com.googler.python 1.1.2 → 1.1.4

package/python3.6.2/lib/python3.6/argparse.py

@@ -1,2389 +0,0 @@
-# Author: Steven J. Bethard <steven.bethard@gmail.com>.
-
-"""Command-line parsing library
-
-This module is an optparse-inspired command-line parsing library that:
-
-    - handles both optional and positional arguments
-    - produces highly informative usage messages
-    - supports parsers that dispatch to sub-parsers
-
-The following is a simple usage example that sums integers from the
-command-line and writes the result to a file::
-
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='sum the integers at the command line')
-    parser.add_argument(
-        'integers', metavar='int', nargs='+', type=int,
-        help='an integer to be summed')
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '--log', default=sys.stdout, type=argparse.FileType('w'),
-        help='the file where the sum should be written')
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    args.log.write('%s' % sum(args.integers))
-    args.log.close()
-
-The module contains the following public classes:
-
-    - ArgumentParser -- The main entry point for command-line parsing. As the
-        example above shows, the add_argument() method is used to populate
-        the parser with actions for optional and positional arguments. Then
-        the parse_args() method is invoked to convert the args at the
-        command-line into an object with attributes.
-
-    - ArgumentError -- The exception raised by ArgumentParser objects when
-        there are errors with the parser's actions. Errors raised while
-        parsing the command-line are caught by ArgumentParser and emitted
-        as command-line messages.
-
-    - FileType -- A factory for defining types of files to be created. As the
-        example above shows, instances of FileType are typically passed as
-        the type= argument of add_argument() calls.
-
-    - Action -- The base class for parser actions. Typically actions are
-        selected by passing strings like 'store_true' or 'append_const' to
-        the action= argument of add_argument(). However, for greater
-        customization of ArgumentParser actions, subclasses of Action may
-        be defined and passed as the action= argument.
-
-    - HelpFormatter, RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, RawTextHelpFormatter,
-        ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter -- Formatter classes which
-        may be passed as the formatter_class= argument to the
-        ArgumentParser constructor. HelpFormatter is the default,
-        RawDescriptionHelpFormatter and RawTextHelpFormatter tell the parser
-        not to change the formatting for help text, and
-        ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter adds information about argument defaults
-        to the help.
-
-All other classes in this module are considered implementation details.
-(Also note that HelpFormatter and RawDescriptionHelpFormatter are only
-considered public as object names -- the API of the formatter objects is
-still considered an implementation detail.)
-"""
-
-__version__ = '1.1'
-__all__ = [
-    'ArgumentParser',
-    'ArgumentError',
-    'ArgumentTypeError',
-    'FileType',
-    'HelpFormatter',
-    'ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter',
-    'RawDescriptionHelpFormatter',
-    'RawTextHelpFormatter',
-    'MetavarTypeHelpFormatter',
-    'Namespace',
-    'Action',
-    'ONE_OR_MORE',
-    'OPTIONAL',
-    'PARSER',
-    'REMAINDER',
-    'SUPPRESS',
-    'ZERO_OR_MORE',
-]
-
-
-import collections as _collections
-import copy as _copy
-import os as _os
-import re as _re
-import sys as _sys
-import textwrap as _textwrap
-
-from gettext import gettext as _, ngettext
-
-
-SUPPRESS = '==SUPPRESS=='
-
-OPTIONAL = '?'
-ZERO_OR_MORE = '*'
-ONE_OR_MORE = '+'
-PARSER = 'A...'
-REMAINDER = '...'
-_UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR = '_unrecognized_args'
-
-# =============================
-# Utility functions and classes
-# =============================
-
-class _AttributeHolder(object):
-    """Abstract base class that provides __repr__.
-
-    The __repr__ method returns a string in the format::
-        ClassName(attr=name, attr=name, ...)
-    The attributes are determined either by a class-level attribute,
-    '_kwarg_names', or by inspecting the instance __dict__.
-    """
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        type_name = type(self).__name__
-        arg_strings = []
-        star_args = {}
-        for arg in self._get_args():
-            arg_strings.append(repr(arg))
-        for name, value in self._get_kwargs():
-            if name.isidentifier():
-                arg_strings.append('%s=%r' % (name, value))
-            else:
-                star_args[name] = value
-        if star_args:
-            arg_strings.append('**%s' % repr(star_args))
-        return '%s(%s)' % (type_name, ', '.join(arg_strings))
-
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        return sorted(self.__dict__.items())
-
-    def _get_args(self):
-        return []
-
-
-def _ensure_value(namespace, name, value):
-    if getattr(namespace, name, None) is None:
-        setattr(namespace, name, value)
-    return getattr(namespace, name)
-
-
-# ===============
-# Formatting Help
-# ===============
-
-class HelpFormatter(object):
-    """Formatter for generating usage messages and argument help strings.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 prog,
-                 indent_increment=2,
-                 max_help_position=24,
-                 width=None):
-
-        # default setting for width
-        if width is None:
-            try:
-                width = int(_os.environ['COLUMNS'])
-            except (KeyError, ValueError):
-                width = 80
-            width -= 2
-
-        self._prog = prog
-        self._indent_increment = indent_increment
-        self._max_help_position = max_help_position
-        self._max_help_position = min(max_help_position,
-                                      max(width - 20, indent_increment * 2))
-        self._width = width
-
-        self._current_indent = 0
-        self._level = 0
-        self._action_max_length = 0
-
-        self._root_section = self._Section(self, None)
-        self._current_section = self._root_section
-
-        self._whitespace_matcher = _re.compile(r'\s+', _re.ASCII)
-        self._long_break_matcher = _re.compile(r'\n\n\n+')
-
-    # ===============================
-    # Section and indentation methods
-    # ===============================
-    def _indent(self):
-        self._current_indent += self._indent_increment
-        self._level += 1
-
-    def _dedent(self):
-        self._current_indent -= self._indent_increment
-        assert self._current_indent >= 0, 'Indent decreased below 0.'
-        self._level -= 1
-
-    class _Section(object):
-
-        def __init__(self, formatter, parent, heading=None):
-            self.formatter = formatter
-            self.parent = parent
-            self.heading = heading
-            self.items = []
-
-        def format_help(self):
-            # format the indented section
-            if self.parent is not None:
-                self.formatter._indent()
-            join = self.formatter._join_parts
-            item_help = join([func(*args) for func, args in self.items])
-            if self.parent is not None:
-                self.formatter._dedent()
-
-            # return nothing if the section was empty
-            if not item_help:
-                return ''
-
-            # add the heading if the section was non-empty
-            if self.heading is not SUPPRESS and self.heading is not None:
-                current_indent = self.formatter._current_indent
-                heading = '%*s%s:\n' % (current_indent, '', self.heading)
-            else:
-                heading = ''
-
-            # join the section-initial newline, the heading and the help
-            return join(['\n', heading, item_help, '\n'])
-
-    def _add_item(self, func, args):
-        self._current_section.items.append((func, args))
-
-    # ========================
-    # Message building methods
-    # ========================
-    def start_section(self, heading):
-        self._indent()
-        section = self._Section(self, self._current_section, heading)
-        self._add_item(section.format_help, [])
-        self._current_section = section
-
-    def end_section(self):
-        self._current_section = self._current_section.parent
-        self._dedent()
-
-    def add_text(self, text):
-        if text is not SUPPRESS and text is not None:
-            self._add_item(self._format_text, [text])
-
-    def add_usage(self, usage, actions, groups, prefix=None):
-        if usage is not SUPPRESS:
-            args = usage, actions, groups, prefix
-            self._add_item(self._format_usage, args)
-
-    def add_argument(self, action):
-        if action.help is not SUPPRESS:
-
-            # find all invocations
-            get_invocation = self._format_action_invocation
-            invocations = [get_invocation(action)]
-            for subaction in self._iter_indented_subactions(action):
-                invocations.append(get_invocation(subaction))
-
-            # update the maximum item length
-            invocation_length = max([len(s) for s in invocations])
-            action_length = invocation_length + self._current_indent
-            self._action_max_length = max(self._action_max_length,
-                                          action_length)
-
-            # add the item to the list
-            self._add_item(self._format_action, [action])
-
-    def add_arguments(self, actions):
-        for action in actions:
-            self.add_argument(action)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Help-formatting methods
-    # =======================
-    def format_help(self):
-        help = self._root_section.format_help()
-        if help:
-            help = self._long_break_matcher.sub('\n\n', help)
-            help = help.strip('\n') + '\n'
-        return help
-
-    def _join_parts(self, part_strings):
-        return ''.join([part
-                        for part in part_strings
-                        if part and part is not SUPPRESS])
-
-    def _format_usage(self, usage, actions, groups, prefix):
-        if prefix is None:
-            prefix = _('usage: ')
-
-        # if usage is specified, use that
-        if usage is not None:
-            usage = usage % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-        # if no optionals or positionals are available, usage is just prog
-        elif usage is None and not actions:
-            usage = '%(prog)s' % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-        # if optionals and positionals are available, calculate usage
-        elif usage is None:
-            prog = '%(prog)s' % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-            # split optionals from positionals
-            optionals = []
-            positionals = []
-            for action in actions:
-                if action.option_strings:
-                    optionals.append(action)
-                else:
-                    positionals.append(action)
-
-            # build full usage string
-            format = self._format_actions_usage
-            action_usage = format(optionals + positionals, groups)
-            usage = ' '.join([s for s in [prog, action_usage] if s])
-
-            # wrap the usage parts if it's too long
-            text_width = self._width - self._current_indent
-            if len(prefix) + len(usage) > text_width:
-
-                # break usage into wrappable parts
-                part_regexp = r'\(.*?\)+|\[.*?\]+|\S+'
-                opt_usage = format(optionals, groups)
-                pos_usage = format(positionals, groups)
-                opt_parts = _re.findall(part_regexp, opt_usage)
-                pos_parts = _re.findall(part_regexp, pos_usage)
-                assert ' '.join(opt_parts) == opt_usage
-                assert ' '.join(pos_parts) == pos_usage
-
-                # helper for wrapping lines
-                def get_lines(parts, indent, prefix=None):
-                    lines = []
-                    line = []
-                    if prefix is not None:
-                        line_len = len(prefix) - 1
-                    else:
-                        line_len = len(indent) - 1
-                    for part in parts:
-                        if line_len + 1 + len(part) > text_width and line:
-                            lines.append(indent + ' '.join(line))
-                            line = []
-                            line_len = len(indent) - 1
-                        line.append(part)
-                        line_len += len(part) + 1
-                    if line:
-                        lines.append(indent + ' '.join(line))
-                    if prefix is not None:
-                        lines[0] = lines[0][len(indent):]
-                    return lines
-
-                # if prog is short, follow it with optionals or positionals
-                if len(prefix) + len(prog) <= 0.75 * text_width:
-                    indent = ' ' * (len(prefix) + len(prog) + 1)
-                    if opt_parts:
-                        lines = get_lines([prog] + opt_parts, indent, prefix)
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
-                    elif pos_parts:
-                        lines = get_lines([prog] + pos_parts, indent, prefix)
-                    else:
-                        lines = [prog]
-
-                # if prog is long, put it on its own line
-                else:
-                    indent = ' ' * len(prefix)
-                    parts = opt_parts + pos_parts
-                    lines = get_lines(parts, indent)
-                    if len(lines) > 1:
-                        lines = []
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(opt_parts, indent))
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
-                    lines = [prog] + lines
-
-                # join lines into usage
-                usage = '\n'.join(lines)
-
-        # prefix with 'usage:'
-        return '%s%s\n\n' % (prefix, usage)
-
-    def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups):
-        # find group indices and identify actions in groups
-        group_actions = set()
-        inserts = {}
-        for group in groups:
-            try:
-                start = actions.index(group._group_actions[0])
-            except ValueError:
-                continue
-            else:
-                end = start + len(group._group_actions)
-                if actions[start:end] == group._group_actions:
-                    for action in group._group_actions:
-                        group_actions.add(action)
-                    if not group.required:
-                        if start in inserts:
-                            inserts[start] += ' ['
-                        else:
-                            inserts[start] = '['
-                        inserts[end] = ']'
-                    else:
-                        if start in inserts:
-                            inserts[start] += ' ('
-                        else:
-                            inserts[start] = '('
-                        inserts[end] = ')'
-                    for i in range(start + 1, end):
-                        inserts[i] = '|'
-
-        # collect all actions format strings
-        parts = []
-        for i, action in enumerate(actions):
-
-            # suppressed arguments are marked with None
-            # remove | separators for suppressed arguments
-            if action.help is SUPPRESS:
-                parts.append(None)
-                if inserts.get(i) == '|':
-                    inserts.pop(i)
-                elif inserts.get(i + 1) == '|':
-                    inserts.pop(i + 1)
-
-            # produce all arg strings
-            elif not action.option_strings:
-                default = self._get_default_metavar_for_positional(action)
-                part = self._format_args(action, default)
-
-                # if it's in a group, strip the outer []
-                if action in group_actions:
-                    if part[0] == '[' and part[-1] == ']':
-                        part = part[1:-1]
-
-                # add the action string to the list
-                parts.append(part)
-
-            # produce the first way to invoke the option in brackets
-            else:
-                option_string = action.option_strings[0]
-
-                # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
-                #    -s or --long
-                if action.nargs == 0:
-                    part = '%s' % option_string
-
-                # if the Optional takes a value, format is:
-                #    -s ARGS or --long ARGS
-                else:
-                    default = self._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
-                    args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
-                    part = '%s %s' % (option_string, args_string)
-
-                # make it look optional if it's not required or in a group
-                if not action.required and action not in group_actions:
-                    part = '[%s]' % part
-
-                # add the action string to the list
-                parts.append(part)
-
-        # insert things at the necessary indices
-        for i in sorted(inserts, reverse=True):
-            parts[i:i] = [inserts[i]]
-
-        # join all the action items with spaces
-        text = ' '.join([item for item in parts if item is not None])
-
-        # clean up separators for mutually exclusive groups
-        open = r'[\[(]'
-        close = r'[\])]'
-        text = _re.sub(r'(%s) ' % open, r'\1', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r' (%s)' % close, r'\1', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r'%s *%s' % (open, close), r'', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r'\(([^|]*)\)', r'\1', text)
-        text = text.strip()
-
-        # return the text
-        return text
-
-    def _format_text(self, text):
-        if '%(prog)' in text:
-            text = text % dict(prog=self._prog)
-        text_width = max(self._width - self._current_indent, 11)
-        indent = ' ' * self._current_indent
-        return self._fill_text(text, text_width, indent) + '\n\n'
-
-    def _format_action(self, action):
-        # determine the required width and the entry label
-        help_position = min(self._action_max_length + 2,
-                            self._max_help_position)
-        help_width = max(self._width - help_position, 11)
-        action_width = help_position - self._current_indent - 2
-        action_header = self._format_action_invocation(action)
-
-        # no help; start on same line and add a final newline
-        if not action.help:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%s\n' % tup
-
-        # short action name; start on the same line and pad two spaces
-        elif len(action_header) <= action_width:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_width, action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%-*s  ' % tup
-            indent_first = 0
-
-        # long action name; start on the next line
-        else:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%s\n' % tup
-            indent_first = help_position
-
-        # collect the pieces of the action help
-        parts = [action_header]
-
-        # if there was help for the action, add lines of help text
-        if action.help:
-            help_text = self._expand_help(action)
-            help_lines = self._split_lines(help_text, help_width)
-            parts.append('%*s%s\n' % (indent_first, '', help_lines[0]))
-            for line in help_lines[1:]:
-                parts.append('%*s%s\n' % (help_position, '', line))
-
-        # or add a newline if the description doesn't end with one
-        elif not action_header.endswith('\n'):
-            parts.append('\n')
-
-        # if there are any sub-actions, add their help as well
-        for subaction in self._iter_indented_subactions(action):
-            parts.append(self._format_action(subaction))
-
-        # return a single string
-        return self._join_parts(parts)
-
-    def _format_action_invocation(self, action):
-        if not action.option_strings:
-            default = self._get_default_metavar_for_positional(action)
-            metavar, = self._metavar_formatter(action, default)(1)
-            return metavar
-
-        else:
-            parts = []
-
-            # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
-            #    -s, --long
-            if action.nargs == 0:
-                parts.extend(action.option_strings)
-
-            # if the Optional takes a value, format is:
-            #    -s ARGS, --long ARGS
-            else:
-                default = self._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
-                args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
-                for option_string in action.option_strings:
-                    parts.append('%s %s' % (option_string, args_string))
-
-            return ', '.join(parts)
-
-    def _metavar_formatter(self, action, default_metavar):
-        if action.metavar is not None:
-            result = action.metavar
-        elif action.choices is not None:
-            choice_strs = [str(choice) for choice in action.choices]
-            result = '{%s}' % ','.join(choice_strs)
-        else:
-            result = default_metavar
-
-        def format(tuple_size):
-            if isinstance(result, tuple):
-                return result
-            else:
-                return (result, ) * tuple_size
-        return format
-
-    def _format_args(self, action, default_metavar):
-        get_metavar = self._metavar_formatter(action, default_metavar)
-        if action.nargs is None:
-            result = '%s' % get_metavar(1)
-        elif action.nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            result = '[%s]' % get_metavar(1)
-        elif action.nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE:
-            result = '[%s [%s ...]]' % get_metavar(2)
-        elif action.nargs == ONE_OR_MORE:
-            result = '%s [%s ...]' % get_metavar(2)
-        elif action.nargs == REMAINDER:
-            result = '...'
-        elif action.nargs == PARSER:
-            result = '%s ...' % get_metavar(1)
-        else:
-            formats = ['%s' for _ in range(action.nargs)]
-            result = ' '.join(formats) % get_metavar(action.nargs)
-        return result
-
-    def _expand_help(self, action):
-        params = dict(vars(action), prog=self._prog)
-        for name in list(params):
-            if params[name] is SUPPRESS:
-                del params[name]
-        for name in list(params):
-            if hasattr(params[name], '__name__'):
-                params[name] = params[name].__name__
-        if params.get('choices') is not None:
-            choices_str = ', '.join([str(c) for c in params['choices']])
-            params['choices'] = choices_str
-        return self._get_help_string(action) % params
-
-    def _iter_indented_subactions(self, action):
-        try:
-            get_subactions = action._get_subactions
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            self._indent()
-            yield from get_subactions()
-            self._dedent()
-
-    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
-        text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(' ', text).strip()
-        return _textwrap.wrap(text, width)
-
-    def _fill_text(self, text, width, indent):
-        text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(' ', text).strip()
-        return _textwrap.fill(text, width, initial_indent=indent,
-                                           subsequent_indent=indent)
-
-    def _get_help_string(self, action):
-        return action.help
-
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_optional(self, action):
-        return action.dest.upper()
-
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_positional(self, action):
-        return action.dest
-
-
-class RawDescriptionHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which retains any formatting in descriptions.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _fill_text(self, text, width, indent):
-        return ''.join(indent + line for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True))
-
-
-class RawTextHelpFormatter(RawDescriptionHelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which retains formatting of all help text.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
-        return text.splitlines()
-
-
-class ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which adds default values to argument help.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _get_help_string(self, action):
-        help = action.help
-        if '%(default)' not in action.help:
-            if action.default is not SUPPRESS:
-                defaulting_nargs = [OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE]
-                if action.option_strings or action.nargs in defaulting_nargs:
-                    help += ' (default: %(default)s)'
-        return help
-
-
-class MetavarTypeHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which uses the argument 'type' as the default
-    metavar value (instead of the argument 'dest')
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_optional(self, action):
-        return action.type.__name__
-
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_positional(self, action):
-        return action.type.__name__
-
-
-
-# =====================
-# Options and Arguments
-# =====================
-
-def _get_action_name(argument):
-    if argument is None:
-        return None
-    elif argument.option_strings:
-        return  '/'.join(argument.option_strings)
-    elif argument.metavar not in (None, SUPPRESS):
-        return argument.metavar
-    elif argument.dest not in (None, SUPPRESS):
-        return argument.dest
-    else:
-        return None
-
-
-class ArgumentError(Exception):
-    """An error from creating or using an argument (optional or positional).
-
-    The string value of this exception is the message, augmented with
-    information about the argument that caused it.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, argument, message):
-        self.argument_name = _get_action_name(argument)
-        self.message = message
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        if self.argument_name is None:
-            format = '%(message)s'
-        else:
-            format = 'argument %(argument_name)s: %(message)s'
-        return format % dict(message=self.message,
-                             argument_name=self.argument_name)
-
-
-class ArgumentTypeError(Exception):
-    """An error from trying to convert a command line string to a type."""
-    pass
-
-
-# ==============
-# Action classes
-# ==============
-
-class Action(_AttributeHolder):
-    """Information about how to convert command line strings to Python objects.
-
-    Action objects are used by an ArgumentParser to represent the information
-    needed to parse a single argument from one or more strings from the
-    command line. The keyword arguments to the Action constructor are also
-    all attributes of Action instances.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-
-        - option_strings -- A list of command-line option strings which
-            should be associated with this action.
-
-        - dest -- The name of the attribute to hold the created object(s)
-
-        - nargs -- The number of command-line arguments that should be
-            consumed. By default, one argument will be consumed and a single
-            value will be produced.  Other values include:
-                - N (an integer) consumes N arguments (and produces a list)
-                - '?' consumes zero or one arguments
-                - '*' consumes zero or more arguments (and produces a list)
-                - '+' consumes one or more arguments (and produces a list)
-            Note that the difference between the default and nargs=1 is that
-            with the default, a single value will be produced, while with
-            nargs=1, a list containing a single value will be produced.
-
-        - const -- The value to be produced if the option is specified and the
-            option uses an action that takes no values.
-
-        - default -- The value to be produced if the option is not specified.
-
-        - type -- A callable that accepts a single string argument, and
-            returns the converted value.  The standard Python types str, int,
-            float, and complex are useful examples of such callables.  If None,
-            str is used.
-
-        - choices -- A container of values that should be allowed. If not None,
-            after a command-line argument has been converted to the appropriate
-            type, an exception will be raised if it is not a member of this
-            collection.
-
-        - required -- True if the action must always be specified at the
-            command line. This is only meaningful for optional command-line
-            arguments.
-
-        - help -- The help string describing the argument.
-
-        - metavar -- The name to be used for the option's argument with the
-            help string. If None, the 'dest' value will be used as the name.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        self.option_strings = option_strings
-        self.dest = dest
-        self.nargs = nargs
-        self.const = const
-        self.default = default
-        self.type = type
-        self.choices = choices
-        self.required = required
-        self.help = help
-        self.metavar = metavar
-
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        names = [
-            'option_strings',
-            'dest',
-            'nargs',
-            'const',
-            'default',
-            'type',
-            'choices',
-            'help',
-            'metavar',
-        ]
-        return [(name, getattr(self, name)) for name in names]
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        raise NotImplementedError(_('.__call__() not defined'))
-
-
-class _StoreAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        if nargs == 0:
-            raise ValueError('nargs for store actions must be > 0; if you '
-                             'have nothing to store, actions such as store '
-                             'true or store const may be more appropriate')
-        if const is not None and nargs != OPTIONAL:
-            raise ValueError('nargs must be %r to supply const' % OPTIONAL)
-        super(_StoreAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=nargs,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            type=type,
-            choices=choices,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, values)
-
-
-class _StoreConstAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 const,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        super(_StoreConstAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, self.const)
-
-
-class _StoreTrueAction(_StoreConstAction):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=False,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_StoreTrueAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            const=True,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-
-class _StoreFalseAction(_StoreConstAction):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=True,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_StoreFalseAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            const=False,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-
-class _AppendAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        if nargs == 0:
-            raise ValueError('nargs for append actions must be > 0; if arg '
-                             'strings are not supplying the value to append, '
-                             'the append const action may be more appropriate')
-        if const is not None and nargs != OPTIONAL:
-            raise ValueError('nargs must be %r to supply const' % OPTIONAL)
-        super(_AppendAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=nargs,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            type=type,
-            choices=choices,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        items = _copy.copy(_ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, []))
-        items.append(values)
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, items)
-
-
-class _AppendConstAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 const,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        super(_AppendConstAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        items = _copy.copy(_ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, []))
-        items.append(self.const)
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, items)
-
-
-class _CountAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_CountAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        new_count = _ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, 0) + 1
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, new_count)
-
-
-class _HelpAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 default=SUPPRESS,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_HelpAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            default=default,
-            nargs=0,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        parser.print_help()
-        parser.exit()
-
-
-class _VersionAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 version=None,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 default=SUPPRESS,
-                 help="show program's version number and exit"):
-        super(_VersionAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            default=default,
-            nargs=0,
-            help=help)
-        self.version = version
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        version = self.version
-        if version is None:
-            version = parser.version
-        formatter = parser._get_formatter()
-        formatter.add_text(version)
-        parser._print_message(formatter.format_help(), _sys.stdout)
-        parser.exit()
-
-
-class _SubParsersAction(Action):
-
-    class _ChoicesPseudoAction(Action):
-
-        def __init__(self, name, aliases, help):
-            metavar = dest = name
-            if aliases:
-                metavar += ' (%s)' % ', '.join(aliases)
-            sup = super(_SubParsersAction._ChoicesPseudoAction, self)
-            sup.__init__(option_strings=[], dest=dest, help=help,
-                         metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 prog,
-                 parser_class,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-
-        self._prog_prefix = prog
-        self._parser_class = parser_class
-        self._name_parser_map = _collections.OrderedDict()
-        self._choices_actions = []
-
-        super(_SubParsersAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=PARSER,
-            choices=self._name_parser_map,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def add_parser(self, name, **kwargs):
-        # set prog from the existing prefix
-        if kwargs.get('prog') is None:
-            kwargs['prog'] = '%s %s' % (self._prog_prefix, name)
-
-        aliases = kwargs.pop('aliases', ())
-
-        # create a pseudo-action to hold the choice help
-        if 'help' in kwargs:
-            help = kwargs.pop('help')
-            choice_action = self._ChoicesPseudoAction(name, aliases, help)
-            self._choices_actions.append(choice_action)
-
-        # create the parser and add it to the map
-        parser = self._parser_class(**kwargs)
-        self._name_parser_map[name] = parser
-
-        # make parser available under aliases also
-        for alias in aliases:
-            self._name_parser_map[alias] = parser
-
-        return parser
-
-    def _get_subactions(self):
-        return self._choices_actions
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        parser_name = values[0]
-        arg_strings = values[1:]
-
-        # set the parser name if requested
-        if self.dest is not SUPPRESS:
-            setattr(namespace, self.dest, parser_name)
-
-        # select the parser
-        try:
-            parser = self._name_parser_map[parser_name]
-        except KeyError:
-            args = {'parser_name': parser_name,
-                    'choices': ', '.join(self._name_parser_map)}
-            msg = _('unknown parser %(parser_name)r (choices: %(choices)s)') % args
-            raise ArgumentError(self, msg)
-
-        # parse all the remaining options into the namespace
-        # store any unrecognized options on the object, so that the top
-        # level parser can decide what to do with them
-
-        # In case this subparser defines new defaults, we parse them
-        # in a new namespace object and then update the original
-        # namespace for the relevant parts.
-        subnamespace, arg_strings = parser.parse_known_args(arg_strings, None)
-        for key, value in vars(subnamespace).items():
-            setattr(namespace, key, value)
-
-        if arg_strings:
-            vars(namespace).setdefault(_UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR, [])
-            getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR).extend(arg_strings)
-
-
-# ==============
-# Type classes
-# ==============
-
-class FileType(object):
-    """Factory for creating file object types
-
-    Instances of FileType are typically passed as type= arguments to the
-    ArgumentParser add_argument() method.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-        - mode -- A string indicating how the file is to be opened. Accepts the
-            same values as the builtin open() function.
-        - bufsize -- The file's desired buffer size. Accepts the same values as
-            the builtin open() function.
-        - encoding -- The file's encoding. Accepts the same values as the
-            builtin open() function.
-        - errors -- A string indicating how encoding and decoding errors are to
-            be handled. Accepts the same value as the builtin open() function.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, mode='r', bufsize=-1, encoding=None, errors=None):
-        self._mode = mode
-        self._bufsize = bufsize
-        self._encoding = encoding
-        self._errors = errors
-
-    def __call__(self, string):
-        # the special argument "-" means sys.std{in,out}
-        if string == '-':
-            if 'r' in self._mode:
-                return _sys.stdin
-            elif 'w' in self._mode:
-                return _sys.stdout
-            else:
-                msg = _('argument "-" with mode %r') % self._mode
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        # all other arguments are used as file names
-        try:
-            return open(string, self._mode, self._bufsize, self._encoding,
-                        self._errors)
-        except OSError as e:
-            message = _("can't open '%s': %s")
-            raise ArgumentTypeError(message % (string, e))
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        args = self._mode, self._bufsize
-        kwargs = [('encoding', self._encoding), ('errors', self._errors)]
-        args_str = ', '.join([repr(arg) for arg in args if arg != -1] +
-                             ['%s=%r' % (kw, arg) for kw, arg in kwargs
-                              if arg is not None])
-        return '%s(%s)' % (type(self).__name__, args_str)
-
-# ===========================
-# Optional and Positional Parsing
-# ===========================
-
-class Namespace(_AttributeHolder):
-    """Simple object for storing attributes.
-
-    Implements equality by attribute names and values, and provides a simple
-    string representation.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        for name in kwargs:
-            setattr(self, name, kwargs[name])
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Namespace):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return vars(self) == vars(other)
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        return key in self.__dict__
-
-
-class _ActionsContainer(object):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 description,
-                 prefix_chars,
-                 argument_default,
-                 conflict_handler):
-        super(_ActionsContainer, self).__init__()
-
-        self.description = description
-        self.argument_default = argument_default
-        self.prefix_chars = prefix_chars
-        self.conflict_handler = conflict_handler
-
-        # set up registries
-        self._registries = {}
-
-        # register actions
-        self.register('action', None, _StoreAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store', _StoreAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_const', _StoreConstAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_true', _StoreTrueAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_false', _StoreFalseAction)
-        self.register('action', 'append', _AppendAction)
-        self.register('action', 'append_const', _AppendConstAction)
-        self.register('action', 'count', _CountAction)
-        self.register('action', 'help', _HelpAction)
-        self.register('action', 'version', _VersionAction)
-        self.register('action', 'parsers', _SubParsersAction)
-
-        # raise an exception if the conflict handler is invalid
-        self._get_handler()
-
-        # action storage
-        self._actions = []
-        self._option_string_actions = {}
-
-        # groups
-        self._action_groups = []
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups = []
-
-        # defaults storage
-        self._defaults = {}
-
-        # determines whether an "option" looks like a negative number
-        self._negative_number_matcher = _re.compile(r'^-\d+$|^-\d*\.\d+$')
-
-        # whether or not there are any optionals that look like negative
-        # numbers -- uses a list so it can be shared and edited
-        self._has_negative_number_optionals = []
-
-    # ====================
-    # Registration methods
-    # ====================
-    def register(self, registry_name, value, object):
-        registry = self._registries.setdefault(registry_name, {})
-        registry[value] = object
-
-    def _registry_get(self, registry_name, value, default=None):
-        return self._registries[registry_name].get(value, default)
-
-    # ==================================
-    # Namespace default accessor methods
-    # ==================================
-    def set_defaults(self, **kwargs):
-        self._defaults.update(kwargs)
-
-        # if these defaults match any existing arguments, replace
-        # the previous default on the object with the new one
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest in kwargs:
-                action.default = kwargs[action.dest]
-
-    def get_default(self, dest):
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest == dest and action.default is not None:
-                return action.default
-        return self._defaults.get(dest, None)
-
-
-    # =======================
-    # Adding argument actions
-    # =======================
-    def add_argument(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """
-        add_argument(dest, ..., name=value, ...)
-        add_argument(option_string, option_string, ..., name=value, ...)
-        """
-
-        # if no positional args are supplied or only one is supplied and
-        # it doesn't look like an option string, parse a positional
-        # argument
-        chars = self.prefix_chars
-        if not args or len(args) == 1 and args[0][0] not in chars:
-            if args and 'dest' in kwargs:
-                raise ValueError('dest supplied twice for positional argument')
-            kwargs = self._get_positional_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
-
-        # otherwise, we're adding an optional argument
-        else:
-            kwargs = self._get_optional_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
-
-        # if no default was supplied, use the parser-level default
-        if 'default' not in kwargs:
-            dest = kwargs['dest']
-            if dest in self._defaults:
-                kwargs['default'] = self._defaults[dest]
-            elif self.argument_default is not None:
-                kwargs['default'] = self.argument_default
-
-        # create the action object, and add it to the parser
-        action_class = self._pop_action_class(kwargs)
-        if not callable(action_class):
-            raise ValueError('unknown action "%s"' % (action_class,))
-        action = action_class(**kwargs)
-
-        # raise an error if the action type is not callable
-        type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
-        if not callable(type_func):
-            raise ValueError('%r is not callable' % (type_func,))
-
-        # raise an error if the metavar does not match the type
-        if hasattr(self, "_get_formatter"):
-            try:
-                self._get_formatter()._format_args(action, None)
-            except TypeError:
-                raise ValueError("length of metavar tuple does not match nargs")
-
-        return self._add_action(action)
-
-    def add_argument_group(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        group = _ArgumentGroup(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        self._action_groups.append(group)
-        return group
-
-    def add_mutually_exclusive_group(self, **kwargs):
-        group = _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(self, **kwargs)
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups.append(group)
-        return group
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        # resolve any conflicts
-        self._check_conflict(action)
-
-        # add to actions list
-        self._actions.append(action)
-        action.container = self
-
-        # index the action by any option strings it has
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            self._option_string_actions[option_string] = action
-
-        # set the flag if any option strings look like negative numbers
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            if self._negative_number_matcher.match(option_string):
-                if not self._has_negative_number_optionals:
-                    self._has_negative_number_optionals.append(True)
-
-        # return the created action
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        self._actions.remove(action)
-
-    def _add_container_actions(self, container):
-        # collect groups by titles
-        title_group_map = {}
-        for group in self._action_groups:
-            if group.title in title_group_map:
-                msg = _('cannot merge actions - two groups are named %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % (group.title))
-            title_group_map[group.title] = group
-
-        # map each action to its group
-        group_map = {}
-        for group in container._action_groups:
-
-            # if a group with the title exists, use that, otherwise
-            # create a new group matching the container's group
-            if group.title not in title_group_map:
-                title_group_map[group.title] = self.add_argument_group(
-                    title=group.title,
-                    description=group.description,
-                    conflict_handler=group.conflict_handler)
-
-            # map the actions to their new group
-            for action in group._group_actions:
-                group_map[action] = title_group_map[group.title]
-
-        # add container's mutually exclusive groups
-        # NOTE: if add_mutually_exclusive_group ever gains title= and
-        # description= then this code will need to be expanded as above
-        for group in container._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            mutex_group = self.add_mutually_exclusive_group(
-                required=group.required)
-
-            # map the actions to their new mutex group
-            for action in group._group_actions:
-                group_map[action] = mutex_group
-
-        # add all actions to this container or their group
-        for action in container._actions:
-            group_map.get(action, self)._add_action(action)
-
-    def _get_positional_kwargs(self, dest, **kwargs):
-        # make sure required is not specified
-        if 'required' in kwargs:
-            msg = _("'required' is an invalid argument for positionals")
-            raise TypeError(msg)
-
-        # mark positional arguments as required if at least one is
-        # always required
-        if kwargs.get('nargs') not in [OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE]:
-            kwargs['required'] = True
-        if kwargs.get('nargs') == ZERO_OR_MORE and 'default' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['required'] = True
-
-        # return the keyword arguments with no option strings
-        return dict(kwargs, dest=dest, option_strings=[])
-
-    def _get_optional_kwargs(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        # determine short and long option strings
-        option_strings = []
-        long_option_strings = []
-        for option_string in args:
-            # error on strings that don't start with an appropriate prefix
-            if not option_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-                args = {'option': option_string,
-                        'prefix_chars': self.prefix_chars}
-                msg = _('invalid option string %(option)r: '
-                        'must start with a character %(prefix_chars)r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % args)
-
-            # strings starting with two prefix characters are long options
-            option_strings.append(option_string)
-            if option_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-                if len(option_string) > 1:
-                    if option_string[1] in self.prefix_chars:
-                        long_option_strings.append(option_string)
-
-        # infer destination, '--foo-bar' -> 'foo_bar' and '-x' -> 'x'
-        dest = kwargs.pop('dest', None)
-        if dest is None:
-            if long_option_strings:
-                dest_option_string = long_option_strings[0]
-            else:
-                dest_option_string = option_strings[0]
-            dest = dest_option_string.lstrip(self.prefix_chars)
-            if not dest:
-                msg = _('dest= is required for options like %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % option_string)
-            dest = dest.replace('-', '_')
-
-        # return the updated keyword arguments
-        return dict(kwargs, dest=dest, option_strings=option_strings)
-
-    def _pop_action_class(self, kwargs, default=None):
-        action = kwargs.pop('action', default)
-        return self._registry_get('action', action, action)
-
-    def _get_handler(self):
-        # determine function from conflict handler string
-        handler_func_name = '_handle_conflict_%s' % self.conflict_handler
-        try:
-            return getattr(self, handler_func_name)
-        except AttributeError:
-            msg = _('invalid conflict_resolution value: %r')
-            raise ValueError(msg % self.conflict_handler)
-
-    def _check_conflict(self, action):
-
-        # find all options that conflict with this option
-        confl_optionals = []
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            if option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                confl_optional = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                confl_optionals.append((option_string, confl_optional))
-
-        # resolve any conflicts
-        if confl_optionals:
-            conflict_handler = self._get_handler()
-            conflict_handler(action, confl_optionals)
-
-    def _handle_conflict_error(self, action, conflicting_actions):
-        message = ngettext('conflicting option string: %s',
-                           'conflicting option strings: %s',
-                           len(conflicting_actions))
-        conflict_string = ', '.join([option_string
-                                     for option_string, action
-                                     in conflicting_actions])
-        raise ArgumentError(action, message % conflict_string)
-
-    def _handle_conflict_resolve(self, action, conflicting_actions):
-
-        # remove all conflicting options
-        for option_string, action in conflicting_actions:
-
-            # remove the conflicting option
-            action.option_strings.remove(option_string)
-            self._option_string_actions.pop(option_string, None)
-
-            # if the option now has no option string, remove it from the
-            # container holding it
-            if not action.option_strings:
-                action.container._remove_action(action)
-
-
-class _ArgumentGroup(_ActionsContainer):
-
-    def __init__(self, container, title=None, description=None, **kwargs):
-        # add any missing keyword arguments by checking the container
-        update = kwargs.setdefault
-        update('conflict_handler', container.conflict_handler)
-        update('prefix_chars', container.prefix_chars)
-        update('argument_default', container.argument_default)
-        super_init = super(_ArgumentGroup, self).__init__
-        super_init(description=description, **kwargs)
-
-        # group attributes
-        self.title = title
-        self._group_actions = []
-
-        # share most attributes with the container
-        self._registries = container._registries
-        self._actions = container._actions
-        self._option_string_actions = container._option_string_actions
-        self._defaults = container._defaults
-        self._has_negative_number_optionals = \
-            container._has_negative_number_optionals
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups = container._mutually_exclusive_groups
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        action = super(_ArgumentGroup, self)._add_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.append(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        super(_ArgumentGroup, self)._remove_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.remove(action)
-
-
-class _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(_ArgumentGroup):
-
-    def __init__(self, container, required=False):
-        super(_MutuallyExclusiveGroup, self).__init__(container)
-        self.required = required
-        self._container = container
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        if action.required:
-            msg = _('mutually exclusive arguments must be optional')
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-        action = self._container._add_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.append(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        self._container._remove_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.remove(action)
-
-
-class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
-    """Object for parsing command line strings into Python objects.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-        - prog -- The name of the program (default: sys.argv[0])
-        - usage -- A usage message (default: auto-generated from arguments)
-        - description -- A description of what the program does
-        - epilog -- Text following the argument descriptions
-        - parents -- Parsers whose arguments should be copied into this one
-        - formatter_class -- HelpFormatter class for printing help messages
-        - prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix optional arguments
-        - fromfile_prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix files containing
-            additional arguments
-        - argument_default -- The default value for all arguments
-        - conflict_handler -- String indicating how to handle conflicts
-        - add_help -- Add a -h/-help option
-        - allow_abbrev -- Allow long options to be abbreviated unambiguously
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 prog=None,
-                 usage=None,
-                 description=None,
-                 epilog=None,
-                 parents=[],
-                 formatter_class=HelpFormatter,
-                 prefix_chars='-',
-                 fromfile_prefix_chars=None,
-                 argument_default=None,
-                 conflict_handler='error',
-                 add_help=True,
-                 allow_abbrev=True):
-
-        superinit = super(ArgumentParser, self).__init__
-        superinit(description=description,
-                  prefix_chars=prefix_chars,
-                  argument_default=argument_default,
-                  conflict_handler=conflict_handler)
-
-        # default setting for prog
-        if prog is None:
-            prog = _os.path.basename(_sys.argv[0])
-
-        self.prog = prog
-        self.usage = usage
-        self.epilog = epilog
-        self.formatter_class = formatter_class
-        self.fromfile_prefix_chars = fromfile_prefix_chars
-        self.add_help = add_help
-        self.allow_abbrev = allow_abbrev
-
-        add_group = self.add_argument_group
-        self._positionals = add_group(_('positional arguments'))
-        self._optionals = add_group(_('optional arguments'))
-        self._subparsers = None
-
-        # register types
-        def identity(string):
-            return string
-        self.register('type', None, identity)
-
-        # add help argument if necessary
-        # (using explicit default to override global argument_default)
-        default_prefix = '-' if '-' in prefix_chars else prefix_chars[0]
-        if self.add_help:
-            self.add_argument(
-                default_prefix+'h', default_prefix*2+'help',
-                action='help', default=SUPPRESS,
-                help=_('show this help message and exit'))
-
-        # add parent arguments and defaults
-        for parent in parents:
-            self._add_container_actions(parent)
-            try:
-                defaults = parent._defaults
-            except AttributeError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                self._defaults.update(defaults)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Pretty __repr__ methods
-    # =======================
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        names = [
-            'prog',
-            'usage',
-            'description',
-            'formatter_class',
-            'conflict_handler',
-            'add_help',
-        ]
-        return [(name, getattr(self, name)) for name in names]
-
-    # ==================================
-    # Optional/Positional adding methods
-    # ==================================
-    def add_subparsers(self, **kwargs):
-        if self._subparsers is not None:
-            self.error(_('cannot have multiple subparser arguments'))
-
-        # add the parser class to the arguments if it's not present
-        kwargs.setdefault('parser_class', type(self))
-
-        if 'title' in kwargs or 'description' in kwargs:
-            title = _(kwargs.pop('title', 'subcommands'))
-            description = _(kwargs.pop('description', None))
-            self._subparsers = self.add_argument_group(title, description)
-        else:
-            self._subparsers = self._positionals
-
-        # prog defaults to the usage message of this parser, skipping
-        # optional arguments and with no "usage:" prefix
-        if kwargs.get('prog') is None:
-            formatter = self._get_formatter()
-            positionals = self._get_positional_actions()
-            groups = self._mutually_exclusive_groups
-            formatter.add_usage(self.usage, positionals, groups, '')
-            kwargs['prog'] = formatter.format_help().strip()
-
-        # create the parsers action and add it to the positionals list
-        parsers_class = self._pop_action_class(kwargs, 'parsers')
-        action = parsers_class(option_strings=[], **kwargs)
-        self._subparsers._add_action(action)
-
-        # return the created parsers action
-        return action
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        if action.option_strings:
-            self._optionals._add_action(action)
-        else:
-            self._positionals._add_action(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _get_optional_actions(self):
-        return [action
-                for action in self._actions
-                if action.option_strings]
-
-    def _get_positional_actions(self):
-        return [action
-                for action in self._actions
-                if not action.option_strings]
-
-    # =====================================
-    # Command line argument parsing methods
-    # =====================================
-    def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
-        args, argv = self.parse_known_args(args, namespace)
-        if argv:
-            msg = _('unrecognized arguments: %s')
-            self.error(msg % ' '.join(argv))
-        return args
-
-    def parse_known_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
-        if args is None:
-            # args default to the system args
-            args = _sys.argv[1:]
-        else:
-            # make sure that args are mutable
-            args = list(args)
-
-        # default Namespace built from parser defaults
-        if namespace is None:
-            namespace = Namespace()
-
-        # add any action defaults that aren't present
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest is not SUPPRESS:
-                if not hasattr(namespace, action.dest):
-                    if action.default is not SUPPRESS:
-                        setattr(namespace, action.dest, action.default)
-
-        # add any parser defaults that aren't present
-        for dest in self._defaults:
-            if not hasattr(namespace, dest):
-                setattr(namespace, dest, self._defaults[dest])
-
-        # parse the arguments and exit if there are any errors
-        try:
-            namespace, args = self._parse_known_args(args, namespace)
-            if hasattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR):
-                args.extend(getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR))
-                delattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR)
-            return namespace, args
-        except ArgumentError:
-            err = _sys.exc_info()[1]
-            self.error(str(err))
-
-    def _parse_known_args(self, arg_strings, namespace):
-        # replace arg strings that are file references
-        if self.fromfile_prefix_chars is not None:
-            arg_strings = self._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
-
-        # map all mutually exclusive arguments to the other arguments
-        # they can't occur with
-        action_conflicts = {}
-        for mutex_group in self._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            group_actions = mutex_group._group_actions
-            for i, mutex_action in enumerate(mutex_group._group_actions):
-                conflicts = action_conflicts.setdefault(mutex_action, [])
-                conflicts.extend(group_actions[:i])
-                conflicts.extend(group_actions[i + 1:])
-
-        # find all option indices, and determine the arg_string_pattern
-        # which has an 'O' if there is an option at an index,
-        # an 'A' if there is an argument, or a '-' if there is a '--'
-        option_string_indices = {}
-        arg_string_pattern_parts = []
-        arg_strings_iter = iter(arg_strings)
-        for i, arg_string in enumerate(arg_strings_iter):
-
-            # all args after -- are non-options
-            if arg_string == '--':
-                arg_string_pattern_parts.append('-')
-                for arg_string in arg_strings_iter:
-                    arg_string_pattern_parts.append('A')
-
-            # otherwise, add the arg to the arg strings
-            # and note the index if it was an option
-            else:
-                option_tuple = self._parse_optional(arg_string)
-                if option_tuple is None:
-                    pattern = 'A'
-                else:
-                    option_string_indices[i] = option_tuple
-                    pattern = 'O'
-                arg_string_pattern_parts.append(pattern)
-
-        # join the pieces together to form the pattern
-        arg_strings_pattern = ''.join(arg_string_pattern_parts)
-
-        # converts arg strings to the appropriate and then takes the action
-        seen_actions = set()
-        seen_non_default_actions = set()
-
-        def take_action(action, argument_strings, option_string=None):
-            seen_actions.add(action)
-            argument_values = self._get_values(action, argument_strings)
-
-            # error if this argument is not allowed with other previously
-            # seen arguments, assuming that actions that use the default
-            # value don't really count as "present"
-            if argument_values is not action.default:
-                seen_non_default_actions.add(action)
-                for conflict_action in action_conflicts.get(action, []):
-                    if conflict_action in seen_non_default_actions:
-                        msg = _('not allowed with argument %s')
-                        action_name = _get_action_name(conflict_action)
-                        raise ArgumentError(action, msg % action_name)
-
-            # take the action if we didn't receive a SUPPRESS value
-            # (e.g. from a default)
-            if argument_values is not SUPPRESS:
-                action(self, namespace, argument_values, option_string)
-
-        # function to convert arg_strings into an optional action
-        def consume_optional(start_index):
-
-            # get the optional identified at this index
-            option_tuple = option_string_indices[start_index]
-            action, option_string, explicit_arg = option_tuple
-
-            # identify additional optionals in the same arg string
-            # (e.g. -xyz is the same as -x -y -z if no args are required)
-            match_argument = self._match_argument
-            action_tuples = []
-            while True:
-
-                # if we found no optional action, skip it
-                if action is None:
-                    extras.append(arg_strings[start_index])
-                    return start_index + 1
-
-                # if there is an explicit argument, try to match the
-                # optional's string arguments to only this
-                if explicit_arg is not None:
-                    arg_count = match_argument(action, 'A')
-
-                    # if the action is a single-dash option and takes no
-                    # arguments, try to parse more single-dash options out
-                    # of the tail of the option string
-                    chars = self.prefix_chars
-                    if arg_count == 0 and option_string[1] not in chars:
-                        action_tuples.append((action, [], option_string))
-                        char = option_string[0]
-                        option_string = char + explicit_arg[0]
-                        new_explicit_arg = explicit_arg[1:] or None
-                        optionals_map = self._option_string_actions
-                        if option_string in optionals_map:
-                            action = optionals_map[option_string]
-                            explicit_arg = new_explicit_arg
-                        else:
-                            msg = _('ignored explicit argument %r')
-                            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % explicit_arg)
-
-                    # if the action expect exactly one argument, we've
-                    # successfully matched the option; exit the loop
-                    elif arg_count == 1:
-                        stop = start_index + 1
-                        args = [explicit_arg]
-                        action_tuples.append((action, args, option_string))
-                        break
-
-                    # error if a double-dash option did not use the
-                    # explicit argument
-                    else:
-                        msg = _('ignored explicit argument %r')
-                        raise ArgumentError(action, msg % explicit_arg)
-
-                # if there is no explicit argument, try to match the
-                # optional's string arguments with the following strings
-                # if successful, exit the loop
-                else:
-                    start = start_index + 1
-                    selected_patterns = arg_strings_pattern[start:]
-                    arg_count = match_argument(action, selected_patterns)
-                    stop = start + arg_count
-                    args = arg_strings[start:stop]
-                    action_tuples.append((action, args, option_string))
-                    break
-
-            # add the Optional to the list and return the index at which
-            # the Optional's string args stopped
-            assert action_tuples
-            for action, args, option_string in action_tuples:
-                take_action(action, args, option_string)
-            return stop
-
-        # the list of Positionals left to be parsed; this is modified
-        # by consume_positionals()
-        positionals = self._get_positional_actions()
-
-        # function to convert arg_strings into positional actions
-        def consume_positionals(start_index):
-            # match as many Positionals as possible
-            match_partial = self._match_arguments_partial
-            selected_pattern = arg_strings_pattern[start_index:]
-            arg_counts = match_partial(positionals, selected_pattern)
-
-            # slice off the appropriate arg strings for each Positional
-            # and add the Positional and its args to the list
-            for action, arg_count in zip(positionals, arg_counts):
-                args = arg_strings[start_index: start_index + arg_count]
-                start_index += arg_count
-                take_action(action, args)
-
-            # slice off the Positionals that we just parsed and return the
-            # index at which the Positionals' string args stopped
-            positionals[:] = positionals[len(arg_counts):]
-            return start_index
-
-        # consume Positionals and Optionals alternately, until we have
-        # passed the last option string
-        extras = []
-        start_index = 0
-        if option_string_indices:
-            max_option_string_index = max(option_string_indices)
-        else:
-            max_option_string_index = -1
-        while start_index <= max_option_string_index:
-
-            # consume any Positionals preceding the next option
-            next_option_string_index = min([
-                index
-                for index in option_string_indices
-                if index >= start_index])
-            if start_index != next_option_string_index:
-                positionals_end_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
-
-                # only try to parse the next optional if we didn't consume
-                # the option string during the positionals parsing
-                if positionals_end_index > start_index:
-                    start_index = positionals_end_index
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    start_index = positionals_end_index
-
-            # if we consumed all the positionals we could and we're not
-            # at the index of an option string, there were extra arguments
-            if start_index not in option_string_indices:
-                strings = arg_strings[start_index:next_option_string_index]
-                extras.extend(strings)
-                start_index = next_option_string_index
-
-            # consume the next optional and any arguments for it
-            start_index = consume_optional(start_index)
-
-        # consume any positionals following the last Optional
-        stop_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
-
-        # if we didn't consume all the argument strings, there were extras
-        extras.extend(arg_strings[stop_index:])
-
-        # make sure all required actions were present and also convert
-        # action defaults which were not given as arguments
-        required_actions = []
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action not in seen_actions:
-                if action.required:
-                    required_actions.append(_get_action_name(action))
-                else:
-                    # Convert action default now instead of doing it before
-                    # parsing arguments to avoid calling convert functions
-                    # twice (which may fail) if the argument was given, but
-                    # only if it was defined already in the namespace
-                    if (action.default is not None and
-                        isinstance(action.default, str) and
-                        hasattr(namespace, action.dest) and
-                        action.default is getattr(namespace, action.dest)):
-                        setattr(namespace, action.dest,
-                                self._get_value(action, action.default))
-
-        if required_actions:
-            self.error(_('the following arguments are required: %s') %
-                       ', '.join(required_actions))
-
-        # make sure all required groups had one option present
-        for group in self._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            if group.required:
-                for action in group._group_actions:
-                    if action in seen_non_default_actions:
-                        break
-
-                # if no actions were used, report the error
-                else:
-                    names = [_get_action_name(action)
-                             for action in group._group_actions
-                             if action.help is not SUPPRESS]
-                    msg = _('one of the arguments %s is required')
-                    self.error(msg % ' '.join(names))
-
-        # return the updated namespace and the extra arguments
-        return namespace, extras
-
-    def _read_args_from_files(self, arg_strings):
-        # expand arguments referencing files
-        new_arg_strings = []
-        for arg_string in arg_strings:
-
-            # for regular arguments, just add them back into the list
-            if not arg_string or arg_string[0] not in self.fromfile_prefix_chars:
-                new_arg_strings.append(arg_string)
-
-            # replace arguments referencing files with the file content
-            else:
-                try:
-                    with open(arg_string[1:]) as args_file:
-                        arg_strings = []
-                        for arg_line in args_file.read().splitlines():
-                            for arg in self.convert_arg_line_to_args(arg_line):
-                                arg_strings.append(arg)
-                        arg_strings = self._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
-                        new_arg_strings.extend(arg_strings)
-                except OSError:
-                    err = _sys.exc_info()[1]
-                    self.error(str(err))
-
-        # return the modified argument list
-        return new_arg_strings
-
-    def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line):
-        return [arg_line]
-
-    def _match_argument(self, action, arg_strings_pattern):
-        # match the pattern for this action to the arg strings
-        nargs_pattern = self._get_nargs_pattern(action)
-        match = _re.match(nargs_pattern, arg_strings_pattern)
-
-        # raise an exception if we weren't able to find a match
-        if match is None:
-            nargs_errors = {
-                None: _('expected one argument'),
-                OPTIONAL: _('expected at most one argument'),
-                ONE_OR_MORE: _('expected at least one argument'),
-            }
-            default = ngettext('expected %s argument',
-                               'expected %s arguments',
-                               action.nargs) % action.nargs
-            msg = nargs_errors.get(action.nargs, default)
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg)
-
-        # return the number of arguments matched
-        return len(match.group(1))
-
-    def _match_arguments_partial(self, actions, arg_strings_pattern):
-        # progressively shorten the actions list by slicing off the
-        # final actions until we find a match
-        result = []
-        for i in range(len(actions), 0, -1):
-            actions_slice = actions[:i]
-            pattern = ''.join([self._get_nargs_pattern(action)
-                               for action in actions_slice])
-            match = _re.match(pattern, arg_strings_pattern)
-            if match is not None:
-                result.extend([len(string) for string in match.groups()])
-                break
-
-        # return the list of arg string counts
-        return result
-
-    def _parse_optional(self, arg_string):
-        # if it's an empty string, it was meant to be a positional
-        if not arg_string:
-            return None
-
-        # if it doesn't start with a prefix, it was meant to be positional
-        if not arg_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-            return None
-
-        # if the option string is present in the parser, return the action
-        if arg_string in self._option_string_actions:
-            action = self._option_string_actions[arg_string]
-            return action, arg_string, None
-
-        # if it's just a single character, it was meant to be positional
-        if len(arg_string) == 1:
-            return None
-
-        # if the option string before the "=" is present, return the action
-        if '=' in arg_string:
-            option_string, explicit_arg = arg_string.split('=', 1)
-            if option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                return action, option_string, explicit_arg
-
-        if self.allow_abbrev:
-            # search through all possible prefixes of the option string
-            # and all actions in the parser for possible interpretations
-            option_tuples = self._get_option_tuples(arg_string)
-
-            # if multiple actions match, the option string was ambiguous
-            if len(option_tuples) > 1:
-                options = ', '.join([option_string
-                    for action, option_string, explicit_arg in option_tuples])
-                args = {'option': arg_string, 'matches': options}
-                msg = _('ambiguous option: %(option)s could match %(matches)s')
-                self.error(msg % args)
-
-            # if exactly one action matched, this segmentation is good,
-            # so return the parsed action
-            elif len(option_tuples) == 1:
-                option_tuple, = option_tuples
-                return option_tuple
-
-        # if it was not found as an option, but it looks like a negative
-        # number, it was meant to be positional
-        # unless there are negative-number-like options
-        if self._negative_number_matcher.match(arg_string):
-            if not self._has_negative_number_optionals:
-                return None
-
-        # if it contains a space, it was meant to be a positional
-        if ' ' in arg_string:
-            return None
-
-        # it was meant to be an optional but there is no such option
-        # in this parser (though it might be a valid option in a subparser)
-        return None, arg_string, None
-
-    def _get_option_tuples(self, option_string):
-        result = []
-
-        # option strings starting with two prefix characters are only
-        # split at the '='
-        chars = self.prefix_chars
-        if option_string[0] in chars and option_string[1] in chars:
-            if '=' in option_string:
-                option_prefix, explicit_arg = option_string.split('=', 1)
-            else:
-                option_prefix = option_string
-                explicit_arg = None
-            for option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                if option_string.startswith(option_prefix):
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-
-        # single character options can be concatenated with their arguments
-        # but multiple character options always have to have their argument
-        # separate
-        elif option_string[0] in chars and option_string[1] not in chars:
-            option_prefix = option_string
-            explicit_arg = None
-            short_option_prefix = option_string[:2]
-            short_explicit_arg = option_string[2:]
-
-            for option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                if option_string == short_option_prefix:
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, short_explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-                elif option_string.startswith(option_prefix):
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-
-        # shouldn't ever get here
-        else:
-            self.error(_('unexpected option string: %s') % option_string)
-
-        # return the collected option tuples
-        return result
-
-    def _get_nargs_pattern(self, action):
-        # in all examples below, we have to allow for '--' args
-        # which are represented as '-' in the pattern
-        nargs = action.nargs
-
-        # the default (None) is assumed to be a single argument
-        if nargs is None:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A-*)'
-
-        # allow zero or one arguments
-        elif nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A?-*)'
-
-        # allow zero or more arguments
-        elif nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*[A-]*)'
-
-        # allow one or more arguments
-        elif nargs == ONE_OR_MORE:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[A-]*)'
-
-        # allow any number of options or arguments
-        elif nargs == REMAINDER:
-            nargs_pattern = '([-AO]*)'
-
-        # allow one argument followed by any number of options or arguments
-        elif nargs == PARSER:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[-AO]*)'
-
-        # all others should be integers
-        else:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*%s-*)' % '-*'.join('A' * nargs)
-
-        # if this is an optional action, -- is not allowed
-        if action.option_strings:
-            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace('-*', '')
-            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace('-', '')
-
-        # return the pattern
-        return nargs_pattern
-
-    # ========================
-    # Value conversion methods
-    # ========================
-    def _get_values(self, action, arg_strings):
-        # for everything but PARSER, REMAINDER args, strip out first '--'
-        if action.nargs not in [PARSER, REMAINDER]:
-            try:
-                arg_strings.remove('--')
-            except ValueError:
-                pass
-
-        # optional argument produces a default when not present
-        if not arg_strings and action.nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            if action.option_strings:
-                value = action.const
-            else:
-                value = action.default
-            if isinstance(value, str):
-                value = self._get_value(action, value)
-                self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # when nargs='*' on a positional, if there were no command-line
-        # args, use the default if it is anything other than None
-        elif (not arg_strings and action.nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE and
-              not action.option_strings):
-            if action.default is not None:
-                value = action.default
-            else:
-                value = arg_strings
-            self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # single argument or optional argument produces a single value
-        elif len(arg_strings) == 1 and action.nargs in [None, OPTIONAL]:
-            arg_string, = arg_strings
-            value = self._get_value(action, arg_string)
-            self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # REMAINDER arguments convert all values, checking none
-        elif action.nargs == REMAINDER:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-
-        # PARSER arguments convert all values, but check only the first
-        elif action.nargs == PARSER:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-            self._check_value(action, value[0])
-
-        # all other types of nargs produce a list
-        else:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-            for v in value:
-                self._check_value(action, v)
-
-        # return the converted value
-        return value
-
-    def _get_value(self, action, arg_string):
-        type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
-        if not callable(type_func):
-            msg = _('%r is not callable')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % type_func)
-
-        # convert the value to the appropriate type
-        try:
-            result = type_func(arg_string)
-
-        # ArgumentTypeErrors indicate errors
-        except ArgumentTypeError:
-            name = getattr(action.type, '__name__', repr(action.type))
-            msg = str(_sys.exc_info()[1])
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg)
-
-        # TypeErrors or ValueErrors also indicate errors
-        except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            name = getattr(action.type, '__name__', repr(action.type))
-            args = {'type': name, 'value': arg_string}
-            msg = _('invalid %(type)s value: %(value)r')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % args)
-
-        # return the converted value
-        return result
-
-    def _check_value(self, action, value):
-        # converted value must be one of the choices (if specified)
-        if action.choices is not None and value not in action.choices:
-            args = {'value': value,
-                    'choices': ', '.join(map(repr, action.choices))}
-            msg = _('invalid choice: %(value)r (choose from %(choices)s)')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % args)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Help-formatting methods
-    # =======================
-    def format_usage(self):
-        formatter = self._get_formatter()
-        formatter.add_usage(self.usage, self._actions,
-                            self._mutually_exclusive_groups)
-        return formatter.format_help()
-
-    def format_help(self):
-        formatter = self._get_formatter()
-
-        # usage
-        formatter.add_usage(self.usage, self._actions,
-                            self._mutually_exclusive_groups)
-
-        # description
-        formatter.add_text(self.description)
-
-        # positionals, optionals and user-defined groups
-        for action_group in self._action_groups:
-            formatter.start_section(action_group.title)
-            formatter.add_text(action_group.description)
-            formatter.add_arguments(action_group._group_actions)
-            formatter.end_section()
-
-        # epilog
-        formatter.add_text(self.epilog)
-
-        # determine help from format above
-        return formatter.format_help()
-
-    def _get_formatter(self):
-        return self.formatter_class(prog=self.prog)
-
-    # =====================
-    # Help-printing methods
-    # =====================
-    def print_usage(self, file=None):
-        if file is None:
-            file = _sys.stdout
-        self._print_message(self.format_usage(), file)
-
-    def print_help(self, file=None):
-        if file is None:
-            file = _sys.stdout
-        self._print_message(self.format_help(), file)
-
-    def _print_message(self, message, file=None):
-        if message:
-            if file is None:
-                file = _sys.stderr
-            file.write(message)
-
-    # ===============
-    # Exiting methods
-    # ===============
-    def exit(self, status=0, message=None):
-        if message:
-            self._print_message(message, _sys.stderr)
-        _sys.exit(status)
-
-    def error(self, message):
-        """error(message: string)
-
-        Prints a usage message incorporating the message to stderr and
-        exits.
-
-        If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
-        should either exit or raise an exception.
-        """
-        self.print_usage(_sys.stderr)
-        args = {'prog': self.prog, 'message': message}
-        self.exit(2, _('%(prog)s: error: %(message)s\n') % args)