com.googler.python 1.1.2 → 1.1.4

package/python3.6.2/lib/python3.6/test/test_subprocess.py

@@ -1,3005 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-from unittest import mock
-from test import support
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import platform
-import signal
-import io
-import os
-import errno
-import tempfile
-import time
-import selectors
-import sysconfig
-import select
-import shutil
-import gc
-import textwrap
-
-try:
-    import ctypes
-except ImportError:
-    ctypes = None
-else:
-    import ctypes.util
-
-try:
-    import threading
-except ImportError:
-    threading = None
-
-try:
-    import _testcapi
-except ImportError:
-    _testcapi = None
-
-if support.PGO:
-    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
-
-mswindows = (sys.platform == "win32")
-
-#
-# Depends on the following external programs: Python
-#
-
-if mswindows:
-    SETBINARY = ('import msvcrt; msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), '
-                                                'os.O_BINARY);')
-else:
-    SETBINARY = ''
-
-NONEXISTING_CMD = ('nonexisting_i_hope',)
-
-
-class BaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        # Try to minimize the number of children we have so this test
-        # doesn't crash on some buildbots (Alphas in particular).
-        support.reap_children()
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        for inst in subprocess._active:
-            inst.wait()
-        subprocess._cleanup()
-        self.assertFalse(subprocess._active, "subprocess._active not empty")
-        self.doCleanups()
-        support.reap_children()
-
-    def assertStderrEqual(self, stderr, expected, msg=None):
-        # In a debug build, stuff like "[6580 refs]" is printed to stderr at
-        # shutdown time.  That frustrates tests trying to check stderr produced
-        # from a spawned Python process.
-        actual = support.strip_python_stderr(stderr)
-        # strip_python_stderr also strips whitespace, so we do too.
-        expected = expected.strip()
-        self.assertEqual(actual, expected, msg)
-
-
-class PopenTestException(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-class PopenExecuteChildRaises(subprocess.Popen):
-    """Popen subclass for testing cleanup of subprocess.PIPE filehandles when
-    _execute_child fails.
-    """
-    def _execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        raise PopenTestException("Forced Exception for Test")
-
-
-class ProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
-
-    def test_io_buffered_by_default(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        try:
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdin, io.BufferedIOBase)
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdout, io.BufferedIOBase)
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stderr, io.BufferedIOBase)
-        finally:
-            p.stdin.close()
-            p.stdout.close()
-            p.stderr.close()
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_io_unbuffered_works(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=0)
-        try:
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdin, io.RawIOBase)
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdout, io.RawIOBase)
-            self.assertIsInstance(p.stderr, io.RawIOBase)
-        finally:
-            p.stdin.close()
-            p.stdout.close()
-            p.stderr.close()
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_call_seq(self):
-        # call() function with sequence argument
-        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
-
-    def test_call_timeout(self):
-        # call() function with timeout argument; we want to test that the child
-        # process gets killed when the timeout expires.  If the child isn't
-        # killed, this call will deadlock since subprocess.call waits for the
-        # child.
-        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, subprocess.call,
-                          [sys.executable, "-c", "while True: pass"],
-                          timeout=0.1)
-
-    def test_check_call_zero(self):
-        # check_call() function with zero return code
-        rc = subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c",
-                                    "import sys; sys.exit(0)"])
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
-
-    def test_check_call_nonzero(self):
-        # check_call() function with non-zero return code
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as c:
-            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c",
-                                   "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.returncode, 47)
-
-    def test_check_output(self):
-        # check_output() function with zero return code
-        output = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c", "print('BDFL')"])
-        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', output)
-
-    def test_check_output_nonzero(self):
-        # check_call() function with non-zero return code
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as c:
-            subprocess.check_output(
-                    [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(5)"])
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.returncode, 5)
-
-    def test_check_output_stderr(self):
-        # check_output() function stderr redirected to stdout
-        output = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.stderr.write('BDFL')"],
-                stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
-        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', output)
-
-    def test_check_output_stdin_arg(self):
-        # check_output() can be called with stdin set to a file
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        tf.write(b'pear')
-        tf.seek(0)
-        output = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c",
-                 "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())"],
-                stdin=tf)
-        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', output)
-
-    def test_check_output_input_arg(self):
-        # check_output() can be called with input set to a string
-        output = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c",
-                 "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())"],
-                input=b'pear')
-        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', output)
-
-    def test_check_output_stdout_arg(self):
-        # check_output() refuses to accept 'stdout' argument
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as c:
-            output = subprocess.check_output(
-                    [sys.executable, "-c", "print('will not be run')"],
-                    stdout=sys.stdout)
-            self.fail("Expected ValueError when stdout arg supplied.")
-        self.assertIn('stdout', c.exception.args[0])
-
-    def test_check_output_stdin_with_input_arg(self):
-        # check_output() refuses to accept 'stdin' with 'input'
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        tf.write(b'pear')
-        tf.seek(0)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as c:
-            output = subprocess.check_output(
-                    [sys.executable, "-c", "print('will not be run')"],
-                    stdin=tf, input=b'hare')
-            self.fail("Expected ValueError when stdin and input args supplied.")
-        self.assertIn('stdin', c.exception.args[0])
-        self.assertIn('input', c.exception.args[0])
-
-    def test_check_output_timeout(self):
-        # check_output() function with timeout arg
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
-            output = subprocess.check_output(
-                    [sys.executable, "-c",
-                     "import sys, time\n"
-                     "sys.stdout.write('BDFL')\n"
-                     "sys.stdout.flush()\n"
-                     "time.sleep(3600)"],
-                    # Some heavily loaded buildbots (sparc Debian 3.x) require
-                    # this much time to start and print.
-                    timeout=3)
-            self.fail("Expected TimeoutExpired.")
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.output, b'BDFL')
-
-    def test_call_kwargs(self):
-        # call() function with keyword args
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "banana"
-        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys, os;'
-                              'sys.exit(os.getenv("FRUIT")=="banana")'],
-                             env=newenv)
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 1)
-
-    def test_invalid_args(self):
-        # Popen() called with invalid arguments should raise TypeError
-        # but Popen.__del__ should not complain (issue #12085)
-        with support.captured_stderr() as s:
-            self.assertRaises(TypeError, subprocess.Popen, invalid_arg_name=1)
-            argcount = subprocess.Popen.__init__.__code__.co_argcount
-            too_many_args = [0] * (argcount + 1)
-            self.assertRaises(TypeError, subprocess.Popen, *too_many_args)
-        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), '')
-
-    def test_stdin_none(self):
-        # .stdin is None when not redirected
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'print("banana")'],
-                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.stdin, None)
-
-    def test_stdout_none(self):
-        # .stdout is None when not redirected, and the child's stdout will
-        # be inherited from the parent.  In order to test this we run a
-        # subprocess in a subprocess:
-        # this_test
-        #   \-- subprocess created by this test (parent)
-        #          \-- subprocess created by the parent subprocess (child)
-        # The parent doesn't specify stdout, so the child will use the
-        # parent's stdout.  This test checks that the message printed by the
-        # child goes to the parent stdout.  The parent also checks that the
-        # child's stdout is None.  See #11963.
-        code = ('import sys; from subprocess import Popen, PIPE;'
-                'p = Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "print(\'test_stdout_none\')"],'
-                '          stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE);'
-                'p.wait(); assert p.stdout is None;')
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", code],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        out, err = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0, err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), b'test_stdout_none')
-
-    def test_stderr_none(self):
-        # .stderr is None when not redirected
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'print("banana")'],
-                         stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.stderr, None)
-
-    def _assert_python(self, pre_args, **kwargs):
-        # We include sys.exit() to prevent the test runner from hanging
-        # whenever python is found.
-        args = pre_args + ["import sys; sys.exit(47)"]
-        p = subprocess.Popen(args, **kwargs)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(47, p.returncode)
-
-    def test_executable(self):
-        # Check that the executable argument works.
-        #
-        # On Unix (non-Mac and non-Windows), Python looks at args[0] to
-        # determine where its standard library is, so we need the directory
-        # of args[0] to be valid for the Popen() call to Python to succeed.
-        # See also issue #16170 and issue #7774.
-        doesnotexist = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable),
-                                    "doesnotexist")
-        self._assert_python([doesnotexist, "-c"], executable=sys.executable)
-
-    def test_executable_takes_precedence(self):
-        # Check that the executable argument takes precedence over args[0].
-        #
-        # Verify first that the call succeeds without the executable arg.
-        pre_args = [sys.executable, "-c"]
-        self._assert_python(pre_args)
-        self.assertRaises((FileNotFoundError, PermissionError),
-                          self._assert_python, pre_args,
-                          executable="doesnotexist")
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "executable argument replaces shell")
-    def test_executable_replaces_shell(self):
-        # Check that the executable argument replaces the default shell
-        # when shell=True.
-        self._assert_python([], executable=sys.executable, shell=True)
-
-    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
-    def _normalize_cwd(self, cwd):
-        # Normalize an expected cwd (for Tru64 support).
-        # We can't use os.path.realpath since it doesn't expand Tru64 {memb}
-        # strings.  See bug #1063571.
-        with support.change_cwd(cwd):
-            return os.getcwd()
-
-    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
-    def _split_python_path(self):
-        # Return normalized (python_dir, python_base).
-        python_path = os.path.realpath(sys.executable)
-        return os.path.split(python_path)
-
-    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
-    def _assert_cwd(self, expected_cwd, python_arg, **kwargs):
-        # Invoke Python via Popen, and assert that (1) the call succeeds,
-        # and that (2) the current working directory of the child process
-        # matches *expected_cwd*.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([python_arg, "-c",
-                              "import os, sys; "
-                              "sys.stdout.write(os.getcwd()); "
-                              "sys.exit(47)"],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              **kwargs)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(47, p.returncode)
-        normcase = os.path.normcase
-        self.assertEqual(normcase(expected_cwd),
-                         normcase(p.stdout.read().decode("utf-8")))
-
-    def test_cwd(self):
-        # Check that cwd changes the cwd for the child process.
-        temp_dir = tempfile.gettempdir()
-        temp_dir = self._normalize_cwd(temp_dir)
-        self._assert_cwd(temp_dir, sys.executable, cwd=temp_dir)
-
-    def test_cwd_with_pathlike(self):
-        temp_dir = tempfile.gettempdir()
-        temp_dir = self._normalize_cwd(temp_dir)
-
-        class _PathLikeObj:
-            def __fspath__(self):
-                return temp_dir
-
-        self._assert_cwd(temp_dir, sys.executable, cwd=_PathLikeObj())
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "pending resolution of issue #15533")
-    def test_cwd_with_relative_arg(self):
-        # Check that Popen looks for args[0] relative to cwd if args[0]
-        # is relative.
-        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
-        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
-        with support.temp_cwd() as wrong_dir:
-            # Before calling with the correct cwd, confirm that the call fails
-            # without cwd and with the wrong cwd.
-            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [rel_python])
-            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [rel_python], cwd=wrong_dir)
-            python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
-            self._assert_cwd(python_dir, rel_python, cwd=python_dir)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "pending resolution of issue #15533")
-    def test_cwd_with_relative_executable(self):
-        # Check that Popen looks for executable relative to cwd if executable
-        # is relative (and that executable takes precedence over args[0]).
-        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
-        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
-        doesntexist = "somethingyoudonthave"
-        with support.temp_cwd() as wrong_dir:
-            # Before calling with the correct cwd, confirm that the call fails
-            # without cwd and with the wrong cwd.
-            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [doesntexist], executable=rel_python)
-            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [doesntexist], executable=rel_python,
-                              cwd=wrong_dir)
-            python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
-            self._assert_cwd(python_dir, doesntexist, executable=rel_python,
-                             cwd=python_dir)
-
-    def test_cwd_with_absolute_arg(self):
-        # Check that Popen can find the executable when the cwd is wrong
-        # if args[0] is an absolute path.
-        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
-        abs_python = os.path.join(python_dir, python_base)
-        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
-        with support.temp_dir() as wrong_dir:
-            # Before calling with an absolute path, confirm that using a
-            # relative path fails.
-            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [rel_python], cwd=wrong_dir)
-            wrong_dir = self._normalize_cwd(wrong_dir)
-            self._assert_cwd(wrong_dir, abs_python, cwd=wrong_dir)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.base_prefix != sys.prefix,
-                     'Test is not venv-compatible')
-    def test_executable_with_cwd(self):
-        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
-        python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
-        self._assert_cwd(python_dir, "somethingyoudonthave",
-                         executable=sys.executable, cwd=python_dir)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.base_prefix != sys.prefix,
-                     'Test is not venv-compatible')
-    @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.is_python_build(),
-                     "need an installed Python. See #7774")
-    def test_executable_without_cwd(self):
-        # For a normal installation, it should work without 'cwd'
-        # argument.  For test runs in the build directory, see #7774.
-        self._assert_cwd(os.getcwd(), "somethingyoudonthave",
-                         executable=sys.executable)
-
-    def test_stdin_pipe(self):
-        # stdin redirection
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
-                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        p.stdin.write(b"pear")
-        p.stdin.close()
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
-
-    def test_stdin_filedes(self):
-        # stdin is set to open file descriptor
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        d = tf.fileno()
-        os.write(d, b"pear")
-        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
-                         stdin=d)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
-
-    def test_stdin_fileobj(self):
-        # stdin is set to open file object
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        tf.write(b"pear")
-        tf.seek(0)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
-                         stdin=tf)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
-
-    def test_stdout_pipe(self):
-        # stdout redirection
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
-                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with p:
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"orange")
-
-    def test_stdout_filedes(self):
-        # stdout is set to open file descriptor
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        d = tf.fileno()
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
-                         stdout=d)
-        p.wait()
-        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(os.read(d, 1024), b"orange")
-
-    def test_stdout_fileobj(self):
-        # stdout is set to open file object
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
-                         stdout=tf)
-        p.wait()
-        tf.seek(0)
-        self.assertEqual(tf.read(), b"orange")
-
-    def test_stderr_pipe(self):
-        # stderr redirection
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
-                         stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with p:
-            self.assertStderrEqual(p.stderr.read(), b"strawberry")
-
-    def test_stderr_filedes(self):
-        # stderr is set to open file descriptor
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        d = tf.fileno()
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
-                         stderr=d)
-        p.wait()
-        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
-        self.assertStderrEqual(os.read(d, 1024), b"strawberry")
-
-    def test_stderr_fileobj(self):
-        # stderr is set to open file object
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
-                         stderr=tf)
-        p.wait()
-        tf.seek(0)
-        self.assertStderrEqual(tf.read(), b"strawberry")
-
-    def test_stderr_redirect_with_no_stdout_redirect(self):
-        # test stderr=STDOUT while stdout=None (not set)
-
-        # - grandchild prints to stderr
-        # - child redirects grandchild's stderr to its stdout
-        # - the parent should get grandchild's stderr in child's stdout
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys, subprocess;'
-                              'rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",'
-                              '    "import sys;"'
-                              '    "sys.stderr.write(\'42\')"],'
-                              '    stderr=subprocess.STDOUT);'
-                              'sys.exit(rc)'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
-        #NOTE: stdout should get stderr from grandchild
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stdout, b'42')
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'') # should be empty
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
-
-    def test_stdout_stderr_pipe(self):
-        # capture stdout and stderr to the same pipe
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
-                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
-        with p:
-            self.assertStderrEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"appleorange")
-
-    def test_stdout_stderr_file(self):
-        # capture stdout and stderr to the same open file
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
-                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
-                             stdout=tf,
-                             stderr=tf)
-        p.wait()
-        tf.seek(0)
-        self.assertStderrEqual(tf.read(), b"appleorange")
-
-    def test_stdout_filedes_of_stdout(self):
-        # stdout is set to 1 (#1531862).
-        # To avoid printing the text on stdout, we do something similar to
-        # test_stdout_none (see above).  The parent subprocess calls the child
-        # subprocess passing stdout=1, and this test uses stdout=PIPE in
-        # order to capture and check the output of the parent. See #11963.
-        code = ('import sys, subprocess; '
-                'rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", '
-                '    "import os, sys; sys.exit(os.write(sys.stdout.fileno(), '
-                     'b\'test with stdout=1\'))"], stdout=1); '
-                'assert rc == 18')
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", code],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        out, err = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0, err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), b'test with stdout=1')
-
-    def test_stdout_devnull(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'for i in range(10240):'
-                              'print("x" * 1024)'],
-                              stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.stdout, None)
-
-    def test_stderr_devnull(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys\n'
-                              'for i in range(10240):'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("x" * 1024)'],
-                              stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.stderr, None)
-
-    def test_stdin_devnull(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.stdin.read(1)'],
-                              stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(p.stdin, None)
-
-    def test_env(self):
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange"
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                               'import sys,os;'
-                               'sys.stdout.write(os.getenv("FRUIT"))'],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              env=newenv) as p:
-            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
-            self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange")
-
-    # Windows requires at least the SYSTEMROOT environment variable to start
-    # Python
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32',
-                     'cannot test an empty env on Windows')
-    @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') is not None,
-                     'the python library cannot be loaded '
-                     'with an empty environment')
-    def test_empty_env(self):
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                               'import os; '
-                               'print(list(os.environ.keys()))'],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              env={}) as p:
-            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
-            self.assertIn(stdout.strip(),
-                (b"[]",
-                 # Mac OS X adds __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING variable to an empty
-                 # environment
-                 b"['__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING']"))
-
-    def test_invalid_cmd(self):
-        # null character in the command name
-        cmd = sys.executable + '\0'
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.Popen([cmd, "-c", "pass"])
-
-        # null character in the command argument
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass#\0"])
-
-    def test_invalid_env(self):
-        # null character in the enviroment variable name
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT\0VEGETABLE"] = "cabbage"
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], env=newenv)
-
-        # null character in the enviroment variable value
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage"
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], env=newenv)
-
-        # equal character in the enviroment variable name
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT=ORANGE"] = "lemon"
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], env=newenv)
-
-        # equal character in the enviroment variable value
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange=lemon"
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                               'import sys, os;'
-                               'sys.stdout.write(os.getenv("FRUIT"))'],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              env=newenv) as p:
-            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
-            self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange=lemon")
-
-    def test_communicate_stdin(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        p.communicate(b"pear")
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
-
-    def test_communicate_stdout(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys; sys.stdout.write("pineapple")'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"pineapple")
-        self.assertEqual(stderr, None)
-
-    def test_communicate_stderr(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys; sys.stderr.write("pineapple")'],
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, None)
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"pineapple")
-
-    def test_communicate(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("pineapple");'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(b"banana")
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"banana")
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"pineapple")
-
-    def test_communicate_timeout(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os,time;'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("pineapple\\n");'
-                              'time.sleep(1);'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("pear\\n");'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
-                             universal_newlines=True,
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, p.communicate, "banana",
-                          timeout=0.3)
-        # Make sure we can keep waiting for it, and that we get the whole output
-        # after it completes.
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "banana")
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr.encode(), b"pineapple\npear\n")
-
-    def test_communicate_timeout_large_output(self):
-        # Test an expiring timeout while the child is outputting lots of data.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os,time;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
-                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
-                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
-                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, p.communicate, timeout=0.4)
-        (stdout, _) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(len(stdout), 4 * 64 * 1024)
-
-    # Test for the fd leak reported in http://bugs.python.org/issue2791.
-    def test_communicate_pipe_fd_leak(self):
-        for stdin_pipe in (False, True):
-            for stdout_pipe in (False, True):
-                for stderr_pipe in (False, True):
-                    options = {}
-                    if stdin_pipe:
-                        options['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
-                    if stdout_pipe:
-                        options['stdout'] = subprocess.PIPE
-                    if stderr_pipe:
-                        options['stderr'] = subprocess.PIPE
-                    if not options:
-                        continue
-                    p = subprocess.Popen((sys.executable, "-c", "pass"), **options)
-                    p.communicate()
-                    if p.stdin is not None:
-                        self.assertTrue(p.stdin.closed)
-                    if p.stdout is not None:
-                        self.assertTrue(p.stdout.closed)
-                    if p.stderr is not None:
-                        self.assertTrue(p.stderr.closed)
-
-    def test_communicate_returns(self):
-        # communicate() should return None if no redirection is active
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, None)
-        self.assertEqual(stderr, None)
-
-    def test_communicate_pipe_buf(self):
-        # communicate() with writes larger than pipe_buf
-        # This test will probably deadlock rather than fail, if
-        # communicate() does not work properly.
-        x, y = os.pipe()
-        os.close(x)
-        os.close(y)
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read(47));'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("x" * %d);'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())' %
-                              support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        string_to_write = b"a" * support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(string_to_write)
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, string_to_write)
-
-    def test_writes_before_communicate(self):
-        # stdin.write before communicate()
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        p.stdin.write(b"banana")
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(b"split")
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"bananasplit")
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"")
-
-    def test_universal_newlines(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY +
-                              'buf = sys.stdout.buffer;'
-                              'buf.write(sys.stdin.readline().encode());'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line2\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(sys.stdin.read().encode());'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line4\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line5\\r\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line6\\r");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"\\nline7");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"\\nline8");'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             universal_newlines=1)
-        with p:
-            p.stdin.write("line1\n")
-            p.stdin.flush()
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.readline(), "line1\n")
-            p.stdin.write("line3\n")
-            p.stdin.close()
-            self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.readline(),
-                             "line2\n")
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(6),
-                             "line3\n")
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(),
-                             "line4\nline5\nline6\nline7\nline8")
-
-    def test_universal_newlines_communicate(self):
-        # universal newlines through communicate()
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY +
-                              'buf = sys.stdout.buffer;'
-                              'buf.write(b"line2\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line4\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line5\\r\\n");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"line6\\r");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"\\nline7");'
-                              'buf.flush();'
-                              'buf.write(b"\\nline8");'],
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             universal_newlines=1)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout,
-                         "line2\nline4\nline5\nline6\nline7\nline8")
-
-    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_stdin(self):
-        # universal newlines through communicate(), with only stdin
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY + textwrap.dedent('''
-                               s = sys.stdin.readline()
-                               assert s == "line1\\n", repr(s)
-                               s = sys.stdin.read()
-                               assert s == "line3\\n", repr(s)
-                              ''')],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             universal_newlines=1)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate("line1\nline3\n")
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
-
-    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_input_none(self):
-        # Test communicate(input=None) with universal newlines.
-        #
-        # We set stdout to PIPE because, as of this writing, a different
-        # code path is tested when the number of pipes is zero or one.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             universal_newlines=True)
-        p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
-
-    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_stdin_stdout_stderr(self):
-        # universal newlines through communicate(), with stdin, stdout, stderr
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY + textwrap.dedent('''
-                               s = sys.stdin.buffer.readline()
-                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(s)
-                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line2\\r")
-                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline2\\n")
-                               s = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
-                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(s)
-                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line4\\n")
-                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line5\\r\\n")
-                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline6\\r")
-                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline7\\r\\nz")
-                              ''')],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             universal_newlines=True)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate("line1\nline3\n")
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
-        self.assertEqual("line1\nline2\nline3\nline4\nline5\n", stdout)
-        # Python debug build push something like "[42442 refs]\n"
-        # to stderr at exit of subprocess.
-        # Don't use assertStderrEqual because it strips CR and LF from output.
-        self.assertTrue(stderr.startswith("eline2\neline6\neline7\n"))
-
-    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_encodings(self):
-        # Check that universal newlines mode works for various encodings,
-        # in particular for encodings in the UTF-16 and UTF-32 families.
-        # See issue #15595.
-        #
-        # UTF-16 and UTF-32-BE are sufficient to check both with BOM and
-        # without, and UTF-16 and UTF-32.
-        for encoding in ['utf-16', 'utf-32-be']:
-            code = ("import sys; "
-                    r"sys.stdout.buffer.write('1\r\n2\r3\n4'.encode('%s'))" %
-                    encoding)
-            args = [sys.executable, '-c', code]
-            # We set stdin to be non-None because, as of this writing,
-            # a different code path is used when the number of pipes is
-            # zero or one.
-            popen = subprocess.Popen(args,
-                                     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     encoding=encoding)
-            stdout, stderr = popen.communicate(input='')
-            self.assertEqual(stdout, '1\n2\n3\n4')
-
-    def test_communicate_errors(self):
-        for errors, expected in [
-            ('ignore', ''),
-            ('replace', '\ufffd\ufffd'),
-            ('surrogateescape', '\udc80\udc80'),
-            ('backslashreplace', '\\x80\\x80'),
-        ]:
-            code = ("import sys; "
-                    r"sys.stdout.buffer.write(b'[\x80\x80]')")
-            args = [sys.executable, '-c', code]
-            # We set stdin to be non-None because, as of this writing,
-            # a different code path is used when the number of pipes is
-            # zero or one.
-            popen = subprocess.Popen(args,
-                                     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     encoding='utf-8',
-                                     errors=errors)
-            stdout, stderr = popen.communicate(input='')
-            self.assertEqual(stdout, '[{}]'.format(expected))
-
-    def test_no_leaking(self):
-        # Make sure we leak no resources
-        if not mswindows:
-            max_handles = 1026 # too much for most UNIX systems
-        else:
-            max_handles = 2050 # too much for (at least some) Windows setups
-        handles = []
-        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        try:
-            for i in range(max_handles):
-                try:
-                    tmpfile = os.path.join(tmpdir, support.TESTFN)
-                    handles.append(os.open(tmpfile, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT))
-                except OSError as e:
-                    if e.errno != errno.EMFILE:
-                        raise
-                    break
-            else:
-                self.skipTest("failed to reach the file descriptor limit "
-                    "(tried %d)" % max_handles)
-            # Close a couple of them (should be enough for a subprocess)
-            for i in range(10):
-                os.close(handles.pop())
-            # Loop creating some subprocesses. If one of them leaks some fds,
-            # the next loop iteration will fail by reaching the max fd limit.
-            for i in range(15):
-                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                                      "import sys;"
-                                      "sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())"],
-                                     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                     stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-                data = p.communicate(b"lime")[0]
-                self.assertEqual(data, b"lime")
-        finally:
-            for h in handles:
-                os.close(h)
-            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
-
-    def test_list2cmdline(self):
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a b c', 'd', 'e']),
-                         '"a b c" d e')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab"c', '\\', 'd']),
-                         'ab\\"c \\ d')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab"c', ' \\', 'd']),
-                         'ab\\"c " \\\\" d')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\\\b', 'de fg', 'h']),
-                         'a\\\\\\b "de fg" h')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\"b', 'c', 'd']),
-                         'a\\\\\\"b c d')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\b c', 'd', 'e']),
-                         '"a\\\\b c" d e')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\b\\ c', 'd', 'e']),
-                         '"a\\\\b\\ c" d e')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab', '']),
-                         'ab ""')
-
-    def test_poll(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              "import os; os.read(0, 1)"],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        self.assertIsNone(p.poll())
-        os.write(p.stdin.fileno(), b'A')
-        p.wait()
-        # Subsequent invocations should just return the returncode
-        self.assertEqual(p.poll(), 0)
-
-    def test_wait(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"])
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
-        # Subsequent invocations should just return the returncode
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
-
-    def test_wait_timeout(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable,
-                              "-c", "import time; time.sleep(0.3)"])
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
-            p.wait(timeout=0.0001)
-        self.assertIn("0.0001", str(c.exception))  # For coverage of __str__.
-        # Some heavily loaded buildbots (sparc Debian 3.x) require this much
-        # time to start.
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(timeout=3), 0)
-
-    def test_wait_endtime(self):
-        """Confirm that the deprecated endtime parameter warns."""
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"])
-        try:
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warn_cm:
-                p.wait(endtime=time.time()+0.01)
-        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
-            pass  # We're not testing endtime timeout behavior.
-        finally:
-            p.kill()
-        self.assertIn('test_subprocess.py', warn_cm.filename)
-        self.assertIn('endtime', str(warn_cm.warning))
-
-    def test_invalid_bufsize(self):
-        # an invalid type of the bufsize argument should raise
-        # TypeError.
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], "orange")
-
-    def test_bufsize_is_none(self):
-        # bufsize=None should be the same as bufsize=0.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], None)
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
-        # Again with keyword arg
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], bufsize=None)
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
-
-    def _test_bufsize_equal_one(self, line, expected, universal_newlines):
-        # subprocess may deadlock with bufsize=1, see issue #21332
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys;"
-                               "sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.readline());"
-                               "sys.stdout.flush()"],
-                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
-                              bufsize=1,
-                              universal_newlines=universal_newlines) as p:
-            p.stdin.write(line) # expect that it flushes the line in text mode
-            os.close(p.stdin.fileno()) # close it without flushing the buffer
-            read_line = p.stdout.readline()
-            with support.SuppressCrashReport():
-                try:
-                    p.stdin.close()
-                except OSError:
-                    pass
-            p.stdin = None
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(read_line, expected)
-
-    def test_bufsize_equal_one_text_mode(self):
-        # line is flushed in text mode with bufsize=1.
-        # we should get the full line in return
-        line = "line\n"
-        self._test_bufsize_equal_one(line, line, universal_newlines=True)
-
-    def test_bufsize_equal_one_binary_mode(self):
-        # line is not flushed in binary mode with bufsize=1.
-        # we should get empty response
-        line = b'line' + os.linesep.encode() # assume ascii-based locale
-        self._test_bufsize_equal_one(line, b'', universal_newlines=False)
-
-    def test_leaking_fds_on_error(self):
-        # see bug #5179: Popen leaks file descriptors to PIPEs if
-        # the child fails to execute; this will eventually exhaust
-        # the maximum number of open fds. 1024 seems a very common
-        # value for that limit, but Windows has 2048, so we loop
-        # 1024 times (each call leaked two fds).
-        for i in range(1024):
-            with self.assertRaises(OSError) as c:
-                subprocess.Popen(NONEXISTING_CMD,
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-            # ignore errors that indicate the command was not found
-            if c.exception.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EACCES):
-                raise c.exception
-
-    def test_nonexisting_with_pipes(self):
-        # bpo-30121: Popen with pipes must close properly pipes on error.
-        # Previously, os.close() was called with a Windows handle which is not
-        # a valid file descriptor.
-        #
-        # Run the test in a subprocess to control how the CRT reports errors
-        # and to get stderr content.
-        try:
-            import msvcrt
-            msvcrt.CrtSetReportMode
-        except (AttributeError, ImportError):
-            self.skipTest("need msvcrt.CrtSetReportMode")
-
-        code = textwrap.dedent(f"""
-            import msvcrt
-            import subprocess
-
-            cmd = {NONEXISTING_CMD!r}
-
-            for report_type in [msvcrt.CRT_WARN,
-                                msvcrt.CRT_ERROR,
-                                msvcrt.CRT_ASSERT]:
-                msvcrt.CrtSetReportMode(report_type, msvcrt.CRTDBG_MODE_FILE)
-                msvcrt.CrtSetReportFile(report_type, msvcrt.CRTDBG_FILE_STDERR)
-
-            try:
-                subprocess.Popen([cmd],
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-            except OSError:
-                pass
-        """)
-        cmd = [sys.executable, "-c", code]
-        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
-                                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                universal_newlines=True)
-        with proc:
-            stderr = proc.communicate()[1]
-        self.assertEqual(stderr, "")
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 0)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(threading is None, "threading required")
-    def test_double_close_on_error(self):
-        # Issue #18851
-        fds = []
-        def open_fds():
-            for i in range(20):
-                fds.extend(os.pipe())
-                time.sleep(0.001)
-        t = threading.Thread(target=open_fds)
-        t.start()
-        try:
-            with self.assertRaises(EnvironmentError):
-                subprocess.Popen(NONEXISTING_CMD,
-                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        finally:
-            t.join()
-            exc = None
-            for fd in fds:
-                # If a double close occurred, some of those fds will
-                # already have been closed by mistake, and os.close()
-                # here will raise.
-                try:
-                    os.close(fd)
-                except OSError as e:
-                    exc = e
-            if exc is not None:
-                raise exc
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(threading is None, "threading required")
-    def test_threadsafe_wait(self):
-        """Issue21291: Popen.wait() needs to be threadsafe for returncode."""
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c',
-                                 'import time; time.sleep(12)'])
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, None)
-        results = []
-
-        def kill_proc_timer_thread():
-            results.append(('thread-start-poll-result', proc.poll()))
-            # terminate it from the thread and wait for the result.
-            proc.kill()
-            proc.wait()
-            results.append(('thread-after-kill-and-wait', proc.returncode))
-            # this wait should be a no-op given the above.
-            proc.wait()
-            results.append(('thread-after-second-wait', proc.returncode))
-
-        # This is a timing sensitive test, the failure mode is
-        # triggered when both the main thread and this thread are in
-        # the wait() call at once.  The delay here is to allow the
-        # main thread to most likely be blocked in its wait() call.
-        t = threading.Timer(0.2, kill_proc_timer_thread)
-        t.start()
-
-        if mswindows:
-            expected_errorcode = 1
-        else:
-            # Should be -9 because of the proc.kill() from the thread.
-            expected_errorcode = -9
-
-        # Wait for the process to finish; the thread should kill it
-        # long before it finishes on its own.  Supplying a timeout
-        # triggers a different code path for better coverage.
-        proc.wait(timeout=20)
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, expected_errorcode,
-                         msg="unexpected result in wait from main thread")
-
-        # This should be a no-op with no change in returncode.
-        proc.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, expected_errorcode,
-                         msg="unexpected result in second main wait.")
-
-        t.join()
-        # Ensure that all of the thread results are as expected.
-        # When a race condition occurs in wait(), the returncode could
-        # be set by the wrong thread that doesn't actually have it
-        # leading to an incorrect value.
-        self.assertEqual([('thread-start-poll-result', None),
-                          ('thread-after-kill-and-wait', expected_errorcode),
-                          ('thread-after-second-wait', expected_errorcode)],
-                         results)
-
-    def test_issue8780(self):
-        # Ensure that stdout is inherited from the parent
-        # if stdout=PIPE is not used
-        code = ';'.join((
-            'import subprocess, sys',
-            'retcode = subprocess.call('
-                "[sys.executable, '-c', 'print(\"Hello World!\")'])",
-            'assert retcode == 0'))
-        output = subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, '-c', code])
-        self.assertTrue(output.startswith(b'Hello World!'), ascii(output))
-
-    def test_handles_closed_on_exception(self):
-        # If CreateProcess exits with an error, ensure the
-        # duplicate output handles are released
-        ifhandle, ifname = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        ofhandle, ofname = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        efhandle, efname = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        try:
-            subprocess.Popen (["*"], stdin=ifhandle, stdout=ofhandle,
-              stderr=efhandle)
-        except OSError:
-            os.close(ifhandle)
-            os.remove(ifname)
-            os.close(ofhandle)
-            os.remove(ofname)
-            os.close(efhandle)
-            os.remove(efname)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ifname))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ofname))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(efname))
-
-    def test_communicate_epipe(self):
-        # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'pass'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        p.communicate(b"x" * 2**20)
-
-    def test_communicate_epipe_only_stdin(self):
-        # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'pass'],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
-        p.wait()
-        p.communicate(b"x" * 2**20)
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGUSR1'),
-                         "Requires signal.SIGUSR1")
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'kill'),
-                         "Requires os.kill")
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getppid'),
-                         "Requires os.getppid")
-    def test_communicate_eintr(self):
-        # Issue #12493: communicate() should handle EINTR
-        def handler(signum, frame):
-            pass
-        old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, handler)
-        self.addCleanup(signal.signal, signal.SIGUSR1, old_handler)
-
-        args = [sys.executable, "-c",
-                'import os, signal;'
-                'os.kill(os.getppid(), signal.SIGUSR1)']
-        for stream in ('stdout', 'stderr'):
-            kw = {stream: subprocess.PIPE}
-            with subprocess.Popen(args, **kw) as process:
-                # communicate() will be interrupted by SIGUSR1
-                process.communicate()
-
-
-    # This test is Linux-ish specific for simplicity to at least have
-    # some coverage.  It is not a platform specific bug.
-    @unittest.skipUnless(os.path.isdir('/proc/%d/fd' % os.getpid()),
-                         "Linux specific")
-    def test_failed_child_execute_fd_leak(self):
-        """Test for the fork() failure fd leak reported in issue16327."""
-        fd_directory = '/proc/%d/fd' % os.getpid()
-        fds_before_popen = os.listdir(fd_directory)
-        with self.assertRaises(PopenTestException):
-            PopenExecuteChildRaises(
-                    [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-
-        # NOTE: This test doesn't verify that the real _execute_child
-        # does not close the file descriptors itself on the way out
-        # during an exception.  Code inspection has confirmed that.
-
-        fds_after_exception = os.listdir(fd_directory)
-        self.assertEqual(fds_before_popen, fds_after_exception)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "behavior currently not supported on Windows")
-    def test_file_not_found_includes_filename(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as c:
-            subprocess.call(['/opt/nonexistent_binary', 'with', 'some', 'args'])
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.filename, '/opt/nonexistent_binary')
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "behavior currently not supported on Windows")
-    def test_file_not_found_with_bad_cwd(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as c:
-            subprocess.Popen(['exit', '0'], cwd='/some/nonexistent/directory')
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.filename, '/some/nonexistent/directory')
-
-
-class RunFuncTestCase(BaseTestCase):
-    def run_python(self, code, **kwargs):
-        """Run Python code in a subprocess using subprocess.run"""
-        argv = [sys.executable, "-c", code]
-        return subprocess.run(argv, **kwargs)
-
-    def test_returncode(self):
-        # call() function with sequence argument
-        cp = self.run_python("import sys; sys.exit(47)")
-        self.assertEqual(cp.returncode, 47)
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-            cp.check_returncode()
-
-    def test_check(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as c:
-            self.run_python("import sys; sys.exit(47)", check=True)
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.returncode, 47)
-
-    def test_check_zero(self):
-        # check_returncode shouldn't raise when returncode is zero
-        cp = self.run_python("import sys; sys.exit(0)", check=True)
-        self.assertEqual(cp.returncode, 0)
-
-    def test_timeout(self):
-        # run() function with timeout argument; we want to test that the child
-        # process gets killed when the timeout expires.  If the child isn't
-        # killed, this call will deadlock since subprocess.run waits for the
-        # child.
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
-            self.run_python("while True: pass", timeout=0.0001)
-
-    def test_capture_stdout(self):
-        # capture stdout with zero return code
-        cp = self.run_python("print('BDFL')", stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', cp.stdout)
-
-    def test_capture_stderr(self):
-        cp = self.run_python("import sys; sys.stderr.write('BDFL')",
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', cp.stderr)
-
-    def test_check_output_stdin_arg(self):
-        # run() can be called with stdin set to a file
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        tf.write(b'pear')
-        tf.seek(0)
-        cp = self.run_python(
-                 "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())",
-                stdin=tf, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', cp.stdout)
-
-    def test_check_output_input_arg(self):
-        # check_output() can be called with input set to a string
-        cp = self.run_python(
-                "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())",
-                input=b'pear', stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', cp.stdout)
-
-    def test_check_output_stdin_with_input_arg(self):
-        # run() refuses to accept 'stdin' with 'input'
-        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
-        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
-        tf.write(b'pear')
-        tf.seek(0)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError,
-              msg="Expected ValueError when stdin and input args supplied.") as c:
-            output = self.run_python("print('will not be run')",
-                                     stdin=tf, input=b'hare')
-        self.assertIn('stdin', c.exception.args[0])
-        self.assertIn('input', c.exception.args[0])
-
-    def test_check_output_timeout(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
-            cp = self.run_python((
-                     "import sys, time\n"
-                     "sys.stdout.write('BDFL')\n"
-                     "sys.stdout.flush()\n"
-                     "time.sleep(3600)"),
-                    # Some heavily loaded buildbots (sparc Debian 3.x) require
-                    # this much time to start and print.
-                    timeout=3, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.output, b'BDFL')
-        # output is aliased to stdout
-        self.assertEqual(c.exception.stdout, b'BDFL')
-
-    def test_run_kwargs(self):
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "banana"
-        cp = self.run_python(('import sys, os;'
-                      'sys.exit(33 if os.getenv("FRUIT")=="banana" else 31)'),
-                             env=newenv)
-        self.assertEqual(cp.returncode, 33)
-
-
-@unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "POSIX specific tests")
-class POSIXProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        super().setUp()
-        self._nonexistent_dir = "/_this/pa.th/does/not/exist"
-
-    def _get_chdir_exception(self):
-        try:
-            os.chdir(self._nonexistent_dir)
-        except OSError as e:
-            # This avoids hard coding the errno value or the OS perror()
-            # string and instead capture the exception that we want to see
-            # below for comparison.
-            desired_exception = e
-            desired_exception.strerror += ': ' + repr(self._nonexistent_dir)
-        else:
-            self.fail("chdir to nonexistent directory %s succeeded." %
-                      self._nonexistent_dir)
-        return desired_exception
-
-    def test_exception_cwd(self):
-        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad cwd."""
-        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
-        try:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
-                                 cwd=self._nonexistent_dir)
-        except OSError as e:
-            # Test that the child process chdir failure actually makes
-            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
-        else:
-            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
-
-    def test_exception_bad_executable(self):
-        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad executable."""
-        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
-        try:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
-                                 executable=self._nonexistent_dir)
-        except OSError as e:
-            # Test that the child process exec failure actually makes
-            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
-        else:
-            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
-
-    def test_exception_bad_args_0(self):
-        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad args[0]."""
-        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
-        try:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([self._nonexistent_dir, "-c", ""])
-        except OSError as e:
-            # Test that the child process exec failure actually makes
-            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
-            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
-        else:
-            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
-
-    # We mock the __del__ method for Popen in the next two tests
-    # because it does cleanup based on the pid returned by fork_exec
-    # along with issuing a resource warning if it still exists. Since
-    # we don't actually spawn a process in these tests we can forego
-    # the destructor. An alternative would be to set _child_created to
-    # False before the destructor is called but there is no easy way
-    # to do that
-    class PopenNoDestructor(subprocess.Popen):
-        def __del__(self):
-            pass
-
-    @mock.patch("subprocess._posixsubprocess.fork_exec")
-    def test_exception_errpipe_normal(self, fork_exec):
-        """Test error passing done through errpipe_write in the good case"""
-        def proper_error(*args):
-            errpipe_write = args[13]
-            # Write the hex for the error code EISDIR: 'is a directory'
-            err_code = '{:x}'.format(errno.EISDIR).encode()
-            os.write(errpipe_write, b"OSError:" + err_code + b":")
-            return 0
-
-        fork_exec.side_effect = proper_error
-
-        with mock.patch("subprocess.os.waitpid",
-                        side_effect=ChildProcessError):
-            with self.assertRaises(IsADirectoryError):
-                self.PopenNoDestructor(["non_existent_command"])
-
-    @mock.patch("subprocess._posixsubprocess.fork_exec")
-    def test_exception_errpipe_bad_data(self, fork_exec):
-        """Test error passing done through errpipe_write where its not
-        in the expected format"""
-        error_data = b"\xFF\x00\xDE\xAD"
-        def bad_error(*args):
-            errpipe_write = args[13]
-            # Anything can be in the pipe, no assumptions should
-            # be made about its encoding, so we'll write some
-            # arbitrary hex bytes to test it out
-            os.write(errpipe_write, error_data)
-            return 0
-
-        fork_exec.side_effect = bad_error
-
-        with mock.patch("subprocess.os.waitpid",
-                        side_effect=ChildProcessError):
-            with self.assertRaises(subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
-                self.PopenNoDestructor(["non_existent_command"])
-
-        self.assertIn(repr(error_data), str(e.exception))
-
-
-    def test_restore_signals(self):
-        # Code coverage for both values of restore_signals to make sure it
-        # at least does not blow up.
-        # A test for behavior would be complex.  Contributions welcome.
-        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", ""], restore_signals=True)
-        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", ""], restore_signals=False)
-
-    def test_start_new_session(self):
-        # For code coverage of calling setsid().  We don't care if we get an
-        # EPERM error from it depending on the test execution environment, that
-        # still indicates that it was called.
-        try:
-            output = subprocess.check_output(
-                    [sys.executable, "-c",
-                     "import os; print(os.getpgid(os.getpid()))"],
-                    start_new_session=True)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if e.errno != errno.EPERM:
-                raise
-        else:
-            parent_pgid = os.getpgid(os.getpid())
-            child_pgid = int(output)
-            self.assertNotEqual(parent_pgid, child_pgid)
-
-    def test_run_abort(self):
-        # returncode handles signal termination
-        with support.SuppressCrashReport():
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                                  'import os; os.abort()'])
-            p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(-p.returncode, signal.SIGABRT)
-
-    def test_CalledProcessError_str_signal(self):
-        err = subprocess.CalledProcessError(-int(signal.SIGABRT), "fake cmd")
-        error_string = str(err)
-        # We're relying on the repr() of the signal.Signals intenum to provide
-        # the word signal, the signal name and the numeric value.
-        self.assertIn("signal", error_string.lower())
-        # We're not being specific about the signal name as some signals have
-        # multiple names and which name is revealed can vary.
-        self.assertIn("SIG", error_string)
-        self.assertIn(str(signal.SIGABRT), error_string)
-
-    def test_CalledProcessError_str_unknown_signal(self):
-        err = subprocess.CalledProcessError(-9876543, "fake cmd")
-        error_string = str(err)
-        self.assertIn("unknown signal 9876543.", error_string)
-
-    def test_CalledProcessError_str_non_zero(self):
-        err = subprocess.CalledProcessError(2, "fake cmd")
-        error_string = str(err)
-        self.assertIn("non-zero exit status 2.", error_string)
-
-    def test_preexec(self):
-        # DISCLAIMER: Setting environment variables is *not* a good use
-        # of a preexec_fn.  This is merely a test.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys,os;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write(os.getenv("FRUIT"))'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             preexec_fn=lambda: os.putenv("FRUIT", "apple"))
-        with p:
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"apple")
-
-    def test_preexec_exception(self):
-        def raise_it():
-            raise ValueError("What if two swallows carried a coconut?")
-        try:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
-                                 preexec_fn=raise_it)
-        except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
-            self.assertTrue(
-                    subprocess._posixsubprocess,
-                    "Expected a ValueError from the preexec_fn")
-        except ValueError as e:
-            self.assertIn("coconut", e.args[0])
-        else:
-            self.fail("Exception raised by preexec_fn did not make it "
-                      "to the parent process.")
-
-    class _TestExecuteChildPopen(subprocess.Popen):
-        """Used to test behavior at the end of _execute_child."""
-        def __init__(self, testcase, *args, **kwargs):
-            self._testcase = testcase
-            subprocess.Popen.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-
-        def _execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            try:
-                subprocess.Popen._execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs)
-            finally:
-                # Open a bunch of file descriptors and verify that
-                # none of them are the same as the ones the Popen
-                # instance is using for stdin/stdout/stderr.
-                devzero_fds = [os.open("/dev/zero", os.O_RDONLY)
-                               for _ in range(8)]
-                try:
-                    for fd in devzero_fds:
-                        self._testcase.assertNotIn(
-                                fd, (self.stdin.fileno(), self.stdout.fileno(),
-                                     self.stderr.fileno()),
-                                msg="At least one fd was closed early.")
-                finally:
-                    for fd in devzero_fds:
-                        os.close(fd)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(not os.path.exists("/dev/zero"), "/dev/zero required.")
-    def test_preexec_errpipe_does_not_double_close_pipes(self):
-        """Issue16140: Don't double close pipes on preexec error."""
-
-        def raise_it():
-            raise subprocess.SubprocessError(
-                    "force the _execute_child() errpipe_data path.")
-
-        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.SubprocessError):
-            self._TestExecuteChildPopen(
-                        self, [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
-                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE, preexec_fn=raise_it)
-
-    def test_preexec_gc_module_failure(self):
-        # This tests the code that disables garbage collection if the child
-        # process will execute any Python.
-        def raise_runtime_error():
-            raise RuntimeError("this shouldn't escape")
-        enabled = gc.isenabled()
-        orig_gc_disable = gc.disable
-        orig_gc_isenabled = gc.isenabled
-        try:
-            gc.disable()
-            self.assertFalse(gc.isenabled())
-            subprocess.call([sys.executable, '-c', ''],
-                            preexec_fn=lambda: None)
-            self.assertFalse(gc.isenabled(),
-                             "Popen enabled gc when it shouldn't.")
-
-            gc.enable()
-            self.assertTrue(gc.isenabled())
-            subprocess.call([sys.executable, '-c', ''],
-                            preexec_fn=lambda: None)
-            self.assertTrue(gc.isenabled(), "Popen left gc disabled.")
-
-            gc.disable = raise_runtime_error
-            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [sys.executable, '-c', ''],
-                              preexec_fn=lambda: None)
-
-            del gc.isenabled  # force an AttributeError
-            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, subprocess.Popen,
-                              [sys.executable, '-c', ''],
-                              preexec_fn=lambda: None)
-        finally:
-            gc.disable = orig_gc_disable
-            gc.isenabled = orig_gc_isenabled
-            if not enabled:
-                gc.disable()
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'darwin', 'setrlimit() seems to fail on OS X')
-    def test_preexec_fork_failure(self):
-        # The internal code did not preserve the previous exception when
-        # re-enabling garbage collection
-        try:
-            from resource import getrlimit, setrlimit, RLIMIT_NPROC
-        except ImportError as err:
-            self.skipTest(err)  # RLIMIT_NPROC is specific to Linux and BSD
-        limits = getrlimit(RLIMIT_NPROC)
-        [_, hard] = limits
-        setrlimit(RLIMIT_NPROC, (0, hard))
-        self.addCleanup(setrlimit, RLIMIT_NPROC, limits)
-        try:
-            subprocess.call([sys.executable, '-c', ''],
-                            preexec_fn=lambda: None)
-        except BlockingIOError:
-            # Forking should raise EAGAIN, translated to BlockingIOError
-            pass
-        else:
-            self.skipTest('RLIMIT_NPROC had no effect; probably superuser')
-
-    def test_args_string(self):
-        # args is a string
-        fd, fname = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        # reopen in text mode
-        with open(fd, "w", errors="surrogateescape") as fobj:
-            fobj.write("#!%s\n" % support.unix_shell)
-            fobj.write("exec '%s' -c 'import sys; sys.exit(47)'\n" %
-                       sys.executable)
-        os.chmod(fname, 0o700)
-        p = subprocess.Popen(fname)
-        p.wait()
-        os.remove(fname)
-        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 47)
-
-    def test_invalid_args(self):
-        # invalid arguments should raise ValueError
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
-                          [sys.executable, "-c",
-                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
-                          startupinfo=47)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
-                          [sys.executable, "-c",
-                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
-                          creationflags=47)
-
-    def test_shell_sequence(self):
-        # Run command through the shell (sequence)
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "apple"
-        p = subprocess.Popen(["echo $FRUIT"], shell=1,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             env=newenv)
-        with p:
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(b" \t\r\n\f"), b"apple")
-
-    def test_shell_string(self):
-        # Run command through the shell (string)
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "apple"
-        p = subprocess.Popen("echo $FRUIT", shell=1,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             env=newenv)
-        with p:
-            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(b" \t\r\n\f"), b"apple")
-
-    def test_call_string(self):
-        # call() function with string argument on UNIX
-        fd, fname = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        # reopen in text mode
-        with open(fd, "w", errors="surrogateescape") as fobj:
-            fobj.write("#!%s\n" % support.unix_shell)
-            fobj.write("exec '%s' -c 'import sys; sys.exit(47)'\n" %
-                       sys.executable)
-        os.chmod(fname, 0o700)
-        rc = subprocess.call(fname)
-        os.remove(fname)
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
-
-    def test_specific_shell(self):
-        # Issue #9265: Incorrect name passed as arg[0].
-        shells = []
-        for prefix in ['/bin', '/usr/bin/', '/usr/local/bin']:
-            for name in ['bash', 'ksh']:
-                sh = os.path.join(prefix, name)
-                if os.path.isfile(sh):
-                    shells.append(sh)
-        if not shells: # Will probably work for any shell but csh.
-            self.skipTest("bash or ksh required for this test")
-        sh = '/bin/sh'
-        if os.path.isfile(sh) and not os.path.islink(sh):
-            # Test will fail if /bin/sh is a symlink to csh.
-            shells.append(sh)
-        for sh in shells:
-            p = subprocess.Popen("echo $0", executable=sh, shell=True,
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-            with p:
-                self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(), bytes(sh, 'ascii'))
-
-    def _kill_process(self, method, *args):
-        # Do not inherit file handles from the parent.
-        # It should fix failures on some platforms.
-        # Also set the SIGINT handler to the default to make sure it's not
-        # being ignored (some tests rely on that.)
-        old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
-        try:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
-                                 import sys, time
-                                 sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
-                                 sys.stdout.flush()
-                                 time.sleep(30)
-                                 """],
-                                 close_fds=True,
-                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        finally:
-            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, old_handler)
-        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
-        # sending any signal.
-        p.stdout.read(1)
-        getattr(p, method)(*args)
-        return p
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith(('netbsd', 'openbsd')),
-                     "Due to known OS bug (issue #16762)")
-    def _kill_dead_process(self, method, *args):
-        # Do not inherit file handles from the parent.
-        # It should fix failures on some platforms.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
-                             import sys, time
-                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
-                             sys.stdout.flush()
-                             """],
-                             close_fds=True,
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
-        # sending any signal.
-        p.stdout.read(1)
-        # The process should end after this
-        time.sleep(1)
-        # This shouldn't raise even though the child is now dead
-        getattr(p, method)(*args)
-        p.communicate()
-
-    def test_send_signal(self):
-        p = self._kill_process('send_signal', signal.SIGINT)
-        _, stderr = p.communicate()
-        self.assertIn(b'KeyboardInterrupt', stderr)
-        self.assertNotEqual(p.wait(), 0)
-
-    def test_kill(self):
-        p = self._kill_process('kill')
-        _, stderr = p.communicate()
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), -signal.SIGKILL)
-
-    def test_terminate(self):
-        p = self._kill_process('terminate')
-        _, stderr = p.communicate()
-        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
-        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), -signal.SIGTERM)
-
-    def test_send_signal_dead(self):
-        # Sending a signal to a dead process
-        self._kill_dead_process('send_signal', signal.SIGINT)
-
-    def test_kill_dead(self):
-        # Killing a dead process
-        self._kill_dead_process('kill')
-
-    def test_terminate_dead(self):
-        # Terminating a dead process
-        self._kill_dead_process('terminate')
-
-    def _save_fds(self, save_fds):
-        fds = []
-        for fd in save_fds:
-            inheritable = os.get_inheritable(fd)
-            saved = os.dup(fd)
-            fds.append((fd, saved, inheritable))
-        return fds
-
-    def _restore_fds(self, fds):
-        for fd, saved, inheritable in fds:
-            os.dup2(saved, fd, inheritable=inheritable)
-            os.close(saved)
-
-    def check_close_std_fds(self, fds):
-        # Issue #9905: test that subprocess pipes still work properly with
-        # some standard fds closed
-        stdin = 0
-        saved_fds = self._save_fds(fds)
-        for fd, saved, inheritable in saved_fds:
-            if fd == 0:
-                stdin = saved
-                break
-        try:
-            for fd in fds:
-                os.close(fd)
-            out, err = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
-                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
-                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
-                       stdin=stdin,
-                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                       stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
-            err = support.strip_python_stderr(err)
-            self.assertEqual((out, err), (b'apple', b'orange'))
-        finally:
-            self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
-
-    def test_close_fd_0(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([0])
-
-    def test_close_fd_1(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([1])
-
-    def test_close_fd_2(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([2])
-
-    def test_close_fds_0_1(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 1])
-
-    def test_close_fds_0_2(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 2])
-
-    def test_close_fds_1_2(self):
-        self.check_close_std_fds([1, 2])
-
-    def test_close_fds_0_1_2(self):
-        # Issue #10806: test that subprocess pipes still work properly with
-        # all standard fds closed.
-        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 1, 2])
-
-    def test_small_errpipe_write_fd(self):
-        """Issue #15798: Popen should work when stdio fds are available."""
-        new_stdin = os.dup(0)
-        new_stdout = os.dup(1)
-        try:
-            os.close(0)
-            os.close(1)
-
-            # Side test: if errpipe_write fails to have its CLOEXEC
-            # flag set this should cause the parent to think the exec
-            # failed.  Extremely unlikely: everyone supports CLOEXEC.
-            subprocess.Popen([
-                    sys.executable, "-c",
-                    "print('AssertionError:0:CLOEXEC failure.')"]).wait()
-        finally:
-            # Restore original stdin and stdout
-            os.dup2(new_stdin, 0)
-            os.dup2(new_stdout, 1)
-            os.close(new_stdin)
-            os.close(new_stdout)
-
-    def test_remapping_std_fds(self):
-        # open up some temporary files
-        temps = [tempfile.mkstemp() for i in range(3)]
-        try:
-            temp_fds = [fd for fd, fname in temps]
-
-            # unlink the files -- we won't need to reopen them
-            for fd, fname in temps:
-                os.unlink(fname)
-
-            # write some data to what will become stdin, and rewind
-            os.write(temp_fds[1], b"STDIN")
-            os.lseek(temp_fds[1], 0, 0)
-
-            # move the standard file descriptors out of the way
-            saved_fds = self._save_fds(range(3))
-            try:
-                # duplicate the file objects over the standard fd's
-                for fd, temp_fd in enumerate(temp_fds):
-                    os.dup2(temp_fd, fd)
-
-                # now use those files in the "wrong" order, so that subprocess
-                # has to rearrange them in the child
-                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                    'import sys; got = sys.stdin.read();'
-                    'sys.stdout.write("got %s"%got); sys.stderr.write("err")'],
-                    stdin=temp_fds[1],
-                    stdout=temp_fds[2],
-                    stderr=temp_fds[0])
-                p.wait()
-            finally:
-                self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
-
-            for fd in temp_fds:
-                os.lseek(fd, 0, 0)
-
-            out = os.read(temp_fds[2], 1024)
-            err = support.strip_python_stderr(os.read(temp_fds[0], 1024))
-            self.assertEqual(out, b"got STDIN")
-            self.assertEqual(err, b"err")
-
-        finally:
-            for fd in temp_fds:
-                os.close(fd)
-
-    def check_swap_fds(self, stdin_no, stdout_no, stderr_no):
-        # open up some temporary files
-        temps = [tempfile.mkstemp() for i in range(3)]
-        temp_fds = [fd for fd, fname in temps]
-        try:
-            # unlink the files -- we won't need to reopen them
-            for fd, fname in temps:
-                os.unlink(fname)
-
-            # save a copy of the standard file descriptors
-            saved_fds = self._save_fds(range(3))
-            try:
-                # duplicate the temp files over the standard fd's 0, 1, 2
-                for fd, temp_fd in enumerate(temp_fds):
-                    os.dup2(temp_fd, fd)
-
-                # write some data to what will become stdin, and rewind
-                os.write(stdin_no, b"STDIN")
-                os.lseek(stdin_no, 0, 0)
-
-                # now use those files in the given order, so that subprocess
-                # has to rearrange them in the child
-                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                    'import sys; got = sys.stdin.read();'
-                    'sys.stdout.write("got %s"%got); sys.stderr.write("err")'],
-                    stdin=stdin_no,
-                    stdout=stdout_no,
-                    stderr=stderr_no)
-                p.wait()
-
-                for fd in temp_fds:
-                    os.lseek(fd, 0, 0)
-
-                out = os.read(stdout_no, 1024)
-                err = support.strip_python_stderr(os.read(stderr_no, 1024))
-            finally:
-                self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
-
-            self.assertEqual(out, b"got STDIN")
-            self.assertEqual(err, b"err")
-
-        finally:
-            for fd in temp_fds:
-                os.close(fd)
-
-    # When duping fds, if there arises a situation where one of the fds is
-    # either 0, 1 or 2, it is possible that it is overwritten (#12607).
-    # This tests all combinations of this.
-    def test_swap_fds(self):
-        self.check_swap_fds(0, 1, 2)
-        self.check_swap_fds(0, 2, 1)
-        self.check_swap_fds(1, 0, 2)
-        self.check_swap_fds(1, 2, 0)
-        self.check_swap_fds(2, 0, 1)
-        self.check_swap_fds(2, 1, 0)
-
-    def test_surrogates_error_message(self):
-        def prepare():
-            raise ValueError("surrogate:\uDCff")
-
-        try:
-            subprocess.call(
-                [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
-                preexec_fn=prepare)
-        except ValueError as err:
-            # Pure Python implementations keeps the message
-            self.assertIsNone(subprocess._posixsubprocess)
-            self.assertEqual(str(err), "surrogate:\uDCff")
-        except subprocess.SubprocessError as err:
-            # _posixsubprocess uses a default message
-            self.assertIsNotNone(subprocess._posixsubprocess)
-            self.assertEqual(str(err), "Exception occurred in preexec_fn.")
-        else:
-            self.fail("Expected ValueError or subprocess.SubprocessError")
-
-    def test_undecodable_env(self):
-        for key, value in (('test', 'abc\uDCFF'), ('test\uDCFF', '42')):
-            encoded_value = value.encode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
-
-            # test str with surrogates
-            script = "import os; print(ascii(os.getenv(%s)))" % repr(key)
-            env = os.environ.copy()
-            env[key] = value
-            # Use C locale to get ASCII for the locale encoding to force
-            # surrogate-escaping of \xFF in the child process; otherwise it can
-            # be decoded as-is if the default locale is latin-1.
-            env['LC_ALL'] = 'C'
-            if sys.platform.startswith("aix"):
-                # On AIX, the C locale uses the Latin1 encoding
-                decoded_value = encoded_value.decode("latin1", "surrogateescape")
-            else:
-                # On other UNIXes, the C locale uses the ASCII encoding
-                decoded_value = value
-            stdout = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c", script],
-                env=env)
-            stdout = stdout.rstrip(b'\n\r')
-            self.assertEqual(stdout.decode('ascii'), ascii(decoded_value))
-
-            # test bytes
-            key = key.encode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
-            script = "import os; print(ascii(os.getenvb(%s)))" % repr(key)
-            env = os.environ.copy()
-            env[key] = encoded_value
-            stdout = subprocess.check_output(
-                [sys.executable, "-c", script],
-                env=env)
-            stdout = stdout.rstrip(b'\n\r')
-            self.assertEqual(stdout.decode('ascii'), ascii(encoded_value))
-
-    def test_bytes_program(self):
-        abs_program = os.fsencode(sys.executable)
-        path, program = os.path.split(sys.executable)
-        program = os.fsencode(program)
-
-        # absolute bytes path
-        exitcode = subprocess.call([abs_program, "-c", "pass"])
-        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
-
-        # absolute bytes path as a string
-        cmd = b"'" + abs_program + b"' -c pass"
-        exitcode = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
-        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
-
-        # bytes program, unicode PATH
-        env = os.environ.copy()
-        env["PATH"] = path
-        exitcode = subprocess.call([program, "-c", "pass"], env=env)
-        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
-
-        # bytes program, bytes PATH
-        envb = os.environb.copy()
-        envb[b"PATH"] = os.fsencode(path)
-        exitcode = subprocess.call([program, "-c", "pass"], env=envb)
-        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
-
-    def test_pipe_cloexec(self):
-        sleeper = support.findfile("input_reader.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        p1 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, sleeper],
-                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
-
-        self.addCleanup(p1.communicate, b'')
-
-        p2 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
-
-        output, error = p2.communicate()
-        result_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-        unwanted_fds = set([p1.stdin.fileno(), p1.stdout.fileno(),
-                            p1.stderr.fileno()])
-
-        self.assertFalse(result_fds & unwanted_fds,
-                         "Expected no fds from %r to be open in child, "
-                         "found %r" %
-                              (unwanted_fds, result_fds & unwanted_fds))
-
-    def test_pipe_cloexec_real_tools(self):
-        qcat = support.findfile("qcat.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-        qgrep = support.findfile("qgrep.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        subdata = b'zxcvbn'
-        data = subdata * 4 + b'\n'
-
-        p1 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, qcat],
-                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              close_fds=False)
-
-        p2 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, qgrep, subdata],
-                              stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              close_fds=False)
-
-        self.addCleanup(p1.wait)
-        self.addCleanup(p2.wait)
-        def kill_p1():
-            try:
-                p1.terminate()
-            except ProcessLookupError:
-                pass
-        def kill_p2():
-            try:
-                p2.terminate()
-            except ProcessLookupError:
-                pass
-        self.addCleanup(kill_p1)
-        self.addCleanup(kill_p2)
-
-        p1.stdin.write(data)
-        p1.stdin.close()
-
-        readfiles, ignored1, ignored2 = select.select([p2.stdout], [], [], 10)
-
-        self.assertTrue(readfiles, "The child hung")
-        self.assertEqual(p2.stdout.read(), data)
-
-        p1.stdout.close()
-        p2.stdout.close()
-
-    def test_close_fds(self):
-        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        fds = os.pipe()
-        self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[0])
-        self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[1])
-
-        open_fds = set(fds)
-        # add a bunch more fds
-        for _ in range(9):
-            fd = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDONLY)
-            self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
-            open_fds.add(fd)
-
-        for fd in open_fds:
-            os.set_inheritable(fd, True)
-
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
-        output, ignored = p.communicate()
-        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-
-        self.assertEqual(remaining_fds & open_fds, open_fds,
-                         "Some fds were closed")
-
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
-        output, ignored = p.communicate()
-        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-
-        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & open_fds,
-                         "Some fds were left open")
-        self.assertIn(1, remaining_fds, "Subprocess failed")
-
-        # Keep some of the fd's we opened open in the subprocess.
-        # This tests _posixsubprocess.c's proper handling of fds_to_keep.
-        fds_to_keep = set(open_fds.pop() for _ in range(8))
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
-                             pass_fds=())
-        output, ignored = p.communicate()
-        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-
-        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & fds_to_keep & open_fds,
-                         "Some fds not in pass_fds were left open")
-        self.assertIn(1, remaining_fds, "Subprocess failed")
-
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("freebsd") and
-                     os.stat("/dev").st_dev == os.stat("/dev/fd").st_dev,
-                     "Requires fdescfs mounted on /dev/fd on FreeBSD.")
-    def test_close_fds_when_max_fd_is_lowered(self):
-        """Confirm that issue21618 is fixed (may fail under valgrind)."""
-        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        # This launches the meat of the test in a child process to
-        # avoid messing with the larger unittest processes maximum
-        # number of file descriptors.
-        #  This process launches:
-        #  +--> Process that lowers its RLIMIT_NOFILE aftr setting up
-        #    a bunch of high open fds above the new lower rlimit.
-        #    Those are reported via stdout before launching a new
-        #    process with close_fds=False to run the actual test:
-        #    +--> The TEST: This one launches a fd_status.py
-        #      subprocess with close_fds=True so we can find out if
-        #      any of the fds above the lowered rlimit are still open.
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c', textwrap.dedent(
-        '''
-        import os, resource, subprocess, sys, textwrap
-        open_fds = set()
-        # Add a bunch more fds to pass down.
-        for _ in range(40):
-            fd = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDONLY)
-            open_fds.add(fd)
-
-        # Leave a two pairs of low ones available for use by the
-        # internal child error pipe and the stdout pipe.
-        # We also leave 10 more open as some Python buildbots run into
-        # "too many open files" errors during the test if we do not.
-        for fd in sorted(open_fds)[:14]:
-            os.close(fd)
-            open_fds.remove(fd)
-
-        for fd in open_fds:
-            #self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
-            os.set_inheritable(fd, True)
-
-        max_fd_open = max(open_fds)
-
-        # Communicate the open_fds to the parent unittest.TestCase process.
-        print(','.join(map(str, sorted(open_fds))))
-        sys.stdout.flush()
-
-        rlim_cur, rlim_max = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
-        try:
-            # 29 is lower than the highest fds we are leaving open.
-            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (29, rlim_max))
-            # Launch a new Python interpreter with our low fd rlim_cur that
-            # inherits open fds above that limit.  It then uses subprocess
-            # with close_fds=True to get a report of open fds in the child.
-            # An explicit list of fds to check is passed to fd_status.py as
-            # letting fd_status rely on its default logic would miss the
-            # fds above rlim_cur as it normally only checks up to that limit.
-            subprocess.Popen(
-                [sys.executable, '-c',
-                 textwrap.dedent("""
-                     import subprocess, sys
-                     subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, %r] +
-                                      [str(x) for x in range({max_fd})],
-                                      close_fds=True).wait()
-                     """.format(max_fd=max_fd_open+1))],
-                close_fds=False).wait()
-        finally:
-            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (rlim_cur, rlim_max))
-        ''' % fd_status)], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-
-        output, unused_stderr = p.communicate()
-        output_lines = output.splitlines()
-        self.assertEqual(len(output_lines), 2,
-                         msg="expected exactly two lines of output:\n%r" % output)
-        opened_fds = set(map(int, output_lines[0].strip().split(b',')))
-        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output_lines[1].strip().split(b',')))
-
-        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & opened_fds,
-                         msg="Some fds were left open.")
-
-
-    # Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) has a kernel bug: sometimes, the file
-    # descriptor of a pipe closed in the parent process is valid in the
-    # child process according to fstat(), but the mode of the file
-    # descriptor is invalid, and read or write raise an error.
-    @support.requires_mac_ver(10, 5)
-    def test_pass_fds(self):
-        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        open_fds = set()
-
-        for x in range(5):
-            fds = os.pipe()
-            self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[0])
-            self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[1])
-            os.set_inheritable(fds[0], True)
-            os.set_inheritable(fds[1], True)
-            open_fds.update(fds)
-
-        for fd in open_fds:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
-                                 pass_fds=(fd, ))
-            output, ignored = p.communicate()
-
-            remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-            to_be_closed = open_fds - {fd}
-
-            self.assertIn(fd, remaining_fds, "fd to be passed not passed")
-            self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & to_be_closed,
-                             "fd to be closed passed")
-
-            # pass_fds overrides close_fds with a warning.
-            with self.assertWarns(RuntimeWarning) as context:
-                self.assertFalse(subprocess.call(
-                        [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                        close_fds=False, pass_fds=(fd, )))
-            self.assertIn('overriding close_fds', str(context.warning))
-
-    def test_pass_fds_inheritable(self):
-        script = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        inheritable, non_inheritable = os.pipe()
-        self.addCleanup(os.close, inheritable)
-        self.addCleanup(os.close, non_inheritable)
-        os.set_inheritable(inheritable, True)
-        os.set_inheritable(non_inheritable, False)
-        pass_fds = (inheritable, non_inheritable)
-        args = [sys.executable, script]
-        args += list(map(str, pass_fds))
-
-        p = subprocess.Popen(args,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
-                             pass_fds=pass_fds)
-        output, ignored = p.communicate()
-        fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-
-        # the inheritable file descriptor must be inherited, so its inheritable
-        # flag must be set in the child process after fork() and before exec()
-        self.assertEqual(fds, set(pass_fds), "output=%a" % output)
-
-        # inheritable flag must not be changed in the parent process
-        self.assertEqual(os.get_inheritable(inheritable), True)
-        self.assertEqual(os.get_inheritable(non_inheritable), False)
-
-    def test_stdout_stdin_are_single_inout_fd(self):
-        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                                 stdout=inout, stdin=inout)
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_stdout_stderr_are_single_inout_fd(self):
-        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                                 stdout=inout, stderr=inout)
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_stderr_stdin_are_single_inout_fd(self):
-        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
-            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                                 stderr=inout, stdin=inout)
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_wait_when_sigchild_ignored(self):
-        # NOTE: sigchild_ignore.py may not be an effective test on all OSes.
-        sigchild_ignore = support.findfile("sigchild_ignore.py",
-                                           subdir="subprocessdata")
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, sigchild_ignore],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(0, p.returncode, "sigchild_ignore.py exited"
-                         " non-zero with this error:\n%s" %
-                         stderr.decode('utf-8'))
-
-    def test_select_unbuffered(self):
-        # Issue #11459: bufsize=0 should really set the pipes as
-        # unbuffered (and therefore let select() work properly).
-        select = support.import_module("select")
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys;'
-                              'sys.stdout.write("apple")'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             bufsize=0)
-        f = p.stdout
-        self.addCleanup(f.close)
-        try:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(4), b"appl")
-            self.assertIn(f, select.select([f], [], [], 0.0)[0])
-        finally:
-            p.wait()
-
-    def test_zombie_fast_process_del(self):
-        # Issue #12650: on Unix, if Popen.__del__() was called before the
-        # process exited, it wouldn't be added to subprocess._active, and would
-        # remain a zombie.
-        # spawn a Popen, and delete its reference before it exits
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import sys, time;'
-                              'time.sleep(0.2)'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        ident = id(p)
-        pid = p.pid
-        with support.check_warnings(('', ResourceWarning)):
-            p = None
-
-        # check that p is in the active processes list
-        self.assertIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
-
-    def test_leak_fast_process_del_killed(self):
-        # Issue #12650: on Unix, if Popen.__del__() was called before the
-        # process exited, and the process got killed by a signal, it would never
-        # be removed from subprocess._active, which triggered a FD and memory
-        # leak.
-        # spawn a Popen, delete its reference and kill it
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              'import time;'
-                              'time.sleep(3)'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
-        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
-        ident = id(p)
-        pid = p.pid
-        with support.check_warnings(('', ResourceWarning)):
-            p = None
-
-        os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)
-        # check that p is in the active processes list
-        self.assertIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
-
-        # let some time for the process to exit, and create a new Popen: this
-        # should trigger the wait() of p
-        time.sleep(0.2)
-        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as c:
-            with subprocess.Popen(NONEXISTING_CMD,
-                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
-                pass
-        # p should have been wait()ed on, and removed from the _active list
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.waitpid, pid, 0)
-        self.assertNotIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
-
-    def test_close_fds_after_preexec(self):
-        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
-
-        # this FD is used as dup2() target by preexec_fn, and should be closed
-        # in the child process
-        fd = os.dup(1)
-        self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
-
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
-                             preexec_fn=lambda: os.dup2(1, fd))
-        output, ignored = p.communicate()
-
-        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
-
-        self.assertNotIn(fd, remaining_fds)
-
-    @support.cpython_only
-    def test_fork_exec(self):
-        # Issue #22290: fork_exec() must not crash on memory allocation failure
-        # or other errors
-        import _posixsubprocess
-        gc_enabled = gc.isenabled()
-        try:
-            # Use a preexec function and enable the garbage collector
-            # to force fork_exec() to re-enable the garbage collector
-            # on error.
-            func = lambda: None
-            gc.enable()
-
-            for args, exe_list, cwd, env_list in (
-                (123,      [b"exe"], None, [b"env"]),
-                ([b"arg"], 123,      None, [b"env"]),
-                ([b"arg"], [b"exe"], 123,  [b"env"]),
-                ([b"arg"], [b"exe"], None, 123),
-            ):
-                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                    _posixsubprocess.fork_exec(
-                        args, exe_list,
-                        True, (), cwd, env_list,
-                        -1, -1, -1, -1,
-                        1, 2, 3, 4,
-                        True, True, func)
-        finally:
-            if not gc_enabled:
-                gc.disable()
-
-    @support.cpython_only
-    def test_fork_exec_sorted_fd_sanity_check(self):
-        # Issue #23564: sanity check the fork_exec() fds_to_keep sanity check.
-        import _posixsubprocess
-        class BadInt:
-            first = True
-            def __init__(self, value):
-                self.value = value
-            def __int__(self):
-                if self.first:
-                    self.first = False
-                    return self.value
-                raise ValueError
-
-        gc_enabled = gc.isenabled()
-        try:
-            gc.enable()
-
-            for fds_to_keep in (
-                (-1, 2, 3, 4, 5),  # Negative number.
-                ('str', 4),  # Not an int.
-                (18, 23, 42, 2**63),  # Out of range.
-                (5, 4),  # Not sorted.
-                (6, 7, 7, 8),  # Duplicate.
-                (BadInt(1), BadInt(2)),
-            ):
-                with self.assertRaises(
-                        ValueError,
-                        msg='fds_to_keep={}'.format(fds_to_keep)) as c:
-                    _posixsubprocess.fork_exec(
-                        [b"false"], [b"false"],
-                        True, fds_to_keep, None, [b"env"],
-                        -1, -1, -1, -1,
-                        1, 2, 3, 4,
-                        True, True, None)
-                self.assertIn('fds_to_keep', str(c.exception))
-        finally:
-            if not gc_enabled:
-                gc.disable()
-
-    def test_communicate_BrokenPipeError_stdin_close(self):
-        # By not setting stdout or stderr or a timeout we force the fast path
-        # that just calls _stdin_write() internally due to our mock.
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'])
-        with proc, mock.patch.object(proc, 'stdin') as mock_proc_stdin:
-            mock_proc_stdin.close.side_effect = BrokenPipeError
-            proc.communicate()  # Should swallow BrokenPipeError from close.
-            mock_proc_stdin.close.assert_called_with()
-
-    def test_communicate_BrokenPipeError_stdin_write(self):
-        # By not setting stdout or stderr or a timeout we force the fast path
-        # that just calls _stdin_write() internally due to our mock.
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'])
-        with proc, mock.patch.object(proc, 'stdin') as mock_proc_stdin:
-            mock_proc_stdin.write.side_effect = BrokenPipeError
-            proc.communicate(b'stuff')  # Should swallow the BrokenPipeError.
-            mock_proc_stdin.write.assert_called_once_with(b'stuff')
-            mock_proc_stdin.close.assert_called_once_with()
-
-    def test_communicate_BrokenPipeError_stdin_flush(self):
-        # Setting stdin and stdout forces the ._communicate() code path.
-        # python -h exits faster than python -c pass (but spams stdout).
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-h'],
-                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with proc, mock.patch.object(proc, 'stdin') as mock_proc_stdin, \
-                open(os.devnull, 'wb') as dev_null:
-            mock_proc_stdin.flush.side_effect = BrokenPipeError
-            # because _communicate registers a selector using proc.stdin...
-            mock_proc_stdin.fileno.return_value = dev_null.fileno()
-            # _communicate() should swallow BrokenPipeError from flush.
-            proc.communicate(b'stuff')
-            mock_proc_stdin.flush.assert_called_once_with()
-
-    def test_communicate_BrokenPipeError_stdin_close_with_timeout(self):
-        # Setting stdin and stdout forces the ._communicate() code path.
-        # python -h exits faster than python -c pass (but spams stdout).
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-h'],
-                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with proc, mock.patch.object(proc, 'stdin') as mock_proc_stdin:
-            mock_proc_stdin.close.side_effect = BrokenPipeError
-            # _communicate() should swallow BrokenPipeError from close.
-            proc.communicate(timeout=999)
-            mock_proc_stdin.close.assert_called_once_with()
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(_testcapi is not None
-                         and hasattr(_testcapi, 'W_STOPCODE'),
-                         'need _testcapi.W_STOPCODE')
-    def test_stopped(self):
-        """Test wait() behavior when waitpid returns WIFSTOPPED; issue29335."""
-        args = [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass']
-        proc = subprocess.Popen(args)
-
-        # Wait until the real process completes to avoid zombie process
-        pid = proc.pid
-        pid, status = os.waitpid(pid, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
-
-        status = _testcapi.W_STOPCODE(3)
-        with mock.patch('subprocess.os.waitpid', return_value=(pid, status)):
-            returncode = proc.wait()
-
-        self.assertEqual(returncode, -3)
-
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Windows specific tests")
-class Win32ProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
-
-    def test_startupinfo(self):
-        # startupinfo argument
-        # We uses hardcoded constants, because we do not want to
-        # depend on win32all.
-        STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW = 1
-        SW_MAXIMIZE = 3
-        startupinfo = subprocess.STARTUPINFO()
-        startupinfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
-        startupinfo.wShowWindow = SW_MAXIMIZE
-        # Since Python is a console process, it won't be affected
-        # by wShowWindow, but the argument should be silently
-        # ignored
-        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
-                        startupinfo=startupinfo)
-
-    def test_creationflags(self):
-        # creationflags argument
-        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = 16
-        sys.stderr.write("    a DOS box should flash briefly ...\n")
-        subprocess.call(sys.executable +
-                        ' -c "import time; time.sleep(0.25)"',
-                        creationflags=CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE)
-
-    def test_invalid_args(self):
-        # invalid arguments should raise ValueError
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
-                          [sys.executable, "-c",
-                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
-                          preexec_fn=lambda: 1)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
-                          [sys.executable, "-c",
-                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
-                          stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                          close_fds=True)
-
-    @support.cpython_only
-    def test_issue31471(self):
-        # There shouldn't be an assertion failure in Popen() in case the env
-        # argument has a bad keys() method.
-        class BadEnv(dict):
-            keys = None
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], env=BadEnv())
-
-    def test_close_fds(self):
-        # close file descriptors
-        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
-                              close_fds=True)
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
-
-    def test_shell_sequence(self):
-        # Run command through the shell (sequence)
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "physalis"
-        p = subprocess.Popen(["set"], shell=1,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             env=newenv)
-        with p:
-            self.assertIn(b"physalis", p.stdout.read())
-
-    def test_shell_string(self):
-        # Run command through the shell (string)
-        newenv = os.environ.copy()
-        newenv["FRUIT"] = "physalis"
-        p = subprocess.Popen("set", shell=1,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             env=newenv)
-        with p:
-            self.assertIn(b"physalis", p.stdout.read())
-
-    def test_shell_encodings(self):
-        # Run command through the shell (string)
-        for enc in ['ansi', 'oem']:
-            newenv = os.environ.copy()
-            newenv["FRUIT"] = "physalis"
-            p = subprocess.Popen("set", shell=1,
-                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                 env=newenv,
-                                 encoding=enc)
-            with p:
-                self.assertIn("physalis", p.stdout.read(), enc)
-
-    def test_call_string(self):
-        # call() function with string argument on Windows
-        rc = subprocess.call(sys.executable +
-                             ' -c "import sys; sys.exit(47)"')
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
-
-    def _kill_process(self, method, *args):
-        # Some win32 buildbot raises EOFError if stdin is inherited
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
-                             import sys, time
-                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
-                             sys.stdout.flush()
-                             time.sleep(30)
-                             """],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with p:
-            # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
-            # sending any signal.
-            p.stdout.read(1)
-            getattr(p, method)(*args)
-            _, stderr = p.communicate()
-            self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
-            returncode = p.wait()
-        self.assertNotEqual(returncode, 0)
-
-    def _kill_dead_process(self, method, *args):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
-                             import sys, time
-                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
-                             sys.stdout.flush()
-                             sys.exit(42)
-                             """],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        with p:
-            # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
-            # sending any signal.
-            p.stdout.read(1)
-            # The process should end after this
-            time.sleep(1)
-            # This shouldn't raise even though the child is now dead
-            getattr(p, method)(*args)
-            _, stderr = p.communicate()
-            self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
-            rc = p.wait()
-        self.assertEqual(rc, 42)
-
-    def test_send_signal(self):
-        self._kill_process('send_signal', signal.SIGTERM)
-
-    def test_kill(self):
-        self._kill_process('kill')
-
-    def test_terminate(self):
-        self._kill_process('terminate')
-
-    def test_send_signal_dead(self):
-        self._kill_dead_process('send_signal', signal.SIGTERM)
-
-    def test_kill_dead(self):
-        self._kill_dead_process('kill')
-
-    def test_terminate_dead(self):
-        self._kill_dead_process('terminate')
-
-class MiscTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_getoutput(self):
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.getoutput('echo xyzzy'), 'xyzzy')
-        self.assertEqual(subprocess.getstatusoutput('echo xyzzy'),
-                         (0, 'xyzzy'))
-
-        # we use mkdtemp in the next line to create an empty directory
-        # under our exclusive control; from that, we can invent a pathname
-        # that we _know_ won't exist.  This is guaranteed to fail.
-        dir = None
-        try:
-            dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-            name = os.path.join(dir, "foo")
-            status, output = subprocess.getstatusoutput(
-                ("type " if mswindows else "cat ") + name)
-            self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
-        finally:
-            if dir is not None:
-                os.rmdir(dir)
-
-    def test__all__(self):
-        """Ensure that __all__ is populated properly."""
-        intentionally_excluded = {"list2cmdline", "Handle"}
-        exported = set(subprocess.__all__)
-        possible_exports = set()
-        import types
-        for name, value in subprocess.__dict__.items():
-            if name.startswith('_'):
-                continue
-            if isinstance(value, (types.ModuleType,)):
-                continue
-            possible_exports.add(name)
-        self.assertEqual(exported, possible_exports - intentionally_excluded)
-
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'),
-                     "Test needs selectors.PollSelector")
-class ProcessTestCaseNoPoll(ProcessTestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.orig_selector = subprocess._PopenSelector
-        subprocess._PopenSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
-        ProcessTestCase.setUp(self)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        subprocess._PopenSelector = self.orig_selector
-        ProcessTestCase.tearDown(self)
-
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Windows-specific tests")
-class CommandsWithSpaces (BaseTestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        super().setUp()
-        f, fname = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", "te st")
-        self.fname = fname.lower ()
-        os.write(f, b"import sys;"
-                    b"sys.stdout.write('%d %s' % (len(sys.argv), [a.lower () for a in sys.argv]))"
-        )
-        os.close(f)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        os.remove(self.fname)
-        super().tearDown()
-
-    def with_spaces(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['stdout'] = subprocess.PIPE
-        p = subprocess.Popen(*args, **kwargs)
-        with p:
-            self.assertEqual(
-              p.stdout.read ().decode("mbcs"),
-              "2 [%r, 'ab cd']" % self.fname
-            )
-
-    def test_shell_string_with_spaces(self):
-        # call() function with string argument with spaces on Windows
-        self.with_spaces('"%s" "%s" "%s"' % (sys.executable, self.fname,
-                                             "ab cd"), shell=1)
-
-    def test_shell_sequence_with_spaces(self):
-        # call() function with sequence argument with spaces on Windows
-        self.with_spaces([sys.executable, self.fname, "ab cd"], shell=1)
-
-    def test_noshell_string_with_spaces(self):
-        # call() function with string argument with spaces on Windows
-        self.with_spaces('"%s" "%s" "%s"' % (sys.executable, self.fname,
-                             "ab cd"))
-
-    def test_noshell_sequence_with_spaces(self):
-        # call() function with sequence argument with spaces on Windows
-        self.with_spaces([sys.executable, self.fname, "ab cd"])
-
-
-class ContextManagerTests(BaseTestCase):
-
-    def test_pipe(self):
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                               "import sys;"
-                               "sys.stdout.write('stdout');"
-                               "sys.stderr.write('stderr');"],
-                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
-            self.assertEqual(proc.stdout.read(), b"stdout")
-            self.assertStderrEqual(proc.stderr.read(), b"stderr")
-
-        self.assertTrue(proc.stdout.closed)
-        self.assertTrue(proc.stderr.closed)
-
-    def test_returncode(self):
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                               "import sys; sys.exit(100)"]) as proc:
-            pass
-        # __exit__ calls wait(), so the returncode should be set
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 100)
-
-    def test_communicate_stdin(self):
-        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
-                              "import sys;"
-                              "sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == 'context')"],
-                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
-            proc.communicate(b"context")
-            self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 1)
-
-    def test_invalid_args(self):
-        with self.assertRaises((FileNotFoundError, PermissionError)) as c:
-            with subprocess.Popen(NONEXISTING_CMD,
-                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
-                pass
-
-    def test_broken_pipe_cleanup(self):
-        """Broken pipe error should not prevent wait() (Issue 21619)"""
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'],
-                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                bufsize=support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE*2)
-        proc = proc.__enter__()
-        # Prepare to send enough data to overflow any OS pipe buffering and
-        # guarantee a broken pipe error. Data is held in BufferedWriter
-        # buffer until closed.
-        proc.stdin.write(b'x' * support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE)
-        self.assertIsNone(proc.returncode)
-        # EPIPE expected under POSIX; EINVAL under Windows
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, proc.__exit__, None, None, None)
-        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 0)
-        self.assertTrue(proc.stdin.closed)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()