@cubis/foundry 0.3.10

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/conn-prepared-statements.md

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+---
+title: Use Prepared Statements Correctly with Pooling
+impact: HIGH
+impactDescription: Avoid prepared statement conflicts in pooled environments
+tags: prepared-statements, connection-pooling, transaction-mode
+---
+
+## Use Prepared Statements Correctly with Pooling
+
+Prepared statements are tied to individual database connections. In transaction-mode pooling, connections are shared, causing conflicts.
+
+**Incorrect (named prepared statements with transaction pooling):**
+
+```sql
+-- Named prepared statement
+prepare get_user as select * from users where id = $1;
+
+-- In transaction mode pooling, next request may get different connection
+execute get_user(123);
+-- ERROR: prepared statement "get_user" does not exist
+```
+
+**Correct (use unnamed statements or session mode):**
+
+```sql
+-- Option 1: Use unnamed prepared statements (most ORMs do this automatically)
+-- The query is prepared and executed in a single protocol message
+
+-- Option 2: Deallocate after use in transaction mode
+prepare get_user as select * from users where id = $1;
+execute get_user(123);
+deallocate get_user;
+
+-- Option 3: Use session mode pooling (port 5432 vs 6543)
+-- Connection is held for entire session, prepared statements persist
+```
+
+Check your driver settings:
+
+```sql
+-- Many drivers use prepared statements by default
+-- Node.js pg: { prepare: false } to disable
+-- JDBC: prepareThreshold=0 to disable
+```
+
+Reference: [Prepared Statements with Pooling](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/connecting-to-postgres#connection-pool-modes)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/data-batch-inserts.md

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+---
+title: Batch INSERT Statements for Bulk Data
+impact: MEDIUM
+impactDescription: 10-50x faster bulk inserts
+tags: batch, insert, bulk, performance, copy
+---
+
+## Batch INSERT Statements for Bulk Data
+
+Individual INSERT statements have high overhead. Batch multiple rows in single statements or use COPY.
+
+**Incorrect (individual inserts):**
+
+```sql
+-- Each insert is a separate transaction and round trip
+insert into events (user_id, action) values (1, 'click');
+insert into events (user_id, action) values (1, 'view');
+insert into events (user_id, action) values (2, 'click');
+-- ... 1000 more individual inserts
+
+-- 1000 inserts = 1000 round trips = slow
+```
+
+**Correct (batch insert):**
+
+```sql
+-- Multiple rows in single statement
+insert into events (user_id, action) values
+  (1, 'click'),
+  (1, 'view'),
+  (2, 'click'),
+  -- ... up to ~1000 rows per batch
+  (999, 'view');
+
+-- One round trip for 1000 rows
+```
+
+For large imports, use COPY:
+
+```sql
+-- COPY is fastest for bulk loading
+copy events (user_id, action, created_at)
+from '/path/to/data.csv'
+with (format csv, header true);
+
+-- Or from stdin in application
+copy events (user_id, action) from stdin with (format csv);
+1,click
+1,view
+2,click
+\.
+```
+
+Reference: [COPY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/data-n-plus-one.md

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+---
+title: Eliminate N+1 Queries with Batch Loading
+impact: MEDIUM-HIGH
+impactDescription: 10-100x fewer database round trips
+tags: n-plus-one, batch, performance, queries
+---
+
+## Eliminate N+1 Queries with Batch Loading
+
+N+1 queries execute one query per item in a loop. Batch them into a single query using arrays or JOINs.
+
+**Incorrect (N+1 queries):**
+
+```sql
+-- First query: get all users
+select id from users where active = true;  -- Returns 100 IDs
+
+-- Then N queries, one per user
+select * from orders where user_id = 1;
+select * from orders where user_id = 2;
+select * from orders where user_id = 3;
+-- ... 97 more queries!
+
+-- Total: 101 round trips to database
+```
+
+**Correct (single batch query):**
+
+```sql
+-- Collect IDs and query once with ANY
+select * from orders where user_id = any(array[1, 2, 3, ...]);
+
+-- Or use JOIN instead of loop
+select u.id, u.name, o.*
+from users u
+left join orders o on o.user_id = u.id
+where u.active = true;
+
+-- Total: 1 round trip
+```
+
+Application pattern:
+
+```sql
+-- Instead of looping in application code:
+-- for user in users: db.query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = $1", user.id)
+
+-- Pass array parameter:
+select * from orders where user_id = any($1::bigint[]);
+-- Application passes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...]
+```
+
+Reference: [N+1 Query Problem](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/query-optimization)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/data-pagination.md

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+---
+title: Use Cursor-Based Pagination Instead of OFFSET
+impact: MEDIUM-HIGH
+impactDescription: Consistent O(1) performance regardless of page depth
+tags: pagination, cursor, keyset, offset, performance
+---
+
+## Use Cursor-Based Pagination Instead of OFFSET
+
+OFFSET-based pagination scans all skipped rows, getting slower on deeper pages. Cursor pagination is O(1).
+
+**Incorrect (OFFSET pagination):**
+
+```sql
+-- Page 1: scans 20 rows
+select * from products order by id limit 20 offset 0;
+
+-- Page 100: scans 2000 rows to skip 1980
+select * from products order by id limit 20 offset 1980;
+
+-- Page 10000: scans 200,000 rows!
+select * from products order by id limit 20 offset 199980;
+```
+
+**Correct (cursor/keyset pagination):**
+
+```sql
+-- Page 1: get first 20
+select * from products order by id limit 20;
+-- Application stores last_id = 20
+
+-- Page 2: start after last ID
+select * from products where id > 20 order by id limit 20;
+-- Uses index, always fast regardless of page depth
+
+-- Page 10000: same speed as page 1
+select * from products where id > 199980 order by id limit 20;
+```
+
+For multi-column sorting:
+
+```sql
+-- Cursor must include all sort columns
+select * from products
+where (created_at, id) > ('2024-01-15 10:00:00', 12345)
+order by created_at, id
+limit 20;
+```
+
+Reference: [Pagination](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/pagination)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/data-upsert.md

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+---
+title: Use UPSERT for Insert-or-Update Operations
+impact: MEDIUM
+impactDescription: Atomic operation, eliminates race conditions
+tags: upsert, on-conflict, insert, update
+---
+
+## Use UPSERT for Insert-or-Update Operations
+
+Using separate SELECT-then-INSERT/UPDATE creates race conditions. Use INSERT ... ON CONFLICT for atomic upserts.
+
+**Incorrect (check-then-insert race condition):**
+
+```sql
+-- Race condition: two requests check simultaneously
+select * from settings where user_id = 123 and key = 'theme';
+-- Both find nothing
+
+-- Both try to insert
+insert into settings (user_id, key, value) values (123, 'theme', 'dark');
+-- One succeeds, one fails with duplicate key error!
+```
+
+**Correct (atomic UPSERT):**
+
+```sql
+-- Single atomic operation
+insert into settings (user_id, key, value)
+values (123, 'theme', 'dark')
+on conflict (user_id, key)
+do update set value = excluded.value, updated_at = now();
+
+-- Returns the inserted/updated row
+insert into settings (user_id, key, value)
+values (123, 'theme', 'dark')
+on conflict (user_id, key)
+do update set value = excluded.value
+returning *;
+```
+
+Insert-or-ignore pattern:
+
+```sql
+-- Insert only if not exists (no update)
+insert into page_views (page_id, user_id)
+values (1, 123)
+on conflict (page_id, user_id) do nothing;
+```
+
+Reference: [INSERT ON CONFLICT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-insert.html#SQL-ON-CONFLICT)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/lock-advisory.md

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+---
+title: Use Advisory Locks for Application-Level Locking
+impact: MEDIUM
+impactDescription: Efficient coordination without row-level lock overhead
+tags: advisory-locks, coordination, application-locks
+---
+
+## Use Advisory Locks for Application-Level Locking
+
+Advisory locks provide application-level coordination without requiring database rows to lock.
+
+**Incorrect (creating rows just for locking):**
+
+```sql
+-- Creating dummy rows to lock on
+create table resource_locks (
+  resource_name text primary key
+);
+
+insert into resource_locks values ('report_generator');
+
+-- Lock by selecting the row
+select * from resource_locks where resource_name = 'report_generator' for update;
+```
+
+**Correct (advisory locks):**
+
+```sql
+-- Session-level advisory lock (released on disconnect or unlock)
+select pg_advisory_lock(hashtext('report_generator'));
+-- ... do exclusive work ...
+select pg_advisory_unlock(hashtext('report_generator'));
+
+-- Transaction-level lock (released on commit/rollback)
+begin;
+select pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('daily_report'));
+-- ... do work ...
+commit;  -- Lock automatically released
+```
+
+Try-lock for non-blocking operations:
+
+```sql
+-- Returns immediately with true/false instead of waiting
+select pg_try_advisory_lock(hashtext('resource_name'));
+
+-- Use in application
+if (acquired) {
+  -- Do work
+  select pg_advisory_unlock(hashtext('resource_name'));
+} else {
+  -- Skip or retry later
+}
+```
+
+Reference: [Advisory Locks](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html#ADVISORY-LOCKS)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/lock-deadlock-prevention.md

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+---
+title: Prevent Deadlocks with Consistent Lock Ordering
+impact: MEDIUM-HIGH
+impactDescription: Eliminate deadlock errors, improve reliability
+tags: deadlocks, locking, transactions, ordering
+---
+
+## Prevent Deadlocks with Consistent Lock Ordering
+
+Deadlocks occur when transactions lock resources in different orders. Always
+acquire locks in a consistent order.
+
+**Incorrect (inconsistent lock ordering):**
+
+```sql
+-- Transaction A                    -- Transaction B
+begin;                              begin;
+update accounts                     update accounts
+set balance = balance - 100         set balance = balance - 50
+where id = 1;                       where id = 2;  -- B locks row 2
+
+update accounts                     update accounts
+set balance = balance + 100         set balance = balance + 50
+where id = 2;  -- A waits for B     where id = 1;  -- B waits for A
+
+-- DEADLOCK! Both waiting for each other
+```
+
+**Correct (lock rows in consistent order first):**
+
+```sql
+-- Explicitly acquire locks in ID order before updating
+begin;
+select * from accounts where id in (1, 2) order by id for update;
+
+-- Now perform updates in any order - locks already held
+update accounts set balance = balance - 100 where id = 1;
+update accounts set balance = balance + 100 where id = 2;
+commit;
+```
+
+Alternative: use a single statement to update atomically:
+
+```sql
+-- Single statement acquires all locks atomically
+begin;
+update accounts
+set balance = balance + case id
+  when 1 then -100
+  when 2 then 100
+end
+where id in (1, 2);
+commit;
+```
+
+Detect deadlocks in logs:
+
+```sql
+-- Check for recent deadlocks
+select * from pg_stat_database where deadlocks > 0;
+
+-- Enable deadlock logging
+set log_lock_waits = on;
+set deadlock_timeout = '1s';
+```
+
+Reference:
+[Deadlocks](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html#LOCKING-DEADLOCKS)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/lock-short-transactions.md

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+---
+title: Keep Transactions Short to Reduce Lock Contention
+impact: MEDIUM-HIGH
+impactDescription: 3-5x throughput improvement, fewer deadlocks
+tags: transactions, locking, contention, performance
+---
+
+## Keep Transactions Short to Reduce Lock Contention
+
+Long-running transactions hold locks that block other queries. Keep transactions as short as possible.
+
+**Incorrect (long transaction with external calls):**
+
+```sql
+begin;
+select * from orders where id = 1 for update;  -- Lock acquired
+
+-- Application makes HTTP call to payment API (2-5 seconds)
+-- Other queries on this row are blocked!
+
+update orders set status = 'paid' where id = 1;
+commit;  -- Lock held for entire duration
+```
+
+**Correct (minimal transaction scope):**
+
+```sql
+-- Validate data and call APIs outside transaction
+-- Application: response = await paymentAPI.charge(...)
+
+-- Only hold lock for the actual update
+begin;
+update orders
+set status = 'paid', payment_id = $1
+where id = $2 and status = 'pending'
+returning *;
+commit;  -- Lock held for milliseconds
+```
+
+Use `statement_timeout` to prevent runaway transactions:
+
+```sql
+-- Abort queries running longer than 30 seconds
+set statement_timeout = '30s';
+
+-- Or per-session
+set local statement_timeout = '5s';
+```
+
+Reference: [Transaction Management](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/tutorial-transactions.html)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/lock-skip-locked.md

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+---
+title: Use SKIP LOCKED for Non-Blocking Queue Processing
+impact: MEDIUM-HIGH
+impactDescription: 10x throughput for worker queues
+tags: skip-locked, queue, workers, concurrency
+---
+
+## Use SKIP LOCKED for Non-Blocking Queue Processing
+
+When multiple workers process a queue, SKIP LOCKED allows workers to process different rows without waiting.
+
+**Incorrect (workers block each other):**
+
+```sql
+-- Worker 1 and Worker 2 both try to get next job
+begin;
+select * from jobs where status = 'pending' order by created_at limit 1 for update;
+-- Worker 2 waits for Worker 1's lock to release!
+```
+
+**Correct (SKIP LOCKED for parallel processing):**
+
+```sql
+-- Each worker skips locked rows and gets the next available
+begin;
+select * from jobs
+where status = 'pending'
+order by created_at
+limit 1
+for update skip locked;
+
+-- Worker 1 gets job 1, Worker 2 gets job 2 (no waiting)
+
+update jobs set status = 'processing' where id = $1;
+commit;
+```
+
+Complete queue pattern:
+
+```sql
+-- Atomic claim-and-update in one statement
+update jobs
+set status = 'processing', worker_id = $1, started_at = now()
+where id = (
+  select id from jobs
+  where status = 'pending'
+  order by created_at
+  limit 1
+  for update skip locked
+)
+returning *;
+```
+
+Reference: [SELECT FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-select.html#SQL-FOR-UPDATE-SHARE)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/monitor-explain-analyze.md

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+---
+title: Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE to Diagnose Slow Queries
+impact: LOW-MEDIUM
+impactDescription: Identify exact bottlenecks in query execution
+tags: explain, analyze, diagnostics, query-plan
+---
+
+## Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE to Diagnose Slow Queries
+
+EXPLAIN ANALYZE executes the query and shows actual timings, revealing the true performance bottlenecks.
+
+**Incorrect (guessing at performance issues):**
+
+```sql
+-- Query is slow, but why?
+select * from orders where customer_id = 123 and status = 'pending';
+-- "It must be missing an index" - but which one?
+```
+
+**Correct (use EXPLAIN ANALYZE):**
+
+```sql
+explain (analyze, buffers, format text)
+select * from orders where customer_id = 123 and status = 'pending';
+
+-- Output reveals the issue:
+-- Seq Scan on orders (cost=0.00..25000.00 rows=50 width=100) (actual time=0.015..450.123 rows=50 loops=1)
+--   Filter: ((customer_id = 123) AND (status = 'pending'::text))
+--   Rows Removed by Filter: 999950
+--   Buffers: shared hit=5000 read=15000
+-- Planning Time: 0.150 ms
+-- Execution Time: 450.500 ms
+```
+
+Key things to look for:
+
+```sql
+-- Seq Scan on large tables = missing index
+-- Rows Removed by Filter = poor selectivity or missing index
+-- Buffers: read >> hit = data not cached, needs more memory
+-- Nested Loop with high loops = consider different join strategy
+-- Sort Method: external merge = work_mem too low
+```
+
+Reference: [EXPLAIN](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/inspect)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/monitor-pg-stat-statements.md

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+---
+title: Enable pg_stat_statements for Query Analysis
+impact: LOW-MEDIUM
+impactDescription: Identify top resource-consuming queries
+tags: pg-stat-statements, monitoring, statistics, performance
+---
+
+## Enable pg_stat_statements for Query Analysis
+
+pg_stat_statements tracks execution statistics for all queries, helping identify slow and frequent queries.
+
+**Incorrect (no visibility into query patterns):**
+
+```sql
+-- Database is slow, but which queries are the problem?
+-- No way to know without pg_stat_statements
+```
+
+**Correct (enable and query pg_stat_statements):**
+
+```sql
+-- Enable the extension
+create extension if not exists pg_stat_statements;
+
+-- Find slowest queries by total time
+select
+  calls,
+  round(total_exec_time::numeric, 2) as total_time_ms,
+  round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_time_ms,
+  query
+from pg_stat_statements
+order by total_exec_time desc
+limit 10;
+
+-- Find most frequent queries
+select calls, query
+from pg_stat_statements
+order by calls desc
+limit 10;
+
+-- Reset statistics after optimization
+select pg_stat_statements_reset();
+```
+
+Key metrics to monitor:
+
+```sql
+-- Queries with high mean time (candidates for optimization)
+select query, mean_exec_time, calls
+from pg_stat_statements
+where mean_exec_time > 100  -- > 100ms average
+order by mean_exec_time desc;
+```
+
+Reference: [pg_stat_statements](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/extensions/pg_stat_statements)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/monitor-vacuum-analyze.md

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+---
+title: Maintain Table Statistics with VACUUM and ANALYZE
+impact: MEDIUM
+impactDescription: 2-10x better query plans with accurate statistics
+tags: vacuum, analyze, statistics, maintenance, autovacuum
+---
+
+## Maintain Table Statistics with VACUUM and ANALYZE
+
+Outdated statistics cause the query planner to make poor decisions. VACUUM reclaims space, ANALYZE updates statistics.
+
+**Incorrect (stale statistics):**
+
+```sql
+-- Table has 1M rows but stats say 1000
+-- Query planner chooses wrong strategy
+explain select * from orders where status = 'pending';
+-- Shows: Seq Scan (because stats show small table)
+-- Actually: Index Scan would be much faster
+```
+
+**Correct (maintain fresh statistics):**
+
+```sql
+-- Manually analyze after large data changes
+analyze orders;
+
+-- Analyze specific columns used in WHERE clauses
+analyze orders (status, created_at);
+
+-- Check when tables were last analyzed
+select
+  relname,
+  last_vacuum,
+  last_autovacuum,
+  last_analyze,
+  last_autoanalyze
+from pg_stat_user_tables
+order by last_analyze nulls first;
+```
+
+Autovacuum tuning for busy tables:
+
+```sql
+-- Increase frequency for high-churn tables
+alter table orders set (
+  autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05,     -- Vacuum at 5% dead tuples (default 20%)
+  autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.02     -- Analyze at 2% changes (default 10%)
+);
+
+-- Check autovacuum status
+select * from pg_stat_progress_vacuum;
+```
+
+Reference: [VACUUM](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/database-size#vacuum-operations)

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/windsurf/skills/supabase-postgres-best-practices/references/query-composite-indexes.md

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+---
+title: Create Composite Indexes for Multi-Column Queries
+impact: HIGH
+impactDescription: 5-10x faster multi-column queries
+tags: indexes, composite-index, multi-column, query-optimization
+---
+
+## Create Composite Indexes for Multi-Column Queries
+
+When queries filter on multiple columns, a composite index is more efficient than separate single-column indexes.
+
+**Incorrect (separate indexes require bitmap scan):**
+
+```sql
+-- Two separate indexes
+create index orders_status_idx on orders (status);
+create index orders_created_idx on orders (created_at);
+
+-- Query must combine both indexes (slower)
+select * from orders where status = 'pending' and created_at > '2024-01-01';
+```
+
+**Correct (composite index):**
+
+```sql
+-- Single composite index (leftmost column first for equality checks)
+create index orders_status_created_idx on orders (status, created_at);
+
+-- Query uses one efficient index scan
+select * from orders where status = 'pending' and created_at > '2024-01-01';
+```
+
+**Column order matters** - place equality columns first, range columns last:
+
+```sql
+-- Good: status (=) before created_at (>)
+create index idx on orders (status, created_at);
+
+-- Works for: WHERE status = 'pending'
+-- Works for: WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'
+-- Does NOT work for: WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01' (leftmost prefix rule)
+```
+
+Reference: [Multicolumn Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html)