@cubis/foundry 0.3.10

package/Ai Agent Workflow/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/cursor/skills/nestjs-expert/references/migration-from-express.md

@@ -0,0 +1,1240 @@
+# Express to NestJS Migration Guide
+
+> Reference for: NestJS Expert
+> Load when: Express migration, Express to NestJS, converting Express app, porting Node.js API, migrating from Express, rewriting Express application
+
+---
+
+## When to Use This Guide
+
+**Use when:**
+- Migrating existing Express.js applications to NestJS
+- Modernizing legacy Node.js APIs with structured architecture
+- Adding TypeScript and dependency injection to Express codebases
+- Scaling Express applications requiring better organization
+- Team needs enforced architectural patterns and conventions
+- Application complexity justifies framework overhead
+
+**When NOT to Use:**
+
+- Simple CRUD APIs with < 10 endpoints (Express may be sufficient)
+- Serverless functions requiring minimal cold start time
+- Prototypes or MVPs where speed > structure
+- Team lacks TypeScript experience and timeline is tight
+- Performance-critical microservices where framework overhead matters
+- Projects with unique architectural requirements conflicting with NestJS patterns
+
+---
+
+## Concept Mapping: Express → NestJS
+
+| Express Concept | NestJS Equivalent | Key Difference |
+|----------------|-------------------|----------------|
+| `app.get('/path', handler)` | `@Get('/path')` decorator | Declarative vs imperative |
+| Middleware functions | Guards, Interceptors, Pipes | Specialized by purpose |
+| `req.params`, `req.body` | `@Param()`, `@Body()` decorators | Automatic injection |
+| Manual `require()` | Dependency Injection | IoC container managed |
+| `express.Router()` | Controller classes | Object-oriented grouping |
+| `app.use(express.json())` | Built-in body parsing | Automatic configuration |
+| Error handling middleware | Exception Filters | Class-based with inheritance |
+| `app.listen(3000)` | `NestFactory.create()` | Bootstrap pattern |
+| Custom validation | `class-validator` pipes | Decorator-based validation |
+| Manual service instances | Provider registration | Singleton by default |
+
+---
+
+## Architecture Comparison
+
+### Express Application Structure
+
+```
+src/
+├── routes/
+│   ├── users.js
+│   └── posts.js
+├── controllers/
+│   ├── userController.js
+│   └── postController.js
+├── services/
+│   ├── userService.js
+│   └── postService.js
+├── middleware/
+│   ├── auth.js
+│   └── errorHandler.js
+└── app.js
+```
+
+### NestJS Application Structure
+
+```
+src/
+├── users/
+│   ├── users.controller.ts
+│   ├── users.service.ts
+│   ├── users.module.ts
+│   ├── dto/
+│   │   ├── create-user.dto.ts
+│   │   └── update-user.dto.ts
+│   └── entities/
+│       └── user.entity.ts
+├── posts/
+│   ├── posts.controller.ts
+│   ├── posts.service.ts
+│   └── posts.module.ts
+├── common/
+│   ├── guards/
+│   ├── interceptors/
+│   └── filters/
+├── app.module.ts
+└── main.ts
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Route Handler → Controller
+
+### Before: Express Route Handler
+
+```typescript
+// routes/users.js
+const express = require('express');
+const router = express.Router();
+const UserService = require('../services/userService');
+
+const userService = new UserService();
+
+router.get('/', async (req, res, next) => {
+  try {
+    const page = parseInt(req.query.page) || 1;
+    const limit = parseInt(req.query.limit) || 10;
+
+    const users = await userService.findAll(page, limit);
+    res.json({
+      success: true,
+      data: users,
+      page,
+      limit
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    next(error);
+  }
+});
+
+router.get('/:id', async (req, res, next) => {
+  try {
+    const user = await userService.findById(req.params.id);
+    if (!user) {
+      return res.status(404).json({
+        success: false,
+        message: 'User not found'
+      });
+    }
+    res.json({ success: true, data: user });
+  } catch (error) {
+    next(error);
+  }
+});
+
+router.post('/', async (req, res, next) => {
+  try {
+    const { email, name } = req.body;
+
+    // Manual validation
+    if (!email || !name) {
+      return res.status(400).json({
+        success: false,
+        message: 'Email and name are required'
+      });
+    }
+
+    const user = await userService.create({ email, name });
+    res.status(201).json({ success: true, data: user });
+  } catch (error) {
+    next(error);
+  }
+});
+
+module.exports = router;
+```
+
+### After: NestJS Controller
+
+```typescript
+// users/dto/create-user.dto.ts
+import { IsEmail, IsNotEmpty, IsString, MinLength } from 'class-validator';
+
+export class CreateUserDto {
+  @IsEmail()
+  @IsNotEmpty()
+  email: string;
+
+  @IsString()
+  @MinLength(2)
+  name: string;
+}
+
+// users/dto/pagination-query.dto.ts
+import { IsOptional, IsInt, Min, Max } from 'class-validator';
+import { Type } from 'class-transformer';
+
+export class PaginationQueryDto {
+  @IsOptional()
+  @Type(() => Number)
+  @IsInt()
+  @Min(1)
+  page?: number = 1;
+
+  @IsOptional()
+  @Type(() => Number)
+  @IsInt()
+  @Min(1)
+  @Max(100)
+  limit?: number = 10;
+}
+
+// users/users.controller.ts
+import {
+  Controller,
+  Get,
+  Post,
+  Body,
+  Param,
+  Query,
+  HttpCode,
+  HttpStatus,
+  ParseIntPipe,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { UsersService } from './users.service';
+import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
+import { PaginationQueryDto } from './dto/pagination-query.dto';
+
+@Controller('users')
+export class UsersController {
+  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}
+
+  @Get()
+  async findAll(@Query() query: PaginationQueryDto) {
+    const users = await this.usersService.findAll(query.page, query.limit);
+    return {
+      success: true,
+      data: users,
+      page: query.page,
+      limit: query.limit,
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Get(':id')
+  async findOne(@Param('id', ParseIntPipe) id: number) {
+    const user = await this.usersService.findById(id);
+    return { success: true, data: user };
+  }
+
+  @Post()
+  @HttpCode(HttpStatus.CREATED)
+  async create(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
+    const user = await this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
+    return { success: true, data: user };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Middleware → Guards/Interceptors
+
+### Before: Express Authentication Middleware
+
+```typescript
+// middleware/auth.js
+const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
+
+function authMiddleware(req, res, next) {
+  const token = req.headers.authorization?.split(' ')[1];
+
+  if (!token) {
+    return res.status(401).json({
+      success: false,
+      message: 'No token provided'
+    });
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET);
+    req.user = decoded;
+    next();
+  } catch (error) {
+    return res.status(401).json({
+      success: false,
+      message: 'Invalid token'
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage in routes
+router.get('/profile', authMiddleware, async (req, res) => {
+  const user = await userService.findById(req.user.id);
+  res.json({ success: true, data: user });
+});
+```
+
+### After: NestJS Guard
+
+```typescript
+// common/guards/jwt-auth.guard.ts
+import {
+  Injectable,
+  CanActivate,
+  ExecutionContext,
+  UnauthorizedException,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { JwtService } from '@nestjs/jwt';
+import { Request } from 'express';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class JwtAuthGuard implements CanActivate {
+  constructor(private jwtService: JwtService) {}
+
+  async canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): Promise<boolean> {
+    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest<Request>();
+    const token = this.extractTokenFromHeader(request);
+
+    if (!token) {
+      throw new UnauthorizedException('No token provided');
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const payload = await this.jwtService.verifyAsync(token);
+      request['user'] = payload;
+    } catch {
+      throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid token');
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private extractTokenFromHeader(request: Request): string | undefined {
+    const [type, token] = request.headers.authorization?.split(' ') ?? [];
+    return type === 'Bearer' ? token : undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage in controller
+import { UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { JwtAuthGuard } from '../common/guards/jwt-auth.guard';
+
+@Controller('users')
+export class UsersController {
+  @Get('profile')
+  @UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
+  async getProfile(@Request() req) {
+    return this.usersService.findById(req.user.id);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Before: Express Logging Middleware
+
+```typescript
+// middleware/logger.js
+function loggerMiddleware(req, res, next) {
+  const start = Date.now();
+
+  res.on('finish', () => {
+    const duration = Date.now() - start;
+    console.log(`${req.method} ${req.path} - ${res.statusCode} - ${duration}ms`);
+  });
+
+  next();
+}
+
+// app.js
+app.use(loggerMiddleware);
+```
+
+### After: NestJS Interceptor
+
+```typescript
+// common/interceptors/logging.interceptor.ts
+import {
+  Injectable,
+  NestInterceptor,
+  ExecutionContext,
+  CallHandler,
+  Logger,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
+import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class LoggingInterceptor implements NestInterceptor {
+  private readonly logger = new Logger(LoggingInterceptor.name);
+
+  intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler): Observable<any> {
+    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
+    const { method, url } = request;
+    const start = Date.now();
+
+    return next.handle().pipe(
+      tap(() => {
+        const response = context.switchToHttp().getResponse();
+        const duration = Date.now() - start;
+        this.logger.log(
+          `${method} ${url} - ${response.statusCode} - ${duration}ms`,
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+// main.ts - Apply globally
+import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { AppModule } from './app.module';
+import { LoggingInterceptor } from './common/interceptors/logging.interceptor';
+
+async function bootstrap() {
+  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
+  app.useGlobalInterceptors(new LoggingInterceptor());
+  await app.listen(3000);
+}
+bootstrap();
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Dependency Injection
+
+### Before: Express Manual Instantiation
+
+```typescript
+// services/userService.js
+const UserRepository = require('../repositories/userRepository');
+const EmailService = require('./emailService');
+
+class UserService {
+  constructor() {
+    this.userRepository = new UserRepository();
+    this.emailService = new EmailService();
+  }
+
+  async create(userData) {
+    const user = await this.userRepository.create(userData);
+    await this.emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user.email);
+    return user;
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = UserService;
+
+// controllers/userController.js
+const UserService = require('../services/userService');
+const userService = new UserService();
+
+async function createUser(req, res) {
+  const user = await userService.create(req.body);
+  res.json({ success: true, data: user });
+}
+```
+
+### After: NestJS Dependency Injection
+
+```typescript
+// users/users.repository.ts
+import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { InjectRepository } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
+import { Repository } from 'typeorm';
+import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class UsersRepository {
+  constructor(
+    @InjectRepository(User)
+    private readonly repository: Repository<User>,
+  ) {}
+
+  async create(userData: Partial<User>): Promise<User> {
+    const user = this.repository.create(userData);
+    return this.repository.save(user);
+  }
+
+  async findById(id: number): Promise<User | null> {
+    return this.repository.findOne({ where: { id } });
+  }
+}
+
+// email/email.service.ts
+import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class EmailService {
+  private readonly logger = new Logger(EmailService.name);
+
+  async sendWelcomeEmail(email: string): Promise<void> {
+    this.logger.log(`Sending welcome email to ${email}`);
+    // Email sending logic
+  }
+}
+
+// users/users.service.ts
+import { Injectable, NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
+import { EmailService } from '../email/email.service';
+import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
+import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class UsersService {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly usersRepository: UsersRepository,
+    private readonly emailService: EmailService,
+  ) {}
+
+  async create(createUserDto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
+    const user = await this.usersRepository.create(createUserDto);
+    await this.emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user.email);
+    return user;
+  }
+
+  async findById(id: number): Promise<User> {
+    const user = await this.usersRepository.findById(id);
+    if (!user) {
+      throw new NotFoundException(`User with ID ${id} not found`);
+    }
+    return user;
+  }
+}
+
+// users/users.module.ts
+import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { TypeOrmModule } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
+import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
+import { UsersService } from './users.service';
+import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
+import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
+import { EmailModule } from '../email/email.module';
+
+@Module({
+  imports: [TypeOrmModule.forFeature([User]), EmailModule],
+  controllers: [UsersController],
+  providers: [UsersService, UsersRepository],
+  exports: [UsersService],
+})
+export class UsersModule {}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Error Handling
+
+### Before: Express Error Middleware
+
+```typescript
+// middleware/errorHandler.js
+function errorHandler(err, req, res, next) {
+  console.error(err.stack);
+
+  if (err.name === 'ValidationError') {
+    return res.status(400).json({
+      success: false,
+      message: 'Validation failed',
+      errors: err.errors
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (err.name === 'UnauthorizedError') {
+    return res.status(401).json({
+      success: false,
+      message: 'Unauthorized'
+    });
+  }
+
+  res.status(500).json({
+    success: false,
+    message: 'Internal server error'
+  });
+}
+
+// app.js
+app.use(errorHandler);
+```
+
+### After: NestJS Exception Filter
+
+```typescript
+// common/filters/http-exception.filter.ts
+import {
+  ExceptionFilter,
+  Catch,
+  ArgumentsHost,
+  HttpException,
+  HttpStatus,
+  Logger,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Request, Response } from 'express';
+
+@Catch()
+export class HttpExceptionFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
+  private readonly logger = new Logger(HttpExceptionFilter.name);
+
+  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {
+    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
+    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
+    const request = ctx.getRequest<Request>();
+
+    let status = HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
+    let message = 'Internal server error';
+    let errors: any = undefined;
+
+    if (exception instanceof HttpException) {
+      status = exception.getStatus();
+      const exceptionResponse = exception.getResponse();
+
+      if (typeof exceptionResponse === 'object') {
+        message = (exceptionResponse as any).message || message;
+        errors = (exceptionResponse as any).errors;
+      } else {
+        message = exceptionResponse;
+      }
+    } else if (exception instanceof Error) {
+      message = exception.message;
+      this.logger.error(exception.stack);
+    }
+
+    response.status(status).json({
+      success: false,
+      statusCode: status,
+      message,
+      errors,
+      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+      path: request.url,
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+// main.ts
+import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { AppModule } from './app.module';
+import { HttpExceptionFilter } from './common/filters/http-exception.filter';
+
+async function bootstrap() {
+  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
+  app.useGlobalFilters(new HttpExceptionFilter());
+  await app.listen(3000);
+}
+bootstrap();
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Validation
+
+### Before: Express with express-validator
+
+```typescript
+// routes/users.js
+const { body, validationResult } = require('express-validator');
+
+router.post(
+  '/',
+  [
+    body('email').isEmail().normalizeEmail(),
+    body('name').trim().isLength({ min: 2, max: 50 }),
+    body('age').optional().isInt({ min: 0, max: 120 }),
+  ],
+  async (req, res, next) => {
+    const errors = validationResult(req);
+    if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
+      return res.status(400).json({
+        success: false,
+        errors: errors.array()
+      });
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const user = await userService.create(req.body);
+      res.status(201).json({ success: true, data: user });
+    } catch (error) {
+      next(error);
+    }
+  }
+);
+```
+
+### After: NestJS with class-validator
+
+```typescript
+// users/dto/create-user.dto.ts
+import {
+  IsEmail,
+  IsNotEmpty,
+  IsString,
+  MinLength,
+  MaxLength,
+  IsOptional,
+  IsInt,
+  Min,
+  Max,
+} from 'class-validator';
+import { Transform } from 'class-transformer';
+
+export class CreateUserDto {
+  @IsEmail()
+  @IsNotEmpty()
+  @Transform(({ value }) => value.toLowerCase().trim())
+  email: string;
+
+  @IsString()
+  @MinLength(2)
+  @MaxLength(50)
+  @Transform(({ value }) => value.trim())
+  name: string;
+
+  @IsOptional()
+  @IsInt()
+  @Min(0)
+  @Max(120)
+  age?: number;
+}
+
+// users/users.controller.ts
+import { Controller, Post, Body, ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { UsersService } from './users.service';
+import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
+
+@Controller('users')
+export class UsersController {
+  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}
+
+  @Post()
+  async create(@Body(ValidationPipe) createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
+    const user = await this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
+    return { success: true, data: user };
+  }
+}
+
+// main.ts - Global validation pipe
+import { ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
+
+async function bootstrap() {
+  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
+  app.useGlobalPipes(
+    new ValidationPipe({
+      whitelist: true, // Strip non-whitelisted properties
+      forbidNonWhitelisted: true, // Throw error for non-whitelisted
+      transform: true, // Auto-transform payloads to DTO instances
+      transformOptions: {
+        enableImplicitConversion: true,
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  await app.listen(3000);
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Pattern: Testing
+
+### Before: Express with Mocha/Chai
+
+```typescript
+// test/users.test.js
+const request = require('supertest');
+const { expect } = require('chai');
+const app = require('../src/app');
+
+describe('Users API', () => {
+  describe('POST /users', () => {
+    it('should create a new user', async () => {
+      const userData = {
+        email: 'test@example.com',
+        name: 'Test User'
+      };
+
+      const response = await request(app)
+        .post('/users')
+        .send(userData)
+        .expect(201);
+
+      expect(response.body.success).to.be.true;
+      expect(response.body.data).to.have.property('id');
+      expect(response.body.data.email).to.equal(userData.email);
+    });
+
+    it('should return 400 for invalid email', async () => {
+      const response = await request(app)
+        .post('/users')
+        .send({ email: 'invalid', name: 'Test' })
+        .expect(400);
+
+      expect(response.body.success).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+});
+```
+
+### After: NestJS with Jest
+
+```typescript
+// users/users.controller.spec.ts
+import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
+import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
+import { UsersService } from './users.service';
+import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
+
+describe('UsersController', () => {
+  let controller: UsersController;
+  let service: UsersService;
+
+  const mockUsersService = {
+    create: jest.fn(),
+    findById: jest.fn(),
+    findAll: jest.fn(),
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    const module: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
+      controllers: [UsersController],
+      providers: [
+        {
+          provide: UsersService,
+          useValue: mockUsersService,
+        },
+      ],
+    }).compile();
+
+    controller = module.get<UsersController>(UsersController);
+    service = module.get<UsersService>(UsersService);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    jest.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  describe('create', () => {
+    it('should create a new user', async () => {
+      const createUserDto: CreateUserDto = {
+        email: 'test@example.com',
+        name: 'Test User',
+      };
+
+      const expectedUser = {
+        id: 1,
+        ...createUserDto,
+        createdAt: new Date(),
+      };
+
+      mockUsersService.create.mockResolvedValue(expectedUser);
+
+      const result = await controller.create(createUserDto);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual(expectedUser);
+      expect(service.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(createUserDto);
+      expect(service.create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('findOne', () => {
+    it('should return a user by id', async () => {
+      const userId = 1;
+      const expectedUser = {
+        id: userId,
+        email: 'test@example.com',
+        name: 'Test User',
+      };
+
+      mockUsersService.findById.mockResolvedValue(expectedUser);
+
+      const result = await controller.findOne(userId);
+
+      expect(result.data).toEqual(expectedUser);
+      expect(service.findById).toHaveBeenCalledWith(userId);
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+// users/users.service.spec.ts
+import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
+import { NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { UsersService } from './users.service';
+import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
+import { EmailService } from '../email/email.service';
+
+describe('UsersService', () => {
+  let service: UsersService;
+  let repository: UsersRepository;
+  let emailService: EmailService;
+
+  const mockUsersRepository = {
+    create: jest.fn(),
+    findById: jest.fn(),
+  };
+
+  const mockEmailService = {
+    sendWelcomeEmail: jest.fn(),
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    const module: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
+      providers: [
+        UsersService,
+        {
+          provide: UsersRepository,
+          useValue: mockUsersRepository,
+        },
+        {
+          provide: EmailService,
+          useValue: mockEmailService,
+        },
+      ],
+    }).compile();
+
+    service = module.get<UsersService>(UsersService);
+    repository = module.get<UsersRepository>(UsersRepository);
+    emailService = module.get<EmailService>(EmailService);
+  });
+
+  describe('create', () => {
+    it('should create user and send welcome email', async () => {
+      const createUserDto = {
+        email: 'test@example.com',
+        name: 'Test User',
+      };
+
+      const createdUser = { id: 1, ...createUserDto };
+
+      mockUsersRepository.create.mockResolvedValue(createdUser);
+      mockEmailService.sendWelcomeEmail.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+      const result = await service.create(createUserDto);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual(createdUser);
+      expect(repository.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(createUserDto);
+      expect(emailService.sendWelcomeEmail).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        createUserDto.email,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('findById', () => {
+    it('should throw NotFoundException when user not found', async () => {
+      mockUsersRepository.findById.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      await expect(service.findById(999)).rejects.toThrow(NotFoundException);
+      await expect(service.findById(999)).rejects.toThrow(
+        'User with ID 999 not found',
+      );
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+// E2E Testing
+// test/users.e2e-spec.ts
+import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
+import { INestApplication, ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
+import * as request from 'supertest';
+import { AppModule } from '../src/app.module';
+
+describe('UsersController (e2e)', () => {
+  let app: INestApplication;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    const moduleFixture: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
+      imports: [AppModule],
+    }).compile();
+
+    app = moduleFixture.createNestApplication();
+    app.useGlobalPipes(new ValidationPipe());
+    await app.init();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  describe('/users (POST)', () => {
+    it('should create a new user', () => {
+      return request(app.getHttpServer())
+        .post('/users')
+        .send({
+          email: 'test@example.com',
+          name: 'Test User',
+        })
+        .expect(201)
+        .expect((res) => {
+          expect(res.body.success).toBe(true);
+          expect(res.body.data).toHaveProperty('id');
+          expect(res.body.data.email).toBe('test@example.com');
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('should return 400 for invalid email', () => {
+      return request(app.getHttpServer())
+        .post('/users')
+        .send({
+          email: 'invalid-email',
+          name: 'Test',
+        })
+        .expect(400);
+    });
+  });
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## Incremental Migration Strategy
+
+### Strategy 1: Strangler Fig Pattern (Recommended)
+
+Gradually replace Express routes with NestJS while both run simultaneously.
+
+**Cross-reference:** See `references/strangler-fig-pattern.md` for detailed implementation.
+
+```typescript
+// main.ts - Running both Express and NestJS
+import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { AppModule } from './app.module';
+import * as express from 'express';
+import { expressApp } from './legacy/express-app';
+
+async function bootstrap() {
+  const nestApp = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
+
+  // Proxy middleware to route between NestJS and Express
+  const app = express();
+
+  // NestJS routes (new implementation)
+  app.use('/api/v2', nestApp.getHttpAdapter().getInstance());
+
+  // Express routes (legacy)
+  app.use('/api', expressApp);
+
+  await app.listen(3000);
+}
+bootstrap();
+```
+
+**Migration steps:**
+1. Set up NestJS alongside Express
+2. Migrate one module at a time to NestJS
+3. Route new endpoints to NestJS, old to Express
+4. Update frontend/clients to use new endpoints
+5. Remove Express routes once fully migrated
+6. Decommission Express app
+
+### Strategy 2: Module-by-Module Migration
+
+Migrate complete feature modules sequentially.
+
+```
+Phase 1: Authentication (Week 1-2)
+- Migrate auth middleware → Guards
+- Migrate JWT handling → @nestjs/jwt
+- Test authentication flows
+- Deploy with feature flag
+
+Phase 2: Users Module (Week 3-4)
+- Migrate user routes → Controllers
+- Migrate user service → Providers
+- Add validation with DTOs
+- Write tests
+
+Phase 3: Posts Module (Week 5-6)
+...
+```
+
+### Strategy 3: Adapter Pattern for Gradual DI Migration
+
+Wrap Express services in NestJS providers during transition.
+
+```typescript
+// Adapter for legacy Express service
+import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+const LegacyUserService = require('../legacy/services/userService');
+
+@Injectable()
+export class UserServiceAdapter {
+  private legacyService = new LegacyUserService();
+
+  async findAll(): Promise<any[]> {
+    return this.legacyService.findAll();
+  }
+
+  async create(data: any): Promise<any> {
+    return this.legacyService.create(data);
+  }
+}
+
+// Use in NestJS controller while migrating
+@Controller('users')
+export class UsersController {
+  constructor(private readonly userService: UserServiceAdapter) {}
+
+  @Get()
+  async findAll() {
+    return this.userService.findAll();
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+### 1. Over-engineering Simple Applications
+
+**Problem:** Migrating a 500-line Express app to full NestJS with modules, DTOs, repositories, guards, etc.
+
+**Solution:** Evaluate if NestJS complexity is justified. Consider keeping simple APIs in Express.
+
+### 2. Not Understanding Dependency Injection Lifecycle
+
+**Problem:**
+```typescript
+// WRONG - Creates new instance, bypassing DI
+@Injectable()
+export class UsersService {
+  constructor() {
+    this.emailService = new EmailService(); // Don't do this!
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Solution:**
+```typescript
+// CORRECT - Let NestJS inject dependencies
+@Injectable()
+export class UsersService {
+  constructor(private readonly emailService: EmailService) {}
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Mixing Middleware and Guards Incorrectly
+
+**Problem:** Using Express middleware for authentication instead of Guards, losing NestJS benefits.
+
+**Solution:** Use Guards for authentication/authorization, Interceptors for logging/transformation, Middleware only for Express-specific needs.
+
+### 4. Ignoring Validation Pipes
+
+**Problem:** Manual validation in controllers like Express.
+
+```typescript
+// WRONG - Manual validation
+@Post()
+async create(@Body() body: any) {
+  if (!body.email) {
+    throw new BadRequestException('Email required');
+  }
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+**Solution:**
+```typescript
+// CORRECT - Use DTOs with class-validator
+@Post()
+async create(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
+  // Validation happens automatically
+  return this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
+}
+```
+
+### 5. Not Leveraging Module Imports/Exports
+
+**Problem:** Circular dependencies and tightly coupled modules.
+
+**Solution:** Properly structure module imports/exports. Use forwardRef() for circular dependencies.
+
+```typescript
+@Module({
+  imports: [TypeOrmModule.forFeature([User]), EmailModule],
+  providers: [UsersService, UsersRepository],
+  exports: [UsersService], // Export for other modules
+})
+export class UsersModule {}
+```
+
+### 6. Forgetting to Enable CORS
+
+**Problem:** CORS working in Express but failing in NestJS.
+
+**Solution:**
+```typescript
+// main.ts
+const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
+app.enableCors({
+  origin: process.env.ALLOWED_ORIGINS?.split(','),
+  credentials: true,
+});
+```
+
+### 7. Incorrect Exception Handling
+
+**Problem:** Using Express error middleware patterns.
+
+**Solution:** Use NestJS built-in exceptions and filters.
+
+```typescript
+// Throw NestJS exceptions
+throw new NotFoundException('User not found');
+throw new BadRequestException('Invalid input');
+throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid credentials');
+```
+
+### 8. Not Configuring ValidationPipe Globally
+
+**Problem:** Validation inconsistent across endpoints.
+
+**Solution:**
+```typescript
+// main.ts
+app.useGlobalPipes(
+  new ValidationPipe({
+    whitelist: true,
+    forbidNonWhitelisted: true,
+    transform: true,
+  }),
+);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration Checklist
+
+**Pre-Migration:**
+- [ ] Audit existing Express codebase structure
+- [ ] Document all routes and dependencies
+- [ ] Identify shared services and utilities
+- [ ] Plan module boundaries
+- [ ] Set up NestJS project structure
+
+**During Migration:**
+- [ ] Migrate DTOs and validation rules
+- [ ] Convert route handlers to controllers
+- [ ] Refactor services for dependency injection
+- [ ] Implement guards for authentication
+- [ ] Create interceptors for cross-cutting concerns
+- [ ] Add exception filters
+- [ ] Write unit tests for each component
+- [ ] Write e2e tests for critical flows
+
+**Post-Migration:**
+- [ ] Performance testing and optimization
+- [ ] Update API documentation
+- [ ] Configure logging and monitoring
+- [ ] Set up CI/CD for NestJS
+- [ ] Train team on NestJS patterns
+- [ ] Remove Express dependencies
+- [ ] Refactor for NestJS best practices
+
+---
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- NestJS Official Documentation: https://docs.nestjs.com
+- NestJS Migration Guide: https://docs.nestjs.com/migration-guide
+- class-validator Decorators: https://github.com/typestack/class-validator
+- TypeORM with NestJS: https://docs.nestjs.com/techniques/database
+- Testing Guide: https://docs.nestjs.com/fundamentals/testing