@cubis/foundry 0.3.10

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/cursor/skills/python-patterns/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: python-patterns
+description: Python development principles and decision-making. Framework selection, async patterns, type hints, project structure. Teaches thinking, not copying.
+allowed-tools: Read, Write, Edit, Glob, Grep
+---
+
+# Python Patterns
+
+> Python development principles and decision-making for 2025.
+> **Learn to THINK, not memorize patterns.**
+
+---
+
+## ⚠️ How to Use This Skill
+
+This skill teaches **decision-making principles**, not fixed code to copy.
+
+- ASK user for framework preference when unclear
+- Choose async vs sync based on CONTEXT
+- Don't default to same framework every time
+
+---
+
+## 1. Framework Selection (2025)
+
+### Decision Tree
+
+```
+What are you building?
+│
+├── API-first / Microservices
+│   └── FastAPI (async, modern, fast)
+│
+├── Full-stack web / CMS / Admin
+│   └── Django (batteries-included)
+│
+├── Simple / Script / Learning
+│   └── Flask (minimal, flexible)
+│
+├── AI/ML API serving
+│   └── FastAPI (Pydantic, async, uvicorn)
+│
+└── Background workers
+    └── Celery + any framework
+```
+
+### Comparison Principles
+
+| Factor | FastAPI | Django | Flask |
+|--------|---------|--------|-------|
+| **Best for** | APIs, microservices | Full-stack, CMS | Simple, learning |
+| **Async** | Native | Django 5.0+ | Via extensions |
+| **Admin** | Manual | Built-in | Via extensions |
+| **ORM** | Choose your own | Django ORM | Choose your own |
+| **Learning curve** | Low | Medium | Low |
+
+### Selection Questions to Ask:
+1. Is this API-only or full-stack?
+2. Need admin interface?
+3. Team familiar with async?
+4. Existing infrastructure?
+
+---
+
+## 2. Async vs Sync Decision
+
+### When to Use Async
+
+```
+async def is better when:
+├── I/O-bound operations (database, HTTP, file)
+├── Many concurrent connections
+├── Real-time features
+├── Microservices communication
+└── FastAPI/Starlette/Django ASGI
+
+def (sync) is better when:
+├── CPU-bound operations
+├── Simple scripts
+├── Legacy codebase
+├── Team unfamiliar with async
+└── Blocking libraries (no async version)
+```
+
+### The Golden Rule
+
+```
+I/O-bound → async (waiting for external)
+CPU-bound → sync + multiprocessing (computing)
+
+Don't:
+├── Mix sync and async carelessly
+├── Use sync libraries in async code
+└── Force async for CPU work
+```
+
+### Async Library Selection
+
+| Need | Async Library |
+|------|---------------|
+| HTTP client | httpx |
+| PostgreSQL | asyncpg |
+| Redis | aioredis / redis-py async |
+| File I/O | aiofiles |
+| Database ORM | SQLAlchemy 2.0 async, Tortoise |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Type Hints Strategy
+
+### When to Type
+
+```
+Always type:
+├── Function parameters
+├── Return types
+├── Class attributes
+├── Public APIs
+
+Can skip:
+├── Local variables (let inference work)
+├── One-off scripts
+├── Tests (usually)
+```
+
+### Common Type Patterns
+
+```python
+# These are patterns, understand them:
+
+# Optional → might be None
+from typing import Optional
+def find_user(id: int) -> Optional[User]: ...
+
+# Union → one of multiple types
+def process(data: str | dict) -> None: ...
+
+# Generic collections
+def get_items() -> list[Item]: ...
+def get_mapping() -> dict[str, int]: ...
+
+# Callable
+from typing import Callable
+def apply(fn: Callable[[int], str]) -> str: ...
+```
+
+### Pydantic for Validation
+
+```
+When to use Pydantic:
+├── API request/response models
+├── Configuration/settings
+├── Data validation
+├── Serialization
+
+Benefits:
+├── Runtime validation
+├── Auto-generated JSON schema
+├── Works with FastAPI natively
+└── Clear error messages
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Project Structure Principles
+
+### Structure Selection
+
+```
+Small project / Script:
+├── main.py
+├── utils.py
+└── requirements.txt
+
+Medium API:
+├── app/
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+│   ├── models/
+│   ├── routes/
+│   ├── services/
+│   └── schemas/
+├── tests/
+└── pyproject.toml
+
+Large application:
+├── src/
+│   └── myapp/
+│       ├── core/
+│       ├── api/
+│       ├── services/
+│       ├── models/
+│       └── ...
+├── tests/
+└── pyproject.toml
+```
+
+### FastAPI Structure Principles
+
+```
+Organize by feature or layer:
+
+By layer:
+├── routes/ (API endpoints)
+├── services/ (business logic)
+├── models/ (database models)
+├── schemas/ (Pydantic models)
+└── dependencies/ (shared deps)
+
+By feature:
+├── users/
+│   ├── routes.py
+│   ├── service.py
+│   └── schemas.py
+└── products/
+    └── ...
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Django Principles (2025)
+
+### Django Async (Django 5.0+)
+
+```
+Django supports async:
+├── Async views
+├── Async middleware
+├── Async ORM (limited)
+└── ASGI deployment
+
+When to use async in Django:
+├── External API calls
+├── WebSocket (Channels)
+├── High-concurrency views
+└── Background task triggering
+```
+
+### Django Best Practices
+
+```
+Model design:
+├── Fat models, thin views
+├── Use managers for common queries
+├── Abstract base classes for shared fields
+
+Views:
+├── Class-based for complex CRUD
+├── Function-based for simple endpoints
+├── Use viewsets with DRF
+
+Queries:
+├── select_related() for FKs
+├── prefetch_related() for M2M
+├── Avoid N+1 queries
+└── Use .only() for specific fields
+```
+
+---
+
+## 6. FastAPI Principles
+
+### async def vs def in FastAPI
+
+```
+Use async def when:
+├── Using async database drivers
+├── Making async HTTP calls
+├── I/O-bound operations
+└── Want to handle concurrency
+
+Use def when:
+├── Blocking operations
+├── Sync database drivers
+├── CPU-bound work
+└── FastAPI runs in threadpool automatically
+```
+
+### Dependency Injection
+
+```
+Use dependencies for:
+├── Database sessions
+├── Current user / Auth
+├── Configuration
+├── Shared resources
+
+Benefits:
+├── Testability (mock dependencies)
+├── Clean separation
+├── Automatic cleanup (yield)
+```
+
+### Pydantic v2 Integration
+
+```python
+# FastAPI + Pydantic are tightly integrated:
+
+# Request validation
+@app.post("/users")
+async def create(user: UserCreate) -> UserResponse:
+    # user is already validated
+    ...
+
+# Response serialization
+# Return type becomes response schema
+```
+
+---
+
+## 7. Background Tasks
+
+### Selection Guide
+
+| Solution | Best For |
+|----------|----------|
+| **BackgroundTasks** | Simple, in-process tasks |
+| **Celery** | Distributed, complex workflows |
+| **ARQ** | Async, Redis-based |
+| **RQ** | Simple Redis queue |
+| **Dramatiq** | Actor-based, simpler than Celery |
+
+### When to Use Each
+
+```
+FastAPI BackgroundTasks:
+├── Quick operations
+├── No persistence needed
+├── Fire-and-forget
+└── Same process
+
+Celery/ARQ:
+├── Long-running tasks
+├── Need retry logic
+├── Distributed workers
+├── Persistent queue
+└── Complex workflows
+```
+
+---
+
+## 8. Error Handling Principles
+
+### Exception Strategy
+
+```
+In FastAPI:
+├── Create custom exception classes
+├── Register exception handlers
+├── Return consistent error format
+└── Log without exposing internals
+
+Pattern:
+├── Raise domain exceptions in services
+├── Catch and transform in handlers
+└── Client gets clean error response
+```
+
+### Error Response Philosophy
+
+```
+Include:
+├── Error code (programmatic)
+├── Message (human readable)
+├── Details (field-level when applicable)
+└── NOT stack traces (security)
+```
+
+---
+
+## 9. Testing Principles
+
+### Testing Strategy
+
+| Type | Purpose | Tools |
+|------|---------|-------|
+| **Unit** | Business logic | pytest |
+| **Integration** | API endpoints | pytest + httpx/TestClient |
+| **E2E** | Full workflows | pytest + DB |
+
+### Async Testing
+
+```python
+# Use pytest-asyncio for async tests
+
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_endpoint():
+    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
+        response = await client.get("/users")
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+```
+
+### Fixtures Strategy
+
+```
+Common fixtures:
+├── db_session → Database connection
+├── client → Test client
+├── authenticated_user → User with token
+└── sample_data → Test data setup
+```
+
+---
+
+## 10. Decision Checklist
+
+Before implementing:
+
+- [ ] **Asked user about framework preference?**
+- [ ] **Chosen framework for THIS context?** (not just default)
+- [ ] **Decided async vs sync?**
+- [ ] **Planned type hint strategy?**
+- [ ] **Defined project structure?**
+- [ ] **Planned error handling?**
+- [ ] **Considered background tasks?**
+
+---
+
+## 11. Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+### ❌ DON'T:
+- Default to Django for simple APIs (FastAPI may be better)
+- Use sync libraries in async code
+- Skip type hints for public APIs
+- Put business logic in routes/views
+- Ignore N+1 queries
+- Mix async and sync carelessly
+
+### ✅ DO:
+- Choose framework based on context
+- Ask about async requirements
+- Use Pydantic for validation
+- Separate concerns (routes → services → repos)
+- Test critical paths
+
+---
+
+> **Remember**: Python patterns are about decision-making for YOUR specific context. Don't copy code—think about what serves your application best.