numpy 2.4.0__cp313-cp313t-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

numpy/fft/_pocketfft.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1693 @@
+"""
+Discrete Fourier Transforms
+
+Routines in this module:
+
+fft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+ifft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+rfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+irfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+hfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+ihfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm="backward")
+fftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm="backward")
+ifftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm="backward")
+rfftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm="backward")
+irfftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm="backward")
+fft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2,-1), norm="backward")
+ifft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm="backward")
+rfft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2,-1), norm="backward")
+irfft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm="backward")
+
+i = inverse transform
+r = transform of purely real data
+h = Hermite transform
+n = n-dimensional transform
+2 = 2-dimensional transform
+(Note: 2D routines are just nD routines with different default
+behavior.)
+
+"""
+__all__ = ['fft', 'ifft', 'rfft', 'irfft', 'hfft', 'ihfft', 'rfftn',
+           'irfftn', 'rfft2', 'irfft2', 'fft2', 'ifft2', 'fftn', 'ifftn']
+
+import functools
+import warnings
+
+from numpy._core import (
+    asarray,
+    conjugate,
+    empty_like,
+    overrides,
+    reciprocal,
+    result_type,
+    sqrt,
+    take,
+)
+from numpy.lib.array_utils import normalize_axis_index
+
+from . import _pocketfft_umath as pfu
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy.fft')
+
+
+# `inv_norm` is a float by which the result of the transform needs to be
+# divided. This replaces the original, more intuitive 'fct` parameter to avoid
+# divisions by zero (or alternatively additional checks) in the case of
+# zero-length axes during its computation.
+def _raw_fft(a, n, axis, is_real, is_forward, norm, out=None):
+    if n < 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid number of FFT data points ({n}) specified.")
+
+    # Calculate the normalization factor, passing in the array dtype to
+    # avoid precision loss in the possible sqrt or reciprocal.
+    if not is_forward:
+        norm = _swap_direction(norm)
+
+    real_dtype = result_type(a.real.dtype, 1.0)
+    if norm is None or norm == "backward":
+        fct = 1
+    elif norm == "ortho":
+        fct = reciprocal(sqrt(n, dtype=real_dtype))
+    elif norm == "forward":
+        fct = reciprocal(n, dtype=real_dtype)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid norm value {norm}; should be "backward",'
+                         '"ortho" or "forward".')
+
+    n_out = n
+    if is_real:
+        if is_forward:
+            ufunc = pfu.rfft_n_even if n % 2 == 0 else pfu.rfft_n_odd
+            n_out = n // 2 + 1
+        else:
+            ufunc = pfu.irfft
+    else:
+        ufunc = pfu.fft if is_forward else pfu.ifft
+
+    axis = normalize_axis_index(axis, a.ndim)
+
+    if out is None:
+        if is_real and not is_forward:  # irfft, complex in, real output.
+            out_dtype = real_dtype
+        else:  # Others, complex output.
+            out_dtype = result_type(a.dtype, 1j)
+        out = empty_like(a, shape=a.shape[:axis] + (n_out,) + a.shape[axis + 1:],
+                         dtype=out_dtype)
+    elif ((shape := getattr(out, "shape", None)) is not None
+          and (len(shape) != a.ndim or shape[axis] != n_out)):
+        raise ValueError("output array has wrong shape.")
+
+    return ufunc(a, fct, axes=[(axis,), (), (axis,)], out=out)
+
+
+_SWAP_DIRECTION_MAP = {"backward": "forward", None: "forward",
+                       "ortho": "ortho", "forward": "backward"}
+
+
+def _swap_direction(norm):
+    try:
+        return _SWAP_DIRECTION_MAP[norm]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid norm value {norm}; should be "backward", '
+                         '"ortho" or "forward".') from None
+
+
+def _fft_dispatcher(a, n=None, axis=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def fft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the one-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the one-dimensional *n*-point discrete Fourier
+    Transform (DFT) with the efficient Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
+    algorithm [CT]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex.
+    n : int, optional
+        Length of the transformed axis of the output.
+        If `n` is smaller than the length of the input, the input is cropped.
+        If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.  If `n` is not given,
+        the length of the input along the axis specified by `axis` is used.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the FFT.  If not given, the last axis is
+        used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    IndexError
+        If `axis` is not a valid axis of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : for definition of the DFT and conventions used.
+    ifft : The inverse of `fft`.
+    fft2 : The two-dimensional FFT.
+    fftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT.
+    rfftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    fftfreq : Frequency bins for given FFT parameters.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) refers to a way the discrete Fourier
+    Transform (DFT) can be calculated efficiently, by using symmetries in the
+    calculated terms.  The symmetry is highest when `n` is a power of 2, and
+    the transform is therefore most efficient for these sizes.
+
+    The DFT is defined, with the conventions used in this implementation, in
+    the documentation for the `numpy.fft` module.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [CT] Cooley, James W., and John W. Tukey, 1965, "An algorithm for the
+            machine calculation of complex Fourier series," *Math. Comput.*
+            19: 297-301.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> np.fft.fft(np.exp(2j * np.pi * np.arange(8) / 8))
+    array([-2.33486982e-16+1.14423775e-17j,  8.00000000e+00-1.25557246e-15j,
+            2.33486982e-16+2.33486982e-16j,  0.00000000e+00+1.22464680e-16j,
+           -1.14423775e-17+2.33486982e-16j,  0.00000000e+00+5.20784380e-16j,
+            1.14423775e-17+1.14423775e-17j,  0.00000000e+00+1.22464680e-16j])
+
+    In this example, real input has an FFT which is Hermitian, i.e., symmetric
+    in the real part and anti-symmetric in the imaginary part, as described in
+    the `numpy.fft` documentation:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> t = np.arange(256)
+    >>> sp = np.fft.fft(np.sin(t))
+    >>> freq = np.fft.fftfreq(t.shape[-1])
+    >>> _ = plt.plot(freq, sp.real, freq, sp.imag)
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = a.shape[axis]
+    output = _raw_fft(a, n, axis, False, True, norm, out)
+    return output
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def ifft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the one-dimensional inverse discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the inverse of the one-dimensional *n*-point
+    discrete Fourier transform computed by `fft`.  In other words,
+    ``ifft(fft(a)) == a`` to within numerical accuracy.
+    For a general description of the algorithm and definitions,
+    see `numpy.fft`.
+
+    The input should be ordered in the same way as is returned by `fft`,
+    i.e.,
+
+    * ``a[0]`` should contain the zero frequency term,
+    * ``a[1:n//2]`` should contain the positive-frequency terms,
+    * ``a[n//2 + 1:]`` should contain the negative-frequency terms, in
+      increasing order starting from the most negative frequency.
+
+    For an even number of input points, ``A[n//2]`` represents the sum of
+    the values at the positive and negative Nyquist frequencies, as the two
+    are aliased together. See `numpy.fft` for details.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex.
+    n : int, optional
+        Length of the transformed axis of the output.
+        If `n` is smaller than the length of the input, the input is cropped.
+        If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.  If `n` is not given,
+        the length of the input along the axis specified by `axis` is used.
+        See notes about padding issues.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the inverse DFT.  If not given, the last
+        axis is used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    IndexError
+        If `axis` is not a valid axis of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : An introduction, with definitions and general explanations.
+    fft : The one-dimensional (forward) FFT, of which `ifft` is the inverse
+    ifft2 : The two-dimensional inverse FFT.
+    ifftn : The n-dimensional inverse FFT.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If the input parameter `n` is larger than the size of the input, the input
+    is padded by appending zeros at the end.  Even though this is the common
+    approach, it might lead to surprising results.  If a different padding is
+    desired, it must be performed before calling `ifft`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> np.fft.ifft([0, 4, 0, 0])
+    array([ 1.+0.j,  0.+1.j, -1.+0.j,  0.-1.j]) # may vary
+
+    Create and plot a band-limited signal with random phases:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> t = np.arange(400)
+    >>> n = np.zeros((400,), dtype=complex)
+    >>> n[40:60] = np.exp(1j*np.random.uniform(0, 2*np.pi, (20,)))
+    >>> s = np.fft.ifft(n)
+    >>> plt.plot(t, s.real, label='real')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at ...>]
+    >>> plt.plot(t, s.imag, '--', label='imaginary')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at ...>]
+    >>> plt.legend()
+    <matplotlib.legend.Legend object at ...>
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = a.shape[axis]
+    output = _raw_fft(a, n, axis, False, False, norm, out=out)
+    return output
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def rfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the one-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform for real input.
+
+    This function computes the one-dimensional *n*-point discrete Fourier
+    Transform (DFT) of a real-valued array by means of an efficient algorithm
+    called the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array
+    n : int, optional
+        Number of points along transformation axis in the input to use.
+        If `n` is smaller than the length of the input, the input is cropped.
+        If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros. If `n` is not given,
+        the length of the input along the axis specified by `axis` is used.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the FFT. If not given, the last axis is
+        used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+        If `n` is even, the length of the transformed axis is ``(n/2)+1``.
+        If `n` is odd, the length is ``(n+1)/2``.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    IndexError
+        If `axis` is not a valid axis of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : For definition of the DFT and conventions used.
+    irfft : The inverse of `rfft`.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT of general (complex) input.
+    fftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT.
+    rfftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT of real input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When the DFT is computed for purely real input, the output is
+    Hermitian-symmetric, i.e. the negative frequency terms are just the complex
+    conjugates of the corresponding positive-frequency terms, and the
+    negative-frequency terms are therefore redundant.  This function does not
+    compute the negative frequency terms, and the length of the transformed
+    axis of the output is therefore ``n//2 + 1``.
+
+    When ``A = rfft(a)`` and fs is the sampling frequency, ``A[0]`` contains
+    the zero-frequency term 0*fs, which is real due to Hermitian symmetry.
+
+    If `n` is even, ``A[-1]`` contains the term representing both positive
+    and negative Nyquist frequency (+fs/2 and -fs/2), and must also be purely
+    real. If `n` is odd, there is no term at fs/2; ``A[-1]`` contains
+    the largest positive frequency (fs/2*(n-1)/n), and is complex in the
+    general case.
+
+    If the input `a` contains an imaginary part, it is silently discarded.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> np.fft.fft([0, 1, 0, 0])
+    array([ 1.+0.j,  0.-1.j, -1.+0.j,  0.+1.j]) # may vary
+    >>> np.fft.rfft([0, 1, 0, 0])
+    array([ 1.+0.j,  0.-1.j, -1.+0.j]) # may vary
+
+    Notice how the final element of the `fft` output is the complex conjugate
+    of the second element, for real input. For `rfft`, this symmetry is
+    exploited to compute only the non-negative frequency terms.
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = a.shape[axis]
+    output = _raw_fft(a, n, axis, True, True, norm, out=out)
+    return output
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def irfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Computes the inverse of `rfft`.
+
+    This function computes the inverse of the one-dimensional *n*-point
+    discrete Fourier Transform of real input computed by `rfft`.
+    In other words, ``irfft(rfft(a), len(a)) == a`` to within numerical
+    accuracy. (See Notes below for why ``len(a)`` is necessary here.)
+
+    The input is expected to be in the form returned by `rfft`, i.e. the
+    real zero-frequency term followed by the complex positive frequency terms
+    in order of increasing frequency.  Since the discrete Fourier Transform of
+    real input is Hermitian-symmetric, the negative frequency terms are taken
+    to be the complex conjugates of the corresponding positive frequency terms.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The input array.
+    n : int, optional
+        Length of the transformed axis of the output.
+        For `n` output points, ``n//2+1`` input points are necessary.  If the
+        input is longer than this, it is cropped.  If it is shorter than this,
+        it is padded with zeros.  If `n` is not given, it is taken to be
+        ``2*(m-1)`` where ``m`` is the length of the input along the axis
+        specified by `axis`.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the inverse FFT. If not given, the last
+        axis is used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+        The length of the transformed axis is `n`, or, if `n` is not given,
+        ``2*(m-1)`` where ``m`` is the length of the transformed axis of the
+        input. To get an odd number of output points, `n` must be specified.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    IndexError
+        If `axis` is not a valid axis of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : For definition of the DFT and conventions used.
+    rfft : The one-dimensional FFT of real input, of which `irfft` is inverse.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT.
+    irfft2 : The inverse of the two-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    irfftn : The inverse of the *n*-dimensional FFT of real input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Returns the real valued `n`-point inverse discrete Fourier transform
+    of `a`, where `a` contains the non-negative frequency terms of a
+    Hermitian-symmetric sequence. `n` is the length of the result, not the
+    input.
+
+    If you specify an `n` such that `a` must be zero-padded or truncated, the
+    extra/removed values will be added/removed at high frequencies. One can
+    thus resample a series to `m` points via Fourier interpolation by:
+    ``a_resamp = irfft(rfft(a), m)``.
+
+    The correct interpretation of the hermitian input depends on the length of
+    the original data, as given by `n`. This is because each input shape could
+    correspond to either an odd or even length signal. By default, `irfft`
+    assumes an even output length which puts the last entry at the Nyquist
+    frequency; aliasing with its symmetric counterpart. By Hermitian symmetry,
+    the value is thus treated as purely real. To avoid losing information, the
+    correct length of the real input **must** be given.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> np.fft.ifft([1, -1j, -1, 1j])
+    array([0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]) # may vary
+    >>> np.fft.irfft([1, -1j, -1])
+    array([0.,  1.,  0.,  0.])
+
+    Notice how the last term in the input to the ordinary `ifft` is the
+    complex conjugate of the second term, and the output has zero imaginary
+    part everywhere.  When calling `irfft`, the negative frequencies are not
+    specified, and the output array is purely real.
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = (a.shape[axis] - 1) * 2
+    output = _raw_fft(a, n, axis, True, False, norm, out=out)
+    return output
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def hfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the FFT of a signal that has Hermitian symmetry, i.e., a real
+    spectrum.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The input array.
+    n : int, optional
+        Length of the transformed axis of the output. For `n` output
+        points, ``n//2 + 1`` input points are necessary.  If the input is
+        longer than this, it is cropped.  If it is shorter than this, it is
+        padded with zeros.  If `n` is not given, it is taken to be ``2*(m-1)``
+        where ``m`` is the length of the input along the axis specified by
+        `axis`.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the FFT. If not given, the last
+        axis is used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+        The length of the transformed axis is `n`, or, if `n` is not given,
+        ``2*m - 2`` where ``m`` is the length of the transformed axis of
+        the input. To get an odd number of output points, `n` must be
+        specified, for instance as ``2*m - 1`` in the typical case,
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    IndexError
+        If `axis` is not a valid axis of `a`.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    rfft : Compute the one-dimensional FFT for real input.
+    ihfft : The inverse of `hfft`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `hfft`/`ihfft` are a pair analogous to `rfft`/`irfft`, but for the
+    opposite case: here the signal has Hermitian symmetry in the time
+    domain and is real in the frequency domain. So here it's `hfft` for
+    which you must supply the length of the result if it is to be odd.
+
+    * even: ``ihfft(hfft(a, 2*len(a) - 2)) == a``, within roundoff error,
+    * odd: ``ihfft(hfft(a, 2*len(a) - 1)) == a``, within roundoff error.
+
+    The correct interpretation of the hermitian input depends on the length of
+    the original data, as given by `n`. This is because each input shape could
+    correspond to either an odd or even length signal. By default, `hfft`
+    assumes an even output length which puts the last entry at the Nyquist
+    frequency; aliasing with its symmetric counterpart. By Hermitian symmetry,
+    the value is thus treated as purely real. To avoid losing information, the
+    shape of the full signal **must** be given.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> signal = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2])
+    >>> np.fft.fft(signal)
+    array([15.+0.j,  -4.+0.j,   0.+0.j,  -1.-0.j,   0.+0.j,  -4.+0.j]) # may vary
+    >>> np.fft.hfft(signal[:4]) # Input first half of signal
+    array([15.,  -4.,   0.,  -1.,   0.,  -4.])
+    >>> np.fft.hfft(signal, 6)  # Input entire signal and truncate
+    array([15.,  -4.,   0.,  -1.,   0.,  -4.])
+
+
+    >>> signal = np.array([[1, 1.j], [-1.j, 2]])
+    >>> np.conj(signal.T) - signal   # check Hermitian symmetry
+    array([[ 0.-0.j,  -0.+0.j], # may vary
+           [ 0.+0.j,  0.-0.j]])
+    >>> freq_spectrum = np.fft.hfft(signal)
+    >>> freq_spectrum
+    array([[ 1.,  1.],
+           [ 2., -2.]])
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = (a.shape[axis] - 1) * 2
+    new_norm = _swap_direction(norm)
+    output = irfft(conjugate(a), n, axis, norm=new_norm, out=None)
+    return output
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fft_dispatcher)
+def ihfft(a, n=None, axis=-1, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the inverse FFT of a signal that has Hermitian symmetry.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    n : int, optional
+        Length of the inverse FFT, the number of points along
+        transformation axis in the input to use.  If `n` is smaller than
+        the length of the input, the input is cropped.  If it is larger,
+        the input is padded with zeros. If `n` is not given, the length of
+        the input along the axis specified by `axis` is used.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis over which to compute the inverse FFT. If not given, the last
+        axis is used.
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axis
+        indicated by `axis`, or the last one if `axis` is not specified.
+        The length of the transformed axis is ``n//2 + 1``.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    hfft, irfft
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `hfft`/`ihfft` are a pair analogous to `rfft`/`irfft`, but for the
+    opposite case: here the signal has Hermitian symmetry in the time
+    domain and is real in the frequency domain. So here it's `hfft` for
+    which you must supply the length of the result if it is to be odd:
+
+    * even: ``ihfft(hfft(a, 2*len(a) - 2)) == a``, within roundoff error,
+    * odd: ``ihfft(hfft(a, 2*len(a) - 1)) == a``, within roundoff error.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> spectrum = np.array([ 15, -4, 0, -1, 0, -4])
+    >>> np.fft.ifft(spectrum)
+    array([1.+0.j,  2.+0.j,  3.+0.j,  4.+0.j,  3.+0.j,  2.+0.j]) # may vary
+    >>> np.fft.ihfft(spectrum)
+    array([ 1.-0.j,  2.-0.j,  3.-0.j,  4.-0.j]) # may vary
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    if n is None:
+        n = a.shape[axis]
+    new_norm = _swap_direction(norm)
+    out = rfft(a, n, axis, norm=new_norm, out=out)
+    return conjugate(out, out=out)
+
+
+def _cook_nd_args(a, s=None, axes=None, invreal=0):
+    if s is None:
+        shapeless = True
+        if axes is None:
+            s = list(a.shape)
+        else:
+            s = take(a.shape, axes)
+    else:
+        shapeless = False
+    s = list(s)
+    if axes is None:
+        if not shapeless:
+            msg = ("`axes` should not be `None` if `s` is not `None` "
+                   "(Deprecated in NumPy 2.0). In a future version of NumPy, "
+                   "this will raise an error and `s[i]` will correspond to "
+                   "the size along the transformed axis specified by "
+                   "`axes[i]`. To retain current behaviour, pass a sequence "
+                   "[0, ..., k-1] to `axes` for an array of dimension k.")
+            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+        axes = list(range(-len(s), 0))
+    if len(s) != len(axes):
+        raise ValueError("Shape and axes have different lengths.")
+    if invreal and shapeless:
+        s[-1] = (a.shape[axes[-1]] - 1) * 2
+    if None in s:
+        msg = ("Passing an array containing `None` values to `s` is "
+               "deprecated in NumPy 2.0 and will raise an error in "
+               "a future version of NumPy. To use the default behaviour "
+               "of the corresponding 1-D transform, pass the value matching "
+               "the default for its `n` parameter. To use the default "
+               "behaviour for every axis, the `s` argument can be omitted.")
+        warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    # use the whole input array along axis `i` if `s[i] == -1`
+    s = [a.shape[_a] if _s == -1 else _s for _s, _a in zip(s, axes)]
+    return s, axes
+
+
+def _raw_fftnd(a, s=None, axes=None, function=fft, norm=None, out=None):
+    a = asarray(a)
+    s, axes = _cook_nd_args(a, s, axes)
+    itl = list(range(len(axes)))
+    itl.reverse()
+    for ii in itl:
+        a = function(a, n=s[ii], axis=axes[ii], norm=norm, out=out)
+    return a
+
+
+def _fftn_dispatcher(a, s=None, axes=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def fftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the N-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the *N*-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform over
+    any number of axes in an *M*-dimensional array by means of the Fast Fourier
+    Transform (FFT).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length of each transformed axis) of the output
+        (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0, ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.).
+        This corresponds to ``n`` for ``fft(x, n)``.
+        Along any axis, if the given shape is smaller than that of the input,
+        the input is cropped. If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes specified
+        by `axes` is used.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the FFT.  If not given, the last ``len(s)``
+        axes are used, or all axes if `s` is also not specified.
+        Repeated indices in `axes` means that the transform over that axis is
+        performed multiple times.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must be explicitly specified too.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for all axes (and hence is
+        incompatible with passing in all but the trivial ``s``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or by a combination of `s` and `a`,
+        as explained in the parameters section above.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : Overall view of discrete Fourier transforms, with definitions
+        and conventions used.
+    ifftn : The inverse of `fftn`, the inverse *n*-dimensional FFT.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT, with definitions and conventions used.
+    rfftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    fft2 : The two-dimensional FFT.
+    fftshift : Shifts zero-frequency terms to centre of array
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The output, analogously to `fft`, contains the term for zero frequency in
+    the low-order corner of all axes, the positive frequency terms in the
+    first half of all axes, the term for the Nyquist frequency in the middle
+    of all axes and the negative frequency terms in the second half of all
+    axes, in order of decreasingly negative frequency.
+
+    See `numpy.fft` for details, definitions and conventions used.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.mgrid[:3, :3, :3][0]
+    >>> np.fft.fftn(a, axes=(1, 2))
+    array([[[ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j], # may vary
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j]],
+           [[ 9.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j]],
+           [[18.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,   0.+0.j,   0.+0.j]]])
+    >>> np.fft.fftn(a, (2, 2), axes=(0, 1))
+    array([[[ 2.+0.j,  2.+0.j,  2.+0.j], # may vary
+            [ 0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]],
+           [[-2.+0.j, -2.+0.j, -2.+0.j],
+            [ 0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]]])
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> [X, Y] = np.meshgrid(2 * np.pi * np.arange(200) / 12,
+    ...                      2 * np.pi * np.arange(200) / 34)
+    >>> S = np.sin(X) + np.cos(Y) + np.random.uniform(0, 1, X.shape)
+    >>> FS = np.fft.fftn(S)
+    >>> plt.imshow(np.log(np.abs(np.fft.fftshift(FS))**2))
+    <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x...>
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    return _raw_fftnd(a, s, axes, fft, norm, out=out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def ifftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the N-dimensional inverse discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the inverse of the N-dimensional discrete
+    Fourier Transform over any number of axes in an M-dimensional array by
+    means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).  In other words,
+    ``ifftn(fftn(a)) == a`` to within numerical accuracy.
+    For a description of the definitions and conventions used, see `numpy.fft`.
+
+    The input, analogously to `ifft`, should be ordered in the same way as is
+    returned by `fftn`, i.e. it should have the term for zero frequency
+    in all axes in the low-order corner, the positive frequency terms in the
+    first half of all axes, the term for the Nyquist frequency in the middle
+    of all axes and the negative frequency terms in the second half of all
+    axes, in order of decreasingly negative frequency.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length of each transformed axis) of the output
+        (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0, ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.).
+        This corresponds to ``n`` for ``ifft(x, n)``.
+        Along any axis, if the given shape is smaller than that of the input,
+        the input is cropped. If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes specified
+        by `axes` is used. See notes for issue on `ifft` zero padding.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the IFFT.  If not given, the last ``len(s)``
+        axes are used, or all axes if `s` is also not specified.
+        Repeated indices in `axes` means that the inverse transform over that
+        axis is performed multiple times.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must be explicitly specified too.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for all axes (and hence is
+        incompatible with passing in all but the trivial ``s``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or by a combination of `s` or `a`,
+        as explained in the parameters section above.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : Overall view of discrete Fourier transforms, with definitions
+         and conventions used.
+    fftn : The forward *n*-dimensional FFT, of which `ifftn` is the inverse.
+    ifft : The one-dimensional inverse FFT.
+    ifft2 : The two-dimensional inverse FFT.
+    ifftshift : Undoes `fftshift`, shifts zero-frequency terms to beginning
+        of array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `numpy.fft` for definitions and conventions used.
+
+    Zero-padding, analogously with `ifft`, is performed by appending zeros to
+    the input along the specified dimension.  Although this is the common
+    approach, it might lead to surprising results.  If another form of zero
+    padding is desired, it must be performed before `ifftn` is called.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.eye(4)
+    >>> np.fft.ifftn(np.fft.fftn(a, axes=(0,)), axes=(1,))
+    array([[1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j], # may vary
+           [0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
+           [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
+           [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j]])
+
+
+    Create and plot an image with band-limited frequency content:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> n = np.zeros((200,200), dtype=complex)
+    >>> n[60:80, 20:40] = np.exp(1j*np.random.uniform(0, 2*np.pi, (20, 20)))
+    >>> im = np.fft.ifftn(n).real
+    >>> plt.imshow(im)
+    <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x...>
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    return _raw_fftnd(a, s, axes, ifft, norm, out=out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def fft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the 2-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the *n*-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform
+    over any axes in an *M*-dimensional array by means of the
+    Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).  By default, the transform is computed over
+    the last two axes of the input array, i.e., a 2-dimensional FFT.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length of each transformed axis) of the output
+        (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0, ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.).
+        This corresponds to ``n`` for ``fft(x, n)``.
+        Along each axis, if the given shape is smaller than that of the input,
+        the input is cropped. If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes specified
+        by `axes` is used.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the FFT.  If not given, the last two
+        axes are used.  A repeated index in `axes` means the transform over
+        that axis is performed multiple times.  A one-element sequence means
+        that a one-dimensional FFT is performed. Default: ``(-2, -1)``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must not be ``None``.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for all axes (and hence only the
+        last axis can have ``s`` not equal to the shape at that axis).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or the last two axes if `axes` is not given.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length, or `axes` not given and
+        ``len(s) != 2``.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : Overall view of discrete Fourier transforms, with definitions
+         and conventions used.
+    ifft2 : The inverse two-dimensional FFT.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT.
+    fftn : The *n*-dimensional FFT.
+    fftshift : Shifts zero-frequency terms to the center of the array.
+        For two-dimensional input, swaps first and third quadrants, and second
+        and fourth quadrants.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `fft2` is just `fftn` with a different default for `axes`.
+
+    The output, analogously to `fft`, contains the term for zero frequency in
+    the low-order corner of the transformed axes, the positive frequency terms
+    in the first half of these axes, the term for the Nyquist frequency in the
+    middle of the axes and the negative frequency terms in the second half of
+    the axes, in order of decreasingly negative frequency.
+
+    See `fftn` for details and a plotting example, and `numpy.fft` for
+    definitions and conventions used.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.mgrid[:5, :5][0]
+    >>> np.fft.fft2(a)
+    array([[ 50.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        , # may vary
+              0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5+17.20477401j,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,
+              0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5 +4.0614962j ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,
+              0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5 -4.0614962j ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,
+              0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5-17.20477401j,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,
+              0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ]])
+
+    """
+    return _raw_fftnd(a, s, axes, fft, norm, out=out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def ifft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the 2-dimensional inverse discrete Fourier Transform.
+
+    This function computes the inverse of the 2-dimensional discrete Fourier
+    Transform over any number of axes in an M-dimensional array by means of
+    the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).  In other words, ``ifft2(fft2(a)) == a``
+    to within numerical accuracy.  By default, the inverse transform is
+    computed over the last two axes of the input array.
+
+    The input, analogously to `ifft`, should be ordered in the same way as is
+    returned by `fft2`, i.e. it should have the term for zero frequency
+    in the low-order corner of the two axes, the positive frequency terms in
+    the first half of these axes, the term for the Nyquist frequency in the
+    middle of the axes and the negative frequency terms in the second half of
+    both axes, in order of decreasingly negative frequency.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, can be complex.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length of each axis) of the output (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0,
+        ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.).  This corresponds to `n` for ``ifft(x, n)``.
+        Along each axis, if the given shape is smaller than that of the input,
+        the input is cropped. If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes specified
+        by `axes` is used.  See notes for issue on `ifft` zero padding.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the FFT.  If not given, the last two
+        axes are used.  A repeated index in `axes` means the transform over
+        that axis is performed multiple times.  A one-element sequence means
+        that a one-dimensional FFT is performed. Default: ``(-2, -1)``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must not be ``None``.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for all axes (and hence is
+        incompatible with passing in all but the trivial ``s``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or the last two axes if `axes` is not given.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length, or `axes` not given and
+        ``len(s) != 2``.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.fft : Overall view of discrete Fourier transforms, with definitions
+         and conventions used.
+    fft2 : The forward 2-dimensional FFT, of which `ifft2` is the inverse.
+    ifftn : The inverse of the *n*-dimensional FFT.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT.
+    ifft : The one-dimensional inverse FFT.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `ifft2` is just `ifftn` with a different default for `axes`.
+
+    See `ifftn` for details and a plotting example, and `numpy.fft` for
+    definition and conventions used.
+
+    Zero-padding, analogously with `ifft`, is performed by appending zeros to
+    the input along the specified dimension.  Although this is the common
+    approach, it might lead to surprising results.  If another form of zero
+    padding is desired, it must be performed before `ifft2` is called.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = 4 * np.eye(4)
+    >>> np.fft.ifft2(a)
+    array([[1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j], # may vary
+           [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j],
+           [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
+           [0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]])
+
+    """
+    return _raw_fftnd(a, s, axes, ifft, norm, out=None)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def rfftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the N-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform for real input.
+
+    This function computes the N-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform over
+    any number of axes in an M-dimensional real array by means of the Fast
+    Fourier Transform (FFT).  By default, all axes are transformed, with the
+    real transform performed over the last axis, while the remaining
+    transforms are complex.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, taken to be real.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length along each transformed axis) to use from the input.
+        (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0, ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.).
+        The final element of `s` corresponds to `n` for ``rfft(x, n)``, while
+        for the remaining axes, it corresponds to `n` for ``fft(x, n)``.
+        Along any axis, if the given shape is smaller than that of the input,
+        the input is cropped. If it is larger, the input is padded with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes specified
+        by `axes` is used.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the FFT.  If not given, the last ``len(s)``
+        axes are used, or all axes if `s` is also not specified.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must be explicitly specified too.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for all axes (and hence is
+        incompatible with passing in all but the trivial ``s``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : complex ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or by a combination of `s` and `a`,
+        as explained in the parameters section above.
+        The length of the last axis transformed will be ``s[-1]//2+1``,
+        while the remaining transformed axes will have lengths according to
+        `s`, or unchanged from the input.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    irfftn : The inverse of `rfftn`, i.e. the inverse of the n-dimensional FFT
+         of real input.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT, with definitions and conventions used.
+    rfft : The one-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    fftn : The n-dimensional FFT.
+    rfft2 : The two-dimensional FFT of real input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The transform for real input is performed over the last transformation
+    axis, as by `rfft`, then the transform over the remaining axes is
+    performed as by `fftn`.  The order of the output is as for `rfft` for the
+    final transformation axis, and as for `fftn` for the remaining
+    transformation axes.
+
+    See `fft` for details, definitions and conventions used.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.ones((2, 2, 2))
+    >>> np.fft.rfftn(a)
+    array([[[8.+0.j,  0.+0.j], # may vary
+            [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]],
+           [[0.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
+            [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]]])
+
+    >>> np.fft.rfftn(a, axes=(2, 0))
+    array([[[4.+0.j,  0.+0.j], # may vary
+            [4.+0.j,  0.+0.j]],
+           [[0.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
+            [0.+0.j,  0.+0.j]]])
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    s, axes = _cook_nd_args(a, s, axes)
+    a = rfft(a, s[-1], axes[-1], norm, out=out)
+    for ii in range(len(axes) - 2, -1, -1):
+        a = fft(a, s[ii], axes[ii], norm, out=out)
+    return a
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def rfft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the 2-dimensional FFT of a real array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array
+        Input array, taken to be real.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape of the FFT.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the FFT. Default: ``(-2, -1)``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must not be ``None``.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : complex ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for the last inverse transform.
+        incompatible with passing in all but the trivial ``s``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The result of the real 2-D FFT.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    rfftn : Compute the N-dimensional discrete Fourier Transform for real
+            input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This is really just `rfftn` with different default behavior.
+    For more details see `rfftn`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.mgrid[:5, :5][0]
+    >>> np.fft.rfft2(a)
+    array([[ 50.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5+17.20477401j,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5 +4.0614962j ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5 -4.0614962j ,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ],
+           [-12.5-17.20477401j,   0.  +0.j        ,   0.  +0.j        ]])
+    """
+    return rfftn(a, s, axes, norm, out=out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def irfftn(a, s=None, axes=None, norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Computes the inverse of `rfftn`.
+
+    This function computes the inverse of the N-dimensional discrete
+    Fourier Transform for real input over any number of axes in an
+    M-dimensional array by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).  In
+    other words, ``irfftn(rfftn(a), a.shape) == a`` to within numerical
+    accuracy. (The ``a.shape`` is necessary like ``len(a)`` is for `irfft`,
+    and for the same reason.)
+
+    The input should be ordered in the same way as is returned by `rfftn`,
+    i.e. as for `irfft` for the final transformation axis, and as for `ifftn`
+    along all the other axes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape (length of each transformed axis) of the output
+        (``s[0]`` refers to axis 0, ``s[1]`` to axis 1, etc.). `s` is also the
+        number of input points used along this axis, except for the last axis,
+        where ``s[-1]//2+1`` points of the input are used.
+        Along any axis, if the shape indicated by `s` is smaller than that of
+        the input, the input is cropped.  If it is larger, the input is padded
+        with zeros.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        If `s` is not given, the shape of the input along the axes
+        specified by axes is used. Except for the last axis which is taken to
+        be ``2*(m-1)`` where ``m`` is the length of the input along that axis.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        Axes over which to compute the inverse FFT. If not given, the last
+        `len(s)` axes are used, or all axes if `s` is also not specified.
+        Repeated indices in `axes` means that the inverse transform over that
+        axis is performed multiple times.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must be explicitly specified too.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for the last transformation.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes
+        indicated by `axes`, or by a combination of `s` or `a`,
+        as explained in the parameters section above.
+        The length of each transformed axis is as given by the corresponding
+        element of `s`, or the length of the input in every axis except for the
+        last one if `s` is not given.  In the final transformed axis the length
+        of the output when `s` is not given is ``2*(m-1)`` where ``m`` is the
+        length of the final transformed axis of the input.  To get an odd
+        number of output points in the final axis, `s` must be specified.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `s` and `axes` have different length.
+    IndexError
+        If an element of `axes` is larger than than the number of axes of `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    rfftn : The forward n-dimensional FFT of real input,
+            of which `ifftn` is the inverse.
+    fft : The one-dimensional FFT, with definitions and conventions used.
+    irfft : The inverse of the one-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    irfft2 : The inverse of the two-dimensional FFT of real input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `fft` for definitions and conventions used.
+
+    See `rfft` for definitions and conventions used for real input.
+
+    The correct interpretation of the hermitian input depends on the shape of
+    the original data, as given by `s`. This is because each input shape could
+    correspond to either an odd or even length signal. By default, `irfftn`
+    assumes an even output length which puts the last entry at the Nyquist
+    frequency; aliasing with its symmetric counterpart. When performing the
+    final complex to real transform, the last value is thus treated as purely
+    real. To avoid losing information, the correct shape of the real input
+    **must** be given.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.zeros((3, 2, 2))
+    >>> a[0, 0, 0] = 3 * 2 * 2
+    >>> np.fft.irfftn(a)
+    array([[[1.,  1.],
+            [1.,  1.]],
+           [[1.,  1.],
+            [1.,  1.]],
+           [[1.,  1.],
+            [1.,  1.]]])
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    s, axes = _cook_nd_args(a, s, axes, invreal=1)
+    for ii in range(len(axes) - 1):
+        a = ifft(a, s[ii], axes[ii], norm)
+    a = irfft(a, s[-1], axes[-1], norm, out=out)
+    return a
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_fftn_dispatcher)
+def irfft2(a, s=None, axes=(-2, -1), norm=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Computes the inverse of `rfft2`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The input array
+    s : sequence of ints, optional
+        Shape of the real output to the inverse FFT.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            If it is ``-1``, the whole input is used (no padding/trimming).
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is not ``None``, `axes` must not be ``None`` either.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            `s` must contain only ``int`` s, not ``None`` values. ``None``
+            values currently mean that the default value for ``n`` is used
+            in the corresponding 1-D transform, but this behaviour is
+            deprecated.
+
+    axes : sequence of ints, optional
+        The axes over which to compute the inverse fft.
+        Default: ``(-2, -1)``, the last two axes.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+            If `s` is specified, the corresponding `axes` to be transformed
+            must not be ``None``.
+
+    norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional
+        Normalization mode (see `numpy.fft`). Default is "backward".
+        Indicates which direction of the forward/backward pair of transforms
+        is scaled and with what normalization factor.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+            The "backward", "forward" values were added.
+
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should be
+        of the appropriate shape and dtype for the last transformation.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The result of the inverse real 2-D FFT.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    rfft2 : The forward two-dimensional FFT of real input,
+            of which `irfft2` is the inverse.
+    rfft : The one-dimensional FFT for real input.
+    irfft : The inverse of the one-dimensional FFT of real input.
+    irfftn : Compute the inverse of the N-dimensional FFT of real input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This is really `irfftn` with different defaults.
+    For more details see `irfftn`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> a = np.mgrid[:5, :5][0]
+    >>> A = np.fft.rfft2(a)
+    >>> np.fft.irfft2(A, s=a.shape)
+    array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+           [1., 1., 1., 1., 1.],
+           [2., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+           [3., 3., 3., 3., 3.],
+           [4., 4., 4., 4., 4.]])
+    """
+    return irfftn(a, s, axes, norm, out=None)