numpy 2.4.0__cp313-cp313t-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

numpy/_core/tests/test_scalarmath.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1168 @@
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import operator
+import platform
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+import pytest
+from hypothesis import given, settings
+from hypothesis.extra import numpy as hynp
+from hypothesis.strategies import sampled_from
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy._core._rational_tests import rational
+from numpy._utils import _pep440
+from numpy.exceptions import ComplexWarning
+from numpy.testing import (
+    IS_PYPY,
+    _gen_alignment_data,
+    assert_,
+    assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
+    assert_equal,
+    assert_raises,
+    check_support_sve,
+)
+
+types = [np.bool, np.byte, np.ubyte, np.short, np.ushort, np.intc, np.uintc,
+         np.int_, np.uint, np.longlong, np.ulonglong,
+         np.single, np.double, np.longdouble, np.csingle,
+         np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+
+floating_types = np.floating.__subclasses__()
+complex_floating_types = np.complexfloating.__subclasses__()
+
+objecty_things = [object(), None, np.array(None, dtype=object)]
+
+binary_operators_for_scalars = [
+    operator.lt, operator.le, operator.eq, operator.ne, operator.ge,
+    operator.gt, operator.add, operator.floordiv, operator.mod,
+    operator.mul, operator.pow, operator.sub, operator.truediv
+]
+binary_operators_for_scalar_ints = binary_operators_for_scalars + [
+    operator.xor, operator.or_, operator.and_
+]
+
+
+# This compares scalarmath against ufuncs.
+
+class TestTypes:
+    def test_types(self):
+        for atype in types:
+            a = atype(1)
+            assert_(a == 1, f"error with {atype!r}: got {a!r}")
+
+    def test_type_add(self):
+        # list of types
+        for k, atype in enumerate(types):
+            a_scalar = atype(3)
+            a_array = np.array([3], dtype=atype)
+            for l, btype in enumerate(types):
+                b_scalar = btype(1)
+                b_array = np.array([1], dtype=btype)
+                c_scalar = a_scalar + b_scalar
+                c_array = a_array + b_array
+                # It was comparing the type numbers, but the new ufunc
+                # function-finding mechanism finds the lowest function
+                # to which both inputs can be cast - which produces 'l'
+                # when you do 'q' + 'b'.  The old function finding mechanism
+                # skipped ahead based on the first argument, but that
+                # does not produce properly symmetric results...
+                assert_equal(c_scalar.dtype, c_array.dtype,
+                           "error with types (%d/'%c' + %d/'%c')" %
+                            (k, np.dtype(atype).char, l, np.dtype(btype).char))
+
+    def test_type_create(self):
+        for atype in types:
+            a = np.array([1, 2, 3], atype)
+            b = atype([1, 2, 3])
+            assert_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_leak(self):
+        # test leak of scalar objects
+        # a leak would show up in valgrind as still-reachable of ~2.6MB
+        for i in range(200000):
+            np.add(1, 1)
+
+
+def check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2):
+    scalar1 = arr1[()]
+    scalar2 = arr2[()]
+    assert isinstance(scalar1, np.generic)
+    assert isinstance(scalar2, np.generic)
+
+    if arr1.dtype.kind == "c" or arr2.dtype.kind == "c":
+        comp_ops = {operator.ge, operator.gt, operator.le, operator.lt}
+        if op in comp_ops and (np.isnan(scalar1) or np.isnan(scalar2)):
+            pytest.xfail("complex comp ufuncs use sort-order, scalars do not.")
+    if op == operator.pow and arr2.item() in [-1, 0, 0.5, 1, 2]:
+        # array**scalar special case can have different result dtype
+        # (Other powers may have issues also, but are not hit here.)
+        # TODO: It would be nice to resolve this issue.
+        pytest.skip("array**2 can have incorrect/weird result dtype")
+
+    # ignore fpe's since they may just mismatch for integers anyway.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(), np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+        # Comparisons DeprecationWarnings replacing errors (2022-03):
+        warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+        try:
+            res = op(arr1, arr2)
+        except Exception as e:
+            with pytest.raises(type(e)):
+                op(scalar1, scalar2)
+        else:
+            scalar_res = op(scalar1, scalar2)
+            assert_array_equal(scalar_res, res, strict=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@settings(max_examples=10000, deadline=2000)
+@given(sampled_from(binary_operators_for_scalars),
+       hynp.arrays(dtype=hynp.scalar_dtypes(), shape=()),
+       hynp.arrays(dtype=hynp.scalar_dtypes(), shape=()))
+def test_array_scalar_ufunc_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2):
+    """
+    This is a thorough test attempting to cover important promotion paths
+    and ensuring that arrays and scalars stay as aligned as possible.
+    However, if it creates troubles, it should maybe just be removed.
+    """
+    check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@given(sampled_from(binary_operators_for_scalars),
+       hynp.scalar_dtypes(), hynp.scalar_dtypes())
+def test_array_scalar_ufunc_dtypes(op, dt1, dt2):
+    # Same as above, but don't worry about sampling weird values so that we
+    # do not have to sample as much
+    arr1 = np.array(2, dtype=dt1)
+    arr2 = np.array(3, dtype=dt2)  # some power do weird things.
+
+    check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fscalar", [np.float16, np.float32])
+def test_int_float_promotion_truediv(fscalar):
+    # Promotion for mixed int and float32/float16 must not go to float64
+    i = np.int8(1)
+    f = fscalar(1)
+    expected = np.result_type(i, f)
+    assert (i / f).dtype == expected
+    assert (f / i).dtype == expected
+    # But normal int / int true division goes to float64:
+    assert (i / i).dtype == np.dtype("float64")
+    # For int16, result has to be ast least float32 (takes ufunc path):
+    assert (np.int16(1) / f).dtype == np.dtype("float32")
+
+
+class TestBaseMath:
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(check_support_sve(), reason="gh-22982")
+    def test_blocked(self):
+        # test alignments offsets for simd instructions
+        # alignments for vz + 2 * (vs - 1) + 1
+        for dt, sz in [(np.float32, 11), (np.float64, 7), (np.int32, 11)]:
+            for out, inp1, inp2, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=dt,
+                                                            type='binary',
+                                                            max_size=sz):
+                exp1 = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                inp1[...] = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                inp2[...] = np.zeros_like(inp2)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(inp1, inp2), exp1, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(inp1, 2), exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(1, inp2), exp1, err_msg=msg)
+
+                np.add(inp1, inp2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1, err_msg=msg)
+
+                inp2[...] += np.arange(inp2.size, dtype=dt) + 1
+                assert_almost_equal(np.square(inp2),
+                                    np.multiply(inp2, inp2), err_msg=msg)
+                # skip true divide for ints
+                if dt != np.int32:
+                    assert_almost_equal(np.reciprocal(inp2),
+                                        np.divide(1, inp2), err_msg=msg)
+
+                inp1[...] = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                np.add(inp1, 2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+                inp2[...] = np.ones_like(inp2)
+                np.add(2, inp2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_lower_align(self):
+        # check data that is not aligned to element size
+        # i.e doubles are aligned to 4 bytes on i386
+        d = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        o = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        assert_almost_equal(d + d, d * 2)
+        np.add(d, d, out=o)
+        np.add(np.ones_like(d), d, out=o)
+        np.add(d, np.ones_like(d), out=o)
+        np.add(np.ones_like(d), d)
+        np.add(d, np.ones_like(d))
+
+
+class TestPower:
+    def test_small_types(self):
+        for t in [np.int8, np.int16, np.float16]:
+            a = t(3)
+            b = a ** 4
+            assert_(b == 81, f"error with {t!r}: got {b!r}")
+
+    def test_large_types(self):
+        for t in [np.int32, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]:
+            a = t(51)
+            b = a ** 4
+            msg = f"error with {t!r}: got {b!r}"
+            if np.issubdtype(t, np.integer):
+                assert_(b == 6765201, msg)
+            else:
+                assert_almost_equal(b, 6765201, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_integers_to_negative_integer_power(self):
+        # Note that the combination of uint64 with a signed integer
+        # has common type np.float64. The other combinations should all
+        # raise a ValueError for integer ** negative integer.
+        exp = [np.array(-1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilq']
+
+        # 1 ** -1 possible special case
+        base = [np.array(1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilqBHILQ']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, 1.)
+
+        # -1 ** -1 possible special case
+        base = [np.array(-1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilq']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, -1.)
+
+        # 2 ** -1 perhaps generic
+        base = [np.array(2, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilqBHILQ']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, .5)
+
+    def test_mixed_types(self):
+        typelist = [np.int8, np.int16, np.float16,
+                    np.float32, np.float64, np.int8,
+                    np.int16, np.int32, np.int64]
+        for t1 in typelist:
+            for t2 in typelist:
+                a = t1(3)
+                b = t2(2)
+                result = a**b
+                msg = f"error with {t1!r} and {t2!r}:got {result!r}, expected {9!r}"
+                if np.issubdtype(np.dtype(result), np.integer):
+                    assert_(result == 9, msg)
+                else:
+                    assert_almost_equal(result, 9, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_modular_power(self):
+        # modular power is not implemented, so ensure it errors
+        a = 5
+        b = 4
+        c = 10
+        expected = pow(a, b, c)  # noqa: F841
+        for t in (np.int32, np.float32, np.complex64):
+            # note that 3-operand power only dispatches on the first argument
+            assert_raises(TypeError, operator.pow, t(a), b, c)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, operator.pow, np.array(t(a)), b, c)
+
+
+def floordiv_and_mod(x, y):
+    return (x // y, x % y)
+
+
+def _signs(dt):
+    if dt in np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']:
+        return (+1,)
+    else:
+        return (+1, -1)
+
+
+class TestModulus:
+
+    def test_modulus_basic(self):
+        dt = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product(_signs(dt1), _signs(dt2)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1 * 71, dtype=dt1)[()]
+                    b = np.array(sg2 * 19, dtype=dt2)[()]
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    assert_equal(div * b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_exact(self):
+        # test that float results are exact for small integers. This also
+        # holds for the same integers scaled by powers of two.
+        nlst = list(range(-127, 0))
+        plst = list(range(1, 128))
+        dividend = nlst + [0] + plst
+        divisor = nlst + plst
+        arg = list(itertools.product(dividend, divisor))
+        tgt = [divmod(*t) for t in arg]
+
+        a, b = np.array(arg, dtype=int).T
+        # convert exact integer results from Python to float so that
+        # signed zero can be used, it is checked.
+        tgtdiv, tgtrem = np.array(tgt, dtype=float).T
+        tgtdiv = np.where((tgtdiv == 0.0) & ((b < 0) ^ (a < 0)), -0.0, tgtdiv)
+        tgtrem = np.where((tgtrem == 0.0) & (b < 0), -0.0, tgtrem)
+
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                msg = f'op: {op.__name__}, dtype: {dt}'
+                fa = a.astype(dt)
+                fb = b.astype(dt)
+                # use list comprehension so a_ and b_ are scalars
+                div, rem = zip(*[op(a_, b_) for a_, b_ in zip(fa, fb)])
+                assert_equal(div, tgtdiv, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_equal(rem, tgtrem, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_roundoff(self):
+        # gh-6127
+        dt = np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product((+1, -1), (+1, -1)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1 * 78 * 6e-8, dtype=dt1)[()]
+                    b = np.array(sg2 * 6e-8, dtype=dt2)[()]
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    # Equal assertion should hold when fmod is used
+                    assert_equal(div * b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_corner_cases(self):
+        # Check remainder magnitude.
+        for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+            b = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+            a = np.nextafter(np.array(0.0, dtype=dt), -b)
+            rem = operator.mod(a, b)
+            assert_(rem <= b, f'dt: {dt}')
+            rem = operator.mod(-a, -b)
+            assert_(rem >= -b, f'dt: {dt}')
+
+        # Check nans, inf
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(), np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+                fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dt)
+                finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dt)
+                fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dt)
+                rem = operator.mod(fone, fzer)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), f'dt: {dt}')
+                # MSVC 2008 returns NaN here, so disable the check.
+                #rem = operator.mod(fone, finf)
+                #assert_(rem == fone, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+                rem = operator.mod(fone, fnan)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), f'dt: {dt}')
+                rem = operator.mod(finf, fone)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), f'dt: {dt}')
+                for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+                    div, mod = op(fone, fzer)
+                    assert_(np.isinf(div)) and assert_(np.isnan(mod))
+
+    def test_inplace_floordiv_handling(self):
+        # issue gh-12927
+        # this only applies to in-place floordiv //=, because the output type
+        # promotes to float which does not fit
+        a = np.array([1, 2], np.int64)
+        b = np.array([1, 2], np.uint64)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=r"Cannot cast ufunc 'floor_divide' output from"):
+            a //= b
+
+class TestComparison:
+    def test_comparision_different_types(self):
+        x = np.array(1)
+        y = np.array('s')
+        eq = x == y
+        neq = x != y
+        assert eq is np.bool_(False)
+        assert neq is np.bool_(True)
+
+
+class TestComplexDivision:
+    def test_zero_division(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                a = t(0.0)
+                b = t(1.0)
+                assert_(np.isinf(b / a))
+                b = t(complex(np.inf, np.inf))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b / a))
+                b = t(complex(np.inf, np.nan))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b / a))
+                b = t(complex(np.nan, np.inf))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b / a))
+                b = t(complex(np.nan, np.nan))
+                assert_(np.isnan(b / a))
+                b = t(0.)
+                assert_(np.isnan(b / a))
+
+    def test_signed_zeros(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                # tupled (numerator, denominator, expected)
+                # for testing as expected == numerator/denominator
+                data = (
+                    (( 0.0, -1.0), ( 0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, -0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, -1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), ( 1.0, -0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, -1.0), (-0.0, -1.0), ( 1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, -1.0), (-0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, 1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), (-1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, -1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), ( 1.0, -0.0)),
+                    ((-0.0, -1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), ( 1.0, -0.0)),
+                    ((-0.0, 1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), (-1.0, -0.0))
+                )
+                for cases in data:
+                    n = cases[0]
+                    d = cases[1]
+                    ex = cases[2]
+                    result = t(complex(n[0], n[1])) / t(complex(d[0], d[1]))
+                    # check real and imag parts separately to avoid comparison
+                    # in array context, which does not account for signed zeros
+                    assert_equal(result.real, ex[0])
+                    assert_equal(result.imag, ex[1])
+
+    def test_branches(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                # tupled (numerator, denominator, expected)
+                # for testing as expected == numerator/denominator
+                data = []
+
+                # trigger branch: real(fabs(denom)) > imag(fabs(denom))
+                # followed by else condition as neither are == 0
+                data.append((( 2.0, 1.0), ( 2.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0)))
+
+                # trigger branch: real(fabs(denom)) > imag(fabs(denom))
+                # followed by if condition as both are == 0
+                # is performed in test_zero_division(), so this is skipped
+
+                # trigger else if branch: real(fabs(denom)) < imag(fabs(denom))
+                data.append(((1.0, 2.0), (1.0, 2.0), (1.0, 0.0)))
+
+                for cases in data:
+                    n = cases[0]
+                    d = cases[1]
+                    ex = cases[2]
+                    result = t(complex(n[0], n[1])) / t(complex(d[0], d[1]))
+                    # check real and imag parts separately to avoid comparison
+                    # in array context, which does not account for signed zeros
+                    assert_equal(result.real, ex[0])
+                    assert_equal(result.imag, ex[1])
+
+
+class TestConversion:
+    def test_int_from_long(self):
+        l = [1e6, 1e12, 1e18, -1e6, -1e12, -1e18]
+        li = [10**6, 10**12, 10**18, -10**6, -10**12, -10**18]
+        for T in [None, np.float64, np.int64]:
+            a = np.array(l, dtype=T)
+            assert_equal([int(_m) for _m in a], li)
+
+        a = np.array(l[:3], dtype=np.uint64)
+        assert_equal([int(_m) for _m in a], li[:3])
+
+    def test_iinfo_long_values(self):
+        for code in 'bBhH':
+            with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+                np.array(np.iinfo(code).max + 1, dtype=code)
+
+        for code in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            res = np.array(np.iinfo(code).max, dtype=code)
+            tgt = np.iinfo(code).max
+            assert_(res == tgt)
+
+        for code in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            res = np.dtype(code).type(np.iinfo(code).max)
+            tgt = np.iinfo(code).max
+            assert_(res == tgt)
+
+    def test_int_raise_behaviour(self):
+        def overflow_error_func(dtype):
+            dtype(np.iinfo(dtype).max + 1)
+
+        for code in [np.int_, np.uint, np.longlong, np.ulonglong]:
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, overflow_error_func, code)
+
+    def test_int_from_infinite_longdouble(self):
+        # gh-627
+        x = np.longdouble(np.inf)
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, int, x)
+        with pytest.warns(ComplexWarning):
+            x = np.clongdouble(np.inf)
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, int, x)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not IS_PYPY, reason="Test is PyPy only (gh-9972)")
+    def test_int_from_infinite_longdouble___int__(self):
+        x = np.longdouble(np.inf)
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, x.__int__)
+        with pytest.warns(ComplexWarning):
+            x = np.clongdouble(np.inf)
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, x.__int__)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(np.finfo(np.double) == np.finfo(np.longdouble),
+                        reason="long double is same as double")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(platform.machine().startswith("ppc"),
+                        reason="IBM double double")
+    def test_int_from_huge_longdouble(self):
+        # Produce a longdouble that would overflow a double,
+        # use exponent that avoids bug in Darwin pow function.
+        exp = np.finfo(np.double).maxexp - 1
+        huge_ld = 2 * 1234 * np.longdouble(2) ** exp
+        huge_i = 2 * 1234 * 2 ** exp
+        assert_(huge_ld != np.inf)
+        assert_equal(int(huge_ld), huge_i)
+
+    def test_int_from_longdouble(self):
+        x = np.longdouble(1.5)
+        assert_equal(int(x), 1)
+        x = np.longdouble(-10.5)
+        assert_equal(int(x), -10)
+
+    def test_numpy_scalar_relational_operators(self):
+        # All integer
+        for dt1 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(0, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(0, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+
+            for dt2 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(0, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(0, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+
+        # Unsigned integers
+        for dt1 in 'BHILQP':
+            assert_(-1 < np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+            assert_(not -1 > np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+            assert_(-1 != np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+
+            # unsigned vs signed
+            for dt2 in 'bhilqp':
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] != np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+
+        # Signed integers and floats
+        for dt1 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+            assert_(-1 == np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], f"type {dt1} failed")
+
+            for dt2 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+                assert_(np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()] == np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        f"type {dt1} and {dt2} failed")
+
+    def test_scalar_comparison_to_none(self):
+        # Scalars should just return False and not give a warnings.
+        # The comparisons are flagged by pep8, ignore that.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', FutureWarning)
+            assert_(not np.float32(1) == None)  # noqa: E711
+            assert_(not np.str_('test') == None)  # noqa: E711
+            # This is dubious (see below):
+            assert_(not np.datetime64('NaT') == None)  # noqa: E711
+
+            assert_(np.float32(1) != None)  # noqa: E711
+            assert_(np.str_('test') != None)  # noqa: E711
+            # This is dubious (see below):
+            assert_(np.datetime64('NaT') != None)  # noqa: E711
+        assert_(len(w) == 0)
+
+        # For documentation purposes, this is why the datetime is dubious.
+        # At the time of deprecation this was no behaviour change, but
+        # it has to be considered when the deprecations are done.
+        assert_(np.equal(np.datetime64('NaT'), None))
+
+
+#class TestRepr:
+#    def test_repr(self):
+#        for t in types:
+#            val = t(1197346475.0137341)
+#            val_repr = repr(val)
+#            val2 = eval(val_repr)
+#            assert_equal( val, val2 )
+
+
+class TestRepr:
+    def _test_type_repr(self, t):
+        finfo = np.finfo(t)
+        last_fraction_bit_idx = finfo.nexp + finfo.nmant
+        last_exponent_bit_idx = finfo.nexp
+        storage_bytes = np.dtype(t).itemsize * 8
+        # could add some more types to the list below
+        for which in ['small denorm', 'small norm']:
+            # Values from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754
+            constr = np.array([0x00] * storage_bytes, dtype=np.uint8)
+            if which == 'small denorm':
+                byte = last_fraction_bit_idx // 8
+                bytebit = 7 - (last_fraction_bit_idx % 8)
+                constr[byte] = 1 << bytebit
+            elif which == 'small norm':
+                byte = last_exponent_bit_idx // 8
+                bytebit = 7 - (last_exponent_bit_idx % 8)
+                constr[byte] = 1 << bytebit
+            else:
+                raise ValueError('hmm')
+            val = constr.view(t)[0]
+            val_repr = repr(val)
+            val2 = t(eval(val_repr))
+            if not (val2 == 0 and val < 1e-100):
+                assert_equal(val, val2)
+
+    def test_float_repr(self):
+        # long double test cannot work, because eval goes through a python
+        # float
+        for t in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+            self._test_type_repr(t)
+
+
+if not IS_PYPY:
+    # sys.getsizeof() is not valid on PyPy
+    class TestSizeOf:
+
+        def test_equal_nbytes(self):
+            for type in types:
+                x = type(0)
+                assert_(sys.getsizeof(x) > x.nbytes)
+
+        def test_error(self):
+            d = np.float32()
+            assert_raises(TypeError, d.__sizeof__, "a")
+
+
+class TestMultiply:
+    def test_seq_repeat(self):
+        # Test that basic sequences get repeated when multiplied with
+        # numpy integers. And errors are raised when multiplied with others.
+        # Some of this behaviour may be controversial and could be open for
+        # change.
+        accepted_types = set(np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+        deprecated_types = {'?'}
+        forbidden_types = (
+            set(np.typecodes["All"]) - accepted_types - deprecated_types)
+        forbidden_types -= {'V'}  # can't default-construct void scalars
+
+        for seq_type in (list, tuple):
+            seq = seq_type([1, 2, 3])
+            for numpy_type in accepted_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type(2)
+                assert_equal(seq * i, seq * int(i))
+                assert_equal(i * seq, int(i) * seq)
+
+            for numpy_type in deprecated_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type()
+                with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                    operator.mul(seq, i)
+
+            for numpy_type in forbidden_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type()
+                assert_raises(TypeError, operator.mul, seq, i)
+                assert_raises(TypeError, operator.mul, i, seq)
+
+    def test_no_seq_repeat_basic_array_like(self):
+        # Test that an array-like which does not know how to be multiplied
+        # does not attempt sequence repeat (raise TypeError).
+        # See also gh-7428.
+        class ArrayLike:
+            def __init__(self, arr):
+                self.arr = arr
+
+            def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+                return self.arr
+
+        # Test for simple ArrayLike above and memoryviews (original report)
+        for arr_like in (ArrayLike(np.ones(3)), memoryview(np.ones(3))):
+            assert_array_equal(arr_like * np.float32(3.), np.full(3, 3.))
+            assert_array_equal(np.float32(3.) * arr_like, np.full(3, 3.))
+            assert_array_equal(arr_like * np.int_(3), np.full(3, 3))
+            assert_array_equal(np.int_(3) * arr_like, np.full(3, 3))
+
+
+class TestNegative:
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.ones((), dtype=np.bool)[()]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.neg, a)
+
+    def test_result(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', RuntimeWarning)
+            for dt in types:
+                a = np.ones((), dtype=dt)[()]
+                if dt in np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']:
+                    st = np.dtype(dt).type
+                    max = st(np.iinfo(dt).max)
+                    assert_equal(operator.neg(a), max)
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(operator.neg(a) + a, 0)
+
+class TestSubtract:
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.ones((), dtype=np.bool)[()]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.sub, a, a)
+
+    def test_result(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', RuntimeWarning)
+            for dt in types:
+                a = np.ones((), dtype=dt)[()]
+                assert_equal(operator.sub(a, a), 0)
+
+
+class TestAbs:
+    def _test_abs_func(self, absfunc, test_dtype):
+        x = test_dtype(-1.5)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), 1.5)
+        x = test_dtype(0.0)
+        res = absfunc(x)
+        # assert_equal() checks zero signedness
+        assert_equal(res, 0.0)
+        x = test_dtype(-0.0)
+        res = absfunc(x)
+        assert_equal(res, 0.0)
+
+        x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).max)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), x.real)
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', UserWarning)
+            x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).tiny)
+            assert_equal(absfunc(x), x.real)
+
+        x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).min)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), -x.real)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", floating_types + complex_floating_types)
+    def test_builtin_abs(self, dtype):
+        if (
+                sys.platform == "cygwin" and dtype == np.clongdouble and
+                (
+                    _pep440.parse(platform.release().split("-")[0])
+                    < _pep440.Version("3.3.0")
+                )
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail(
+                reason="absl is computed in double precision on cygwin < 3.3"
+            )
+        self._test_abs_func(abs, dtype)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", floating_types + complex_floating_types)
+    def test_numpy_abs(self, dtype):
+        if (
+                sys.platform == "cygwin" and dtype == np.clongdouble and
+                (
+                    _pep440.parse(platform.release().split("-")[0])
+                    < _pep440.Version("3.3.0")
+                )
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail(
+                reason="absl is computed in double precision on cygwin < 3.3"
+            )
+        self._test_abs_func(np.abs, dtype)
+
+class TestBitShifts:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('type_code', np.typecodes['AllInteger'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('op',
+        [operator.rshift, operator.lshift], ids=['>>', '<<'])
+    def test_shift_all_bits(self, type_code, op):
+        """Shifts where the shift amount is the width of the type or wider """
+        # gh-2449
+        dt = np.dtype(type_code)
+        nbits = dt.itemsize * 8
+        for val in [5, -5]:
+            for shift in [nbits, nbits + 4]:
+                val_scl = np.array(val).astype(dt)[()]
+                shift_scl = dt.type(shift)
+                res_scl = op(val_scl, shift_scl)
+                if val_scl < 0 and op is operator.rshift:
+                    # sign bit is preserved
+                    assert_equal(res_scl, -1)
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(res_scl, 0)
+
+                # Result on scalars should be the same as on arrays
+                val_arr = np.array([val_scl] * 32, dtype=dt)
+                shift_arr = np.array([shift] * 32, dtype=dt)
+                res_arr = op(val_arr, shift_arr)
+                assert_equal(res_arr, res_scl)
+
+
+class TestHash:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['AllInteger'])
+    def test_integer_hashes(self, type_code):
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for i in range(128):
+            assert hash(i) == hash(scalar(i))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['AllFloat'])
+    def test_float_and_complex_hashes(self, type_code):
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for val in [np.pi, np.inf, 3, 6.]:
+            numpy_val = scalar(val)
+            # Cast back to Python, in case the NumPy scalar has less precision
+            if numpy_val.dtype.kind == 'c':
+                val = complex(numpy_val)
+            else:
+                val = float(numpy_val)
+            assert val == numpy_val
+            assert hash(val) == hash(numpy_val)
+
+        if hash(float(np.nan)) != hash(float(np.nan)):
+            # If Python distinguishes different NaNs we do so too (gh-18833)
+            assert hash(scalar(np.nan)) != hash(scalar(np.nan))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['Complex'])
+    def test_complex_hashes(self, type_code):
+        # Test some complex valued hashes specifically:
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for val in [np.pi + 1j, np.inf - 3j, 3j, 6. + 1j]:
+            numpy_val = scalar(val)
+            assert hash(complex(numpy_val)) == hash(numpy_val)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def recursionlimit(n):
+    o = sys.getrecursionlimit()
+    try:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(n)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(o)
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(objecty_things),
+       sampled_from(binary_operators_for_scalar_ints),
+       sampled_from(types + [rational]))
+@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe(reason="sets recursion limit globally")
+def test_operator_object_left(o, op, type_):
+    try:
+        with recursionlimit(200):
+            op(o, type_(1))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(objecty_things),
+       sampled_from(binary_operators_for_scalar_ints),
+       sampled_from(types + [rational]))
+@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe(reason="sets recursion limit globally")
+def test_operator_object_right(o, op, type_):
+    try:
+        with recursionlimit(200):
+            op(type_(1), o)
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(binary_operators_for_scalars),
+       sampled_from(types),
+       sampled_from(types))
+def test_operator_scalars(op, type1, type2):
+    try:
+        op(type1(1), type2(1))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", binary_operators_for_scalars)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", [np.longdouble, np.clongdouble])
+def test_longdouble_operators_with_obj(sctype, op):
+    # This is/used to be tricky, because NumPy generally falls back to
+    # using the ufunc via `np.asarray()`, this effectively might do:
+    # longdouble + None
+    #   -> asarray(longdouble) + np.array(None, dtype=object)
+    #   -> asarray(longdouble).astype(object) + np.array(None, dtype=object)
+    # And after getting the scalars in the inner loop:
+    #   -> longdouble + None
+    #
+    # That would recurse infinitely.  Other scalars return the python object
+    # on cast, so this type of things works OK.
+    #
+    # As of NumPy 2.1, this has been consolidated into the np.generic binops
+    # and now checks `.item()`.  That also allows the below path to work now.
+    try:
+        op(sctype(3), None)
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    try:
+        op(None, sctype(3))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [operator.add, operator.pow, operator.sub])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", [np.longdouble, np.clongdouble])
+def test_longdouble_with_arrlike(sctype, op):
+    # As of NumPy 2.1, longdouble behaves like other types and can coerce
+    # e.g. lists.  (Not necessarily better, but consistent.)
+    assert_array_equal(op(sctype(3), [1, 2]), op(3, np.array([1, 2])))
+    assert_array_equal(op([1, 2], sctype(3)), op(np.array([1, 2]), 3))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", binary_operators_for_scalars)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", [np.longdouble, np.clongdouble])
+@np.errstate(all="ignore")
+def test_longdouble_operators_with_large_int(sctype, op):
+    # (See `test_longdouble_operators_with_obj` for why longdouble is special)
+    # NEP 50 means that the result is clearly a (c)longdouble here:
+    if sctype == np.clongdouble and op in [operator.mod, operator.floordiv]:
+        # The above operators are not support for complex though...
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            op(sctype(3), 2**64)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            op(sctype(3), 2**64)
+    else:
+        assert op(sctype(3), -2**64) == op(sctype(3), sctype(-2**64))
+        assert op(2**64, sctype(3)) == op(sctype(2**64), sctype(3))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda min, max: max + max,
+        lambda min, max: min - max,
+        lambda min, max: max * max], ids=["+", "-", "*"])
+def test_scalar_integer_operation_overflow(dtype, operation):
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    min = st(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
+    max = st(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        operation(min, max)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["Integer"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda min, neg_1: -min,
+        lambda min, neg_1: abs(min),
+        lambda min, neg_1: min * neg_1,
+        pytest.param(lambda min, neg_1: min // neg_1,
+            marks=pytest.mark.skip(reason="broken on some platforms"))],
+        ids=["neg", "abs", "*", "//"])
+def test_scalar_signed_integer_overflow(dtype, operation):
+    # The minimum signed integer can "overflow" for some additional operations
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    min = st(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
+    neg_1 = st(-1)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        operation(min, neg_1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["UnsignedInteger"])
+def test_scalar_unsigned_integer_overflow(dtype):
+    val = np.dtype(dtype).type(8)
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        -val
+
+    zero = np.dtype(dtype).type(0)
+    -zero  # does not warn
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda val, zero: val // zero,
+        lambda val, zero: val % zero, ], ids=["//", "%"])
+def test_scalar_integer_operation_divbyzero(dtype, operation):
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    val = st(100)
+    zero = st(0)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="divide by zero"):
+        operation(val, zero)
+
+
+ops_with_names = [
+    ("__lt__", "__gt__", operator.lt, True),
+    ("__le__", "__ge__", operator.le, True),
+    ("__eq__", "__eq__", operator.eq, True),
+    # Note __op__ and __rop__ may be identical here:
+    ("__ne__", "__ne__", operator.ne, True),
+    ("__gt__", "__lt__", operator.gt, True),
+    ("__ge__", "__le__", operator.ge, True),
+    ("__floordiv__", "__rfloordiv__", operator.floordiv, False),
+    ("__truediv__", "__rtruediv__", operator.truediv, False),
+    ("__add__", "__radd__", operator.add, False),
+    ("__mod__", "__rmod__", operator.mod, False),
+    ("__mul__", "__rmul__", operator.mul, False),
+    ("__pow__", "__rpow__", operator.pow, False),
+    ("__sub__", "__rsub__", operator.sub, False),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["__op__", "__rop__", "op", "cmp"], ops_with_names)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", [np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble])
+def test_subclass_deferral(sctype, __op__, __rop__, op, cmp):
+    """
+    This test covers scalar subclass deferral.  Note that this is exceedingly
+    complicated, especially since it tends to fall back to the array paths and
+    these additionally add the "array priority" mechanism.
+
+    The behaviour was modified subtly in 1.22 (to make it closer to how Python
+    scalars work).  Due to its complexity and the fact that subclassing NumPy
+    scalars is probably a bad idea to begin with.  There is probably room
+    for adjustments here.
+    """
+    class myf_simple1(sctype):
+        pass
+
+    class myf_simple2(sctype):
+        pass
+
+    def op_func(self, other):
+        return __op__
+
+    def rop_func(self, other):
+        return __rop__
+
+    myf_op = type("myf_op", (sctype,), {__op__: op_func, __rop__: rop_func})
+
+    # inheritance has to override, or this is correctly lost:
+    res = op(myf_simple1(1), myf_simple2(2))
+    assert type(res) == sctype or type(res) == np.bool
+    assert op(myf_simple1(1), myf_simple2(2)) == op(1, 2)  # inherited
+
+    # Two independent subclasses do not really define an order.  This could
+    # be attempted, but we do not since Python's `int` does neither:
+    assert op(myf_op(1), myf_simple1(2)) == __op__
+    assert op(myf_simple1(1), myf_op(2)) == op(1, 2)  # inherited
+
+
+def test_longdouble_complex():
+    # Simple test to check longdouble and complex combinations, since these
+    # need to go through promotion, which longdouble needs to be careful about.
+    x = np.longdouble(1)
+    assert x + 1j == 1 + 1j
+    assert 1j + x == 1 + 1j
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["__op__", "__rop__", "op", "cmp"], ops_with_names)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("subtype", [float, int, complex, np.float16])
+def test_pyscalar_subclasses(subtype, __op__, __rop__, op, cmp):
+    # This tests that python scalar subclasses behave like a float64 (if they
+    # don't override it).
+    # In an earlier version of NEP 50, they behaved like the Python buildins.
+    def op_func(self, other):
+        return __op__
+
+    def rop_func(self, other):
+        return __rop__
+
+    # Check that deferring is indicated using `__array_ufunc__`:
+    myt = type("myt", (subtype,),
+               {__op__: op_func, __rop__: rop_func, "__array_ufunc__": None})
+
+    # Just like normally, we should never presume we can modify the float.
+    assert op(myt(1), np.float64(2)) == __op__
+    assert op(np.float64(1), myt(2)) == __rop__
+
+    if op in {operator.mod, operator.floordiv} and subtype == complex:
+        return  # module is not support for complex.  Do not test.
+
+    if __rop__ == __op__:
+        return
+
+    # When no deferring is indicated, subclasses are handled normally.
+    myt = type("myt", (subtype,), {__rop__: rop_func})
+    behaves_like = lambda x: np.array(subtype(x))[()]
+
+    # Check for float32, as a float subclass float64 may behave differently
+    res = op(myt(1), np.float16(2))
+    expected = op(behaves_like(1), np.float16(2))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert type(res) == type(expected)
+    res = op(np.float32(2), myt(1))
+    expected = op(np.float32(2), behaves_like(1))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert type(res) == type(expected)
+
+    # Same check for longdouble (compare via dtype to accept float64 when
+    # longdouble has the identical size), which is currently not perfectly
+    # consistent.
+    res = op(myt(1), np.longdouble(2))
+    expected = op(behaves_like(1), np.longdouble(2))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert np.dtype(type(res)) == np.dtype(type(expected))
+    res = op(np.float32(2), myt(1))
+    expected = op(np.float32(2), behaves_like(1))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert np.dtype(type(res)) == np.dtype(type(expected))
+
+
+def test_truediv_int():
+    # This should work, as the result is float:
+    assert np.uint8(3) / 123454 == np.float64(3) / 123454
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op",
+    # TODO: Power is a bit special, but here mostly bools seem to behave oddly
+    [op for op in binary_operators_for_scalars if op is not operator.pow])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", types)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("other_type", [float, int, complex])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("rop", [True, False])
+def test_scalar_matches_array_op_with_pyscalar(op, sctype, other_type, rop):
+    # Check that the ufunc path matches by coercing to an array explicitly
+    val1 = sctype(2)
+    val2 = other_type(2)
+
+    if rop:
+        _op = op
+        op = lambda x, y: _op(y, x)
+
+    try:
+        res = op(val1, val2)
+    except TypeError:
+        try:
+            expected = op(np.asarray(val1), val2)
+            raise AssertionError("ufunc didn't raise.")
+        except TypeError:
+            return
+    else:
+        expected = op(np.asarray(val1), val2)
+
+    # Note that we only check dtype equivalency, as ufuncs may pick the lower
+    # dtype if they are equivalent.
+    assert res == expected
+    if isinstance(val1, float) and other_type is complex and rop:
+        # Python complex accepts float subclasses, so we don't get a chance
+        # and the result may be a Python complex (thus, the `np.array()``)
+        assert np.array(res).dtype == expected.dtype
+    else:
+        assert res.dtype == expected.dtype