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com.googler.python 1.1.2 → 1.1.4

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-  <div class="section" id="idle">
-<span id="id1"></span><h1>25.5. IDLE<a class="headerlink" href="#idle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/master/Lib/idlelib/">Lib/idlelib/</a></p>
-<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
-<p>IDLE is Python&#8217;s Integrated Development and Learning Environment.</p>
-<p>IDLE has the following features:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>coded in 100% pure Python, using the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> GUI toolkit</li>
-<li>cross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X</li>
-<li>Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizing
-of code input, output, and error messages</li>
-<li>multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing,
-smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features</li>
-<li>search within any window, replace within editor windows, and search
-through multiple files (grep)</li>
-<li>debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewing
-of global and local namespaces</li>
-<li>configuration, browsers, and other dialogs</li>
-</ul>
-<div class="section" id="menus">
-<h2>25.5.1. Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#menus" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window.  It is
-possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously.  Output windows, such
-as used for Edit / Find in Files, are a subtype of edit window.  They currently
-have the same top menu as Editor windows but a different default title and
-context menu.</p>
-<p>IDLE&#8217;s menus dynamically change based on which window is currently selected.
-Each menu documented below indicates which window type it is associated with.</p>
-<div class="section" id="file-menu-shell-and-editor">
-<h3>25.5.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>New File</dt>
-<dd>Create a new file editing window.</dd>
-<dt>Open...</dt>
-<dd>Open an existing file with an Open dialog.</dd>
-<dt>Recent Files</dt>
-<dd>Open a list of recent files.  Click one to open it.</dd>
-<dt>Open Module...</dt>
-<dd>Open an existing module (searches sys.path).</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="docutils" id="index-1">
-<dt>Class Browser</dt>
-<dd>Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a
-tree structure.  In the shell, open a module first.</dd>
-<dt>Path Browser</dt>
-<dd>Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a
-tree structure.</dd>
-<dt>Save</dt>
-<dd>Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one.  Windows
-that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * before
-and after the window title.  If there is no associated file,
-do Save As instead.</dd>
-<dt>Save As...</dt>
-<dd>Save the current window with a Save As dialog.  The file saved becomes the
-new associated file for the window.</dd>
-<dt>Save Copy As...</dt>
-<dd>Save the current window to different file without changing the associated
-file.</dd>
-<dt>Print Window</dt>
-<dd>Print the current window to the default printer.</dd>
-<dt>Close</dt>
-<dd>Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).</dd>
-<dt>Exit</dt>
-<dd>Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="edit-menu-shell-and-editor">
-<h3>25.5.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Undo</dt>
-<dd>Undo the last change to the current window.  A maximum of 1000 changes may
-be undone.</dd>
-<dt>Redo</dt>
-<dd>Redo the last undone change to the current window.</dd>
-<dt>Cut</dt>
-<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd>
-<dt>Copy</dt>
-<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd>
-<dt>Paste</dt>
-<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.</p>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Select All</dt>
-<dd>Select the entire contents of the current window.</dd>
-<dt>Find...</dt>
-<dd>Open a search dialog with many options</dd>
-<dt>Find Again</dt>
-<dd>Repeat the last search, if there is one.</dd>
-<dt>Find Selection</dt>
-<dd>Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.</dd>
-<dt>Find in Files...</dt>
-<dd>Open a file search dialog.  Put results in a new output window.</dd>
-<dt>Replace...</dt>
-<dd>Open a search-and-replace dialog.</dd>
-<dt>Go to Line</dt>
-<dd>Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.</dd>
-<dt>Show Completions</dt>
-<dd>Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. See
-Completions in the Tips sections below.</dd>
-<dt>Expand Word</dt>
-<dd>Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window;
-repeat to get a different expansion.</dd>
-<dt>Show call tip</dt>
-<dd>After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with
-function parameter hints.</dd>
-<dt>Show surrounding parens</dt>
-<dd>Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="format-menu-editor-window-only">
-<h3>25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Indent Region</dt>
-<dd>Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd>
-<dt>Dedent Region</dt>
-<dd>Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd>
-<dt>Comment Out Region</dt>
-<dd>Insert ## in front of selected lines.</dd>
-<dt>Uncomment Region</dt>
-<dd>Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.</dd>
-<dt>Tabify Region</dt>
-<dd>Turn <em>leading</em> stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using
-4 space blocks to indent Python code.)</dd>
-<dt>Untabify Region</dt>
-<dd>Turn <em>all</em> tabs into the correct number of spaces.</dd>
-<dt>Toggle Tabs</dt>
-<dd>Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.</dd>
-<dt>New Indent Width</dt>
-<dd>Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python
-community is 4 spaces.</dd>
-<dt>Format Paragraph</dt>
-<dd>Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or
-multiline string or selected line in a string.  All lines in the
-paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.</dd>
-<dt>Strip trailing whitespace</dt>
-<dd>Remove trailing space and other whitespace characters after the last
-non-whitespace character of a line by applying str.rstrip to each line,
-including lines within multiline strings.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="run-menu-editor-window-only">
-<span id="index-2"></span><h3>25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Python Shell</dt>
-<dd>Open or wake up the Python Shell window.</dd>
-<dt>Check Module</dt>
-<dd>Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the
-module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or
-autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog.  If
-there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the
-Editor window.</dd>
-<dt>Run Module</dt>
-<dd>Do Check Module (above).  If no error, restart the shell to clean the
-environment, then execute the module.  Output is displayed in the Shell
-window.  Note that output requires use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></code>.
-When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt.
-At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution.
-This is similar to executing a file with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code> at a command
-line.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="shell-menu-shell-window-only">
-<h3>25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>View Last Restart</dt>
-<dd>Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.</dd>
-<dt>Restart Shell</dt>
-<dd>Restart the shell to clean the environment.</dd>
-<dt>Interrupt Execution</dt>
-<dd>Stop a running program.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="debug-menu-shell-window-only">
-<h3>25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Go to File/Line</dt>
-<dd>Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename
-and line number.  If found, open the file if not already open, and show the
-line.  Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback
-and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of
-the Shell window and Output windows.</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="docutils" id="index-3">
-<dt>Debugger (toggle)</dt>
-<dd>When activated, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run
-under the debugger.  In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context
-menu.  This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.</dd>
-<dt>Stack Viewer</dt>
-<dd>Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with
-access to locals and globals.</dd>
-<dt>Auto-open Stack Viewer</dt>
-<dd>Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="options-menu-shell-and-editor">
-<h3>25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Configure IDLE</dt>
-<dd><p class="first">Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:
-fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and
-size, additional help sources, and extensions (see below).  On OS X,
-open the configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application
-menu.  To use a new built-in color theme (IDLE Dark) with older IDLEs,
-save it as a new custom theme.</p>
-<p class="last">Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user&#8217;s
-home directory.  Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved
-by editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Code Context (toggle)(Editor Window only)</dt>
-<dd>Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context
-of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="window-menu-shell-and-editor">
-<h3>25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Zoom Height</dt>
-<dd>Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size
-defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the
-Configure IDLE dialog.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring
-it to the foreground (deiconifying it if necessary).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="help-menu-shell-and-editor">
-<h3>25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>About IDLE</dt>
-<dd>Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.</dd>
-<dt>IDLE Help</dt>
-<dd>Display a help file for IDLE detailing the menu options, basic editing and
-navigation, and other tips.</dd>
-<dt>Python Docs</dt>
-<dd>Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser
-and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.</dd>
-<dt>Turtle Demo</dt>
-<dd>Run the turtledemo module with example python code and turtle drawings.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under
-the General tab.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="context-menus">
-<span id="index-4"></span><h3>25.5.1.10. Context Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#context-menus" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on OS X).
-Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.</p>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Cut</dt>
-<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd>
-<dt>Copy</dt>
-<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd>
-<dt>Paste</dt>
-<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>Editor windows also have breakpoint functions.  Lines with a breakpoint set are
-specially marked.  Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the
-debugger.  Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user&#8217;s .idlerc directory.</p>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Set Breakpoint</dt>
-<dd>Set a breakpoint on the current line.</dd>
-<dt>Clear Breakpoint</dt>
-<dd>Clear the breakpoint on that line.</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>Shell and Output windows have the following.</p>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>Go to file/line</dt>
-<dd>Same as in Debug menu.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="editing-and-navigation">
-<h2>25.5.2. Editing and navigation<a class="headerlink" href="#editing-and-navigation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In this section, &#8216;C&#8217; refers to the <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Control</span></code> key on Windows and Unix and
-the <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Command</span></code> key on Mac OSX.</p>
-<ul>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Backspace</span></code> deletes to the left; <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Del</span></code> deletes to the right</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Backspace</span></code> delete word left; <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Del</span></code> delete word to the right</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">Arrow keys and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Page</span> <span class="pre">Up</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Page</span> <span class="pre">Down</span></code> to move around</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-LeftArrow</span></code> and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-RightArrow</span></code> moves by words</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Home</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">End</span></code> go to begin/end of line</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Home</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-End</span></code> go to begin/end of file</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<div><ul class="simple">
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-a</span></code> beginning of line</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-e</span></code> end of line</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-k</span></code> kill line (but doesn&#8217;t put it in clipboard)</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-l</span></code> center window around the insertion point</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-b</span></code> go backward one character without deleting (usually you can
-also use the cursor key for this)</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-f</span></code> go forward one character without deleting (usually you can
-also use the cursor key for this)</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-p</span></code> go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for
-this)</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-d</span></code> delete next character</li>
-</ul>
-</div></blockquote>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<p>Standard keybindings (like <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-c</span></code> to copy and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-v</span></code> to paste)
-may work.  Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p>
-<div class="section" id="automatic-indentation">
-<h3>25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-indentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the
-Python Shell window by one tab).  After certain keywords (break, return etc.)
-the next line is dedented.  In leading indentation, <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Backspace</span></code> deletes up
-to 4 spaces if they are there. <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> inserts spaces (in the Python
-Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabs
-are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.</p>
-<p>See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="completions">
-<h3>25.5.2.2. Completions<a class="headerlink" href="#completions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes,
-both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for
-filenames.</p>
-<p>The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is
-two seconds) after a &#8216;.&#8217; or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one
-of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typed
-the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.</p>
-<p>If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a
-<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> will supply that completion without opening the ACW.</p>
-<p>&#8216;Show Completions&#8217; will force open a completions window, by default the
-<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-space</span></code> will open a completions window. In an empty
-string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a
-blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and
-classes in the current namespaces, plus any modules imported. If some
-characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.</p>
-<p>If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the
-entry most closely matching those characters.  Entering a <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">tab</span></code> will
-cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window or
-Shell.  Two <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">tab</span></code> in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as
-will return or a double click.  Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection,
-and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.</p>
-<p>&#8220;Hidden&#8221; attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden
-name after a &#8216;.&#8217;, e.g. &#8216;_&#8217;. This allows access to modules with
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> set, or to class-private attributes.</p>
-<p>Completions and the &#8216;Expand Word&#8217; facility can save a lot of typing!</p>
-<p>Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in
-an Editor window which are not via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> will
-not be found.  Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation.
-Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so
-much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.</p>
-<p>If you don&#8217;t like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay
-longer or disable the extension.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="calltips">
-<h3>25.5.2.3. Calltips<a class="headerlink" href="#calltips" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>A calltip is shown when one types <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">(</span></code> after the name of an <em>accessible</em>
-function.  A name expression may include dots and subscripts.  A calltip
-remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area,
-or <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">)</span></code> is typed.  When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition,
-the menu or shortcut display a calltip.</p>
-<p>A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of the
-docstring.  For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltip
-consists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line.  These
-details may change.</p>
-<p>The set of <em>accessible</em> functions depends on what modules have been imported
-into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself,
-and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.</p>
-<p>For example, restart the Shell and enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.count(</span></code>.  A calltip
-appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use.
-(This could change.)  Enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> and nothing appears.  Idle does
-not import turtle.  The menu or shortcut do nothing either.  Enter
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> and then <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> will work.</p>
-<p>In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file.  One
-might want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top,
-or immediately run an existing file before editing.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="python-shell-window">
-<h3>25.5.2.4. Python Shell window<a class="headerlink" href="#python-shell-window" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-c</span></code> interrupts executing command</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-d</span></code> sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> prompt</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-/</span></code> (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing</p>
-<p>Command history</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-p</span></code> retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On
-OS X use <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-p</span></code>.</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-n</span></code> retrieves next. On OS X use <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-n</span></code>.</li>
-<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Return</span></code> while on any previous command retrieves that command</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="text-colors">
-<h3>25.5.2.5. Text colors<a class="headerlink" href="#text-colors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings.
-For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and
-user error.  For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are
-keywords, builtin class and function names, names following <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">class</span></code> and
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when
-present), found text (when possible), and selected text.</p>
-<p>Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally
-visible.  To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog
-Highlighting tab.  The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and
-text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="startup-and-code-execution">
-<h2>25.5.3. Startup and code execution<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-and-code-execution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Upon startup with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by
-the environment variables <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> or <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a>.
-IDLE first checks for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code>; if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is present the file
-referenced is run.  If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is not present, IDLE checks for
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code>.  Files referenced by these environment variables are
-convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE
-shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.</p>
-<p>In addition, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> also loads a startup file if it is present.  Note that the
-Tk file is loaded unconditionally.  This additional file is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.Idle.py</span></code> and is
-looked for in the user&#8217;s home directory.  Statements in this file will be
-executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing
-functions to be used from IDLE&#8217;s Python shell.</p>
-<div class="section" id="command-line-usage">
-<h3>25.5.3.1. Command line usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ...
--c command  run command in the shell window
--d          enable debugger and open shell window
--e          open editor window
--h          print help message with legal combinations and exit
--i          open shell window
--r file     run file in shell window
--s          run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window
--t title    set title of shell window
--           run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args)
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>If there are arguments:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">r</span></code> is used, all arguments are placed in
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:...]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">''</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>,
-or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-r'</span></code>.  No editor window is opened, even if that is the default
-set in the Options dialog.</li>
-<li>Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="startup-failure">
-<h3>25.5.3.2. Startup failure<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-failure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>IDLE uses a socket to communicate between the IDLE GUI process and the user
-code execution process.  A connection must be established whenever the Shell
-starts or restarts.  (The latter is indicated by a divider line that says
-&#8216;RESTART&#8217;). If the user process fails to connect to the GUI process, it
-displays a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> error box with a &#8216;cannot connect&#8217; message that directs the
-user here.  It then exits.</p>
-<p>A common cause of failure is a user-written file with the same name as a
-standard library module, such as <em>random.py</em> and <em>tkinter.py</em>. When such a
-file is located in the same directory as a file that is about to be run,
-IDLE cannot import the stdlib file.  The current fix is to rename the
-user file.</p>
-<p>Though less common than in the past, an antivirus or firewall program may
-stop the connection.  If the program cannot be taught to allow the
-connection, then it must be turned off for IDLE to work.  It is safe to
-allow this internal connection because no data is visible on external
-ports.  A similar problem is a network mis-configuration that blocks
-connections.</p>
-<p>Python installation issues occasionally stop IDLE: multiple versions can
-clash, or a single installation might need admin access.  If one undo the
-clash, or cannot or does not want to run as admin, it might be easiest to
-completely remove Python and start over.</p>
-<p>A zombie pythonw.exe process could be a problem.  On Windows, use Task
-Manager to detect and stop one.  Sometimes a restart initiated by a program
-crash or Keyboard Interrupt (control-C) may fail to connect.  Dismissing
-the error box or Restart Shell on the Shell menu may fix a temporary problem.</p>
-<p>When IDLE first starts, it attempts to read user configuration files in
-~/.idlerc/ (~ is one&#8217;s home directory).  If there is a problem, an error
-message should be displayed.  Leaving aside random disk glitches, this can
-be prevented by never editing the files by hand, using the configuration
-dialog, under Options, instead Options.  Once it happens, the solution may
-be to delete one or more of the configuration files.</p>
-<p>If IDLE quits with no message, and it was not started from a console, try
-starting from a console (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">idlelib)</span></code> and see if a message appears.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="idle-console-differences">
-<h3>25.5.3.3. IDLE-console differences<a class="headerlink" href="#idle-console-differences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>With rare exceptions, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is
-intended to be the same as executing the same code in a console window.
-However, the different interface and operation occasionally affect
-visible results.  For instance, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code> starts with more entries.</p>
-<p>IDLE also replaces <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code> with
-objects that get input from and send output to the Shell window.
-When Shell has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen.  This is
-normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboard
-and screen will not work.  If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> is reset with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.reload(sys)</span></code>,
-IDLE&#8217;s changes are lost and things like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">input</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input</span></code>, and
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code> will not work correctly.</p>
-<p>With IDLE&#8217;s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements.
-Some consoles only work with a single physical line at a time.  IDLE uses
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> to run each statement.  As a result, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'__builtins__'</span></code> is always
-defined for each statement.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="developing-tkinter-applications">
-<h3>25.5.3.4. Developing tkinter applications<a class="headerlink" href="#developing-tkinter-applications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>IDLE is intentionally different from standard Python in order to
-facilitate development of tkinter programs.  Enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">tkinter</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">tk;</span>
-<span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Tk()</span></code> in standard Python and nothing appears.  Enter the same
-in IDLE and a tk window appears.  In standard Python, one must also enter
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code> to see the window.  IDLE does the equivalent in the
-background, about 20 times a second, which is about every 50 milleseconds.
-Next enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Button(root,</span> <span class="pre">text='button');</span> <span class="pre">b.pack()</span></code>.  Again,
-nothing visibly changes in standard Python until one enters <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code>.</p>
-<p>Most tkinter programs run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">root.mainloop()</span></code>, which usually does not
-return until the tk app is destroyed.  If the program is run with
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span></code> or from an IDLE editor, a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> shell prompt does not
-appear until <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code> returns, at which time there is nothing left
-to interact with.</p>
-<p>When running a tkinter program from an IDLE editor, one can comment out
-the mainloop call.  One then gets a shell prompt immediately and can
-interact with the live application.  One just has to remember to
-re-enable the mainloop call when running in standard Python.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="running-without-a-subprocess">
-<h3>25.5.3.5. Running without a subprocess<a class="headerlink" href="#running-without-a-subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket,
-which uses the internal loopback interface.  This connection is not
-externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.
-If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.</p>
-<p>If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you.
-Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem
-may be either a firewall blocking the connection or misconfiguration of
-a particular system.  Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with
-the -n command line switch.</p>
-<p>If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a
-single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC
-Python execution server.  This can be useful if Python cannot create
-the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform.  However,
-in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself.  Also, the
-environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected.  If
-your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and
-re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes
-are to take effect.  For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE
-with the default subprocess if at all possible.</p>
-<div class="deprecated">
-<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.4.</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="help-and-preferences">
-<h2>25.5.4. Help and preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<div class="section" id="additional-help-sources">
-<h3>25.5.4.1. Additional help sources<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-help-sources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>IDLE includes a help menu entry called &#8220;Python Docs&#8221; that will open the
-extensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at docs.python.org.
-Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the
-Configure IDLE dialog. See the IDLE help option in the help menu of IDLE for
-more information.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="setting-preferences">
-<h3>25.5.4.2. Setting preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be
-changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu.  Keys can be user defined;
-IDLE ships with four built-in key sets. In addition, a user can create a
-custom key set in the Configure IDLE dialog under the keys tab.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="extensions">
-<h3>25.5.4.3. Extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#extensions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>IDLE contains an extension facility.  Preferences for extensions can be
-changed with the Extensions tab of the preferences dialog. See the
-beginning of config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further
-information.  The only current default extension is zzdummy, an example
-also used for testing.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
-        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
-  <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
-  <ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">25.5. IDLE</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#menus">25.5.1. Menus</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#context-menus">25.5.1.10. Context Menus</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editing-and-navigation">25.5.2. Editing and navigation</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatic-indentation">25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#completions">25.5.2.2. Completions</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calltips">25.5.2.3. Calltips</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-shell-window">25.5.2.4. Python Shell window</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-colors">25.5.2.5. Text colors</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-and-code-execution">25.5.3. Startup and code execution</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">25.5.3.1. Command line usage</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-failure">25.5.3.2. Startup failure</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#idle-console-differences">25.5.3.3. IDLE-console differences</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#developing-tkinter-applications">25.5.3.4. Developing tkinter applications</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-without-a-subprocess">25.5.3.5. Running without a subprocess</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-preferences">25.5.4. Help and preferences</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-help-sources">25.5.4.1. Additional help sources</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences">25.5.4.2. Setting preferences</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extensions">25.5.4.3. Extensions</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
-  <p class="topless"><a href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html"
-                        title="previous chapter">25.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> &#8212; Scrolled Text Widget</a></p>
-  <h4>Next topic</h4>
-  <p class="topless"><a href="othergui.html"
-                        title="next chapter">25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></p>
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-    <h3>This Page</h3>
-    <ul class="this-page-menu">
-      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
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