@es3d/es3d 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

package/src/scene/flatten.js

@@ -1,754 +1,754 @@
-// Flattening: scene graph -> RenderScene (a structure-of-arrays instance table).
-//
-// The traversal evaluates hierarchical transforms, resolves <use> references,
-// expands <repeat>/<scatter>, records <lod> switches, inherits materials and
-// collects lights and cameras in world space. Each drawable instance becomes
-// one row: world matrix, geometry, material, selectable element and LOD switch.
-//
-// Animated subtrees are recorded as "dynamic segments": per frame only those
-// subtrees are re-traversed and their rows overwritten in place.
-//
-// <repeat> and <scatter> are expanded by a WebAssembly kernel where they can
-// be: the subtree below one placement is recorded once (recordTemplate) and
-// the kernel runs it for every placement, with the same operations in the
-// same order as the walker, so both give the same rows bit for bit.
-//
-// The RenderScene is renderer-agnostic; the OBJ and glTF importers produce the
-// same structure, which lets the benchmark render all formats identically.
-
-import * as mat4 from '../math/mat4.js';
-import { mulberry32 } from '../math/random.js';
-import { es3dCos, es3dSin } from '../math/trig.js';
-import { localMatrix } from '../transform/transform.js';
-import { sampleAnimation } from './animation.js';
-import { colorToLinear } from '../format/colors.js';
-import { instanceKernelEnabled, instancesWasm, INSTANCE_HEADER as H, INSTANCE_PARAMS as F } from '../wasm/kernels.js';
-
-/** Instance flag bits (RenderScene.flags). */
-export const FLAG_MIRRORED = 1;
-export const FLAG_NO_COLLIDE = 2; // under collide="false": the camera may pass through it
-
-export class RenderScene {
-  constructor(capacity = 256) {
-    this.count = 0;
-    this.capacity = 0;
-    /** GeometryEntry-like objects: {id, kind, lods, doubleSided, bounds, meshes, ...} */
-    this.geometries = [];
-    this.geomIndex = new Map();
-    this.materials = [];
-    this.lights = [];
-    this.cameras = [];
-    this.lodSwitches = [];
-    this.environment = null;
-    this.controls = null; // <controls> settings, or null for the viewer's defaults
-    this.animation = { time: false, scroll: false }; // clocks the animations use
-    this.dynamic = [];
-    this.bounds = { min: [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity], max: [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity] };
-    this.version = 0; // bumps whenever instance rows change
-    this.templates = new Map(); // repeat or scatter node -> its recorded subtree (Walker.template)
-    this.alloc(capacity);
-  }
-
-  alloc(cap) {
-    const grow = (Ctor, old, per) => {
-      const a = new Ctor(cap * per);
-      if (old) a.set(old.subarray(0, Math.min(old.length, a.length)));
-      return a;
-    };
-    this.matrices = grow(Float32Array, this.matrices, 16);
-    this.geom = grow(Uint32Array, this.geom, 1);
-    this.mat = grow(Uint32Array, this.mat, 1);
-    this.uid = grow(Uint32Array, this.uid, 1);
-    this.lodNode = grow(Int32Array, this.lodNode, 1);
-    this.lodChild = grow(Uint16Array, this.lodChild, 1);
-    this.flags = grow(Uint8Array, this.flags, 1);
-    this.spheres = grow(Float32Array, this.spheres, 4);
-    this.capacity = cap;
-  }
-
-  geometryIndex(entry) {
-    let i = this.geomIndex.get(entry);
-    if (i === undefined) {
-      i = this.geometries.length;
-      this.geometries.push(entry);
-      this.geomIndex.set(entry, i);
-    }
-    return i;
-  }
-
-  /** Write an instance row at index i (growing as needed). */
-  setInstance(i, gi, mi, world, uid, lodNode, lodChild, flags = 0) {
-    if (i >= this.capacity) this.alloc(Math.max(this.capacity * 2, i + 1));
-    const m = this.matrices;
-    const o = i * 16;
-    for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) m[o + k] = world[k];
-    this.geom[i] = gi;
-    this.mat[i] = mi;
-    this.uid[i] = uid;
-    this.lodNode[i] = lodNode;
-    this.lodChild[i] = lodChild;
-    const det = mat4.determinant3(world);
-    this.flags[i] = (det < 0 ? FLAG_MIRRORED : 0) | flags;
-    // world bounding sphere from the canonical bounds
-    const b = this.geometries[gi].bounds;
-    let cx = 0, cy = 0, cz = 0, r = 0;
-    if (b) {
-      const lx = (b.min[0] + b.max[0]) / 2, ly = (b.min[1] + b.max[1]) / 2, lz = (b.min[2] + b.max[2]) / 2;
-      cx = world[0] * lx + world[4] * ly + world[8] * lz + world[12];
-      cy = world[1] * lx + world[5] * ly + world[9] * lz + world[13];
-      cz = world[2] * lx + world[6] * ly + world[10] * lz + world[14];
-      const hx = (b.max[0] - b.min[0]) / 2, hy = (b.max[1] - b.min[1]) / 2, hz = (b.max[2] - b.min[2]) / 2;
-      // half extents of the transformed box
-      const ex = Math.abs(world[0]) * hx + Math.abs(world[4]) * hy + Math.abs(world[8]) * hz;
-      const ey = Math.abs(world[1]) * hx + Math.abs(world[5]) * hy + Math.abs(world[9]) * hz;
-      const ez = Math.abs(world[2]) * hx + Math.abs(world[6]) * hy + Math.abs(world[10]) * hz;
-      // a culling bound, not output: plain sqrt is several times faster than Math.hypot
-      r = Math.sqrt(ex * ex + ey * ey + ez * ez);
-      const bb = this.bounds;
-      if (cx - ex < bb.min[0]) bb.min[0] = cx - ex;
-      if (cy - ey < bb.min[1]) bb.min[1] = cy - ey;
-      if (cz - ez < bb.min[2]) bb.min[2] = cz - ez;
-      if (cx + ex > bb.max[0]) bb.max[0] = cx + ex;
-      if (cy + ey > bb.max[1]) bb.max[1] = cy + ey;
-      if (cz + ez > bb.max[2]) bb.max[2] = cz + ez;
-    }
-    const s = this.spheres;
-    s[i * 4] = cx;
-    s[i * 4 + 1] = cy;
-    s[i * 4 + 2] = cz;
-    s[i * 4 + 3] = r;
-  }
-
-  /** Room for n rows, grown as setInstance grows it row by row. */
-  reserve(n) {
-    let cap = this.capacity;
-    while (cap < n) cap = Math.max(cap * 2, cap + 1);
-    if (cap !== this.capacity) this.alloc(cap);
-  }
-
-  /** Release unused capacity (after a full build). */
-  trim() {
-    if (this.capacity > this.count * 2 + 64) this.alloc(Math.max(this.count, 1));
-  }
-
-  get empty() {
-    return this.count === 0;
-  }
-}
-
-const IDENTITY = mat4.createF64();
-
-class Walker {
-  constructor(scene, graph, time, progress = 0) {
-    this.scene = scene;
-    this.graph = graph;
-    this.time = time;
-    this.progress = progress;
-    this.noCollide = 0; // depth of collide="false" ancestors
-    this.cursor = 0;
-    this.lightCursor = 0;
-    this.cameraCursor = 0;
-    this.switchCursor = 0;
-    this.overwrite = false;
-    this.stack = [];
-    this.tmp = mat4.createF64();
-    this.segmentDepth = 0;
-  }
-
-  mat(depth) {
-    while (this.stack.length <= depth) this.stack.push(new Float64Array(16));
-    return this.stack[depth];
-  }
-
-  /** Local matrix of a node at the current time. */
-  localOf(node, out) {
-    if (!node.anims.length) {
-      if (node.local) out.set(node.local);
-      else mat4.identity(out);
-      return out;
-    }
-    const ov = {};
-    for (const a of node.anims) {
-      const v = sampleAnimation(a, this.time, this.progress);
-      if (v) ov[a.attr] = v;
-    }
-    return localMatrix(node.el.values, out, ov);
-  }
-
-  walk(node, parent, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
-    if (!node || !node.visible) return;
-    const g = this.graph;
-    const isSegmentRoot = node.anims.length > 0 && this.segmentDepth === 0 && !this.overwrite;
-    let seg = null;
-    if (isSegmentRoot) {
-      seg = {
-        node,
-        parent: new Float64Array(parent),
-        material,
-        color,
-        sel,
-        lodNode,
-        lodChild,
-        noCollide: this.noCollide,
-        start: this.cursor,
-        end: 0,
-        lightStart: this.lightCursor,
-        cameraStart: this.cameraCursor,
-        switchStart: this.switchCursor,
-      };
-    }
-    if (node.anims.length) this.segmentDepth++;
-    if (node.collide === false) this.noCollide++;
-
-    // inherited style: an element that sets a material starts from that material's own color
-    let mat = material;
-    let col = color;
-    if (node.material !== null) {
-      mat = node.material;
-      col = null;
-    }
-    if (node.color !== null) col = node.color;
-
-    if (node.kind === 'light') this.emitLight(node, parent);
-    else if (node.kind === 'camera') this.emitCamera(node, parent);
-    else {
-      let world;
-      if (!node.local && !node.anims.length) {
-        // identity local transform: children write only to deeper stack slots, so the parent can be shared
-        world = parent;
-      } else {
-        world = this.mat(depth);
-        // static nodes multiply by their stored matrix directly (no copy)
-        const local = node.anims.length ? this.localOf(node, this.tmp) : node.local;
-        mat4.multiply(world, parent, local);
-      }
-      switch (node.kind) {
-        case 'shape':
-          this.emitShape(node, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
-          break;
-        case 'group':
-          for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
-          break;
-        case 'use':
-          if (node.target) this.walk(node.target, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
-          for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
-          break;
-        case 'repeat':
-          this.emitRepeat(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
-          break;
-        case 'scatter':
-          this.emitScatter(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
-          break;
-        case 'lod':
-          this.emitLod(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
-          break;
-        default:
-          break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (node.anims.length) this.segmentDepth--;
-    if (node.collide === false) this.noCollide--;
-    if (seg) {
-      seg.end = this.cursor;
-      seg.lightEnd = this.lightCursor;
-      seg.cameraEnd = this.cameraCursor;
-      seg.switchEnd = this.switchCursor;
-      this.scene.dynamic.push(seg);
-    }
-  }
-
-  emitShape(node, world, material, color, uid, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
-    if (!node.geometry) return;
-    const s = this.scene;
-    let w = world;
-    if (node.unit) {
-      w = this.mat(depth + 1);
-      mat4.multiply(w, world, node.unit);
-    }
-    const gi = s.geometryIndex(node.geometry);
-    const mi = this.graph.materials.resolve(material, color);
-    s.setInstance(this.cursor++, gi, mi, w, uid, lodNode, lodChild, this.noCollide ? FLAG_NO_COLLIDE : 0);
-  }
-
-  emitRepeat(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
-    if (this.expand(node, node.count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild)) return;
-    const acc = mat4.createF64();
-    const tmp = mat4.createF64();
-    // children use stack slots from depth + 2 on, so slot depth + 1 stays intact
-    const childWorld = this.mat(depth + 1);
-    for (let i = 0; i < node.count; i++) {
-      mat4.multiply(childWorld, world, acc);
-      for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, childWorld, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 2);
-      mat4.multiply(tmp, acc, node.step);
-      acc.set(tmp);
-    }
-  }
-
-  emitScatter(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
-    const p = node.params;
-    if (this.expand(node, p.count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild)) return;
-    const rand = mulberry32(p.seed);
-    const place = mat4.createF64();
-    const u = new Float64Array(9);
-    const lerp = (r, t) => r[0] + (r[1] - r[0]) * t;
-    const nx = p.grid ? p.grid[0] : 0;
-    const nz = p.grid ? p.grid[1] : 0;
-    const childWorld = new Float64Array(16);
-    const pos = [0, 0, 0];
-    const rot = [0, 0, 0];
-    const scl = [1, 1, 1];
-    for (let i = 0; i < p.count; i++) {
-      for (let k = 0; k < 9; k++) u[k] = rand();
-      if (p.grid) {
-        const ix = i % nx, iz = Math.floor(i / nx);
-        pos[0] = (ix - (nx - 1) / 2) * p.spacing[0] + (u[0] - 0.5) * p.jitter * p.spacing[0];
-        pos[2] = (iz - (nz - 1) / 2) * p.spacing[1] + (u[1] - 0.5) * p.jitter * p.spacing[1];
-      } else if (p.radius) {
-        const r = p.radius * Math.sqrt(u[0]);
-        const a = u[1] * Math.PI * 2;
-        pos[0] = r * es3dCos(a);
-        pos[2] = r * es3dSin(a);
-      } else {
-        pos[0] = (u[0] - 0.5) * p.area[0];
-        pos[2] = (u[1] - 0.5) * p.area[1];
-      }
-      if (p.randomRotation) {
-        const rr = p.randomRotation.ranges;
-        rot[0] = lerp(rr[0], u[2]);
-        rot[1] = lerp(rr[1], u[3]);
-        rot[2] = lerp(rr[2], u[4]);
-      }
-      if (p.randomScale) {
-        const rs = p.randomScale.ranges;
-        if (p.randomScale.uniform) scl[0] = scl[1] = scl[2] = lerp(rs[0], u[5]);
-        else {
-          scl[0] = lerp(rs[0], u[5]);
-          scl[1] = lerp(rs[1], u[6]);
-          scl[2] = lerp(rs[2], u[7]);
-        }
-      }
-      mat4.compose(place, pos, rot, scl);
-      mat4.multiply(childWorld, world, place);
-      let m = material;
-      let c = color;
-      if (p.randomMaterial) {
-        m = p.randomMaterial[Math.min(p.randomMaterial.length - 1, Math.floor(u[8] * p.randomMaterial.length))];
-        c = null;
-      }
-      for (const ch of node.children) this.walk(ch, childWorld, m, c, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * A <repeat> or <scatter> expanded by the instance kernel
-   * (wasm/simd/instances.c). False when the walker must expand it: no
-   * kernel, few rows, or a subtree or parameters the kernel does not handle.
-   */
-  expand(node, count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild) {
-    if (!instanceKernelEnabled() || !Number.isInteger(count) || count < 1) return false;
-    const t = this.template(node, sel, lodChild);
-    if (!t || t.rows.length * count < KERNEL_ROWS) return false;
-    const scatter = node.kind === 'scatter';
-    const p = node.params;
-    const h = new Int32Array(H.SIZE);
-    const f = new Float64Array(F.SIZE);
-    if (scatter && !scatterHeader(p, h, f)) return false;
-
-    const s = this.scene;
-    const nrows = t.rows.length;
-    const nlods = t.lods.length;
-    if (!t.geometries) {
-      // where the walker would add them: before the first row of the first placement
-      t.geometries = true;
-      t.rows.forEach((r, k) => {
-        const b = r.entry.bounds;
-        t.table.set([s.geometryIndex(r.entry), r.uid, r.lod, r.child, r.flags, b ? 1 : 0], k * 6);
-        if (b) {
-          const half = [(b.max[0] - b.min[0]) / 2, (b.max[1] - b.min[1]) / 2, (b.max[2] - b.min[2]) / 2];
-          t.bounds.set([(b.min[0] + b.max[0]) / 2, (b.min[1] + b.max[1]) / 2, (b.min[2] + b.max[2]) / 2, ...half], k * 6);
-        }
-      });
-    }
-    h[H.KIND] = scatter ? SCATTER : REPEAT;
-    h[H.NOPS] = t.ops.length;
-    h[H.NROWS] = nrows;
-    h[H.LODS] = nlods;
-    h[H.OUTER_LOD] = lodNode;
-    h[H.SLOTS] = t.slots;
-    f.set(world, F.WORLD);
-    if (!scatter) {
-      f.set(IDENTITY, F.ACC);
-      f.set(node.step, F.STEP);
-    }
-    const bb = s.bounds;
-    f.set(bb.min, F.BOUNDS);
-    f.set(bb.max, F.BOUNDS + 3);
-
-    // the kernel asks for each material where the walker would: at the first row that needs it
-    const choices = scatter && p.randomMaterial;
-    const materials = new Int32Array(nrows * (choices ? choices.length : 1)).fill(-1);
-    const resolveMaterial = (code) => {
-      const choice = Math.floor(code / nrows);
-      const r = t.rows[code - choice * nrows];
-      const m = choices ? choices[choice] : material;
-      const c = choices ? null : color;
-      return this.graph.materials.resolve(r.material === INHERIT ? m : r.material, r.color === INHERIT ? c : r.color);
-    };
-
-    const per = Math.max(1, Math.floor(CHUNK_ROWS / nrows));
-    let cursor = this.cursor;
-    let sw = this.switchCursor;
-    for (let first = 0; first < count; first += per) {
-      h[H.FIRST] = first;
-      h[H.COUNT] = Math.min(per, count - first);
-      h[H.SWITCH] = sw;
-      const out = instancesWasm(h, f, t, materials, resolveMaterial);
-      if (!out) {
-        if (first > 0) throw new Error('WebAssembly memory ran out while expanding instances');
-        return false;
-      }
-      const n = out.mat.length;
-      s.reserve(cursor + n);
-      s.matrices.set(out.matrices, cursor * 16);
-      s.spheres.set(out.spheres, cursor * 4);
-      s.geom.set(out.geom, cursor);
-      s.mat.set(out.mat, cursor);
-      s.uid.set(out.uid, cursor);
-      s.lodNode.set(out.lodNode, cursor);
-      s.lodChild.set(out.lodChild, cursor);
-      s.flags.set(out.flags, cursor);
-      const v = out.switches;
-      for (let k = 0; k < v.length / 4; k++) {
-        const lod = t.lods[k % nlods];
-        const scale = Math.cbrt(Math.abs(v[k * 4 + 3]) || 1);
-        s.lodSwitches[sw + k] = {
-          pos: [v[k * 4], v[k * 4 + 1], v[k * 4 + 2]],
-          distances: lod.distances.map((d) => d * scale),
-          parent: lod.ref >= 0 ? sw + k - (k % nlods) + lod.ref : lodNode,
-          parentChild: lod.child,
-        };
-      }
-      cursor += n;
-      sw += v.length / 4;
-    }
-    for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
-      bb.min[k] = f[F.BOUNDS + k];
-      bb.max[k] = f[F.BOUNDS + 3 + k];
-    }
-    this.cursor = cursor;
-    this.switchCursor = sw;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /** The subtree below one placement of a repeat or scatter node (recordTemplate), recorded once per scene. */
-  template(node, sel, lodChild) {
-    const noCollide = this.noCollide > 0;
-    let e = this.scene.templates.get(node);
-    if (!e || e.sel !== sel || e.lodChild !== lodChild || e.noCollide !== noCollide) {
-      e = { sel, lodChild, noCollide, template: recordTemplate(node.children, sel, lodChild, noCollide) };
-      this.scene.templates.set(node, e);
-    }
-    return e.template;
-  }
-
-  emitLod(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
-    const s = this.scene;
-    const sw = {
-      pos: [world[12], world[13], world[14]],
-      // distances are measured in the lod node's coordinate system: scale them to world units
-      distances: node.params.distances.map((d) => d * Math.cbrt(Math.abs(mat4.determinant3(world)) || 1)),
-      parent: lodNode,
-      parentChild: lodChild,
-    };
-    const si = this.switchCursor++;
-    s.lodSwitches[si] = sw;
-    node.children.forEach((c, ci) => this.walk(c, world, material, color, sel, si, ci, depth + 1));
-  }
-
-  emitLight(node, parent) {
-    const p = node.params;
-    const lw = mat4.createF64();
-    lw.set(parent);
-    if (p.transform) mat4.multiply(lw, lw, p.transform);
-    const pos = node.anims.length ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'position', p.position) : p.position;
-    const rotation = node.anims.length ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'rotation', p.rotation || [0, 0, 0]) : p.rotation;
-    const placed = mat4.createF64();
-    mat4.compose(placed, pos, rotation || [0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]);
-    mat4.multiply(placed, lw, placed);
-    const P = [placed[12], placed[13], placed[14]];
-    let dirLocal = p.direction;
-    let dirSpace = placed;
-    if (!dirLocal && p.target) {
-      // target is given in the parent's coordinate system
-      const t = [0, 0, 0];
-      mat4.transformPoint(t, lw, p.target[0], p.target[1], p.target[2]);
-      dirLocal = [t[0] - P[0], t[1] - P[1], t[2] - P[2]];
-      dirSpace = IDENTITY;
-    }
-    if (!dirLocal) dirLocal = [0, -1, 0];
-    const D = [0, 0, 0];
-    mat4.transformDir(D, dirSpace, dirLocal[0], dirLocal[1], dirLocal[2]);
-    const dl = Math.hypot(D[0], D[1], D[2]) || 1;
-    const lin = colorToLinear(p.color);
-    const light = {
-      type: p.type,
-      color: [lin[0] * p.intensity, lin[1] * p.intensity, lin[2] * p.intensity],
-      position: P,
-      direction: [D[0] / dl, D[1] / dl, D[2] / dl],
-      range: p.range,
-      outer: Math.cos(((p.angle / 2) * Math.PI) / 180),
-      inner: Math.cos((((p.angle / 2) * (1 - p.penumbra)) * Math.PI) / 180),
-      ground: colorToLinear(p.groundColor).map((v) => v * p.intensity),
-      uid: node.uid,
-    };
-    this.scene.lights[this.lightCursor++] = light;
-  }
-
-  emitCamera(node, parent) {
-    const p = node.params;
-    const cw = mat4.createF64();
-    cw.set(parent);
-    if (p.transform) mat4.multiply(cw, cw, p.transform);
-    const animated = node.anims.length > 0;
-    const pos = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'position', p.position) : p.position;
-    const eye = [0, 0, 0];
-    mat4.transformPoint(eye, cw, pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
-    let target;
-    const up = [0, 0, 0];
-    const aim = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'target', p.target) : p.target;
-    if (aim) {
-      target = [0, 0, 0];
-      mat4.transformPoint(target, cw, aim[0], aim[1], aim[2]);
-      mat4.transformDir(up, cw, p.up[0], p.up[1], p.up[2]);
-    } else {
-      const r = mat4.createF64();
-      const rot = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'rotation', p.rotation || [0, 0, 0]) : p.rotation || [0, 0, 0];
-      mat4.fromEulerDeg(r, rot[0], rot[1], rot[2]);
-      mat4.multiply(r, cw, r);
-      const f = [0, 0, 0];
-      mat4.transformDir(f, r, 0, 0, -1);
-      target = [eye[0] + f[0], eye[1] + f[1], eye[2] + f[2]];
-      mat4.transformDir(up, r, p.up[0], p.up[1], p.up[2]);
-    }
-    this.scene.cameras[this.cameraCursor++] = {
-      type: p.type,
-      position: eye,
-      target,
-      up: up.map((v) => v / (Math.hypot(up[0], up[1], up[2]) || 1)),
-      fov: animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'fov', [p.fov])[0] : p.fov,
-      height: p.height,
-      near: p.near,
-      far: p.far,
-      aspect: p.aspect,
-      fit: p.fit,
-      name: p.name,
-      uid: node.uid,
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-// keeps the walker's hidden class alive between scenes (see MeshBuilder.shapeKeeper);
-// fractional clocks, so its fields have the representation an animated scene gives them
-Walker.shapeKeeper = new Walker(null, null, 0.5, 0.5);
-
-// --- the instance kernel's input (see Walker.expand and wasm/simd/instances.c) ---
-
-const KERNEL_ROWS = 16; // fewer rows are cheaper to walk than to hand over
-const CHUNK_ROWS = 16384; // rows per kernel call, bounding its memory
-const TEMPLATE_ROWS = 4096; // larger subtrees are walked per placement
-const TEMPLATE_SLOTS = 4 * TEMPLATE_ROWS;
-// the enums of wasm/simd/instances.c
-const OP_MUL = 0, OP_ROW = 1, OP_LOD = 2;
-const REPEAT = 0, SCATTER = 1;
-const GRID = 0, RADIUS = 1, AREA = 2;
-const RANDOM_ROTATION = 1, RANDOM_SCALE = 2, UNIFORM_SCALE = 4;
-/** The material or colour of the placement: what the element inherits, or the scatter's random material. */
-const INHERIT = Symbol('inherit');
-
-/** A scatter's placement parameters in the kernel headers; false when the walker must place it. */
-function scatterHeader(p, h, f) {
-  h[H.STATE] = p.seed >>> 0;
-  if (p.grid) {
-    const [nx, nz] = p.grid;
-    if (!Number.isInteger(nx) || !Number.isInteger(nz) || nx < 1 || !p.spacing) return false;
-    h[H.MODE] = GRID;
-    h[H.NX] = nx;
-    h[H.NZ] = nz;
-    f[F.SPACING] = p.spacing[0];
-    f[F.SPACING + 1] = p.spacing[1];
-    f[F.JITTER] = p.jitter;
-  } else if (p.radius) {
-    h[H.MODE] = RADIUS;
-    f[F.RADIUS] = p.radius;
-  } else {
-    if (!p.area) return false;
-    h[H.MODE] = AREA;
-    f[F.AREA] = p.area[0];
-    f[F.AREA + 1] = p.area[1];
-  }
-  const ranges = (r, at) => {
-    for (let k = 0; k < r.length; k++) f.set(r[k], at + k * 2);
-  };
-  if (p.randomRotation) {
-    if (p.randomRotation.ranges.length !== 3) return false;
-    h[H.RANDOM] |= RANDOM_ROTATION;
-    ranges(p.randomRotation.ranges, F.ROTATION);
-  }
-  if (p.randomScale) {
-    const rs = p.randomScale;
-    if (rs.ranges.length < (rs.uniform ? 1 : 3)) return false;
-    h[H.RANDOM] |= rs.uniform ? RANDOM_SCALE | UNIFORM_SCALE : RANDOM_SCALE;
-    ranges(rs.uniform ? rs.ranges.slice(0, 1) : rs.ranges.slice(0, 3), F.SCALE);
-  }
-  h[H.CHOICES] = p.randomMaterial ? p.randomMaterial.length : 0;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * The subtree below one placement of a <repeat> or <scatter> as a program
- * for the instance kernel: products into matrix slots (slot 0 is the
- * placement's world matrix), instance rows and lod switches, in the order
- * the walker produces them; a nested <repeat> is unrolled. Null when the
- * subtree holds what only the walker handles: animation, lights, cameras,
- * a nested <scatter>, more rows or products than TEMPLATE_ROWS and
- * TEMPLATE_SLOTS allow.
- */
-function recordTemplate(children, sel, lodChild, noCollide) {
-  const t = { ops: [], matrices: [], index: new Map(), slots: 1, rows: [], lods: [], geometries: false };
-  for (const c of children) if (!record(t, c, 0, INHERIT, INHERIT, sel, -1, lodChild, noCollide)) return null;
-  t.ops = Int32Array.from(t.ops);
-  t.mats = new Float64Array(Math.max(1, t.matrices.length) * 16);
-  t.matrices.forEach((m, k) => t.mats.set(m, k * 16));
-  t.table = new Int32Array(t.rows.length * 6);
-  t.bounds = new Float64Array(Math.max(1, t.rows.length * 6));
-  return t;
-}
-
-/** slot = src * matrix */
-function product(t, src, matrix) {
-  let k = t.index.get(matrix);
-  if (k === undefined) {
-    k = t.matrices.length;
-    t.matrices.push(matrix);
-    t.index.set(matrix, k);
-  }
-  const slot = t.slots++;
-  t.ops.push(OP_MUL, slot, src, k);
-  return slot;
-}
-
-/** Walker.walk for a node below a placement, as template operations (lod: a template lod, or -1 for the outer one). */
-function record(t, node, slot, material, color, sel, lod, child, noCollide) {
-  if (!node || !node.visible) return true;
-  const kind = node.kind;
-  if (node.anims.length || kind === 'light' || kind === 'camera' || kind === 'scatter') return false;
-  if (t.rows.length > TEMPLATE_ROWS || t.slots > TEMPLATE_SLOTS) return false;
-  if (node.collide === false) noCollide = true;
-  let mat = material;
-  let col = color;
-  if (node.material !== null) {
-    mat = node.material;
-    col = null;
-  }
-  if (node.color !== null) col = node.color;
-  const world = node.local ? product(t, slot, node.local) : slot;
-  const walk = (c) => record(t, c, world, mat, col, sel, lod, child, noCollide);
-  switch (kind) {
-    case 'shape':
-      if (node.geometry) {
-        const w = node.unit ? product(t, world, node.unit) : world;
-        t.ops.push(OP_ROW, t.rows.length, w, 0);
-        t.rows.push({ entry: node.geometry, uid: sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lod, child, flags: noCollide ? FLAG_NO_COLLIDE : 0, material: mat, color: col });
-      }
-      return true;
-    case 'group':
-      return node.children.every(walk);
-    case 'use':
-      if (node.target && !record(t, node.target, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lod, child, noCollide)) return false;
-      return node.children.every(walk);
-    case 'repeat': {
-      // Walker.emitRepeat: the accumulated steps do not depend on the placement
-      const acc = mat4.createF64();
-      const tmp = mat4.createF64();
-      for (let i = 0; i < node.count; i++) {
-        if (t.slots > TEMPLATE_SLOTS) return false;
-        const copy = product(t, world, new Float64Array(acc));
-        if (!node.children.every((c) => record(t, c, copy, mat, col, sel, lod, child, noCollide))) return false;
-        mat4.multiply(tmp, acc, node.step);
-        acc.set(tmp);
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-    case 'lod': {
-      const k = t.lods.length;
-      t.lods.push({ ref: lod, child, distances: node.params.distances });
-      t.ops.push(OP_LOD, k, world, 0);
-      return node.children.every((c, ci) => record(t, c, world, mat, col, sel, k, ci, noCollide));
-    }
-    default:
-      return true;
-  }
-}
-
-function sampleAnimations(node, walker, attr, base) {
-  let v = base;
-  for (const a of node.anims) {
-    if (a.attr !== attr) continue;
-    const s = sampleAnimation(a, walker.time, walker.progress);
-    if (s) v = s;
-  }
-  return v;
-}
-
-/**
- * Flatten a scene graph into a RenderScene.
- * @param {object} graph result of buildSceneGraph
- * @param {{time?: number, progress?: number}} [opts] progress: scroll timeline position 0..1
- */
-export function flattenScene(graph, opts = {}) {
-  const scene = new RenderScene(Math.min(Math.max(64, graph.expanded || 64), 1 << 20));
-  scene.environment = graph.environment;
-  scene.controls = graph.controls || null;
-  if (graph.animation) scene.animation = { ...graph.animation };
-  if (graph.tooLarge || !graph.root) {
-    scene.materials = graph.materials.list;
-    return scene;
-  }
-  const w = new Walker(scene, graph, opts.time || 0, opts.progress || 0);
-  w.walk(graph.root, IDENTITY, null, null, 0, -1, 0, 0);
-  scene.count = w.cursor;
-  scene.lights.length = w.lightCursor;
-  scene.cameras.length = w.cameraCursor;
-  scene.lodSwitches.length = w.switchCursor;
-  scene.materials = graph.materials.list;
-  scene.trim();
-  if (!(scene.bounds.min[0] <= scene.bounds.max[0])) scene.bounds = { min: [-1, -1, -1], max: [1, 1, 1] };
-  scene.version++;
-  return scene;
-}
-
-/** Re-evaluate animated subtrees at time t and scroll progress, overwriting their rows. */
-export function updateDynamic(scene, graph, time, progress = 0) {
-  if (!scene.dynamic.length) return false;
-  const w = new Walker(scene, graph, time, progress);
-  w.overwrite = true;
-  for (const seg of scene.dynamic) {
-    w.cursor = seg.start;
-    w.lightCursor = seg.lightStart;
-    w.cameraCursor = seg.cameraStart;
-    w.switchCursor = seg.switchStart;
-    w.segmentDepth = 0;
-    w.noCollide = seg.noCollide;
-    w.walk(seg.node, seg.parent, seg.material, seg.color, seg.sel, seg.lodNode, seg.lodChild, 0);
-  }
-  scene.version++;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/** Instances per geometry (for statistics). */
-export function instanceHistogram(scene) {
-  const counts = new Uint32Array(scene.geometries.length);
-  for (let i = 0; i < scene.count; i++) counts[scene.geom[i]]++;
-  return counts;
-}
+// Flattening: scene graph -> RenderScene (a structure-of-arrays instance table).
+//
+// The traversal evaluates hierarchical transforms, resolves <use> references,
+// expands <repeat>/<scatter>, records <lod> switches, inherits materials and
+// collects lights and cameras in world space. Each drawable instance becomes
+// one row: world matrix, geometry, material, selectable element and LOD switch.
+//
+// Animated subtrees are recorded as "dynamic segments": per frame only those
+// subtrees are re-traversed and their rows overwritten in place.
+//
+// <repeat> and <scatter> are expanded by a WebAssembly kernel where they can
+// be: the subtree below one placement is recorded once (recordTemplate) and
+// the kernel runs it for every placement, with the same operations in the
+// same order as the walker, so both give the same rows bit for bit.
+//
+// The RenderScene is renderer-agnostic; the OBJ and glTF importers produce the
+// same structure, which lets the benchmark render all formats identically.
+
+import * as mat4 from '../math/mat4.js';
+import { mulberry32 } from '../math/random.js';
+import { es3dCos, es3dSin } from '../math/trig.js';
+import { localMatrix } from '../transform/transform.js';
+import { sampleAnimation } from './animation.js';
+import { colorToLinear } from '../format/colors.js';
+import { instanceKernelEnabled, instancesWasm, INSTANCE_HEADER as H, INSTANCE_PARAMS as F } from '../wasm/kernels.js';
+
+/** Instance flag bits (RenderScene.flags). */
+export const FLAG_MIRRORED = 1;
+export const FLAG_NO_COLLIDE = 2; // under collide="false": the camera may pass through it
+
+export class RenderScene {
+  constructor(capacity = 256) {
+    this.count = 0;
+    this.capacity = 0;
+    /** GeometryEntry-like objects: {id, kind, lods, doubleSided, bounds, meshes, ...} */
+    this.geometries = [];
+    this.geomIndex = new Map();
+    this.materials = [];
+    this.lights = [];
+    this.cameras = [];
+    this.lodSwitches = [];
+    this.environment = null;
+    this.controls = null; // <controls> settings, or null for the viewer's defaults
+    this.animation = { time: false, scroll: false }; // clocks the animations use
+    this.dynamic = [];
+    this.bounds = { min: [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity], max: [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity] };
+    this.version = 0; // bumps whenever instance rows change
+    this.templates = new Map(); // repeat or scatter node -> its recorded subtree (Walker.template)
+    this.alloc(capacity);
+  }
+
+  alloc(cap) {
+    const grow = (Ctor, old, per) => {
+      const a = new Ctor(cap * per);
+      if (old) a.set(old.subarray(0, Math.min(old.length, a.length)));
+      return a;
+    };
+    this.matrices = grow(Float32Array, this.matrices, 16);
+    this.geom = grow(Uint32Array, this.geom, 1);
+    this.mat = grow(Uint32Array, this.mat, 1);
+    this.uid = grow(Uint32Array, this.uid, 1);
+    this.lodNode = grow(Int32Array, this.lodNode, 1);
+    this.lodChild = grow(Uint16Array, this.lodChild, 1);
+    this.flags = grow(Uint8Array, this.flags, 1);
+    this.spheres = grow(Float32Array, this.spheres, 4);
+    this.capacity = cap;
+  }
+
+  geometryIndex(entry) {
+    let i = this.geomIndex.get(entry);
+    if (i === undefined) {
+      i = this.geometries.length;
+      this.geometries.push(entry);
+      this.geomIndex.set(entry, i);
+    }
+    return i;
+  }
+
+  /** Write an instance row at index i (growing as needed). */
+  setInstance(i, gi, mi, world, uid, lodNode, lodChild, flags = 0) {
+    if (i >= this.capacity) this.alloc(Math.max(this.capacity * 2, i + 1));
+    const m = this.matrices;
+    const o = i * 16;
+    for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) m[o + k] = world[k];
+    this.geom[i] = gi;
+    this.mat[i] = mi;
+    this.uid[i] = uid;
+    this.lodNode[i] = lodNode;
+    this.lodChild[i] = lodChild;
+    const det = mat4.determinant3(world);
+    this.flags[i] = (det < 0 ? FLAG_MIRRORED : 0) | flags;
+    // world bounding sphere from the canonical bounds
+    const b = this.geometries[gi].bounds;
+    let cx = 0, cy = 0, cz = 0, r = 0;
+    if (b) {
+      const lx = (b.min[0] + b.max[0]) / 2, ly = (b.min[1] + b.max[1]) / 2, lz = (b.min[2] + b.max[2]) / 2;
+      cx = world[0] * lx + world[4] * ly + world[8] * lz + world[12];
+      cy = world[1] * lx + world[5] * ly + world[9] * lz + world[13];
+      cz = world[2] * lx + world[6] * ly + world[10] * lz + world[14];
+      const hx = (b.max[0] - b.min[0]) / 2, hy = (b.max[1] - b.min[1]) / 2, hz = (b.max[2] - b.min[2]) / 2;
+      // half extents of the transformed box
+      const ex = Math.abs(world[0]) * hx + Math.abs(world[4]) * hy + Math.abs(world[8]) * hz;
+      const ey = Math.abs(world[1]) * hx + Math.abs(world[5]) * hy + Math.abs(world[9]) * hz;
+      const ez = Math.abs(world[2]) * hx + Math.abs(world[6]) * hy + Math.abs(world[10]) * hz;
+      // a culling bound, not output: plain sqrt is several times faster than Math.hypot
+      r = Math.sqrt(ex * ex + ey * ey + ez * ez);
+      const bb = this.bounds;
+      if (cx - ex < bb.min[0]) bb.min[0] = cx - ex;
+      if (cy - ey < bb.min[1]) bb.min[1] = cy - ey;
+      if (cz - ez < bb.min[2]) bb.min[2] = cz - ez;
+      if (cx + ex > bb.max[0]) bb.max[0] = cx + ex;
+      if (cy + ey > bb.max[1]) bb.max[1] = cy + ey;
+      if (cz + ez > bb.max[2]) bb.max[2] = cz + ez;
+    }
+    const s = this.spheres;
+    s[i * 4] = cx;
+    s[i * 4 + 1] = cy;
+    s[i * 4 + 2] = cz;
+    s[i * 4 + 3] = r;
+  }
+
+  /** Room for n rows, grown as setInstance grows it row by row. */
+  reserve(n) {
+    let cap = this.capacity;
+    while (cap < n) cap = Math.max(cap * 2, cap + 1);
+    if (cap !== this.capacity) this.alloc(cap);
+  }
+
+  /** Release unused capacity (after a full build). */
+  trim() {
+    if (this.capacity > this.count * 2 + 64) this.alloc(Math.max(this.count, 1));
+  }
+
+  get empty() {
+    return this.count === 0;
+  }
+}
+
+const IDENTITY = mat4.createF64();
+
+class Walker {
+  constructor(scene, graph, time, progress = 0) {
+    this.scene = scene;
+    this.graph = graph;
+    this.time = time;
+    this.progress = progress;
+    this.noCollide = 0; // depth of collide="false" ancestors
+    this.cursor = 0;
+    this.lightCursor = 0;
+    this.cameraCursor = 0;
+    this.switchCursor = 0;
+    this.overwrite = false;
+    this.stack = [];
+    this.tmp = mat4.createF64();
+    this.segmentDepth = 0;
+  }
+
+  mat(depth) {
+    while (this.stack.length <= depth) this.stack.push(new Float64Array(16));
+    return this.stack[depth];
+  }
+
+  /** Local matrix of a node at the current time. */
+  localOf(node, out) {
+    if (!node.anims.length) {
+      if (node.local) out.set(node.local);
+      else mat4.identity(out);
+      return out;
+    }
+    const ov = {};
+    for (const a of node.anims) {
+      const v = sampleAnimation(a, this.time, this.progress);
+      if (v) ov[a.attr] = v;
+    }
+    return localMatrix(node.el.values, out, ov);
+  }
+
+  walk(node, parent, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
+    if (!node || !node.visible) return;
+    const g = this.graph;
+    const isSegmentRoot = node.anims.length > 0 && this.segmentDepth === 0 && !this.overwrite;
+    let seg = null;
+    if (isSegmentRoot) {
+      seg = {
+        node,
+        parent: new Float64Array(parent),
+        material,
+        color,
+        sel,
+        lodNode,
+        lodChild,
+        noCollide: this.noCollide,
+        start: this.cursor,
+        end: 0,
+        lightStart: this.lightCursor,
+        cameraStart: this.cameraCursor,
+        switchStart: this.switchCursor,
+      };
+    }
+    if (node.anims.length) this.segmentDepth++;
+    if (node.collide === false) this.noCollide++;
+
+    // inherited style: an element that sets a material starts from that material's own color
+    let mat = material;
+    let col = color;
+    if (node.material !== null) {
+      mat = node.material;
+      col = null;
+    }
+    if (node.color !== null) col = node.color;
+
+    if (node.kind === 'light') this.emitLight(node, parent);
+    else if (node.kind === 'camera') this.emitCamera(node, parent);
+    else {
+      let world;
+      if (!node.local && !node.anims.length) {
+        // identity local transform: children write only to deeper stack slots, so the parent can be shared
+        world = parent;
+      } else {
+        world = this.mat(depth);
+        // static nodes multiply by their stored matrix directly (no copy)
+        const local = node.anims.length ? this.localOf(node, this.tmp) : node.local;
+        mat4.multiply(world, parent, local);
+      }
+      switch (node.kind) {
+        case 'shape':
+          this.emitShape(node, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
+          break;
+        case 'group':
+          for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
+          break;
+        case 'use':
+          if (node.target) this.walk(node.target, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
+          for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
+          break;
+        case 'repeat':
+          this.emitRepeat(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
+          break;
+        case 'scatter':
+          this.emitScatter(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
+          break;
+        case 'lod':
+          this.emitLod(node, world, mat, col, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth);
+          break;
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (node.anims.length) this.segmentDepth--;
+    if (node.collide === false) this.noCollide--;
+    if (seg) {
+      seg.end = this.cursor;
+      seg.lightEnd = this.lightCursor;
+      seg.cameraEnd = this.cameraCursor;
+      seg.switchEnd = this.switchCursor;
+      this.scene.dynamic.push(seg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  emitShape(node, world, material, color, uid, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
+    if (!node.geometry) return;
+    const s = this.scene;
+    let w = world;
+    if (node.unit) {
+      w = this.mat(depth + 1);
+      mat4.multiply(w, world, node.unit);
+    }
+    const gi = s.geometryIndex(node.geometry);
+    const mi = this.graph.materials.resolve(material, color);
+    s.setInstance(this.cursor++, gi, mi, w, uid, lodNode, lodChild, this.noCollide ? FLAG_NO_COLLIDE : 0);
+  }
+
+  emitRepeat(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
+    if (this.expand(node, node.count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild)) return;
+    const acc = mat4.createF64();
+    const tmp = mat4.createF64();
+    // children use stack slots from depth + 2 on, so slot depth + 1 stays intact
+    const childWorld = this.mat(depth + 1);
+    for (let i = 0; i < node.count; i++) {
+      mat4.multiply(childWorld, world, acc);
+      for (const c of node.children) this.walk(c, childWorld, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 2);
+      mat4.multiply(tmp, acc, node.step);
+      acc.set(tmp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  emitScatter(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
+    const p = node.params;
+    if (this.expand(node, p.count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild)) return;
+    const rand = mulberry32(p.seed);
+    const place = mat4.createF64();
+    const u = new Float64Array(9);
+    const lerp = (r, t) => r[0] + (r[1] - r[0]) * t;
+    const nx = p.grid ? p.grid[0] : 0;
+    const nz = p.grid ? p.grid[1] : 0;
+    const childWorld = new Float64Array(16);
+    const pos = [0, 0, 0];
+    const rot = [0, 0, 0];
+    const scl = [1, 1, 1];
+    for (let i = 0; i < p.count; i++) {
+      for (let k = 0; k < 9; k++) u[k] = rand();
+      if (p.grid) {
+        const ix = i % nx, iz = Math.floor(i / nx);
+        pos[0] = (ix - (nx - 1) / 2) * p.spacing[0] + (u[0] - 0.5) * p.jitter * p.spacing[0];
+        pos[2] = (iz - (nz - 1) / 2) * p.spacing[1] + (u[1] - 0.5) * p.jitter * p.spacing[1];
+      } else if (p.radius) {
+        const r = p.radius * Math.sqrt(u[0]);
+        const a = u[1] * Math.PI * 2;
+        pos[0] = r * es3dCos(a);
+        pos[2] = r * es3dSin(a);
+      } else {
+        pos[0] = (u[0] - 0.5) * p.area[0];
+        pos[2] = (u[1] - 0.5) * p.area[1];
+      }
+      if (p.randomRotation) {
+        const rr = p.randomRotation.ranges;
+        rot[0] = lerp(rr[0], u[2]);
+        rot[1] = lerp(rr[1], u[3]);
+        rot[2] = lerp(rr[2], u[4]);
+      }
+      if (p.randomScale) {
+        const rs = p.randomScale.ranges;
+        if (p.randomScale.uniform) scl[0] = scl[1] = scl[2] = lerp(rs[0], u[5]);
+        else {
+          scl[0] = lerp(rs[0], u[5]);
+          scl[1] = lerp(rs[1], u[6]);
+          scl[2] = lerp(rs[2], u[7]);
+        }
+      }
+      mat4.compose(place, pos, rot, scl);
+      mat4.multiply(childWorld, world, place);
+      let m = material;
+      let c = color;
+      if (p.randomMaterial) {
+        m = p.randomMaterial[Math.min(p.randomMaterial.length - 1, Math.floor(u[8] * p.randomMaterial.length))];
+        c = null;
+      }
+      for (const ch of node.children) this.walk(ch, childWorld, m, c, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth + 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A <repeat> or <scatter> expanded by the instance kernel
+   * (wasm/simd/instances.c). False when the walker must expand it: no
+   * kernel, few rows, or a subtree or parameters the kernel does not handle.
+   */
+  expand(node, count, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild) {
+    if (!instanceKernelEnabled() || !Number.isInteger(count) || count < 1) return false;
+    const t = this.template(node, sel, lodChild);
+    if (!t || t.rows.length * count < KERNEL_ROWS) return false;
+    const scatter = node.kind === 'scatter';
+    const p = node.params;
+    const h = new Int32Array(H.SIZE);
+    const f = new Float64Array(F.SIZE);
+    if (scatter && !scatterHeader(p, h, f)) return false;
+
+    const s = this.scene;
+    const nrows = t.rows.length;
+    const nlods = t.lods.length;
+    if (!t.geometries) {
+      // where the walker would add them: before the first row of the first placement
+      t.geometries = true;
+      t.rows.forEach((r, k) => {
+        const b = r.entry.bounds;
+        t.table.set([s.geometryIndex(r.entry), r.uid, r.lod, r.child, r.flags, b ? 1 : 0], k * 6);
+        if (b) {
+          const half = [(b.max[0] - b.min[0]) / 2, (b.max[1] - b.min[1]) / 2, (b.max[2] - b.min[2]) / 2];
+          t.bounds.set([(b.min[0] + b.max[0]) / 2, (b.min[1] + b.max[1]) / 2, (b.min[2] + b.max[2]) / 2, ...half], k * 6);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    h[H.KIND] = scatter ? SCATTER : REPEAT;
+    h[H.NOPS] = t.ops.length;
+    h[H.NROWS] = nrows;
+    h[H.LODS] = nlods;
+    h[H.OUTER_LOD] = lodNode;
+    h[H.SLOTS] = t.slots;
+    f.set(world, F.WORLD);
+    if (!scatter) {
+      f.set(IDENTITY, F.ACC);
+      f.set(node.step, F.STEP);
+    }
+    const bb = s.bounds;
+    f.set(bb.min, F.BOUNDS);
+    f.set(bb.max, F.BOUNDS + 3);
+
+    // the kernel asks for each material where the walker would: at the first row that needs it
+    const choices = scatter && p.randomMaterial;
+    const materials = new Int32Array(nrows * (choices ? choices.length : 1)).fill(-1);
+    const resolveMaterial = (code) => {
+      const choice = Math.floor(code / nrows);
+      const r = t.rows[code - choice * nrows];
+      const m = choices ? choices[choice] : material;
+      const c = choices ? null : color;
+      return this.graph.materials.resolve(r.material === INHERIT ? m : r.material, r.color === INHERIT ? c : r.color);
+    };
+
+    const per = Math.max(1, Math.floor(CHUNK_ROWS / nrows));
+    let cursor = this.cursor;
+    let sw = this.switchCursor;
+    for (let first = 0; first < count; first += per) {
+      h[H.FIRST] = first;
+      h[H.COUNT] = Math.min(per, count - first);
+      h[H.SWITCH] = sw;
+      const out = instancesWasm(h, f, t, materials, resolveMaterial);
+      if (!out) {
+        if (first > 0) throw new Error('WebAssembly memory ran out while expanding instances');
+        return false;
+      }
+      const n = out.mat.length;
+      s.reserve(cursor + n);
+      s.matrices.set(out.matrices, cursor * 16);
+      s.spheres.set(out.spheres, cursor * 4);
+      s.geom.set(out.geom, cursor);
+      s.mat.set(out.mat, cursor);
+      s.uid.set(out.uid, cursor);
+      s.lodNode.set(out.lodNode, cursor);
+      s.lodChild.set(out.lodChild, cursor);
+      s.flags.set(out.flags, cursor);
+      const v = out.switches;
+      for (let k = 0; k < v.length / 4; k++) {
+        const lod = t.lods[k % nlods];
+        const scale = Math.cbrt(Math.abs(v[k * 4 + 3]) || 1);
+        s.lodSwitches[sw + k] = {
+          pos: [v[k * 4], v[k * 4 + 1], v[k * 4 + 2]],
+          distances: lod.distances.map((d) => d * scale),
+          parent: lod.ref >= 0 ? sw + k - (k % nlods) + lod.ref : lodNode,
+          parentChild: lod.child,
+        };
+      }
+      cursor += n;
+      sw += v.length / 4;
+    }
+    for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+      bb.min[k] = f[F.BOUNDS + k];
+      bb.max[k] = f[F.BOUNDS + 3 + k];
+    }
+    this.cursor = cursor;
+    this.switchCursor = sw;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /** The subtree below one placement of a repeat or scatter node (recordTemplate), recorded once per scene. */
+  template(node, sel, lodChild) {
+    const noCollide = this.noCollide > 0;
+    let e = this.scene.templates.get(node);
+    if (!e || e.sel !== sel || e.lodChild !== lodChild || e.noCollide !== noCollide) {
+      e = { sel, lodChild, noCollide, template: recordTemplate(node.children, sel, lodChild, noCollide) };
+      this.scene.templates.set(node, e);
+    }
+    return e.template;
+  }
+
+  emitLod(node, world, material, color, sel, lodNode, lodChild, depth) {
+    const s = this.scene;
+    const sw = {
+      pos: [world[12], world[13], world[14]],
+      // distances are measured in the lod node's coordinate system: scale them to world units
+      distances: node.params.distances.map((d) => d * Math.cbrt(Math.abs(mat4.determinant3(world)) || 1)),
+      parent: lodNode,
+      parentChild: lodChild,
+    };
+    const si = this.switchCursor++;
+    s.lodSwitches[si] = sw;
+    node.children.forEach((c, ci) => this.walk(c, world, material, color, sel, si, ci, depth + 1));
+  }
+
+  emitLight(node, parent) {
+    const p = node.params;
+    const lw = mat4.createF64();
+    lw.set(parent);
+    if (p.transform) mat4.multiply(lw, lw, p.transform);
+    const pos = node.anims.length ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'position', p.position) : p.position;
+    const rotation = node.anims.length ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'rotation', p.rotation || [0, 0, 0]) : p.rotation;
+    const placed = mat4.createF64();
+    mat4.compose(placed, pos, rotation || [0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]);
+    mat4.multiply(placed, lw, placed);
+    const P = [placed[12], placed[13], placed[14]];
+    let dirLocal = p.direction;
+    let dirSpace = placed;
+    if (!dirLocal && p.target) {
+      // target is given in the parent's coordinate system
+      const t = [0, 0, 0];
+      mat4.transformPoint(t, lw, p.target[0], p.target[1], p.target[2]);
+      dirLocal = [t[0] - P[0], t[1] - P[1], t[2] - P[2]];
+      dirSpace = IDENTITY;
+    }
+    if (!dirLocal) dirLocal = [0, -1, 0];
+    const D = [0, 0, 0];
+    mat4.transformDir(D, dirSpace, dirLocal[0], dirLocal[1], dirLocal[2]);
+    const dl = Math.hypot(D[0], D[1], D[2]) || 1;
+    const lin = colorToLinear(p.color);
+    const light = {
+      type: p.type,
+      color: [lin[0] * p.intensity, lin[1] * p.intensity, lin[2] * p.intensity],
+      position: P,
+      direction: [D[0] / dl, D[1] / dl, D[2] / dl],
+      range: p.range,
+      outer: Math.cos(((p.angle / 2) * Math.PI) / 180),
+      inner: Math.cos((((p.angle / 2) * (1 - p.penumbra)) * Math.PI) / 180),
+      ground: colorToLinear(p.groundColor).map((v) => v * p.intensity),
+      uid: node.uid,
+    };
+    this.scene.lights[this.lightCursor++] = light;
+  }
+
+  emitCamera(node, parent) {
+    const p = node.params;
+    const cw = mat4.createF64();
+    cw.set(parent);
+    if (p.transform) mat4.multiply(cw, cw, p.transform);
+    const animated = node.anims.length > 0;
+    const pos = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'position', p.position) : p.position;
+    const eye = [0, 0, 0];
+    mat4.transformPoint(eye, cw, pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+    let target;
+    const up = [0, 0, 0];
+    const aim = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'target', p.target) : p.target;
+    if (aim) {
+      target = [0, 0, 0];
+      mat4.transformPoint(target, cw, aim[0], aim[1], aim[2]);
+      mat4.transformDir(up, cw, p.up[0], p.up[1], p.up[2]);
+    } else {
+      const r = mat4.createF64();
+      const rot = animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'rotation', p.rotation || [0, 0, 0]) : p.rotation || [0, 0, 0];
+      mat4.fromEulerDeg(r, rot[0], rot[1], rot[2]);
+      mat4.multiply(r, cw, r);
+      const f = [0, 0, 0];
+      mat4.transformDir(f, r, 0, 0, -1);
+      target = [eye[0] + f[0], eye[1] + f[1], eye[2] + f[2]];
+      mat4.transformDir(up, r, p.up[0], p.up[1], p.up[2]);
+    }
+    this.scene.cameras[this.cameraCursor++] = {
+      type: p.type,
+      position: eye,
+      target,
+      up: up.map((v) => v / (Math.hypot(up[0], up[1], up[2]) || 1)),
+      fov: animated ? sampleAnimations(node, this, 'fov', [p.fov])[0] : p.fov,
+      height: p.height,
+      near: p.near,
+      far: p.far,
+      aspect: p.aspect,
+      fit: p.fit,
+      name: p.name,
+      uid: node.uid,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+// keeps the walker's hidden class alive between scenes (see MeshBuilder.shapeKeeper);
+// fractional clocks, so its fields have the representation an animated scene gives them
+Walker.shapeKeeper = new Walker(null, null, 0.5, 0.5);
+
+// --- the instance kernel's input (see Walker.expand and wasm/simd/instances.c) ---
+
+const KERNEL_ROWS = 16; // fewer rows are cheaper to walk than to hand over
+const CHUNK_ROWS = 16384; // rows per kernel call, bounding its memory
+const TEMPLATE_ROWS = 4096; // larger subtrees are walked per placement
+const TEMPLATE_SLOTS = 4 * TEMPLATE_ROWS;
+// the enums of wasm/simd/instances.c
+const OP_MUL = 0, OP_ROW = 1, OP_LOD = 2;
+const REPEAT = 0, SCATTER = 1;
+const GRID = 0, RADIUS = 1, AREA = 2;
+const RANDOM_ROTATION = 1, RANDOM_SCALE = 2, UNIFORM_SCALE = 4;
+/** The material or colour of the placement: what the element inherits, or the scatter's random material. */
+const INHERIT = Symbol('inherit');
+
+/** A scatter's placement parameters in the kernel headers; false when the walker must place it. */
+function scatterHeader(p, h, f) {
+  h[H.STATE] = p.seed >>> 0;
+  if (p.grid) {
+    const [nx, nz] = p.grid;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(nx) || !Number.isInteger(nz) || nx < 1 || !p.spacing) return false;
+    h[H.MODE] = GRID;
+    h[H.NX] = nx;
+    h[H.NZ] = nz;
+    f[F.SPACING] = p.spacing[0];
+    f[F.SPACING + 1] = p.spacing[1];
+    f[F.JITTER] = p.jitter;
+  } else if (p.radius) {
+    h[H.MODE] = RADIUS;
+    f[F.RADIUS] = p.radius;
+  } else {
+    if (!p.area) return false;
+    h[H.MODE] = AREA;
+    f[F.AREA] = p.area[0];
+    f[F.AREA + 1] = p.area[1];
+  }
+  const ranges = (r, at) => {
+    for (let k = 0; k < r.length; k++) f.set(r[k], at + k * 2);
+  };
+  if (p.randomRotation) {
+    if (p.randomRotation.ranges.length !== 3) return false;
+    h[H.RANDOM] |= RANDOM_ROTATION;
+    ranges(p.randomRotation.ranges, F.ROTATION);
+  }
+  if (p.randomScale) {
+    const rs = p.randomScale;
+    if (rs.ranges.length < (rs.uniform ? 1 : 3)) return false;
+    h[H.RANDOM] |= rs.uniform ? RANDOM_SCALE | UNIFORM_SCALE : RANDOM_SCALE;
+    ranges(rs.uniform ? rs.ranges.slice(0, 1) : rs.ranges.slice(0, 3), F.SCALE);
+  }
+  h[H.CHOICES] = p.randomMaterial ? p.randomMaterial.length : 0;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The subtree below one placement of a <repeat> or <scatter> as a program
+ * for the instance kernel: products into matrix slots (slot 0 is the
+ * placement's world matrix), instance rows and lod switches, in the order
+ * the walker produces them; a nested <repeat> is unrolled. Null when the
+ * subtree holds what only the walker handles: animation, lights, cameras,
+ * a nested <scatter>, more rows or products than TEMPLATE_ROWS and
+ * TEMPLATE_SLOTS allow.
+ */
+function recordTemplate(children, sel, lodChild, noCollide) {
+  const t = { ops: [], matrices: [], index: new Map(), slots: 1, rows: [], lods: [], geometries: false };
+  for (const c of children) if (!record(t, c, 0, INHERIT, INHERIT, sel, -1, lodChild, noCollide)) return null;
+  t.ops = Int32Array.from(t.ops);
+  t.mats = new Float64Array(Math.max(1, t.matrices.length) * 16);
+  t.matrices.forEach((m, k) => t.mats.set(m, k * 16));
+  t.table = new Int32Array(t.rows.length * 6);
+  t.bounds = new Float64Array(Math.max(1, t.rows.length * 6));
+  return t;
+}
+
+/** slot = src * matrix */
+function product(t, src, matrix) {
+  let k = t.index.get(matrix);
+  if (k === undefined) {
+    k = t.matrices.length;
+    t.matrices.push(matrix);
+    t.index.set(matrix, k);
+  }
+  const slot = t.slots++;
+  t.ops.push(OP_MUL, slot, src, k);
+  return slot;
+}
+
+/** Walker.walk for a node below a placement, as template operations (lod: a template lod, or -1 for the outer one). */
+function record(t, node, slot, material, color, sel, lod, child, noCollide) {
+  if (!node || !node.visible) return true;
+  const kind = node.kind;
+  if (node.anims.length || kind === 'light' || kind === 'camera' || kind === 'scatter') return false;
+  if (t.rows.length > TEMPLATE_ROWS || t.slots > TEMPLATE_SLOTS) return false;
+  if (node.collide === false) noCollide = true;
+  let mat = material;
+  let col = color;
+  if (node.material !== null) {
+    mat = node.material;
+    col = null;
+  }
+  if (node.color !== null) col = node.color;
+  const world = node.local ? product(t, slot, node.local) : slot;
+  const walk = (c) => record(t, c, world, mat, col, sel, lod, child, noCollide);
+  switch (kind) {
+    case 'shape':
+      if (node.geometry) {
+        const w = node.unit ? product(t, world, node.unit) : world;
+        t.ops.push(OP_ROW, t.rows.length, w, 0);
+        t.rows.push({ entry: node.geometry, uid: sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lod, child, flags: noCollide ? FLAG_NO_COLLIDE : 0, material: mat, color: col });
+      }
+      return true;
+    case 'group':
+      return node.children.every(walk);
+    case 'use':
+      if (node.target && !record(t, node.target, world, mat, col, sel === 0 ? node.uid : sel, lod, child, noCollide)) return false;
+      return node.children.every(walk);
+    case 'repeat': {
+      // Walker.emitRepeat: the accumulated steps do not depend on the placement
+      const acc = mat4.createF64();
+      const tmp = mat4.createF64();
+      for (let i = 0; i < node.count; i++) {
+        if (t.slots > TEMPLATE_SLOTS) return false;
+        const copy = product(t, world, new Float64Array(acc));
+        if (!node.children.every((c) => record(t, c, copy, mat, col, sel, lod, child, noCollide))) return false;
+        mat4.multiply(tmp, acc, node.step);
+        acc.set(tmp);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+    case 'lod': {
+      const k = t.lods.length;
+      t.lods.push({ ref: lod, child, distances: node.params.distances });
+      t.ops.push(OP_LOD, k, world, 0);
+      return node.children.every((c, ci) => record(t, c, world, mat, col, sel, k, ci, noCollide));
+    }
+    default:
+      return true;
+  }
+}
+
+function sampleAnimations(node, walker, attr, base) {
+  let v = base;
+  for (const a of node.anims) {
+    if (a.attr !== attr) continue;
+    const s = sampleAnimation(a, walker.time, walker.progress);
+    if (s) v = s;
+  }
+  return v;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Flatten a scene graph into a RenderScene.
+ * @param {object} graph result of buildSceneGraph
+ * @param {{time?: number, progress?: number}} [opts] progress: scroll timeline position 0..1
+ */
+export function flattenScene(graph, opts = {}) {
+  const scene = new RenderScene(Math.min(Math.max(64, graph.expanded || 64), 1 << 20));
+  scene.environment = graph.environment;
+  scene.controls = graph.controls || null;
+  if (graph.animation) scene.animation = { ...graph.animation };
+  if (graph.tooLarge || !graph.root) {
+    scene.materials = graph.materials.list;
+    return scene;
+  }
+  const w = new Walker(scene, graph, opts.time || 0, opts.progress || 0);
+  w.walk(graph.root, IDENTITY, null, null, 0, -1, 0, 0);
+  scene.count = w.cursor;
+  scene.lights.length = w.lightCursor;
+  scene.cameras.length = w.cameraCursor;
+  scene.lodSwitches.length = w.switchCursor;
+  scene.materials = graph.materials.list;
+  scene.trim();
+  if (!(scene.bounds.min[0] <= scene.bounds.max[0])) scene.bounds = { min: [-1, -1, -1], max: [1, 1, 1] };
+  scene.version++;
+  return scene;
+}
+
+/** Re-evaluate animated subtrees at time t and scroll progress, overwriting their rows. */
+export function updateDynamic(scene, graph, time, progress = 0) {
+  if (!scene.dynamic.length) return false;
+  const w = new Walker(scene, graph, time, progress);
+  w.overwrite = true;
+  for (const seg of scene.dynamic) {
+    w.cursor = seg.start;
+    w.lightCursor = seg.lightStart;
+    w.cameraCursor = seg.cameraStart;
+    w.switchCursor = seg.switchStart;
+    w.segmentDepth = 0;
+    w.noCollide = seg.noCollide;
+    w.walk(seg.node, seg.parent, seg.material, seg.color, seg.sel, seg.lodNode, seg.lodChild, 0);
+  }
+  scene.version++;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/** Instances per geometry (for statistics). */
+export function instanceHistogram(scene) {
+  const counts = new Uint32Array(scene.geometries.length);
+  for (let i = 0; i < scene.count; i++) counts[scene.geom[i]]++;
+  return counts;
+}