is an
+arc `(e,e')` in `L(G)` if the destination of `e` is the origin of `e'`.
+
+For more information, see the :wikipedia:`Line_graph`.
+
+Root graph
+----------
+
+A graph whose line graph is `LG` is called the *root graph* of `LG`. The root
+graph of a (connected) graph is unique ([Whi1932]_, [Har1969]_), except when
+`LG=K_3`, as both `L(K_3)` and `L(K_{1,3})` are equal to `K_3`.
+
+Here is how we can *"see"* `G` by staring (very intently) at `LG` :
+
+  A graph `LG` is the line graph of `G` if there exists a collection
+  `(S_v)_{v\in G}` of subsets of `V(LG)` such that :
+
+  * Every `S_v` is a complete subgraph of `LG`.
+
+  * Every `v\in LG` belongs to exactly two sets of the family `(S_v)_{v\in G}`.
+
+  * Any two sets of `(S_v)_{v\in G}` have at most one common elements
+
+  * For any edge `(u,v)\in LG` there exists a set of `(S_v)_{v\in G}` containing
+    both `u` and `v`.
+
+  In this family, each set `S_v` represent a vertex of `G`, and contains "the
+  set of edges incident to `v` in `G`". Two elements `S_v,S_{v'}` have a
+  nonempty intersection whenever `vv'` is an edge of `G`.
+
+  Hence, finding the root graph of `LG` is the job of finding this collection of
+  sets.
+
+In particular, what we know for sure is that a maximal clique `S` of size `2` or
+`\geq 4` in `LG` corresponds to a vertex of degree `|S|` in `G`, whose incident
+edges are the elements of `S` itself.
+
+The main problem lies with maximal cliques of size 3, i.e. triangles. Those we
+have to split into two categories, *even* and *odd* triangles :
+
+  A triangle `\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}\subseteq V(LG)` is said to be an *odd* triangle if
+  there exists a vertex `e\in V(G)` incident to exactly *one* or *all* of
+  `\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`, and it is said to be *even* otherwise.
+
+The very good point of this definition is that an inclusionwise maximal clique
+which is an odd triangle will always correspond to a vertex of degree 3 in `G`,
+while an even triangle could result from either a vertex of degree 3 in `G` or a
+triangle in `G`. And in order to build the root graph we obviously have to
+decide *which*.
+
+Beineke proves in [Bei1970]_ that the collection of sets we are looking for
+can be easily found. Indeed it turns out that it is the union of :
+
+#. The family of all maximal cliques of `LG` of size 2 or `\geq 4`, as well as
+   all odd triangles.
+
+#. The family of all pairs of adjacent vertices which appear in exactly *one*
+   maximal clique which is an even triangle.
+
+There are actually four special cases to which the decomposition above does not
+apply, i.e. graphs containing an edge which belongs to exactly two even
+triangles. We deal with those independently.
+
+* The :meth:`Complete graph
+  <sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.CompleteGraph>` `K_3`.
+
+* The :meth:`Diamond graph
+  <sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.DiamondGraph>` -- the line graph
+  of `K_{1,3}` plus an edge.
+
+* The :meth:`Wheel graph
+  <sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.WheelGraph>` on `4+1` vertices
+  -- the line graph of the :meth:`Diamond graph
+  <sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.DiamondGraph>`
+
+* The :meth:`Octahedron
+  <sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.OctahedralGraph>` -- the line
+  graph of `K_4`.
+
+This decomposition turns out to be very easy to implement :-)
+
+.. WARNING::
+
+    Even though the root graph is *NOT UNIQUE* for the triangle, this method
+    returns `K_{1,3}` (and not `K_3`) in this case. Pay *very close* attention
+    to that, for this answer is not theoretically correct : there is no unique
+    answer in this case, and we deal with it by returning one of the two
+    possible answers.
+
+Functions
+---------
+"""
+
+from sage.structure.element cimport parent
+
+
+def is_line_graph(g, certificate=False):
+    r"""
+    Check whether the graph `g` is a line graph.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``certificate`` -- boolean; whether to return a certificate along with
+      the boolean result. Here is what happens when ``certificate = True``:
+
+      - If the graph is not a line graph, the method returns a pair ``(b,
+        subgraph)`` where ``b`` is ``False`` and ``subgraph`` is a subgraph
+        isomorphic to one of the 9 forbidden induced subgraphs of a line graph.
+
+      - If the graph is a line graph, the method returns a triple ``(b,R,isom)``
+        where ``b`` is ``True``, ``R`` is a graph whose line graph is the graph
+        given as input, and ``isom`` is a map associating an edge of ``R`` to
+        each vertex of the graph.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This method wastes a bit of time when the input graph is not connected.
+        If you have performance in mind, it is probably better to only feed it
+        with connected graphs only.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - The :mod:`line_graph <sage.graphs.line_graph>` module.
+
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.line_graph_forbidden_subgraphs`
+          -- the forbidden subgraphs of a line graph.
+
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.generic_graph.GenericGraph.line_graph`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    A complete graph is always the line graph of a star::
+
+        sage: graphs.CompleteGraph(5).is_line_graph()
+        True
+
+    The Petersen Graph not being claw-free, it is not a line
+    graph::
+
+        sage: graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph()
+        False
+
+    This is indeed the subgraph returned::
+
+        sage: C = graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph(certificate=True)[1]             # needs sage.modules
+        sage: C.is_isomorphic(graphs.ClawGraph())                                       # needs sage.modules
+        True
+
+    The house graph is a line graph::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.HouseGraph()
+        sage: g.is_line_graph()
+        True
+
+    But what is the graph whose line graph is the house ?::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: is_line, R, isom = g.is_line_graph(certificate=True)
+        sage: R.sparse6_string()
+        ':DaHI~'
+        sage: R.show()                                                                  # needs sage.plot
+        sage: isom
+        {0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (1, 3), 3: (2, 3), 4: (3, 4)}
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Disconnected graphs::
+
+        sage: g = 2 * graphs.CycleGraph(3)
+        sage: gl = g.line_graph().relabel(inplace=False)
+        sage: new_g = gl.is_line_graph(certificate=True)[1]                             # needs sage.modules
+        sage: g.line_graph().is_isomorphic(gl)                                          # needs sage.modules
+        True
+
+    Verify that :issue:`29740` is fixed::
+
+        sage: g = Graph('O{e[{}^~z`MDZBZBkXzE^')
+        sage: g.is_line_graph()
+        False
+    """
+    g._scream_if_not_simple()
+
+    def get_certificate(gg):
+        """
+        Assuming that gg is not a line graph, return a forbidden induced
+        subgraph.
+        """
+        from sage.graphs.graph_generators import graphs
+        for fg in graphs.line_graph_forbidden_subgraphs():
+            h = gg.subgraph_search(fg, induced=True)
+            if h is not None:
+                return h
+
+    if g.is_connected():
+        try:
+            # To check whether g is a line graph, we try to construct its root
+            # graph
+            R, isom = root_graph(g)
+            if certificate:
+                return True, R, isom
+            return True
+        except ValueError as VE:
+            if str(VE) == "this graph is not a line graph !":
+                # g is not a line graph
+                if certificate:
+                    return False, get_certificate(g)
+                return False
+            raise VE
+
+    # g is not connected, so we apply the above procedure to each connected
+    # component
+    from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+    R = Graph()
+    for gg in g.connected_components_subgraphs():
+        try:
+            RR, isom = root_graph(gg)
+            R += RR
+        except ValueError as VE:
+            if str(VE) == "this graph is not a line graph !":
+                # gg is not a line graph
+                if certificate:
+                    return False, get_certificate(gg)
+                return False
+            raise VE
+
+    if certificate:
+        _, isom = g.is_isomorphic(R.line_graph(labels=False), certificate=True)
+        return True, R, isom
+    return True
+
+
+def line_graph(g, labels=True, return_labels=False, immutable=None):
+    """
+    Return the line graph of the (di)graph ``g`` (multiedges and loops allowed).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``labels`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether edge labels should be
+      taken in consideration. If ``labels=True``, the vertices of the line graph
+      will be triples ``(u,v,label)``, and pairs of vertices otherwise.  In case
+      of multiple edges, the vertices of the line graph will be triples
+      ``(u,v,an integer)``.
+
+    - ``return_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether edge labels should
+      be stored or not. If g has multiple edges and if ``return_labels=True``, the
+      method returns a list the first element of which is the line-graph of g
+      and the second element is a dictionary {vertex of the line-graph: former
+      corresponding edge with its original label}. If ``return_labels=False``,
+      the method returns only the line-graph.
+
+    - ``immutable`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to create a
+      mutable/immutable (di)graph. ``immutable=None`` (default) means that the
+      (di)graph and its line (di)graph will behave the same way.
+
+    The line graph of an undirected graph G is an undirected simple graph H such
+    that the vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are
+    adjacent if e and f share a common vertex in G. In other words, an edge in H
+    represents a path of length 2 in G.
+
+    Loops are not adjacent to themselves.
+
+    The line graph of a directed graph G is a directed graph H such that the
+    vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are adjacent
+    if e and f share a common vertex in G and the terminal vertex of e is the
+    initial vertex of f. In other words, an edge in H represents a (directed)
+    path of length 2 in G.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        As a :class:`Graph` object only accepts hashable objects as vertices
+        (and as the vertices of the line graph are the edges of the graph), this
+        code will fail if edge labels are not hashable. You can also set the
+        argument ``labels=False`` to ignore labels.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - The :mod:`line_graph <sage.graphs.line_graph>` module
+
+        - :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.line_graph_forbidden_subgraphs`
+          -- the forbidden subgraphs of a line graph
+
+        - :meth:`~Graph.is_line_graph` -- tests whether a graph is a line graph
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(4)
+        sage: h = g.line_graph()
+        sage: h.vertices(sort=True)
+        [(0, 1, None),
+         (0, 2, None),
+         (0, 3, None),
+         (1, 2, None),
+         (1, 3, None),
+         (2, 3, None)]
+        sage: h.am()                                                                # needs sage.modules
+        [0 1 1 1 1 0]
+        [1 0 1 1 0 1]
+        [1 1 0 0 1 1]
+        [1 1 0 0 1 1]
+        [1 0 1 1 0 1]
+        [0 1 1 1 1 0]
+        sage: h2 = g.line_graph(labels=False)
+        sage: h2.vertices(sort=True)
+        [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]
+        sage: h2.am() == h.am()                                                     # needs sage.modules
+        True
+        sage: g = DiGraph([[1..4], lambda i,j: i < j])
+        sage: h = g.line_graph()
+        sage: h.vertices(sort=True)
+        [(1, 2, None),
+         (1, 3, None),
+         (1, 4, None),
+         (2, 3, None),
+         (2, 4, None),
+         (3, 4, None)]
+        sage: h.edges(sort=True)
+        [((1, 2, None), (2, 3, None), None),
+         ((1, 2, None), (2, 4, None), None),
+         ((1, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None),
+         ((2, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None)]
+
+    Examples with multiple edges::
+
+        sage: L = Graph([(0,1),(0,1),(1,2)],multiedges=True).line_graph()
+        sage: L.edges()
+        [((0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), None), ((0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2), None),
+        ((0, 1, 0), (1, 2, 2), None)]
+        sage: G = Graph([(0,1),(0,1,'a'),(0,1,'b'),(0,2),(1,2,'c')],
+        ....: multiedges=True)
+        sage: L = G.line_graph(False,True)
+        sage: L[0].edges()
+        [((0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 2), None), ((0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 2), None),
+        ((0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 3), None), ((0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 4), None), ((0, 1, 0),
+        (0, 1, 1), None), ((0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 3), None), ((0, 1, 1),
+        (1, 2, 4), None), ((0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 3), None), ((0, 1, 0),
+        (1, 2, 4), None), ((0, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), None)]
+        sage: L[1]
+        {(0, 1, 0): (0, 1, None),
+        (0, 1, 1): (0, 1, 'b'),
+        (0, 1, 2): (0, 1, 'a'),
+        (0, 2, 3): (0, 2, None),
+        (1, 2, 4): (1, 2, 'c')}
+        sage: g = DiGraph([(0,1),(0,1),(1,2)],multiedges=True)
+        sage: g.line_graph().edges()
+        [((0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2), None), ((0, 1, 0), (1, 2, 2), None)]
+
+    An example with a loop::
+
+        sage: g = Graph([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,2)],multiedges=True,loops=True)
+        sage: L = g.line_graph()
+        sage: L.edges()
+        [((0, 0, None), (0, 1, None), None), ((0, 0, None), (0, 2, None), None),
+        ((0, 1, None), (0, 2, None), None), ((0, 1, None), (1, 2, None), None),
+        ((0, 2, None), (1, 2, None), None)]
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    :issue:`13787`::
+
+        sage: g = graphs.KneserGraph(7,1)
+        sage: C = graphs.CompleteGraph(7)
+        sage: C.is_isomorphic(g)
+        True
+        sage: C.line_graph().is_isomorphic(g.line_graph())
+        True
+
+    Check the behavior of parameter ``immutable``::
+
+        sage: G = Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2)])
+        sage: G.line_graph().is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: G.line_graph(immutable=True).is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: G = Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2)], immutable=True)
+        sage: G.line_graph().is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: G.line_graph(immutable=False).is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: G = Graph([(0, 1), (0, 1), (1, 2)], multiedges=True)
+        sage: G.line_graph().is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: G.line_graph(immutable=True).is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: G = Graph([(0, 1), (0, 1), (1, 2)], multiedges=True, immutable=True)
+        sage: G.line_graph().is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: G.line_graph(immutable=False).is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: G = DiGraph([(0, 1), (1, 2)])
+        sage: G.line_graph().is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: G.line_graph(immutable=True).is_immutable()
+        True
+    """
+    cdef dict conflicts = {}
+    cdef dict origlabels_dic = {}  # stores original labels of edges in case of multiple edges
+
+    multiple = g.has_multiple_edges()
+
+    if immutable is None:
+        immutable = g.is_immutable()
+
+    if multiple:
+        # As the edges of g are the vertices of its line graph, we need to distinguish between the multiple edges of g.
+        # To this aim, we assign to each edge of g an integer label (between 0 and g.size() - 1) and set labels to True
+        # in order to keep these labels during the construction of the line graph.
+        labels = True
+        origlabels_dic = {(u, v, id): (u, v, label)
+                          for id, (u, v, label) in enumerate(g.edge_iterator())}
+        g = parent(g)([g, origlabels_dic.keys()], format='vertices_and_edges', multiedges=True)
+
+    if g._directed:
+        from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+        # Connect appropriate incident edges of each vertex v
+        arcs = ((e, f) for v in g
+                for e in g.incoming_edge_iterator(v, labels=labels)
+                for f in g.outgoing_edge_iterator(v, labels=labels))
+        G = DiGraph([g.edge_iterator(labels=labels), arcs],
+                    format='vertices_and_edges', immutable=immutable)
+        if return_labels and multiple:
+            return [G, origlabels_dic]
+        return G
+
+    # We must sort the edges' endpoints so that (1,2,None) is seen as the
+    # same edge as (2,1,None).
+    #
+    # We do so by comparing hashes, just in case all the natural order (<)
+    # on vertices would not be a total order (for instance when vertices are
+    # sets). If two adjacent vertices have the same hash, then we store the
+    # pair in the dictionary of conflicts
+
+    # 1) List of vertices in the line graph
+    cdef list vertices = []
+    for e in g.edge_iterator(labels=labels):
+        if hash(e[0]) < hash(e[1]):
+            vertices.append(e)
+        elif hash(e[0]) > hash(e[1]):
+            vertices.append((e[1], e[0]) + e[2:])
+        else:
+            # Settle the conflict arbitrarily
+            conflicts[e] = e
+            conflicts[(e[1], e[0]) + e[2:]] = e
+            vertices.append(e)
+
+    # 2) adjacencies in the line graph
+    cdef list edges = []
+    cdef list elist
+    from itertools import combinations
+    for v in g:
+        elist = []
+
+        # Add the edge to the list, according to hashes, as previously
+        for e in g.edge_iterator(v, labels=labels):  # iterates over the edges incident to v
+            if hash(e[0]) < hash(e[1]):
+                elist.append(e)
+            elif hash(e[0]) > hash(e[1]):
+                elist.append((e[1], e[0]) + e[2:])
+            else:
+                elist.append(conflicts[e])
+
+        # All pairs of elements in elist are edges of the line graph
+        # if g has multiple edges, some pairs appear more than once but as G is defined as simple,
+        # the corresponding edges are not added as multiedges (as it should be).
+        edges.extend(combinations(elist, 2))
+
+    from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+    G = Graph([vertices, edges], format='vertices_and_edges',
+              immutable=immutable)
+    if return_labels and multiple:
+        return [G, origlabels_dic]
+    return G
+
+
+def root_graph(g, verbose=False, immutable=None):
+    r"""
+    Return the root graph corresponding to the given graph ``g``.
+
+    See the documentation of :mod:`sage.graphs.line_graph` to know how it works.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``g`` -- a graph
+
+    - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); display some information
+      about what is happening inside of the algorithm
+
+    - ``immutable`` -- boolean (default: ``None``); whether to create a
+      mutable/immutable (di)graph. ``immutable=None`` (default) means that the
+      (di)graph and its root (di)graph will behave the same way.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This code assumes that `g` is a line graph, and is a connected,
+        undirected graph without multiple edges.
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    All connected graphs on 6 vertices::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.line_graph import root_graph
+        sage: def test(g):
+        ....:    gl = g.line_graph(labels=False)
+        ....:    d = root_graph(gl)
+        sage: for i,g in enumerate(graphs(6)): # long time
+        ....:   if not g.is_connected():
+        ....:     continue
+        ....:   test(g)
+
+    Non line-graphs::
+
+        sage: root_graph(graphs.PetersenGraph())
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: this graph is not a line graph !
+
+        sage: root_graph(Graph('O{e[{}^~z`MDZBZBkXzE^'))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: this graph is not a line graph !
+
+    Small corner-cases::
+
+        sage: from sage.graphs.line_graph import root_graph
+        sage: root_graph(graphs.CompleteGraph(3))
+        (Complete bipartite graph of order 1+3: Graph on 4 vertices,
+         {0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (0, 3)})
+        sage: G, D = root_graph(graphs.OctahedralGraph()); G
+        Complete graph: Graph on 4 vertices
+        sage: G, D = root_graph(graphs.DiamondGraph()); G
+        Graph on 4 vertices
+        sage: G, D = root_graph(graphs.WheelGraph(5)); G
+        Diamond Graph: Graph on 4 vertices
+
+    Check the behavior of parameter ``immutable``::
+
+        sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
+        sage: root_graph(G)[0].is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: root_graph(G, immutable=True)[0].is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4, immutable=True)
+        sage: root_graph(G)[0].is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: root_graph(G, immutable=True)[0].is_immutable()
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+
+    if isinstance(g, DiGraph):
+        raise ValueError("g cannot be a DiGraph !")
+    if g.has_multiple_edges():
+        raise ValueError("g cannot have multiple edges !")
+    if not g.is_connected():
+        raise ValueError("g is not connected !")
+    # is_line_graph expects a particular error message when g is not a line graph
+    not_line_graph = "this graph is not a line graph !"
+
+    if immutable is None:
+        immutable = g.is_immutable()
+
+    # Complete Graph ?
+    if g.is_clique():
+        from sage.graphs.generators.basic import CompleteBipartiteGraph
+        return (CompleteBipartiteGraph(1, g.order(), immutable=immutable),
+                {v: (0, 1 + i) for i, v in enumerate(g)})
+
+    # Diamond Graph ?
+    elif g.order() == 4 and g.size() == 5:
+        from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+        root = Graph([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3)], immutable=immutable)
+        return (root,
+                g.is_isomorphic(root.line_graph(labels=False), certificate=True)[1])
+
+    # Wheel on 5 vertices ?
+    elif g.order() == 5 and g.size() == 8 and min(g.degree()) == 3:
+        from sage.graphs.generators.basic import DiamondGraph
+        root = DiamondGraph(immutable=immutable)
+        return (root,
+                g.is_isomorphic(root.line_graph(labels=False), certificate=True)[1])
+
+    # Octahedron ?
+    elif g.order() == 6 and g.size() == 12 and g.is_regular(k=4):
+        from sage.graphs.generators.platonic_solids import OctahedralGraph
+        if g.is_isomorphic(OctahedralGraph()):
+            from sage.graphs.generators.basic import CompleteGraph
+            root = CompleteGraph(4, immutable=immutable)
+            return (root,
+                    g.is_isomorphic(root.line_graph(labels=False), certificate=True)[1])
+
+    # From now on we can assume (thanks to Beineke) that no edge belongs to two
+    # even triangles at once.
+
+    # Better to work on integers... Everything takes more time otherwise.
+    G = g.relabel(inplace=False)
+
+    # Dictionary of (pairs of) cliques, i.e. the two cliques associated with
+    # each vertex.
+    cdef dict v_cliques = {v: [] for v in G}
+    # All the even triangles we meet
+    cdef list even_triangles = []
+
+    # We iterate over all maximal cliques of the graph.
+
+    # As method G.cliques_maximal() returns the list of all maximal cliques
+    # (which takes an exponential time on general graphs, while it is obviously
+    # polynomial on line graphs), we instead use IndependentSet to iterate over
+    # all the maximal cliques. This way, we can say early that the graph is not
+    # a line graph.
+
+    from sage.graphs.independent_sets import IndependentSets
+    for S in IndependentSets(G, maximal=True, complement=True):
+
+        # Triangles... even or odd ?
+        if len(S) == 3:
+
+            # If a vertex of G has an odd number of neighbors among the vertices
+            # of S, then the triangle is odd. We compute the list of such
+            # vertices by taking the symmetric difference of the neighborhood of
+            # our three vertices.
+            #
+            # Note that the elements of S do not appear in this set as they are
+            # all seen exactly twice.
+
+            odd_neighbors = set(G.neighbor_iterator(S[0]))
+            odd_neighbors.symmetric_difference_update(G.neighbor_iterator(S[1]))
+            odd_neighbors.symmetric_difference_update(G.neighbor_iterator(S[2]))
+
+            # Even triangles
+            if not odd_neighbors:
+                even_triangles.append(tuple(S))
+                continue
+
+            # We manage odd triangles the same way we manage other cliques ...
+
+        # We now associate the clique to all the vertices it contains.
+        for v in S:
+            if len(v_cliques[v]) == 2:
+                raise ValueError(not_line_graph)
+            v_cliques[v].append(tuple(S))
+
+        if verbose:
+            print("Added clique", S)
+
+    # Deal with even triangles
+    for u, v, w in even_triangles:
+
+        # According to Beineke, we must go through all even triangles, and for
+        # each triangle uvw consider its three pairs of adjacent vertices uv,
+        # vw, wu. For all pairs xy among those such that xy do not appear
+        # together in any clique we have found so far, we add xy to the list of
+        # cliques describing our covering.
+
+        for x, y in [(u, v), (v, w), (w, u)]:
+
+            # If edge xy does not appear in any of the cliques associated with y
+            if all(x not in C for C in v_cliques[y]):
+                if len(v_cliques[y]) >= 2 or len(v_cliques[x]) >= 2:
+                    raise ValueError("this graph is not a line graph !")
+
+                v_cliques[x].append((x, y))
+                v_cliques[y].append((x, y))
+
+                if verbose:
+                    print("Adding pair", (x, y),
+                          "appearing in the even triangle", (u, v, w))
+
+    # Deal with vertices contained in only one clique. All edges must be defined
+    # by TWO endpoints, so we add a fake clique.
+    for x, clique_list in v_cliques.items():
+        if len(clique_list) == 1:
+            clique_list.append((x,))
+
+    # We now have all our cliques. Let's build the root graph to check that it
+    # all fits !
+
+    # Associates an integer to each clique
+    cdef dict relabel = {}
+
+    # Associates to each vertex of G its pair of coordinates in R
+    cdef dict vertex_to_map = {}
+
+    for v, L in v_cliques.items():
+
+        # Add cliques to relabel dictionary
+        for S in L:
+            if S not in relabel:
+                relabel[S] = len(relabel)
+
+        # The coordinates of edge v
+        vertex_to_map[v] = relabel[L[0]], relabel[L[1]]
+
+    if verbose:
+        print("Final associations :")
+        for v, L in v_cliques.items():
+            print(v, L)
+
+    # We now build R
+    from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+    R = Graph(vertex_to_map.values(), format='list_of_edges', immutable=immutable)
+
+    # If g is a line graph, then it is isomorphic to the line graph of the graph
+    # R that we have constructed, so we return R (and the isomorphism).
+    is_isom, isom = g.is_isomorphic(R.line_graph(labels=False), certificate=True)
+    if is_isom:
+        return R, isom
+    raise ValueError(not_line_graph)