@es3d/es3d 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

package/src/render/geometry-pool.js

@@ -1,149 +1,149 @@
-// Shared vertex / index buffers.
-//
-// All meshes (every geometry, every level of detail, wireframe edge lists and
-// normal-visualisation lines) are packed into ONE interleaved vertex array and
-// ONE 32-bit index array. Indices are stored pre-offset (absolute), so a draw
-// is just (firstIndex, indexCount). No per-draw buffer binding, and no base
-// vertex. That keeps the WebGL2 and WebGPU paths the same.
-//
-// The pool is CPU-side; backends upload the ranges appended since their last
-// sync (or everything after a reallocation).
-
-export const VERTEX_FLOATS = 8; // position xyz, normal xyz, uv
-export const VERTEX_BYTES = VERTEX_FLOATS * 4;
-
-export class GeometryPool {
-  constructor(vertexCapacity = 1 << 16, indexCapacity = 1 << 17) {
-    this.vertices = new Float32Array(vertexCapacity * VERTEX_FLOATS);
-    this.indices = new Uint32Array(indexCapacity);
-    this.vertexCount = 0;
-    this.indexCount = 0;
-    this.ranges = new Map(); // key object -> {firstIndex, indexCount}
-    this.edgeRanges = new Map();
-    this.normalRanges = new Map();
-    // dirty tracking for incremental uploads
-    this.generation = 0; // bumps on reallocation
-    this.uploadedVertices = 0;
-    this.uploadedIndices = 0;
-  }
-
-  reset() {
-    this.vertexCount = 0;
-    this.indexCount = 0;
-    this.ranges.clear();
-    this.edgeRanges.clear();
-    this.normalRanges.clear();
-    this.generation++;
-    this.uploadedVertices = 0;
-    this.uploadedIndices = 0;
-  }
-
-  get byteSize() {
-    return this.vertexCount * VERTEX_BYTES + this.indexCount * 4;
-  }
-
-  ensure(extraV, extraI) {
-    let grew = false;
-    if ((this.vertexCount + extraV) * VERTEX_FLOATS > this.vertices.length) {
-      let cap = this.vertices.length / VERTEX_FLOATS;
-      while (cap < this.vertexCount + extraV) cap *= 2;
-      const v = new Float32Array(cap * VERTEX_FLOATS);
-      v.set(this.vertices.subarray(0, this.vertexCount * VERTEX_FLOATS));
-      this.vertices = v;
-      grew = true;
-    }
-    if (this.indexCount + extraI > this.indices.length) {
-      let cap = this.indices.length;
-      while (cap < this.indexCount + extraI) cap *= 2;
-      const i = new Uint32Array(cap);
-      i.set(this.indices.subarray(0, this.indexCount));
-      this.indices = i;
-      grew = true;
-    }
-    if (grew) {
-      this.generation++;
-      this.uploadedVertices = 0;
-      this.uploadedIndices = 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  appendVertices(mesh) {
-    const n = mesh.vertexCount;
-    const base = this.vertexCount;
-    const v = this.vertices;
-    const p = mesh.positions, nr = mesh.normals, t = mesh.uvs;
-    let o = base * VERTEX_FLOATS;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      v[o] = p[i * 3];
-      v[o + 1] = p[i * 3 + 1];
-      v[o + 2] = p[i * 3 + 2];
-      v[o + 3] = nr[i * 3];
-      v[o + 4] = nr[i * 3 + 1];
-      v[o + 5] = nr[i * 3 + 2];
-      v[o + 6] = t[i * 2];
-      v[o + 7] = t[i * 2 + 1];
-      o += VERTEX_FLOATS;
-    }
-    this.vertexCount += n;
-    return base;
-  }
-
-  appendIndices(src, base) {
-    const first = this.indexCount;
-    const dst = this.indices;
-    for (let i = 0; i < src.length; i++) dst[first + i] = src[i] + base;
-    this.indexCount += src.length;
-    return first;
-  }
-
-  /** Range of a mesh's primitives (triangles or lines). */
-  meshRange(mesh) {
-    let r = this.ranges.get(mesh);
-    if (r) return r;
-    this.ensure(mesh.vertexCount, mesh.indices.length);
-    const base = this.appendVertices(mesh);
-    const first = this.appendIndices(mesh.indices, base);
-    r = { firstIndex: first, indexCount: mesh.indices.length, baseVertex: base, kind: mesh.kind };
-    this.ranges.set(mesh, r);
-    return r;
-  }
-
-  /** Line range with the unique edges of a mesh (wireframe). */
-  edgeRange(mesh) {
-    let r = this.edgeRanges.get(mesh);
-    if (r) return r;
-    const base = this.meshRange(mesh).baseVertex;
-    const edges = mesh.edges();
-    this.ensure(0, edges.length);
-    const first = this.appendIndices(edges, base);
-    r = { firstIndex: first, indexCount: edges.length, kind: 'lines' };
-    this.edgeRanges.set(mesh, r);
-    return r;
-  }
-
-  /** Line range visualising vertex normals (uv.x = 0 at the base, 1 at the tip). */
-  normalRange(mesh) {
-    let r = this.normalRanges.get(mesh);
-    if (r) return r;
-    const lines = mesh.normalLines();
-    r = this.meshRange(lines);
-    this.normalRanges.set(mesh, r);
-    return r;
-  }
-
-  /** Pending upload ranges since the last sync. */
-  pending() {
-    return {
-      full: this.uploadedVertices === 0 && this.uploadedIndices === 0,
-      vertexStart: this.uploadedVertices,
-      vertexEnd: this.vertexCount,
-      indexStart: this.uploadedIndices,
-      indexEnd: this.indexCount,
-    };
-  }
-
-  markUploaded() {
-    this.uploadedVertices = this.vertexCount;
-    this.uploadedIndices = this.indexCount;
-  }
-}
+// Shared vertex / index buffers.
+//
+// All meshes (every geometry, every level of detail, wireframe edge lists and
+// normal-visualisation lines) are packed into ONE interleaved vertex array and
+// ONE 32-bit index array. Indices are stored pre-offset (absolute), so a draw
+// is just (firstIndex, indexCount). No per-draw buffer binding, and no base
+// vertex. That keeps the WebGL2 and WebGPU paths the same.
+//
+// The pool is CPU-side; backends upload the ranges appended since their last
+// sync (or everything after a reallocation).
+
+export const VERTEX_FLOATS = 8; // position xyz, normal xyz, uv
+export const VERTEX_BYTES = VERTEX_FLOATS * 4;
+
+export class GeometryPool {
+  constructor(vertexCapacity = 1 << 16, indexCapacity = 1 << 17) {
+    this.vertices = new Float32Array(vertexCapacity * VERTEX_FLOATS);
+    this.indices = new Uint32Array(indexCapacity);
+    this.vertexCount = 0;
+    this.indexCount = 0;
+    this.ranges = new Map(); // key object -> {firstIndex, indexCount}
+    this.edgeRanges = new Map();
+    this.normalRanges = new Map();
+    // dirty tracking for incremental uploads
+    this.generation = 0; // bumps on reallocation
+    this.uploadedVertices = 0;
+    this.uploadedIndices = 0;
+  }
+
+  reset() {
+    this.vertexCount = 0;
+    this.indexCount = 0;
+    this.ranges.clear();
+    this.edgeRanges.clear();
+    this.normalRanges.clear();
+    this.generation++;
+    this.uploadedVertices = 0;
+    this.uploadedIndices = 0;
+  }
+
+  get byteSize() {
+    return this.vertexCount * VERTEX_BYTES + this.indexCount * 4;
+  }
+
+  ensure(extraV, extraI) {
+    let grew = false;
+    if ((this.vertexCount + extraV) * VERTEX_FLOATS > this.vertices.length) {
+      let cap = this.vertices.length / VERTEX_FLOATS;
+      while (cap < this.vertexCount + extraV) cap *= 2;
+      const v = new Float32Array(cap * VERTEX_FLOATS);
+      v.set(this.vertices.subarray(0, this.vertexCount * VERTEX_FLOATS));
+      this.vertices = v;
+      grew = true;
+    }
+    if (this.indexCount + extraI > this.indices.length) {
+      let cap = this.indices.length;
+      while (cap < this.indexCount + extraI) cap *= 2;
+      const i = new Uint32Array(cap);
+      i.set(this.indices.subarray(0, this.indexCount));
+      this.indices = i;
+      grew = true;
+    }
+    if (grew) {
+      this.generation++;
+      this.uploadedVertices = 0;
+      this.uploadedIndices = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  appendVertices(mesh) {
+    const n = mesh.vertexCount;
+    const base = this.vertexCount;
+    const v = this.vertices;
+    const p = mesh.positions, nr = mesh.normals, t = mesh.uvs;
+    let o = base * VERTEX_FLOATS;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      v[o] = p[i * 3];
+      v[o + 1] = p[i * 3 + 1];
+      v[o + 2] = p[i * 3 + 2];
+      v[o + 3] = nr[i * 3];
+      v[o + 4] = nr[i * 3 + 1];
+      v[o + 5] = nr[i * 3 + 2];
+      v[o + 6] = t[i * 2];
+      v[o + 7] = t[i * 2 + 1];
+      o += VERTEX_FLOATS;
+    }
+    this.vertexCount += n;
+    return base;
+  }
+
+  appendIndices(src, base) {
+    const first = this.indexCount;
+    const dst = this.indices;
+    for (let i = 0; i < src.length; i++) dst[first + i] = src[i] + base;
+    this.indexCount += src.length;
+    return first;
+  }
+
+  /** Range of a mesh's primitives (triangles or lines). */
+  meshRange(mesh) {
+    let r = this.ranges.get(mesh);
+    if (r) return r;
+    this.ensure(mesh.vertexCount, mesh.indices.length);
+    const base = this.appendVertices(mesh);
+    const first = this.appendIndices(mesh.indices, base);
+    r = { firstIndex: first, indexCount: mesh.indices.length, baseVertex: base, kind: mesh.kind };
+    this.ranges.set(mesh, r);
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  /** Line range with the unique edges of a mesh (wireframe). */
+  edgeRange(mesh) {
+    let r = this.edgeRanges.get(mesh);
+    if (r) return r;
+    const base = this.meshRange(mesh).baseVertex;
+    const edges = mesh.edges();
+    this.ensure(0, edges.length);
+    const first = this.appendIndices(edges, base);
+    r = { firstIndex: first, indexCount: edges.length, kind: 'lines' };
+    this.edgeRanges.set(mesh, r);
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  /** Line range visualising vertex normals (uv.x = 0 at the base, 1 at the tip). */
+  normalRange(mesh) {
+    let r = this.normalRanges.get(mesh);
+    if (r) return r;
+    const lines = mesh.normalLines();
+    r = this.meshRange(lines);
+    this.normalRanges.set(mesh, r);
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  /** Pending upload ranges since the last sync. */
+  pending() {
+    return {
+      full: this.uploadedVertices === 0 && this.uploadedIndices === 0,
+      vertexStart: this.uploadedVertices,
+      vertexEnd: this.vertexCount,
+      indexStart: this.uploadedIndices,
+      indexEnd: this.indexCount,
+    };
+  }
+
+  markUploaded() {
+    this.uploadedVertices = this.vertexCount;
+    this.uploadedIndices = this.indexCount;
+  }
+}

package/src/render/lighting.js

@@ -1,149 +1,149 @@
-// Packing of per-frame uniforms (camera, environment and lights) into the
-// layout shared by the GLSL uniform block and the WGSL uniform struct:
-//
-//   mat4 viewProj; mat4 view; vec4 cameraPos(time); vec4 sky(envIntensity);
-//   vec4 ground(exposure); vec4 params(lightCount, normalLength, lineBias, viewportH);
-//   vec4 lightPos[16]   xyz = position, w = type (0 dir, 1 point, 2 spot, 3 ambient, 4 hemisphere)
-//   vec4 lightDir[16]   xyz = direction, w = range
-//   vec4 lightColor[16] rgb = color * intensity, w = cos(outer cone)
-//   vec4 lightExtra[16] x = cos(inner cone), yzw = hemisphere ground color
-
-import { colorToLinear } from '../format/colors.js';
-
-export const MAX_LIGHTS = 16;
-export const FRAME_FLOATS = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 16;
-export const FRAME_BYTES = FRAME_FLOATS * 4;
-
-const TYPE_CODE = { directional: 0, point: 1, spot: 2, ambient: 3, hemisphere: 4 };
-
-/** Lights used when a document defines none: a key and a fill light. */
-// Light intensity convention: a white directional light of intensity 1 lights a
-// white diffuse surface it faces head-on to full brightness (radiance * PI in the shader).
-export const DEFAULT_LIGHTS = [
-  { type: 'directional', color: [1.1, 1.08, 1.04], direction: norm([-0.45, -0.85, -0.35]), position: [0, 0, 0], range: 0, outer: 0, inner: 0, ground: [0, 0, 0] },
-  { type: 'directional', color: [0.22, 0.25, 0.32], direction: norm([0.6, -0.2, 0.75]), position: [0, 0, 0], range: 0, outer: 0, inner: 0, ground: [0, 0, 0] },
-];
-
-function norm(v) {
-  const l = Math.hypot(v[0], v[1], v[2]) || 1;
-  return [v[0] / l, v[1] / l, v[2] / l];
-}
-
-/**
- * @returns {{data: Float32Array, lightCount: number, truncated: number}}
- */
-export function packFrameUniforms(out, { viewProj, view, cameraPos, time, environment, lights, normalLength = 0.1, lineBias = 0.0015, viewportHeight = 1 }) {
-  out.fill(0);
-  out.set(viewProj, 0);
-  out.set(view, 16);
-  out[32] = cameraPos[0];
-  out[33] = cameraPos[1];
-  out[34] = cameraPos[2];
-  out[35] = time || 0;
-  const sky = colorToLinear(environment.sky);
-  const ground = colorToLinear(environment.ground);
-  out[36] = sky[0];
-  out[37] = sky[1];
-  out[38] = sky[2];
-  out[39] = environment.intensity;
-  out[40] = ground[0];
-  out[41] = ground[1];
-  out[42] = ground[2];
-  out[43] = environment.exposure;
-  const list = lights && lights.length ? lights : DEFAULT_LIGHTS;
-  const count = Math.min(list.length, MAX_LIGHTS);
-  out[44] = count;
-  out[45] = normalLength;
-  out[46] = lineBias;
-  out[47] = viewportHeight;
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const l = list[i];
-    const p = 48 + i * 4;
-    const d = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 4 + i * 4;
-    const c = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 8 + i * 4;
-    const e = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 12 + i * 4;
-    out[p] = l.position[0];
-    out[p + 1] = l.position[1];
-    out[p + 2] = l.position[2];
-    out[p + 3] = TYPE_CODE[l.type] ?? 0;
-    out[d] = l.direction[0];
-    out[d + 1] = l.direction[1];
-    out[d + 2] = l.direction[2];
-    out[d + 3] = l.range || 0;
-    out[c] = l.color[0];
-    out[c + 1] = l.color[1];
-    out[c + 2] = l.color[2];
-    out[c + 3] = l.outer || 0;
-    // smoothstep needs edge0 < edge1: keep the inner cone strictly inside the outer one
-    out[e] = Math.max(l.inner || 0, (l.outer || 0) + 1e-4);
-    out[e + 1] = l.ground ? l.ground[0] : 0;
-    out[e + 2] = l.ground ? l.ground[1] : 0;
-    out[e + 3] = l.ground ? l.ground[2] : 0;
-  }
-  return { data: out, lightCount: count, truncated: Math.max(0, list.length - MAX_LIGHTS), usedDefaults: !(lights && lights.length) };
-}
-
-/**
- * The light types of packed frame uniforms, in order, as a short key ("0,0",
- * "0,1,2"): the light setup that mesh shaders are specialised for.
- */
-export function lightTypes(frameData) {
-  const n = Math.round(frameData[44]);
-  let key = '';
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) key += (i ? ',' : '') + Math.round(frameData[48 + i * 4 + 3]);
-  return key;
-}
-
-/** Material uniform block: baseColor, emissive(normalScale), params(metallic, roughness, flags), uvScale, overlay color. */
-export const MATERIAL_FLOATS = 20;
-
-export const MAT_FLAG_MAP = 1;
-export const MAT_FLAG_NORMAL_MAP = 2;
-export const MAT_FLAG_DOUBLE_SIDED = 4;
-export const MAT_FLAG_UNLIT = 8;
-export const MAT_FLAG_OVERLAY = 16;
-export const MAT_FLAG_MR_MAP = 32;
-export const MAT_FLAG_OCCLUSION = 64;
-export const MAT_FLAG_EMISSIVE_MAP = 128;
-export const MAT_FLAG_ALPHA_MASK = 256;
-
-export function packMaterial(out, m, { hasMap = false, hasNormalMap = false, hasMrMap = false, hasOcclusionMap = false, hasEmissiveMap = false, doubleSided = false } = {}) {
-  out.fill(0);
-  out[0] = m.baseColor[0];
-  out[1] = m.baseColor[1];
-  out[2] = m.baseColor[2];
-  out[3] = m.alphaMode === 'opaque' ? 1 : m.opacity;
-  out[4] = m.emissive[0];
-  out[5] = m.emissive[1];
-  out[6] = m.emissive[2];
-  out[7] = m.normalScale;
-  out[8] = m.metallic;
-  out[9] = m.roughness;
-  out[10] =
-    (hasMap ? MAT_FLAG_MAP : 0) |
-    (hasNormalMap ? MAT_FLAG_NORMAL_MAP : 0) |
-    (doubleSided ? MAT_FLAG_DOUBLE_SIDED : 0) |
-    (m.unlit ? MAT_FLAG_UNLIT : 0) |
-    (hasMrMap ? MAT_FLAG_MR_MAP : 0) |
-    (hasOcclusionMap ? MAT_FLAG_OCCLUSION : 0) |
-    (hasEmissiveMap ? MAT_FLAG_EMISSIVE_MAP : 0) |
-    (m.alphaMode === 'mask' ? MAT_FLAG_ALPHA_MASK : 0);
-  out[11] = m.alphaCutoff ?? 0.5;
-  out[12] = m.uvScale[0];
-  out[13] = m.uvScale[1];
-  out[14] = m.occlusionStrength ?? 1;
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Uniforms for debug line overlays (sRGB color, drawn unlit). */
-export function packOverlay(out, rgba) {
-  out.fill(0);
-  out[16] = rgba[0];
-  out[17] = rgba[1];
-  out[18] = rgba[2];
-  out[19] = rgba[3];
-  out[10] = MAT_FLAG_OVERLAY;
-  out[12] = 1;
-  out[13] = 1;
-  return out;
-}
+// Packing of per-frame uniforms (camera, environment and lights) into the
+// layout shared by the GLSL uniform block and the WGSL uniform struct:
+//
+//   mat4 viewProj; mat4 view; vec4 cameraPos(time); vec4 sky(envIntensity);
+//   vec4 ground(exposure); vec4 params(lightCount, normalLength, lineBias, viewportH);
+//   vec4 lightPos[16]   xyz = position, w = type (0 dir, 1 point, 2 spot, 3 ambient, 4 hemisphere)
+//   vec4 lightDir[16]   xyz = direction, w = range
+//   vec4 lightColor[16] rgb = color * intensity, w = cos(outer cone)
+//   vec4 lightExtra[16] x = cos(inner cone), yzw = hemisphere ground color
+
+import { colorToLinear } from '../format/colors.js';
+
+export const MAX_LIGHTS = 16;
+export const FRAME_FLOATS = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 16;
+export const FRAME_BYTES = FRAME_FLOATS * 4;
+
+const TYPE_CODE = { directional: 0, point: 1, spot: 2, ambient: 3, hemisphere: 4 };
+
+/** Lights used when a document defines none: a key and a fill light. */
+// Light intensity convention: a white directional light of intensity 1 lights a
+// white diffuse surface it faces head-on to full brightness (radiance * PI in the shader).
+export const DEFAULT_LIGHTS = [
+  { type: 'directional', color: [1.1, 1.08, 1.04], direction: norm([-0.45, -0.85, -0.35]), position: [0, 0, 0], range: 0, outer: 0, inner: 0, ground: [0, 0, 0] },
+  { type: 'directional', color: [0.22, 0.25, 0.32], direction: norm([0.6, -0.2, 0.75]), position: [0, 0, 0], range: 0, outer: 0, inner: 0, ground: [0, 0, 0] },
+];
+
+function norm(v) {
+  const l = Math.hypot(v[0], v[1], v[2]) || 1;
+  return [v[0] / l, v[1] / l, v[2] / l];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @returns {{data: Float32Array, lightCount: number, truncated: number}}
+ */
+export function packFrameUniforms(out, { viewProj, view, cameraPos, time, environment, lights, normalLength = 0.1, lineBias = 0.0015, viewportHeight = 1 }) {
+  out.fill(0);
+  out.set(viewProj, 0);
+  out.set(view, 16);
+  out[32] = cameraPos[0];
+  out[33] = cameraPos[1];
+  out[34] = cameraPos[2];
+  out[35] = time || 0;
+  const sky = colorToLinear(environment.sky);
+  const ground = colorToLinear(environment.ground);
+  out[36] = sky[0];
+  out[37] = sky[1];
+  out[38] = sky[2];
+  out[39] = environment.intensity;
+  out[40] = ground[0];
+  out[41] = ground[1];
+  out[42] = ground[2];
+  out[43] = environment.exposure;
+  const list = lights && lights.length ? lights : DEFAULT_LIGHTS;
+  const count = Math.min(list.length, MAX_LIGHTS);
+  out[44] = count;
+  out[45] = normalLength;
+  out[46] = lineBias;
+  out[47] = viewportHeight;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const l = list[i];
+    const p = 48 + i * 4;
+    const d = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 4 + i * 4;
+    const c = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 8 + i * 4;
+    const e = 48 + MAX_LIGHTS * 12 + i * 4;
+    out[p] = l.position[0];
+    out[p + 1] = l.position[1];
+    out[p + 2] = l.position[2];
+    out[p + 3] = TYPE_CODE[l.type] ?? 0;
+    out[d] = l.direction[0];
+    out[d + 1] = l.direction[1];
+    out[d + 2] = l.direction[2];
+    out[d + 3] = l.range || 0;
+    out[c] = l.color[0];
+    out[c + 1] = l.color[1];
+    out[c + 2] = l.color[2];
+    out[c + 3] = l.outer || 0;
+    // smoothstep needs edge0 < edge1: keep the inner cone strictly inside the outer one
+    out[e] = Math.max(l.inner || 0, (l.outer || 0) + 1e-4);
+    out[e + 1] = l.ground ? l.ground[0] : 0;
+    out[e + 2] = l.ground ? l.ground[1] : 0;
+    out[e + 3] = l.ground ? l.ground[2] : 0;
+  }
+  return { data: out, lightCount: count, truncated: Math.max(0, list.length - MAX_LIGHTS), usedDefaults: !(lights && lights.length) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The light types of packed frame uniforms, in order, as a short key ("0,0",
+ * "0,1,2"): the light setup that mesh shaders are specialised for.
+ */
+export function lightTypes(frameData) {
+  const n = Math.round(frameData[44]);
+  let key = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) key += (i ? ',' : '') + Math.round(frameData[48 + i * 4 + 3]);
+  return key;
+}
+
+/** Material uniform block: baseColor, emissive(normalScale), params(metallic, roughness, flags), uvScale, overlay color. */
+export const MATERIAL_FLOATS = 20;
+
+export const MAT_FLAG_MAP = 1;
+export const MAT_FLAG_NORMAL_MAP = 2;
+export const MAT_FLAG_DOUBLE_SIDED = 4;
+export const MAT_FLAG_UNLIT = 8;
+export const MAT_FLAG_OVERLAY = 16;
+export const MAT_FLAG_MR_MAP = 32;
+export const MAT_FLAG_OCCLUSION = 64;
+export const MAT_FLAG_EMISSIVE_MAP = 128;
+export const MAT_FLAG_ALPHA_MASK = 256;
+
+export function packMaterial(out, m, { hasMap = false, hasNormalMap = false, hasMrMap = false, hasOcclusionMap = false, hasEmissiveMap = false, doubleSided = false } = {}) {
+  out.fill(0);
+  out[0] = m.baseColor[0];
+  out[1] = m.baseColor[1];
+  out[2] = m.baseColor[2];
+  out[3] = m.alphaMode === 'opaque' ? 1 : m.opacity;
+  out[4] = m.emissive[0];
+  out[5] = m.emissive[1];
+  out[6] = m.emissive[2];
+  out[7] = m.normalScale;
+  out[8] = m.metallic;
+  out[9] = m.roughness;
+  out[10] =
+    (hasMap ? MAT_FLAG_MAP : 0) |
+    (hasNormalMap ? MAT_FLAG_NORMAL_MAP : 0) |
+    (doubleSided ? MAT_FLAG_DOUBLE_SIDED : 0) |
+    (m.unlit ? MAT_FLAG_UNLIT : 0) |
+    (hasMrMap ? MAT_FLAG_MR_MAP : 0) |
+    (hasOcclusionMap ? MAT_FLAG_OCCLUSION : 0) |
+    (hasEmissiveMap ? MAT_FLAG_EMISSIVE_MAP : 0) |
+    (m.alphaMode === 'mask' ? MAT_FLAG_ALPHA_MASK : 0);
+  out[11] = m.alphaCutoff ?? 0.5;
+  out[12] = m.uvScale[0];
+  out[13] = m.uvScale[1];
+  out[14] = m.occlusionStrength ?? 1;
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** Uniforms for debug line overlays (sRGB color, drawn unlit). */
+export function packOverlay(out, rgba) {
+  out.fill(0);
+  out[16] = rgba[0];
+  out[17] = rgba[1];
+  out[18] = rgba[2];
+  out[19] = rgba[3];
+  out[10] = MAT_FLAG_OVERLAY;
+  out[12] = 1;
+  out[13] = 1;
+  return out;
+}