@es3d/es3d 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

package/src/path/path-flatten.js

@@ -1,322 +1,322 @@
-// Flattening of path segments into polylines ("contours").
-//
-// Curves are subdivided adaptively from a geometric tolerance (Wang's formula
-// for Béziers, chord error for arcs), so the same path produces coarser or
-// finer polylines for different levels of detail. Every output point carries a
-// `smooth` flag: true for curve interiors and tangent-continuous joints, false
-// for corners. Geometry generators use the flags to decide where normals must
-// be split (sharp edges) and where they are shared (smooth surfaces).
-
-const SMOOTH_JOINT_COS = Math.cos((8 * Math.PI) / 180);
-const MAX_SEGMENTS = 256;
-
-function norm2(x, y) {
-  const l = Math.hypot(x, y);
-  return l > 1e-12 ? [x / l, y / l, 0] : null;
-}
-function norm3(x, y, z) {
-  const l = Math.hypot(x, y, z);
-  return l > 1e-12 ? [x / l, y / l, z / l] : null;
-}
-
-class ContourBuilder {
-  constructor(dim) {
-    this.dim = dim;
-    this.pts = [];
-    this.smooth = [];
-    this.firstTan = null;
-    this.lastTan = null;
-    this.closed = false;
-  }
-
-  get count() {
-    return this.smooth.length;
-  }
-
-  lastPoint() {
-    const d = this.dim;
-    const p = this.pts;
-    const k = p.length - d;
-    return d === 3 ? [p[k], p[k + 1], p[k + 2]] : [p[k], p[k + 1], 0];
-  }
-
-  start(x, y, z) {
-    this.pts.push(x, y);
-    if (this.dim === 3) this.pts.push(z);
-    this.smooth.push(0);
-  }
-
-  /** Begin a piece: decide whether the joint at the current last point is smooth. */
-  joint(tan) {
-    if (!tan) return;
-    if (this.lastTan) {
-      const c = this.lastTan[0] * tan[0] + this.lastTan[1] * tan[1] + this.lastTan[2] * tan[2];
-      this.smooth[this.smooth.length - 1] = c >= SMOOTH_JOINT_COS ? 1 : 0;
-    } else {
-      this.firstTan = tan;
-    }
-  }
-
-  push(x, y, z, smooth) {
-    // skip duplicate points
-    const d = this.dim;
-    const p = this.pts;
-    const k = p.length - d;
-    if (Math.abs(p[k] - x) < 1e-12 && Math.abs(p[k + 1] - y) < 1e-12 && (d === 2 || Math.abs(p[k + 2] - z) < 1e-12)) return;
-    p.push(x, y);
-    if (d === 3) p.push(z);
-    this.smooth.push(smooth ? 1 : 0);
-  }
-
-  end(tan) {
-    if (tan) this.lastTan = tan;
-  }
-}
-
-function tangent(dim, x, y, z) {
-  return dim === 3 ? norm3(x, y, z) : norm2(x, y);
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {object[]} segments absolute segments from parsePathData
- * @param {{tolerance:number, dim?:2|3, maxSegments?:number}} opts
- * @returns {{points: Float64Array, smooth: Uint8Array, closed: boolean}[]}
- */
-export function flattenPath(segments, opts) {
-  const dim = opts.dim || 2;
-  const tol = Math.max(opts.tolerance, 1e-9);
-  const maxSeg = opts.maxSegments || MAX_SEGMENTS;
-  const out = [];
-  let b = null;
-
-  const finish = () => {
-    if (!b) return;
-    if (b.closed) {
-      // drop a duplicated end point and resolve the joint at the start point
-      const d = dim;
-      const p = b.pts;
-      const n = b.count;
-      if (n > 1) {
-        const k = (n - 1) * d;
-        const same = Math.abs(p[k] - p[0]) < 1e-9 && Math.abs(p[k + 1] - p[1]) < 1e-9 && (d === 2 || Math.abs(p[k + 2] - p[2]) < 1e-9);
-        if (same) {
-          p.length -= d;
-          b.smooth.pop();
-        } else {
-          // implicit closing line
-          const t = tangent(dim, p[0] - p[k], p[1] - p[k + 1], d === 3 ? p[2] - p[k + 2] : 0);
-          b.joint(t);
-          b.end(t);
-        }
-      }
-      if (b.firstTan && b.lastTan) {
-        const c = b.lastTan[0] * b.firstTan[0] + b.lastTan[1] * b.firstTan[1] + b.lastTan[2] * b.firstTan[2];
-        b.smooth[0] = c >= SMOOTH_JOINT_COS ? 1 : 0;
-      }
-    }
-    if (b.count >= (b.closed ? 3 : 2)) {
-      out.push({ points: Float64Array.from(b.pts), smooth: Uint8Array.from(b.smooth), closed: b.closed });
-    } else if (b.count >= 2) {
-      // a closed contour with fewer than 3 distinct points is degenerate; keep it open so it can be reported
-      out.push({ points: Float64Array.from(b.pts), smooth: Uint8Array.from(b.smooth), closed: false, degenerate: true });
-    }
-    b = null;
-  };
-
-  for (const s of segments) {
-    if (s.c === 'M') {
-      finish();
-      b = new ContourBuilder(dim);
-      b.start(s.x, s.y, s.z || 0);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (!b) continue;
-    const [px, py, pz] = b.lastPoint();
-    switch (s.c) {
-      case 'L': {
-        const t = tangent(dim, s.x - px, s.y - py, (s.z || 0) - pz);
-        if (!t) break;
-        b.joint(t);
-        b.push(s.x, s.y, s.z || 0, false);
-        b.end(t);
-        break;
-      }
-      case 'Q': {
-        const x0 = px, y0 = py, z0 = pz;
-        const ddx = x0 - 2 * s.x1 + s.x, ddy = y0 - 2 * s.y1 + s.y, ddz = dim === 3 ? z0 - 2 * s.z1 + s.z : 0;
-        const M = Math.hypot(ddx, ddy, ddz);
-        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt((0.25 * M) / tol))));
-        const t0 = tangent(dim, s.x1 - x0, s.y1 - y0, (s.z1 || 0) - z0) || tangent(dim, s.x - x0, s.y - y0, (s.z || 0) - z0);
-        const t1 = tangent(dim, s.x - s.x1, s.y - s.y1, (s.z || 0) - (s.z1 || 0)) || t0;
-        if (!t0) break;
-        b.joint(t0);
-        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
-          const t = i / n, mt = 1 - t;
-          const a = mt * mt, bb = 2 * mt * t, c = t * t;
-          b.push(a * x0 + bb * s.x1 + c * s.x, a * y0 + bb * s.y1 + c * s.y, a * z0 + bb * (s.z1 || 0) + c * (s.z || 0), i < n);
-        }
-        b.end(t1);
-        break;
-      }
-      case 'C': {
-        const x0 = px, y0 = py, z0 = pz;
-        const z1 = s.z1 || 0, z2 = s.z2 || 0, z3 = s.z || 0;
-        const d1 = Math.hypot(x0 - 2 * s.x1 + s.x2, y0 - 2 * s.y1 + s.y2, dim === 3 ? z0 - 2 * z1 + z2 : 0);
-        const d2 = Math.hypot(s.x1 - 2 * s.x2 + s.x, s.y1 - 2 * s.y2 + s.y, dim === 3 ? z1 - 2 * z2 + z3 : 0);
-        const M = Math.max(d1, d2);
-        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt((0.75 * M) / tol))));
-        const t0 =
-          tangent(dim, s.x1 - x0, s.y1 - y0, z1 - z0) ||
-          tangent(dim, s.x2 - x0, s.y2 - y0, z2 - z0) ||
-          tangent(dim, s.x - x0, s.y - y0, z3 - z0);
-        const t1 =
-          tangent(dim, s.x - s.x2, s.y - s.y2, z3 - z2) ||
-          tangent(dim, s.x - s.x1, s.y - s.y1, z3 - z1) ||
-          t0;
-        if (!t0) break;
-        b.joint(t0);
-        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
-          const t = i / n, mt = 1 - t;
-          const a = mt * mt * mt, bb = 3 * mt * mt * t, c = 3 * mt * t * t, d = t * t * t;
-          b.push(
-            a * x0 + bb * s.x1 + c * s.x2 + d * s.x,
-            a * y0 + bb * s.y1 + c * s.y2 + d * s.y,
-            a * z0 + bb * z1 + c * z2 + d * z3,
-            i < n,
-          );
-        }
-        b.end(t1);
-        break;
-      }
-      case 'A': {
-        const arc = arcToCenter(px, py, s.rx, s.ry, s.rot, s.large, s.sweep, s.x, s.y);
-        if (!arc) {
-          const t = tangent(2, s.x - px, s.y - py, 0);
-          if (!t) break;
-          b.joint(t);
-          b.push(s.x, s.y, 0, false);
-          b.end(t);
-          break;
-        }
-        const r = Math.max(arc.rx, arc.ry);
-        const step = tol >= r ? Math.PI / 2 : 2 * Math.acos(1 - tol / r);
-        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.abs(arc.dtheta) / step)));
-        b.joint(arc.tangentAt(arc.theta1));
-        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
-          const th = arc.theta1 + (arc.dtheta * i) / n;
-          if (i === n) b.push(s.x, s.y, 0, false);
-          else {
-            const p = arc.pointAt(th);
-            b.push(p[0], p[1], 0, true);
-          }
-        }
-        b.end(arc.tangentAt(arc.theta1 + arc.dtheta));
-        break;
-      }
-      case 'Z':
-        b.closed = true;
-        finish();
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-    }
-  }
-  finish();
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** SVG arc endpoint -> center parameterization (SVG 1.1 implementation notes F.6.5). */
-export function arcToCenter(x1, y1, rx, ry, rotDeg, large, sweep, x2, y2) {
-  if (x1 === x2 && y1 === y2) return null;
-  rx = Math.abs(rx);
-  ry = Math.abs(ry);
-  if (rx < 1e-12 || ry < 1e-12) return null;
-  const phi = (rotDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const cosP = Math.cos(phi), sinP = Math.sin(phi);
-  const dx2 = (x1 - x2) / 2, dy2 = (y1 - y2) / 2;
-  const x1p = cosP * dx2 + sinP * dy2;
-  const y1p = -sinP * dx2 + cosP * dy2;
-  const lambda = (x1p * x1p) / (rx * rx) + (y1p * y1p) / (ry * ry);
-  if (lambda > 1) {
-    const s = Math.sqrt(lambda);
-    rx *= s;
-    ry *= s;
-  }
-  const rx2 = rx * rx, ry2 = ry * ry;
-  const num = rx2 * ry2 - rx2 * y1p * y1p - ry2 * x1p * x1p;
-  const den = rx2 * y1p * y1p + ry2 * x1p * x1p;
-  let coef = den > 0 ? Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, num / den)) : 0;
-  if (large === sweep) coef = -coef;
-  const cxp = (coef * rx * y1p) / ry;
-  const cyp = (-coef * ry * x1p) / rx;
-  const cx = cosP * cxp - sinP * cyp + (x1 + x2) / 2;
-  const cy = sinP * cxp + cosP * cyp + (y1 + y2) / 2;
-  const ang = (ux, uy, vx, vy) => {
-    const a = Math.atan2(ux * vy - uy * vx, ux * vx + uy * vy);
-    return a;
-  };
-  const ux = (x1p - cxp) / rx, uy = (y1p - cyp) / ry;
-  const vx = (-x1p - cxp) / rx, vy = (-y1p - cyp) / ry;
-  const theta1 = Math.atan2(uy, ux);
-  let dtheta = ang(ux, uy, vx, vy);
-  if (!sweep && dtheta > 0) dtheta -= 2 * Math.PI;
-  else if (sweep && dtheta < 0) dtheta += 2 * Math.PI;
-  const sign = dtheta >= 0 ? 1 : -1;
-  return {
-    cx,
-    cy,
-    rx,
-    ry,
-    theta1,
-    dtheta,
-    pointAt(th) {
-      const c = Math.cos(th), s = Math.sin(th);
-      return [cx + rx * cosP * c - ry * sinP * s, cy + rx * sinP * c + ry * cosP * s];
-    },
-    tangentAt(th) {
-      const c = Math.cos(th), s = Math.sin(th);
-      return norm2(sign * (-rx * cosP * s - ry * sinP * c), sign * (-rx * sinP * s + ry * cosP * c));
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-/** Polyline points (flat array) -> contour with corner detection by turning angle. */
-export function polylineContour(points, dim, closed) {
-  const n = points.length / dim;
-  const smooth = new Uint8Array(n);
-  return { points: Float64Array.from(points), smooth, closed };
-}
-
-/** Regular polygon approximation of a circle (all points smooth), counter-clockwise. */
-export function circleContour(r, segments) {
-  const pts = new Float64Array(segments * 2);
-  for (let i = 0; i < segments; i++) {
-    const a = (i / segments) * Math.PI * 2;
-    pts[i * 2] = Math.cos(a) * r;
-    pts[i * 2 + 1] = Math.sin(a) * r;
-  }
-  return { points: pts, smooth: new Uint8Array(segments).fill(1), closed: true };
-}
-
-/** Signed area of a 2D contour (positive = counter-clockwise with y up). */
-export function signedArea(points) {
-  let a = 0;
-  const n = points.length / 2;
-  for (let i = 0, j = n - 1; i < n; j = i++) {
-    a += (points[j * 2] - points[i * 2]) * (points[j * 2 + 1] + points[i * 2 + 1]);
-  }
-  return a / 2;
-}
-
-/** Reverse a 2D/3D contour in place-safe manner (returns a new contour). */
-export function reverseContour(c, dim = 2) {
-  const n = c.points.length / dim;
-  const pts = new Float64Array(c.points.length);
-  const sm = new Uint8Array(n);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    const j = n - 1 - i;
-    for (let k = 0; k < dim; k++) pts[i * dim + k] = c.points[j * dim + k];
-    sm[i] = c.smooth[j];
-  }
-  return { ...c, points: pts, smooth: sm };
-}
+// Flattening of path segments into polylines ("contours").
+//
+// Curves are subdivided adaptively from a geometric tolerance (Wang's formula
+// for Béziers, chord error for arcs), so the same path produces coarser or
+// finer polylines for different levels of detail. Every output point carries a
+// `smooth` flag: true for curve interiors and tangent-continuous joints, false
+// for corners. Geometry generators use the flags to decide where normals must
+// be split (sharp edges) and where they are shared (smooth surfaces).
+
+const SMOOTH_JOINT_COS = Math.cos((8 * Math.PI) / 180);
+const MAX_SEGMENTS = 256;
+
+function norm2(x, y) {
+  const l = Math.hypot(x, y);
+  return l > 1e-12 ? [x / l, y / l, 0] : null;
+}
+function norm3(x, y, z) {
+  const l = Math.hypot(x, y, z);
+  return l > 1e-12 ? [x / l, y / l, z / l] : null;
+}
+
+class ContourBuilder {
+  constructor(dim) {
+    this.dim = dim;
+    this.pts = [];
+    this.smooth = [];
+    this.firstTan = null;
+    this.lastTan = null;
+    this.closed = false;
+  }
+
+  get count() {
+    return this.smooth.length;
+  }
+
+  lastPoint() {
+    const d = this.dim;
+    const p = this.pts;
+    const k = p.length - d;
+    return d === 3 ? [p[k], p[k + 1], p[k + 2]] : [p[k], p[k + 1], 0];
+  }
+
+  start(x, y, z) {
+    this.pts.push(x, y);
+    if (this.dim === 3) this.pts.push(z);
+    this.smooth.push(0);
+  }
+
+  /** Begin a piece: decide whether the joint at the current last point is smooth. */
+  joint(tan) {
+    if (!tan) return;
+    if (this.lastTan) {
+      const c = this.lastTan[0] * tan[0] + this.lastTan[1] * tan[1] + this.lastTan[2] * tan[2];
+      this.smooth[this.smooth.length - 1] = c >= SMOOTH_JOINT_COS ? 1 : 0;
+    } else {
+      this.firstTan = tan;
+    }
+  }
+
+  push(x, y, z, smooth) {
+    // skip duplicate points
+    const d = this.dim;
+    const p = this.pts;
+    const k = p.length - d;
+    if (Math.abs(p[k] - x) < 1e-12 && Math.abs(p[k + 1] - y) < 1e-12 && (d === 2 || Math.abs(p[k + 2] - z) < 1e-12)) return;
+    p.push(x, y);
+    if (d === 3) p.push(z);
+    this.smooth.push(smooth ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+
+  end(tan) {
+    if (tan) this.lastTan = tan;
+  }
+}
+
+function tangent(dim, x, y, z) {
+  return dim === 3 ? norm3(x, y, z) : norm2(x, y);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {object[]} segments absolute segments from parsePathData
+ * @param {{tolerance:number, dim?:2|3, maxSegments?:number}} opts
+ * @returns {{points: Float64Array, smooth: Uint8Array, closed: boolean}[]}
+ */
+export function flattenPath(segments, opts) {
+  const dim = opts.dim || 2;
+  const tol = Math.max(opts.tolerance, 1e-9);
+  const maxSeg = opts.maxSegments || MAX_SEGMENTS;
+  const out = [];
+  let b = null;
+
+  const finish = () => {
+    if (!b) return;
+    if (b.closed) {
+      // drop a duplicated end point and resolve the joint at the start point
+      const d = dim;
+      const p = b.pts;
+      const n = b.count;
+      if (n > 1) {
+        const k = (n - 1) * d;
+        const same = Math.abs(p[k] - p[0]) < 1e-9 && Math.abs(p[k + 1] - p[1]) < 1e-9 && (d === 2 || Math.abs(p[k + 2] - p[2]) < 1e-9);
+        if (same) {
+          p.length -= d;
+          b.smooth.pop();
+        } else {
+          // implicit closing line
+          const t = tangent(dim, p[0] - p[k], p[1] - p[k + 1], d === 3 ? p[2] - p[k + 2] : 0);
+          b.joint(t);
+          b.end(t);
+        }
+      }
+      if (b.firstTan && b.lastTan) {
+        const c = b.lastTan[0] * b.firstTan[0] + b.lastTan[1] * b.firstTan[1] + b.lastTan[2] * b.firstTan[2];
+        b.smooth[0] = c >= SMOOTH_JOINT_COS ? 1 : 0;
+      }
+    }
+    if (b.count >= (b.closed ? 3 : 2)) {
+      out.push({ points: Float64Array.from(b.pts), smooth: Uint8Array.from(b.smooth), closed: b.closed });
+    } else if (b.count >= 2) {
+      // a closed contour with fewer than 3 distinct points is degenerate; keep it open so it can be reported
+      out.push({ points: Float64Array.from(b.pts), smooth: Uint8Array.from(b.smooth), closed: false, degenerate: true });
+    }
+    b = null;
+  };
+
+  for (const s of segments) {
+    if (s.c === 'M') {
+      finish();
+      b = new ContourBuilder(dim);
+      b.start(s.x, s.y, s.z || 0);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!b) continue;
+    const [px, py, pz] = b.lastPoint();
+    switch (s.c) {
+      case 'L': {
+        const t = tangent(dim, s.x - px, s.y - py, (s.z || 0) - pz);
+        if (!t) break;
+        b.joint(t);
+        b.push(s.x, s.y, s.z || 0, false);
+        b.end(t);
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'Q': {
+        const x0 = px, y0 = py, z0 = pz;
+        const ddx = x0 - 2 * s.x1 + s.x, ddy = y0 - 2 * s.y1 + s.y, ddz = dim === 3 ? z0 - 2 * s.z1 + s.z : 0;
+        const M = Math.hypot(ddx, ddy, ddz);
+        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt((0.25 * M) / tol))));
+        const t0 = tangent(dim, s.x1 - x0, s.y1 - y0, (s.z1 || 0) - z0) || tangent(dim, s.x - x0, s.y - y0, (s.z || 0) - z0);
+        const t1 = tangent(dim, s.x - s.x1, s.y - s.y1, (s.z || 0) - (s.z1 || 0)) || t0;
+        if (!t0) break;
+        b.joint(t0);
+        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+          const t = i / n, mt = 1 - t;
+          const a = mt * mt, bb = 2 * mt * t, c = t * t;
+          b.push(a * x0 + bb * s.x1 + c * s.x, a * y0 + bb * s.y1 + c * s.y, a * z0 + bb * (s.z1 || 0) + c * (s.z || 0), i < n);
+        }
+        b.end(t1);
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'C': {
+        const x0 = px, y0 = py, z0 = pz;
+        const z1 = s.z1 || 0, z2 = s.z2 || 0, z3 = s.z || 0;
+        const d1 = Math.hypot(x0 - 2 * s.x1 + s.x2, y0 - 2 * s.y1 + s.y2, dim === 3 ? z0 - 2 * z1 + z2 : 0);
+        const d2 = Math.hypot(s.x1 - 2 * s.x2 + s.x, s.y1 - 2 * s.y2 + s.y, dim === 3 ? z1 - 2 * z2 + z3 : 0);
+        const M = Math.max(d1, d2);
+        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt((0.75 * M) / tol))));
+        const t0 =
+          tangent(dim, s.x1 - x0, s.y1 - y0, z1 - z0) ||
+          tangent(dim, s.x2 - x0, s.y2 - y0, z2 - z0) ||
+          tangent(dim, s.x - x0, s.y - y0, z3 - z0);
+        const t1 =
+          tangent(dim, s.x - s.x2, s.y - s.y2, z3 - z2) ||
+          tangent(dim, s.x - s.x1, s.y - s.y1, z3 - z1) ||
+          t0;
+        if (!t0) break;
+        b.joint(t0);
+        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+          const t = i / n, mt = 1 - t;
+          const a = mt * mt * mt, bb = 3 * mt * mt * t, c = 3 * mt * t * t, d = t * t * t;
+          b.push(
+            a * x0 + bb * s.x1 + c * s.x2 + d * s.x,
+            a * y0 + bb * s.y1 + c * s.y2 + d * s.y,
+            a * z0 + bb * z1 + c * z2 + d * z3,
+            i < n,
+          );
+        }
+        b.end(t1);
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'A': {
+        const arc = arcToCenter(px, py, s.rx, s.ry, s.rot, s.large, s.sweep, s.x, s.y);
+        if (!arc) {
+          const t = tangent(2, s.x - px, s.y - py, 0);
+          if (!t) break;
+          b.joint(t);
+          b.push(s.x, s.y, 0, false);
+          b.end(t);
+          break;
+        }
+        const r = Math.max(arc.rx, arc.ry);
+        const step = tol >= r ? Math.PI / 2 : 2 * Math.acos(1 - tol / r);
+        const n = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxSeg, Math.ceil(Math.abs(arc.dtheta) / step)));
+        b.joint(arc.tangentAt(arc.theta1));
+        for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+          const th = arc.theta1 + (arc.dtheta * i) / n;
+          if (i === n) b.push(s.x, s.y, 0, false);
+          else {
+            const p = arc.pointAt(th);
+            b.push(p[0], p[1], 0, true);
+          }
+        }
+        b.end(arc.tangentAt(arc.theta1 + arc.dtheta));
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'Z':
+        b.closed = true;
+        finish();
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  finish();
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** SVG arc endpoint -> center parameterization (SVG 1.1 implementation notes F.6.5). */
+export function arcToCenter(x1, y1, rx, ry, rotDeg, large, sweep, x2, y2) {
+  if (x1 === x2 && y1 === y2) return null;
+  rx = Math.abs(rx);
+  ry = Math.abs(ry);
+  if (rx < 1e-12 || ry < 1e-12) return null;
+  const phi = (rotDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const cosP = Math.cos(phi), sinP = Math.sin(phi);
+  const dx2 = (x1 - x2) / 2, dy2 = (y1 - y2) / 2;
+  const x1p = cosP * dx2 + sinP * dy2;
+  const y1p = -sinP * dx2 + cosP * dy2;
+  const lambda = (x1p * x1p) / (rx * rx) + (y1p * y1p) / (ry * ry);
+  if (lambda > 1) {
+    const s = Math.sqrt(lambda);
+    rx *= s;
+    ry *= s;
+  }
+  const rx2 = rx * rx, ry2 = ry * ry;
+  const num = rx2 * ry2 - rx2 * y1p * y1p - ry2 * x1p * x1p;
+  const den = rx2 * y1p * y1p + ry2 * x1p * x1p;
+  let coef = den > 0 ? Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, num / den)) : 0;
+  if (large === sweep) coef = -coef;
+  const cxp = (coef * rx * y1p) / ry;
+  const cyp = (-coef * ry * x1p) / rx;
+  const cx = cosP * cxp - sinP * cyp + (x1 + x2) / 2;
+  const cy = sinP * cxp + cosP * cyp + (y1 + y2) / 2;
+  const ang = (ux, uy, vx, vy) => {
+    const a = Math.atan2(ux * vy - uy * vx, ux * vx + uy * vy);
+    return a;
+  };
+  const ux = (x1p - cxp) / rx, uy = (y1p - cyp) / ry;
+  const vx = (-x1p - cxp) / rx, vy = (-y1p - cyp) / ry;
+  const theta1 = Math.atan2(uy, ux);
+  let dtheta = ang(ux, uy, vx, vy);
+  if (!sweep && dtheta > 0) dtheta -= 2 * Math.PI;
+  else if (sweep && dtheta < 0) dtheta += 2 * Math.PI;
+  const sign = dtheta >= 0 ? 1 : -1;
+  return {
+    cx,
+    cy,
+    rx,
+    ry,
+    theta1,
+    dtheta,
+    pointAt(th) {
+      const c = Math.cos(th), s = Math.sin(th);
+      return [cx + rx * cosP * c - ry * sinP * s, cy + rx * sinP * c + ry * cosP * s];
+    },
+    tangentAt(th) {
+      const c = Math.cos(th), s = Math.sin(th);
+      return norm2(sign * (-rx * cosP * s - ry * sinP * c), sign * (-rx * sinP * s + ry * cosP * c));
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Polyline points (flat array) -> contour with corner detection by turning angle. */
+export function polylineContour(points, dim, closed) {
+  const n = points.length / dim;
+  const smooth = new Uint8Array(n);
+  return { points: Float64Array.from(points), smooth, closed };
+}
+
+/** Regular polygon approximation of a circle (all points smooth), counter-clockwise. */
+export function circleContour(r, segments) {
+  const pts = new Float64Array(segments * 2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < segments; i++) {
+    const a = (i / segments) * Math.PI * 2;
+    pts[i * 2] = Math.cos(a) * r;
+    pts[i * 2 + 1] = Math.sin(a) * r;
+  }
+  return { points: pts, smooth: new Uint8Array(segments).fill(1), closed: true };
+}
+
+/** Signed area of a 2D contour (positive = counter-clockwise with y up). */
+export function signedArea(points) {
+  let a = 0;
+  const n = points.length / 2;
+  for (let i = 0, j = n - 1; i < n; j = i++) {
+    a += (points[j * 2] - points[i * 2]) * (points[j * 2 + 1] + points[i * 2 + 1]);
+  }
+  return a / 2;
+}
+
+/** Reverse a 2D/3D contour in place-safe manner (returns a new contour). */
+export function reverseContour(c, dim = 2) {
+  const n = c.points.length / dim;
+  const pts = new Float64Array(c.points.length);
+  const sm = new Uint8Array(n);
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const j = n - 1 - i;
+    for (let k = 0; k < dim; k++) pts[i * dim + k] = c.points[j * dim + k];
+    sm[i] = c.smooth[j];
+  }
+  return { ...c, points: pts, smooth: sm };
+}